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I 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



Williamson Worden 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



EDITED BY 

SIDNEY LEE 



VOL. LXII. 



Williamson Worden 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 

1900 




:..-' •>: 



^J 



i^. t-.v 



UB^m Of THE 
LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY. 



JUL 27 1900 









t 



LIST OF WBITERS 



IN THE SIXTY-SECOND VOLUME. 



r. J. A.. . . P. J. Anderson. 

W. A. J. A. W. A. J. Akciiijolu. 

.1. A. A. . . The Rev. Canon Atkinson. 

>r. B Miss Batkson. 

U. 13 The Rev. Ronald Bayne. 

T. B Thomas Bayne. 

C. B Professor Cecil Bendall. 

T. G. B. . . The Rev. Professor Bonney, 

F.R.S. 

G. S. B. . . G. S. Bouloer. 

T. B. B. . . T. B. Browning. 

E. I. C. . . E. Irving Caiilyle. 

W. C-R. . . William Carr. 

J. L. C . . J. L. Caw. 

A. C-K. . . . The Ri:v. Andkkw Clark. 

J. W. C-K. . J. Willis Claiik. 

E. C-E. . . . Sir Eunkst Claiikk. 

A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. Clkrke. 

A. M. e. . Miss A. M. Ct>uKE. 

J. C. The Rev. Professor Cooper, 

D.D. 

T. . Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. 

V -». . . W. P. Courtney. 

Lionel Cust, F.S.A. 

D-n. . . . Charles Daltox. 

J. D Cami'Dkll DoiMisoN. 



K. K. D. . . Professor R. E. Douglas. 

J. A. D. . . J. A. Doyle. 

E. G. D. . . E. Gordon Duff. 

R. D Robert Dunlop. 

C. L. F. . . C. Litton Falkiner. 

C. H. F. . . C. H. Firtu. 

W. F William Foster. 

T. F The Rev. Thomas Fowxer, D.D., 

President of CoRi»U8 Christi 
College, Oxford. 

J. G Jamks Gairdner, LL.D. 

R. G Richard Garnett, LL.D.. C.B. 

A. G The Rev. Alexander Gordon. 

J. C. H. . . J. Cuthhert H.adden. 

J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilton. 

T. H The Rr.v. Thomas Hamilton, D.D. 

C. A. H. . . C. Alexander Harris, C.M.G. 

I M. H Professoic Marcus Hartoo. 

' P. J. H. . . P. J. Hartoo. 

I 

T. F. H. . . T. F. Hendiiksox. 

J. K. H. . . The Rkv. J. Kino Hewison. 

W. H The Rev. Wiluam Hunt. 

C. K Charles Kent. 

J. K Joseph Knight, F.S.A. 

A. L Andrew Lancj. 

J. K. L. . . Professor J. K. Laughton. 



VI 



List of Writers. 



T. G. L. . . T. G. Law. 

I. S. L. . . . I. S. Leadau. 

E. L Miss Elizabeth Lee. 

S. L SiDNET LSB. 

0. H. L. . . C. H. Lees, D.Sc. 

E. M. L. . . Colonel E. M. Lloyd, B.E. 
J. H. M. . . J. R. Maodonald. 

iB. M. ... Sheriff Mackay. 
A. P. M. . . A. Patchett Martin. 
L. M. M. . . Miss Middleton. 
A. H. M. . . A. H. Millar. 

CM Cosmo Monkuouse. 

N. M Nobman Moors, M.D. 

A. N Albert Nicholson. 

G. Lb G. N. G. Lb Grys Noroate. 
D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'Donoohue. 

F. M. O'D.. F. M. 0*Donoohxjb, F.S.A. 
H. W. P. . . Major Hugh Pearse. 

A. F. P. . . A. F. Pollard. 

B. P Miss Bertha Porter. 

D'A. P. . . . D'Arcy Power, F.R.C.S. 
F. B Eraser Bae. 



W. E. B. 
J. M. B. 
T. S. . . 
C. F. S. 

B. J. S. 
G. W. S. . 
L. 8. . . . 
G. S-H. . . 

C. W. 8. . 
J. T-T. . . 

D. Ll. T. 
M. T. . . . 
T. F. T. . 

B. H. V. . 

A. W. W. 
P. W. . . . 
W. W. W. 



E. F. W. . 
J. G. W. . 
B. B. W. . 
H. B. W.. 



. . W. E. Bhodes. 

. . J. M. Bioo. 

. . THoaiAs Seocohbe. 

. . Miss C. Fell 8mith. 

. . Beoinald J. S&nTU. 

. . The Bev. G. W. Sprott, D.D. 

. . Leslie Stephen. 

. . George Stronach. 

. . C. W. Sutton. 

. . James Tait. 

. D. Lleufer Tho^iah. 
. . Mrs. Tout. 
. . Professor T. F. Tout. 

. . Colonel B. H. Vetch, B.E., C.B. 

. A. W. Ward, LL.D., Litt.1). 

. Paul Waterhouse. 

. Captain W. W. Webb, Ml)., 
F.S.A. 

. E. F. WiLLOUOHBY, M.D. 

. General James Grant Wilhox. 

. B. B. Woodward. 

. H. B. Woodward, F.B.S. 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



Williamson 



Williamson 



WILLIAMSON, Sir ADAM (1736- 
1798), lieutenant-general, governor of 
Jamaica and St. Domingo, bom in 1736, was j 
son of Lieutenant-general George William- 
son (1707 •'--1781), who commanded the royal 
artillery at the siege and capture of Louis- 
burg in 1758 and during the o])erations in 
North America terminating in the capture 
of Montreal in 1760. He became a cadet 

Sinner on 1 Jan. 1748, entered the Royal 
ilitarv' Academy at Woolwich in 1750, and 
was appointed practitioner-engineer on 1 Jan. 
1753. He went to North America in the 
following year, was engineer in Braddock*8 
ill-fated expedition to Virginia in 1755, and 
was wounded at the battle of Du Quesne on 
9 July. On 14 Oct. lie received a commis- 
sion as ensign in the 6th foot, was placed 
upon the statt' of the expedition to North 
America, and served throughout the war. On 
25 Sept. 1757 he was promoted to be lieu- 
tenant in the 5th foot, and on 4 Jan. 1758 to 
be engineer-extraordinary and captain-lieu- 
tenant. In August 1759 he was wounded at 
Montmorency at the siege of Quebec {London 
Gazette, 19 Oct. 1759). On 21 April 1760 
he was promoted to be captain in the 40th 
foot ; in August he distinguished himself in 
the repulse of the French, who were be- 
sieging Quebec, at Fort I^evis, L'Isle Royale, 
ana at the end of the year he accompanied 
his father to England on leave of absence. 

Williamson returned to North America 
in 1761, and went with the expedition to the 
West Indies, where he took a gallant part in 
the capture of Martinique and Guadeloupe 
in February 1762. He returned to England 
in 1763. On 16 Auff. 1770 he was promoted 
to be major in the l6th foot, and on 4 Dec. 
to be engineer in ordinary. He was trans- 
ferred to the 6l8t foot as major, and on 

TOL. LXII. 



12 Sept. 1775 was promoted to be lieutenant- 
colonel in the army. Brought into the 18th 
royal Irish regiment of foot as a regimental 
lieutenant-colonel on 9 Dec., he ceased to 
perform engineer duties, and joined his regi- 
ment, whicn was on active service in North 
America, taking part with it in the battle 
of Bunker's Hill, and returning with it to 
England in July 1776, when he was quar- 
tered at Dover. 

On 23 Dec. 1778 AVilliamson was ap- 
pointed d^uty adjutant-general of the forces 
in South Britain, on 15 Feb. 1782 was pro* 
moted to be colonel in the army, and on 
28 April 1790 to be major-general, on 16 July 
was appointed colonel of the 47th foot, 
and in the same year was made lieutenant* 

fovernor and commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 
n 1791 some of the inhabitants of St. Do- 
mingo made overtures to Williamson, pro- 
posing to place the colony under the protec- 
tion of Great Britain. The proposals were 
warmly advocated by Williamson, who re- 
ceived discretionary powers from the home 
government in 1 793 to take over those parts 
of the island of which the inhabitants might 
desire British protection, detaching from 
Jamaica a force sufficient to maintain and 
defend them. Williamson made a descent 
on St. Domingo in September with all the 
troops which could be spared, and established 
a protectorate. On 19 March 1794 he was 
transferred to the colonelcy of the 72nd high- 
landers, and on 24 Oct. of the same year he 
relinquished the government of Jamaica, and 
was appointed governor of St. Domingo, Port 
au Prmce, the capital, having capitulated to 
the British conjomt expedition under Com- 
modore Ford and Colonel John Whitelocke 
[q. v.] on the previous 5 June. Williamson 
was made a knight of the order of the Bath 



'>^ 



Williamson 



Williamson 



I 



on IB Nov. He was promoted to be lieu- 
tenant-goneral on 26 Jan. 1707. Yellow 
ftiver and mucli desultory fighting' made bucIi 
terriblH havoc among- the British troops that, 
in spite of all Williamson's enthusiasm and 
energy, the iaknd had to be evacuated in 
179S, and WilUsmson,whohadBauriliced bis 
private fortune and health iu tbis enterpriae, 
returned to England, Ho died from iLe 
immediate efiectR of a (all at Aveaburj House, 
"Wiltshire, on 31 Oct. 1798. 

[Ro^ EnginMrs' RecQida; Conolly Papora; 
DrapatehoB-. British Uilitnry Libraiy. UBS; 
BrjHD EdvHrdB'sBiat.of llieBritiflli rolonipaiii 
the West Indies ; Qeat. Mag. 1798; Knox'l Ui«- 
torioal Journal of tlie Canip»ign8 in North Ame- 
ficA, 1737-60. 2 vole. 4to, 1783.J U. H. V. 

WILLIAM80N, ALEXANDER < 1829- 
IfflW), misBiDnary to Chilis, was born on 
6 Dec. lH:;d, at Falkirk, studied nt U1il&- 
gow, and was appointed miBsionarji to China 
under the London Missionary ^iociety. He 
vasordained at Glasgow in April l!^, and 
sailed in the following inoDth for tShangbai, 
having previously married Mias Isabel LJo«- 
g«ll. For two years he took part in mia- 
siouary work at Shanghai and F^ngbu ; but, 
hia health failing, be left China on aick 
leave, and arrived iu England on 1(1 April 
1868. His connection with the London 
Missionary Society terminated soon after his 
arrival in England. After some years spent 
in Scotland he returned to China as agent of 
the National Bible Society of (j-cotland, and 
arrived at Shanghai iu December 1663, He 
died at Cbefoo on 28 Aug. 1890. 

In 1379 be published a most interesting 
work on ' Joumeya in North China,' iu 
which he described the home of Confucius, 
and the district which is consecrated by 
Bssociationa with the sage. In addition he 
published a ' Treatise on Botany ' in Cbineae, 
entitled ' Chih wu hsio,' 1859. 

t Personal knniiledga ; and Memorials of Pro- 
tMtant Miasianaries to the Chiaeae, Hhsnghii, 
1887.] H- K- I>. 

"WILLLAMSON, JOHN SliTHER 
(17ToN1836) colonel royal artillery, was 
bom about 1775. He entered the lioyjil 
Military Academy at Woolwich on 8 Aug. 
1791, and received a commission as second 
lieutenant in the roval artillery on 1 Jan. 
1794. The dates of his further commissions 
were: lieutenant, II March 1794; captain- 
lieutenaut, 12 Oct. 1799; captain, 12 Sept. 
1803; brevet major, 4 June 1811; brevet 
lieutenant-colonel, 13 Oct. 1814 ; regimental 
majiir, 20 Dec. 1814 ; regimental lieutenant- 
colonel, 21 March 1817; colonel, 29 July 
1835. 



In June 179ii nilliamBon served on the 
const of France in the expedition to Quiberott 
Bay, to assist the French'royalists. Tn 1799 
he went to the Cape of Good Hope and 
served in the Hottentot and Kaffir war of 
(hat year, thence to Egypt and the Medi~ 
torraneun, was ut the siege of Ischia in 
June \>m. commanded the artUIery ot the 
capture of four of the Ionian islands in 
October of that year, and at the siege and 
capture of Santa Maura in April 1810. Ho 
subsequently went to Spain and commanded 
the artillery nt the battle of Costalla, under 
Sir John Murray (1788P-1827) [q. v.], on 
19 April 1813; at the sjegeof Tarruponain 
June; at the disastrous engagement of Ordal 
on 13 Sept., and at the combat on the fol- 
lowing day at Villa Francs. He was fre- 
quentlT mentioned in despatches. 

He returned to England in 1814, and in 
the following year went to the Netherlands 
aud commanded the artilleiy of the third 
division at the battle of Waterloo. He 
received the VVaterloo medal and waa made 
a companion of the order of the Bath, 
military division, in 1815. He served witb 
the army of occupation in France until his 
promotion to be regimental lieutenEnt- 
colonel, when he relumed to England. He 
waa for some time superiutendent of the 
Itoyal Military Repository at Woolwich, 
and prepared a new and extensive course of 
instruction iu artillery, which fanned ^e 
basis of the exercise of heavy ordnance and 
of all the miscellaneous instructions of the 
gunner for many years, and will alwavB 
remain a model for professional works uf tba 
kind. Williamson died at Woolwich on 
26 AprU 183(1. 

[War Office RecordH ; Rojal Artillpry Bo- 
cnrda; Despatches; Bojal Militarj Calendar, 
ISaUi Bunlmry's Narnilive of Military Traiw- 
Mlions in the Medilercaneaii 180S-181ii ; 
Napier'a History of the Feniasulnr War ; 
Sibome's lliarorv of the Waterloo CampnigD; 
Kane's List of OMci^rH uf the Royal Artilterv.] 
It. H. V. 

WILLLA.MSON, Sm JOSEPH (1633- 
1701), statesman and diplomatist, was bap- 
tised on 4 Aug. 1633 at Bridekirk, a village 
three miles north of Cockarmouth. He was 
the youngest son of Joseph Williamson, who 
was instituted to the vicarage of Bridekirk in 
1625 and died while his son was an infant. 
His mother married as a second husband the 
Rev. John Arderj (Fain. Minamm Gentium, 
p. 424). 

After a good grounding at the grammar 
school of St. Bees, Joseph seems to have 
cone to London as clerk to Richard Tolson, 
lae member of parliament for Cockermoulb, 



Williamson 



Williamson 



through whoise influence he was admitted 
as a town-boj to Westminster school, then | 
under Dr. Bushy. Bushy recommended I 
him to Gerard Langhaine the elder [q.v.l as 
a deserving northern youth, and in Septem oer j 
1650 he entered as a bateller of Queen's Col- | 
lege, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. on ; 
2 Feb. 1653-4. His college tutors were ] 
Dr. Lamplugh and Dr. Thomas Smith. After | 
graduating he went into France and the Low 
Countries as tutor to a young man of quality, 
possibly one of the sons o? the Marquis of 
Ormonde (Hist, MSS, Comm, 4th Rep. App. 
p. 546 ; cf. CaL State Papers, Dom. 1051-2, 
p. 300). In November 1057 he was elected 
a fellow of Queen's (graduating M.A. in the 
same month), and he held his fellowship 
until his marriage. Soon after the Restora- 
tion he quitted Oxford for political life upon 
obtaining a place in the ofhce of Sir Edward 
Nicholas [q. y.], an old Queen's man, at 
that time secretary of state. In July 1660 
Charles II sent to the provost and fellows of 
Queen's a special re<}uest that they would 
grant Williamson a dispensation for absence 
nt>m college; his loss was regretted both 
by the parents of his pupils and by his col- 
leagaes. Henry Denton, the successor to 
his rooms in college, alluded to his musical 
tastes when he wrote in October 1660* Your 
couple of viols still hang in their places as a 
monument that a genuine son of Jubal has 
been here.' 

His position in the secretary's office was 
not at first lucrative; but his status was 
improved on 30 Dec. 1661 by his appoint- 
ment as keeper of the king's library at White- 
hall and at the paper office at a salary of 
160/. per annum. The paper office work was 
performed by four or five clerks under Henry 
ball, Williamson's subordinate. They issued 
news-letters once a week to numerous sub- 
scribers and to a smaller number of corre- 
spondents, the correspondents in turn fur- 
nishing materials which were subsequently 
embodied in the 'Gazette' (see below; cf. 
Ball's curious report of 23 Oct. 1674 appended 
to Christie's Williamson Correspondence and 
Mrs. Everett Green's preface to Cal. State 
Fat>ers, Dom. 1665-6). 

Meanwhile in October 1662 Nicholas 
was succeeded as secretary by Sir Henry 
Bennett (afterwards Lord Ariington), and 
Williamson was transferred to him as 
secretary. Facilities for making money 
now became abundant, and he showed him- 
self no backward pupil in the generally 
practised art of exacting gratifications from 
all kinds of suitors and petitioners. Pepys 
met him at dinner on 6 Feb. 1663, and 
deccribes him : * Latin Secretary . . 



a 



pretty knowing man and a scholar, but it 
may be he thinks himself to be too much 
so.' On the 28th of the following month 
he became one of the lave commissioners 
for seizing prohibited goods, and in Novem- 
ber 1604 he was one of the five contractors 
for the Royal Oak lottery, which became a 
source of considerable profit to him (the 
right of conducting and managing lotteries 
was restricted exclusively to the five * com- 
missioners ' in June 1665). In this same 
year (1664) Williamson seems to have been 
called to the bar from the Middle Temple. 

When, in the autumn of 1665, Charles II 
sought refuge in Oxford from the great 
plague, the lack of a regular news-sheet was 
strongly felt by the court. The ravages of 
the pestilence seem to have disorganised 
L'Estrange's * Intelligencer ' and * News.' 
Under these circumstances Leonard Lichfield 
[q.v.], the university printer, was authorised 
to bring out a local paper. On Tuesday 
14 Nov. the first number of the 'Oxford 
Gazette' appeared, and was thenceforth 
continued regularly on Mondays and Thurs- 
days. The Oxford pioneer of the paper was 
Henry Muddiman ; but, after a few numbers, 
Williamson procured for himself the privi- 
leges of editor, employing Charles Perrot of 
Oriel College as his chief assistant. When 
the court was back at Whitehall, Muddi- 
man made vain endeavours to injure Wil- 
liamson's efforts as a disseminator of news, 
and L*Estrange put forth a claim, which 
was rejected, to a monopoly in publishing 
official intelligence. Williamson's paper be- 
came the * London Gazette,' the first issue 
so named being that of 5 Feb. 1666 (No. 24) ; 
it soon outdistanced its rivals, and survives 
to this day as the official register of the trans- 
actions of the government. 

As secretary to Arlington, who was at 
the head of the post office, Williamson took 
an active part in its management. The 
amount of official work of all kinds that ho 
got through during the next fifteen years 
from 1665 to 1680 is enormous, and his cor- 
respondence at the Record Office is extra- 
ordinarily voluminous. Evelyn wrote that 
Arlington, * loving his ease more than busi- 
nesse (tho' sufficiently able had he applied 
himselfe to it), remitted all to his man Wil- 
liamson, and in a short time let him go into 
the secret of atlairos, that (as his lordsliip 
himself told me) there was a kind of neces- 
sity to advance him, and so by his subtlety, 
dexterity, and insinuation he got to be ]>rin- 
cipal Secretary . . .' Williamson found some 
compensation for his labours in the opportu- 
nities afibrded him of rapidly making money. 
Two instances of his gpnerosity £^re Afforded 

b2 



Williamson 



Williamson 



in August 1666 : he sent down money by a 
private hand to be applied to the relief of 
sick and wounded seamen, and also presented 
to his old college two pairs of banners wrought 
with silver thread, and a massive silver 
trumpet which was long used to summon 
the college to dinner (the summons has 
always been made by ' a clarion/ as ordained 
by the college statutes). The motive of the 
gift to the college appears to have been 
Williamson^s anxiety, though he was a non- 
resident, to retain and sublet his rooms in 
college, and he menaced the fellows with 
' inconveniences ' if they did not accede to 
his wish ; the college in reply diplomatically 
evaded the demand. In small matters, an^ 
especially in his management of the ' Gazette,' 
Williamson showed a decidedly grasping and 
penurious spirit. 

With the warm concurrence of his chief, 
Williamson made various ettbrts to get into 
parliament, without meeting at first with 
success. Ilis candidature failed at Morpeth 
(October 1606), l^eston (May 1667), Dart- 
mouth, and at Appleby, where in December 
16fJ7 his hopes were crushed by the inter- 
vention of Anne Clifford, the famous coun- 
tess of Pembroke [for the laconic letter said 
by Horace Walpole to have been written on 
the subject bv the countess, see Clifford, 
Anne ; that there is some truth in Walpole's 
story is rendered very probable by State 
PaperSf Dom. Charles II, xxxi. 170]. On 
22 Oct. 1669 Williamson eventually suc- 
ceeded in getting elected for Tlietford, and 
he was re-elected in February 1678-9, Au- 
gust 1679, February 1080-1, and March. 
1685. He did not sit in the Convention, 
but he was returned for liochester in March 
1690, while in October 1696, July 1698, and 
January 1700-1, being elected both for this 
city and for his old borough, he preferred to 
sit for the former. He seems to have voted 
steadily as a courtier, but, except in his offi- 
cial capacity as secretary, rarely opened his 
mouth in parliament. 

In January 1671-2 Williamson became 
a clerk of the council in ordinary and was 
knighted. The post of clerk, which had 
been held by Sir Richard Browne, John 
Evelyn's father-in-law, had been promised 
to Evelyn by the king, ' but,' explains the 
diarist, ' in consideration of the renewal of 
our lease and other reasons I chose to part 
with it to Sir Joseph Williamson, who gave 
UB and the rest of nis brother clerks a hand- 
fiome supper at his house, and after supper 
a concert of music/ He mentions elsewhere 
that Williamson himself was an expert per- 
fonner at j^u des gobelets. On 17 May 1673 
^ "i started, in company with Sir 



Leoline Jenkins [o. v.] and the Earl of Sun- 
derland, as joint British plenipotentiary to 
the congress at Cologne. There he remained 
until 15 April 1674 (the letters written to 
him during his absence were printed for the 
Camden Societv in two volumes, under the 
editorship of W. D. Christie, in 1874) ; but 
although the negotiations, which are detailed 
in Wynne's * Life of Jenkins,' were tediously 
prolonged, nothing in reality was effected, 
and the separate peace between England and 
Holland (which was suddenly proclaimed in 
April 1674) was made not at Cologne, but 
in London. 

Before he left England on his embassy it 
had been arranged between Williamson and 
his patron Arlington that upon his return 
Arlington should resign his ofiice as secretary 
of state, and that Williamson, if possible, 
should be offered the reversion of the post 
upon paying a sum of 6,000/. This arrange- 
ment was provisionally sanctioned by the 
king. Meanwhile, in March 1674, Arlington 
offered to secure the office for Sir William 
Temple, another of his prot6g6s, and to pro- 
vide otherwise for Williamson ; but Temple 
refused the offer, remarking to his friends 
that he considered it no great honour to be 
preferred before Sir Joseph Williamson. 

Williamson returned in June 1674, and 
was at once appointed secretary of state, 
being then not quite forty-one; Arlington 
obtained the more lucrative post of cham- 
berlain. A few days after his appointment 
Williamson was on 27 June 1G74 admitted 
LL.D. at Oxford, and on 11 Sept. he was 
sworn of the privy council. Except for the 
great industry that characterised all Wil- 
liamson's departmental work, there \a little 
to distinguish his tenure of office as secre- 
tary. In September 1674 the new secretary 
officially announced to Temple as English 
ambassador at The Hague that the affairs 
of the United Provinces would henceforth 
come under his special care. The announce- 
ment cannot have been especially agreeable 
to Temple, and it seems to have been no 
less distasteful to the Mnce of Orange, who 
saw in Williamson even more than in Arling- 
ton an instrument of complete subservience 
to the French sympathies of Charles II. 
With respect to another despatch Temple 
writes, on 24 Feb. 1677 : * The prince could 
hardlv hear it out with any patience. Sir 
Joseph Williamson's style was always so 
disagreeable to him, and he thought the 
whole cast of this so artificial, that he re- 
ceived it with indignation and scorn.' He 
said on another occasion, as on this, that 
Williamson treated him ' like a child who 
was to be fed on whipt cream.' Temple 



Williamson 



Williamson 



speaks elsewhere with compassion of Sir 
Leoline Jenkins lying under the lash of 
Secretary Williamson, who, upon old grudges 
between them at Cologne, never failed to 
lay hold of any occasion he could to censure 
his conduct, nor did Temple himself alto- 
gether succeed in escaping the lash. 

During 1676, at the instigation of Charles II, 
Williamson tried to induce the master of 
the rolls to remove Burnet from his place as 
preacher to the master of the rolls, but he 
encountered a determined opposition from 
Sir Harbottle Grimston [q. v.], and the out- 
spoken Burnet was enabled to retain his 
foothold in London. In 1 676 Milton's friend, 
Daniel Skinner, wished to print the de- 
ceased poet*s 'Latin State Letters' and trea- 
tise ' De Doctrina Christiana,' and applied to 
Williamson for the necessary license (that 
of the official licenser being apparently in- 
sufficient). The secretary refused, saying 
that he could countenance nothing of Mil- 
ton's writing, and he went so far as to write 
of Skinner (to a likely patron) as a suspect 

* until he very well cured himself from such 
infectious commerce as Milton's friendship.' 
Williamson managed eventually to lay his 
hands upon the original manuscripts, and 
locked them up for security among the state 
archives. The * State Letters* were surrep- 
titiously printed from a transcript in 1676, 
but the treatise was not published until 
1823 (see Lemon, IIobebt ; for the full com- 
plicated stoiT of the manuscripts, see Masson, 
Milton, iv. 158, vi. 331, 603, 616, 721, 729, 
774, 806). 

Dry and formal though Williamson may 
have been in his usual manner, it seems fair 
to infer that he was by no means deficient 
as a courtier, and his letters to several of 
the royal concubines show that he did not 
share Clarendon's scruples about paying 
court to the ladies whom the king delighted 
to honour. Upon the whole, however, he 
confined himself very closely to his official 
and administrative business and to the 
direction of foreign affairs. Ilis fellow 
secretary. Sir Henry Coventry, undertook 
the parliamentary work. lie had to take 
a decided line upon the subject of the Duke 
of York's exclusion, and on 4 Nov. 1678, in 
answer to Lord Kussell's motion to remove 
the Duke of York from the king's presence 
and councils, in a succinct and not ineffec- 
tive speech he declared that this would 
drive the heir to the throne to join the 
French and the catholics. Almost im- 
mediately after this he fell a victim to the 
panic excited by the supposed discovery of a 

* popish plot,' and on 18 Not. he was com- 
mitted to the Tower by the lower house on 



the charge of < subsigning commissions for 
officers and money for papists,' in other words 
of passing commissions drawn up by the 
king's order in favour of certain recusants. 
He remained in the Tower but a few hours, 
for Charles with unusual energy and deci- 
sion lost no time in apprising the commons 
that he had ordered his secretary's release. 
At the same time the offiensive commissions 
were recalled. Williamson's continuance in 
office, however, was not considered altogether 
desirable (cf. Wood, Life and Times, ii. 438). 
The newsletters on 10 Feb. announced * Sir 
Joseph Williamson is turned out, but is to 
be repaid what his secretaryship cost him.' 
As a matter of fact he received from his suc- 
cessor, Sunderland, 6,000/. and five hundred 
guineas. 

In 1676 Williamson was elected master of 
the Clothworkers' Company (presenting a 
silver-gilt cup bearing his arms) ; he was 
succeeded as master by Samuel Pepys. 

Williamson had been declared a member 
of the Royal Society by nomination of the 
original council on 20 May 1603, and on the 
resignation of Lord Brouncker on 30 Nov. 
1677 he was elected second president of the 
society, a post which he held until 30 Nov. 
1680, when he was succeeded by Sir Chris- 
topher Wren. The secretaries under him 
were Thomas Henshaw and Nehemiah 
Grew. On 4 Dec. 1677, being * the first day 
of his taking the chair, he gave a magnificent 
supper' at which Evelyn was present. Im- 
mersed in multifarious business though he 
was at the time, Williamson presided at 
every meeting of the council during his term 
of office, and generally managed in addition 
to preside at the ordinary meetings. He 
presented several curiosities to the museum, 
and a large screw press for stamping 
diplomas, as well as his portrait by Kneller, 
now in the Society's meeting-room. Olden- 
burgh dedicated to him the ninth volume of 
the * Philosophical Transactions.' 

Though he evidently took much interest 
in the society's work, researches of a legal, 
historical, and genealogical nature seem to 
have been more really congenial to him. He 
collected many valuable manuscripts relat- 
ing to heraldry and history, and he purchased 
the rich collections of Sir Thomas Shirley, 
which contained visitations of many counties 
of England written by the heralds or their 
clerks during the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries. 

Shortly before his removal from office in 
December 1678, Sir Joseph married Catha- 
rine, eldest and only surviving daughter of 
George Stuart, lord D'Aubigny (fourth, but 
second surviving son of Esme, third duke of 



Williamson 



Williamson 



Lennox), by Lady Catharine, eldest daughter 
of Theophilus Iloward, second earl of Suf- 
folk. Snc was baptised at St. Martin Vin- 
the-Fields, Middlesex, on 5 Dec. 1640, and 
married, first, Henry O'Brien, lord Ibrackan, 
who was buried in Westminster Abbey on 
9 Sept. 1678. As heiress to Charles Stuart, 
duke of Richmond and Lennox [q. v.], his wife 
brought Williamson a noble fortune. * Twas 
thought,' says Evelyn, * that they lived not 
80 kindly after marriage as they did before. 
She was much censured for marrying so 
meanly, being herself allied to the royal 
family.' The alliance ofl'ended Danby, who 
coveted the Richmond estates for one of his 
own sons, and it may have had something 
to do with the secretary's fall from office. 
When the Duke of Richmond died in 1072, 
Lady O'Brien succeeded to the bulk of his 
property, but his debts were so heavy that 
it was found necessary to sell somti of the 
estate.s to defray them. Under these circum- 
stances the Cobham estates, together with 
the fine old hall, were bought in bv William- 
son for 45,000/. In 1679 witl/ his wife's 
money he purchased for 8,000/. Wincliestor 
House in St. James's Square (No. 21), which 
he tenanted until 1084. 

In 1082 he became record»»r of Tlietford, 
and on his acquisition of the Cobham estate's 
interested himself not only in Rochester, but 
also in Gravesend, for wliich in 1087 he pro- 
cured a new charter (C uude x'.** Hi^t . uf(rra res- 
end, 1843, pp. 370 sq.) In May 1000 he was 
appointed upon the committee to take ac- 
count of ])ublic moneys since William's 
accession, and in February 1091-2 a false 
rumour was spread abroad that he was to be 
lord privy seal. On 21 Nov. 1090, however, 
Williamson was sworn of the privy council, 
and on 12 Dec. he was, together witli the 
Earl of Pembroke and Lord Villiers, accre- 
dited a plenipotentiary at the congress of 
Nimeguen. Owing to indisposition he did 
not arrive in Holland until 8 June. The 
peace of Ryswick was signed somewhat 
more than three months later, on 20 Sept. 
1697. Williamson stayed on at The Hague 
in the capacity of * veteran diplomatist ' (as 
he is termed by Macaulay), and on 1 1 Oct. 
1698 the first partition treaty was signed by 
him at Loo as joint commissioner witti Port- 
land. The secrecy with which the treaty 
had been negotiated excited the wrath of 
the commons in April 1099, but their full 
fury fell not upon Williamson but upon 
Portland and Somers. Williamson returned 
from Holland in November 1098, and next 
month it was reported that he would be 
sent as plenipotentiary to Versailles. He 
letamed. however, to The Hague until the 



middle of March 1099, when he finally re- 
tired from his diplomatic post. He received 
several visits from the king at Cobham Hall, 
and in the Rochester Corporation accounts 
are two heavy bills (May 1097 and 1701) 
for expenses in connection therewith. 

He died at Cobham, Kent, on 3 Oct. 1701, 
and was buried on 14 Oct. in the Duke of 
Richmond's vault in King Henry Vll's chapel 
in Westminster Abbey (Chester, Heg. of 
BuriaU, pp. 249, 251 ). Williamson's widow 
was buried in Westminst^»r Abbey on 1 1 Nov. 
1702, leaving no issue by her second hus- 
band. 

Rather a man of afiairs than a statesman, 
Williamson appears to have been dry and 
formal in his manner ; he was strictly me- 
thodical, scrupulous and exact in the transac- 
tion of business, subservient in all things to 
his chiefs, and severe and exacting towards 
his subordiuates. Music and historical anti- 
quities were his chief relaxations, but his 
multifarious correspondence can have left 
him but little time to indulge them. Like 
most of the statesmen of the day, he turned 
lus industry to good account and managed 
to accumulate a large fortune during his 
tenure of otKce. Some of his early stitfhess 
of manner seems to have worn off, and a 
gradual rise in I'epys's estimation of him is 
to be traced through the pages of the 
* Diary.' Anthony ii Wood had no love for 
the secretary, who on 23 May 1075 ignored 
Wood's application for the ]K)st of keeper of 
records in the Tower. But he was * a great 
friend,' Wood admits, to Queen's College 
and to Queen's College men. Williamson 
befriended Dr. Lancelot Addison [q. v.], a 
contemporary with the secretary at Queen's, 
who dedicated to Sir Joseph, in his capacity 
of curator of the Sheldonian press, his inte- 
resting * l^resent State of the Jews in Rar- 
bary.' The famous essayist was named 
Joseph after his father's benefactor. Wil- 
liamson also sent Dr. William Lancaster 
and Risho]) Nicolson (both Queen's men) 
abroad at the crown's exj)ense, in accordance 
with a plan of his own for training young 
men of promise for diplomatic work. Nicol- 
son, when a young tal>erdar of Queen's, dedi- 
cated to the secretary his * Iter Hollandi- 
cum ' in 1078 (still in manuscript in Queen's 
Library). 

Evelyn's charge of ingratitude is refuted 
by the disjjositions of Williamson's will, in 
which all mstitutions and individuals who 
by blood, aflection, or service had any claims 
upon him were mentioned. To Bridekirk, in 
audition to a present of silver flagons and 
chalices for the church, he left 500/. to be 
distributed among the poor. To the library 



Williamson 



Williamson 



at St. B«es he gave his portrait: he hud 
already, in September 1671, givun two exbi- 
bitioas for scholars of Dovenby in his nativo 
Mrisb. To the provost and scholars of 
Queen's CoUege he left 6,000i. 'to be laid 
out in further new buildings to the coUedge 
and otherwise beautifying the said colledge,' 
as well as his 'library of printed books and 
books of heraldry and genaligy, as well manu- 
*cripta as printed ; ' to Christ's (i^hurch Hoa- 

tiital, London, he gave 3UU/. ; to St. UarthO' 
smew's (of which he had been a governor) 
300(. ; and to the Royal Society at Grasham 
College 200/. To Thetfocd, in addition to 
tnuniBcent gifts during bis lifetime (see 
Blohefigld, Norfolk, i. 463 eq.), he be- 
queathed :i,000/., and the income is now de- 
voted partly to a school and hospital foun- 
dation at Thetford, and partly m binding 
out apprentices and in local charities. To 
Itochester, besides 20/. for the poor, soma gilt 
communion plate, and a portrait of Wil- 
liam III to hang in the town-hall, he left 
5,000/. for the purchosingof londs and tene- 
ments to support a free 'mathematical school.' 
This was opened in 1708 under the master- 
ship of John Colson ["I'V.], and rebuilt under 
a new scheme in ISUs— I. As a mark of his 
loyalty to hi8 old college, Williamson chose 
for bis crest one of the Queen's eagles, and 
for hia motto ' Sub umbm tuarum alarum ' 
(his arms are still to be seen in a window 
at Clothworkers' Hall). Among Wood's 
pamphlets -n-aa a now rare 'Impressio secimda 
Carminis heroici in honorem .lo. William- 
son' [by Payne Fisher]. 

An interesting portrait (erroneously attri- 
bnted to Lely)waB acquired by the National 
Portrait Gftllery, London, in 1(<95. Besides 
the portrait at St. Bees, and the half-length 
by Kneller at Burlington House, there are 
portraits of Williamson in Queen's College 
Hall, in the town-hall, Ita^hester, and in 
Clothworkers' Hall. 

[A fill! Life of Williamaon would invalTO an 
almost exhaustir? sarrDy of political nnd aacinl 
England from I66S lo 1680, His local eonnoc- 
tioQB have been cunimcmoratcd ia a eerie!' of brief 
bnt useful smnmnries of hia coroor; that with 
Cobham UhU by Canoa Scott Robertwa in the 
Arehxologia CanCiana {li. 274-B4); (hat with 
Cumberland in Hutchinson's Hist, of Cumbec- 
land, ii. 244 sq.. in Nicholson SD<I Burn's W«st- 
morlaod, and in Peile's Annals of the Fciles of 
Strathelyds (cbap. iii.) ; thar with Roohester in 
Hr. CbarUs Bird's Sir J. Willitimson, rounder of 
tho Mathematical School (Rochester, 1891), nnd 
in Mr. A. Bhodex's Tsry careful nolice ot Wil- 
liamson in tho Chatbsm nnd Rootiester News, 
26 Nov. 1838; tlint with Thetford in Martin's 
Hist, of Thetford, 1779, pp. 220 sq.. and in 
Uilliag^D-a I'age in the Uist. of Thetford i that 



with the Iloyal Society in Weld's Hiat. of tha 
Roynl Society, i. 202 sq. ; and that vitb GraTe»- 
end in Crudan's Uisl. of (iravesend, 1843. pp. 
377 sq. The Cal. of Stats Papera, Duni. front 
1660 to 1671, contains frequent refereoc^a to 
Williamaon. The atnle pnpera relnting to the 
years 1672-9 (as yet uncali>nJiired) embody a 
vast number of Williamaon papera, diaries, and 
letters ; extracts from his official journal are 
printoil aa an appendii to the CHlrndars from 
1671 onwards, for the enormous bulk of Wil- 
liamson P.ipors previous to Iheir dispersion and 
rcMirrangement. see Thomas's Departmental Hist. 
1S4S, folio; and 30th Annual Hepurt of the 
Dppnty -Keeper of Public Recunis. A few 



(see espedally Addit. M.Sd. 5188 if. 1379, fiS31 
f. 87. 28040 f. 35, 28093 f. 214. 28945 f. 107, 
34727 (. 130), and Stowe MSS. (sec rapeciallj' 
200, 201, 203-10 passim, aod 549, f. 12} at the 
British Unseum. Sea also Christie'a Williamson 
Correep, {Camden Soc.). 1874 ; Foster's Alumni 
Oion.IoOO-17l4;Cole'aAthen!ECBntal>r.(Addit. 
US. 5883, f. 83} ; Welch's Alumni Wcstmon. 
p. 171".: Jackson's Cumberland and West- 
morland Papers. IS92, ii. 203, 230; Lonsdale's 
Worthies of Cumberland, ri. 228; Life and 
Times of Anthony a Wood, toIb. ii. and iii, 
passim; Basted's Kent. Ii. 63; Evelyn's Diary, 
1895, i. 409, ii. 22, 42, fi7, 73, 101,11 1, 124, 180, 
Pepys'a Diary, ed. Whsatloy, it, 290, 383, v. 
psseim. ti. 33-4, vii. and riii. passim ; Lnttrell's 
Brief Hist. Relation, i. 8, 0, ii. -14, 156, 3S3,iii. 
5<iS. ir.paisim,r. 84, 04, 9S ; Leiinglon Papers, 
ed. Sutton, 1851; Anne Greenes Newi=s from 
the Dead, 1650, p. ; Official Returns uf Mam- 
h«rg of Pari.; Pari. Hiat. T. 1014, 1038; 
Enchurd'e Hist, of England, 1718, iii. 368, 479, 
498 ; Rapin's Hist, of EngUind, rol. ii.; Ralph's 
Hist, of England, rol. i. ; Bayer's William III, 
pp. 76 sq. ; Ranbe's Hist, of England, ir. 65 ; 
llist. MS3. Comm. 4ih Rep. p. 546, 7th Rep. 
p. 495, 8th Rep. p. 390, I5tb Rep. pp. 171, 
177; Courtena j's Life of Sir W. Temple ; Chria- 
tie's Life of ShalUabury ; Masaon'i Life of Mil- 
ton, vi. passim; Ashton's Hiit. of Lotteries; 
Evelyn's NumiBmatn.p.27 ; Nichols's Ut. Anecd, 
iv. 58-0 ; Daasnt's St. Jnmos's Square, pp. 6, 
31), 107: Wiild'i Cat. of Royal Society Portraits, 



piisaim; Notes and Querie", 1st per. vii. passim; 
notes from ftucen's College Registers, most 
kindly furnished by the Provost.] T. S, 

WILLIAMSON, PETEIi (1730-1799), 

author and pubiiahar, Bon of James William- 
son, crofter, was bom in theparigh of .\boyne, 
Aberdeenshire, in 1730. When about ten 
years of age be fell a victim to a barbarous 
traffic which then disgraced Aberdeen, being 
kidnapped and Irnnaportcd to the American, 
plantiitions, wlitro be was sold for a period 
o! seven years to a fellow countrj'man in 



Williamson 



8 



Williamson 



Pennsylvania. Becoming his own master 
about 1747, he acquired a tract of land on 
the frontiers of the same province, which in 
1754 was overrun by Indians, into whose 
hands Williamson fell. Escaping, he en- 
listed in his majesty's forces, and after many 
romantic adventures was in 1 757 discharged 
at Plymouth as incapable of further service 
in conseauence of a wound in one of his 
hands. vVith the sum of six shillings with 
which he had been furnished to carry him 
home, he set out on his journey, and reached 
York, where in the same year he published a 
tract entitled * Prench and Indian Oucltj 
exemplified in the Life and Various Vicissi- 
tudes of Pet^r Williamson . . . with a Cu- I 
rious Discourse on Kidnapping.' Arriving j 
in Aberdeen in 1758, lie was accused by the 
magistrates of having issued a scurrilous 
and infamous libel on the corporation of the 
city and whole members thereof. lie was 
at once convicted, fined, and banished from 
the citv, while his tract, which had passed 
through several editions in Glasgow, Lon- 
don, and Edinburgh, was ordered to be pub- 
licly burnt at the Market Cross. William- 
son brought an action against the corpora- 
tion for these proceedings, and in 1762 was 
awarded 100/. damages by the court of session. 
He was also successful in a second suit brought 
in 1765 against the parties engaged in the 
trade of kidnapping. 

Williamson settled in Edinburgh, where 
he combined the occupations of bookseller, 
printei*, publisher, and keeper of a tavern, 
'Indian Peter's coffee room' (Ferqusson, 
Rising of the Session), In 177ti he issued 
the first street directory for Edinburgh. In 
1776 he engaged in a periodical work after 
the manner of the * Spectator,' called the 
* Scots Spy, or Critical Observer,' published 
every Friday. This periodical, which is 
valuable for its local information, ran from 
8 March to 30 Aug., and a second series, the 
'New Scots Spy,' from 29 Aug. to 14 Nov. 
// /. 

About the same time Williamson set on 
foot in Edinburgh a penny post, which be- 
came so profitable in his hands that when 
in 1793 the government took over the 
management, it was thought necessary to 
allow him a pension of 25/. per annum. 

Williamson died in Edinburgh on 10 Dec. 
1799. He married, in Novemberl777, Jean, 
daughter of John Wilson, bookseller in Edin- 
burgh, whom he divorced in 178S. A portrait 
of Williamson is given by Kay (Original 
Portraits^ i. 128), and another * in the dress 
of a Delaware Indian ' is prefixed to va- 
rious editions of his ' Life.' 

In addition to 'French and Indian Cruelty' 



and the ' Scots Spy,' Williamson was author 
of : 1. 'Some Considerations on the Present 
State of Affairs. Wherein the Defenceless 
State of Great Britain is pointed out,' York^ 
1758. 2. ' A brief Account of the War in 
North America,' Edinburgh, 1760. 3. * Tra- 
vels of Peter Williamson amongst the dif- 
ferent Nations and Tribes of savage Indiana 
in America,' Edinburgh, 1768 (new edit. 
1786). 4. * A Nominal Encomium on the 
City of Edinburgh,' Edinburgh, 1769. 5. « A 
General V^iew of the whole World,' Edin- 
burgh, n.d. 0. * A Curious Collection of 
Moral Maxims and Wise Sayings,' Edin- 
burgh, n.d. 7. *The Royal Abdication of 
Peter Williamson, King of the Mohawks/ 
Edinburgh, n.d. 8. * l^oposals for esta- 
blishing a l*enny Post,' Edinburgh, n.d. 

Among the works issued from his press 
were editions of the Psalms in metre (1779), 
of Sir David Lindsay's poems (1776), and of 
William Mcston's * Mob contra Mob.' The 
* Life and Curious .\d ventures of Peter Wil- 
liamson' (a reprint with additions of his 
'French and Indian Cruelty') was published 
at Aberdeen in 1 801 , and proved very popular, 
running through many editions, and appear- 
ing also in an abbreviated form as a chap- 
book. 

[Printed papers in Peter Williamson v. Cushnie 
and others, 1761-2. v. Fordyce and others, 17C6- 
1768, V. Jean WilHon, 1789; Robertson's Book 
of Bonaccord, pp,9l-3 ; Kay's Original Portraits, 
i. 131-9; BWkwoodH Magazine, Ixiii. 612-27 ; 
Chambers's Miscellany, vol. ii. ; Lang's Histori- 
cal Summary of Post Office in Scotland, p. 16 ; 
Scottish Notes and Queries, iv. 39, v. 87, ix. 29, 
47.] P. J. A. 

WILLIAMSON, SAMUEL (1792- 1840)» 
landscape-painter, was the younger son of 
John Williamson of Liverpool, in which 
town he was bom in 1792. 

Ilis father, John Willia.mson(17o1-1818), 
painter, was born at Ripon in 1761. lie was 
apprenticed to an * ornamental * painter in 
Birmingham, married in 1781, settled in 
Liverpool in 1783, and continued to reside 
there, practising as a portrait-painter, till 
his death, on 27 May 1818. Among his 
best known works are portraits of William 
Roscoe, Sir William Beechy, ll.A., H. 
Fuseli, ll.A., the Rev. John Clowes, and 
Nathan Litherland, the inventor of the 
patent lever watch. lie was a member ot 
the Liverpool Academy, and a constant ex- 
hibitor at the local exhibitions. In 1783 he 
exhibited a portrait at the Royal Academy. 
His portraits are correct likenesses and fairly- 
executed. He also painted miniatures, but 
they were not in the best style of that art. 

In 1811 Samuel had three landscapes hung 



Williamson 



Williamson 



in the first exhibition of the Liverpool 
Academy, of which body he was a member. 
In the subsequent exhibitions of that body, 
as well as at the first exhibition of the Royal 
Manchester Institution in 1827 and the an- 
nual exhibitions that followed each year, he 
was represented by a ItLTge number of land- 
scapes and seascapes. His pnly exhibit on 
the walls of the Royal Academy was a land- 
scape in 1811. He earned a considerable 
reputation as a painter of seapieces and land- 
scapes, and was highly esteemed by his fellow- 
townsmen. On his death, which took place 
on 7 June 1840, an obelisk to his memory 
was erected in the St. James's cemetery, a 
lithograph of which, by W.Collingwood, was 
published. His pictures are well composed, 
and are painted with an attractive charm of 
light and colour. There are three works by 
him at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, 
and many more in private collections in the 
district. 

[Graves's Diet of Artists; Exhibition Cata- 
logues ; ioformation from Robert Williamson of 
Ripen ; note in Manchester City News, 7 Sept. 
1878, by the present writer.] A. N. 

WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM CRAW- 
FORD (1816-1895), naturalist, bom at Scar- 
borough on 24 Nov. 1816, was the second 
and only surviving son of John Williamson, 
gardener and naturalist, first curator of the 
Scarborough Museum, by Elizabeth Craw- 
ford, eldest daughter of a Scottish lapidary 
and watchmaker, who migrated to YorKshire 
when young. In his early boyhood he learned 
the lapidary's art in Crawford's workshop, 
and acquired a good knowledge of field natu- 
ral history from his father and his fathers 
fnends, notably William Smith (1769-1839) 
[q. v.], the founder of modem stratigraphical 
geology, and his nephew John Phillips 
(1800-1874) [q. v.], professor of geology at 
Oxford, who was for some time an inmate of 
John Williamson's house. His schooling, 
begun early, was inadequate, largely owing 
to delicate health. Between three and six 
years of age he went to three dame schools ; 
m 1822 he went to William Potters school, 
where he had meagre instruction in Latin 
and English. In 1831 he had his only real 
teaching, from the Rev. Thomas Irving at 
Thornton grammar school, where he stayed 
only six months. In the autumn he went 
for six months to the school of a M. Mon- 
tieus at Bourbourg, near Calais, with little 
intellectual profit, even in the acquisition of 
French, for the majority of the boys were 
English. This completed his school life : he 
never acquired ease in French speaking, 
though he read the language with ease, nor 



the knowledge of any other modem tongue. 
He was apprenticed as a medical student 
(1832) to Thomas Weddell, apothecary of 
Scarborough, where he discharged the func- 
tions of errand boy, dispenser, and clerk, 
according to the general custom. He con- 
tinued his natural history studies, and con- 
tributed a paper on birds to the Zoological 
Society, and two to the Geological. These 
were among the first pioneering attempts to 
analyse the strata into smaller ^ zones cha- 
racterised by their own proper groups of 
fossils, a field in which enormous advances 
have since been made. He also published a 
pamphlet, since twice reprinted, giving an 
account of the contents of a tumulus opened 
at Gristhorpe, and described a new mussel 
(Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834). To the/ Fossil Flora 
of Great Britain,' by John Lindley [q. v.] 
and James liutton (1726-1797) [q. v.], he 
contributed illustrated descriptions of fossils 
which had been discovered in an estuarine 
deposit by his father and his father's cousin, 
Simon Bean. His work attracted the atten- 
tion of many eminent naturalists, notably 
William Buckland [q. v.] Owing to their 
interest, and to that of naturalists visiting 
Scarborough, he received a call from the 
Manchester Natural History Society to the 
curatorship of their museum in 1835, W^ed- 
dell generously cancelling his indentures ; he 
held this office for three years, continuing 
especially geological research and publica- 
tion, and was a frequent visitor at the Lite- 
rary and Philosophical Society, where he 
met among others John Dalton (1766-1844) 
[q.v.] In the summer of 1838, in order to 
raise funds for medical study, he gave a 
course of six lectures on geology in various 
towns of Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Dur- 
ham ; he studied one winter at the Pine 
Street medical school, Manchester, and en- 
tered in the autumn of 1839 at University 
College, London. In 1840 he attended a se- 
cond course of lectures there ; but before the 
close of the year had obtained the diplomas 
of M.R.C.S. and L.S.A., and in January 1841 
commenced practice in Manchester with the 
generous guarantee of two wealthy friends. 
Some successful operations on squinl brought 
him into note, and he was soon appointed 
surgeon to the Chorlton-on-Medlock dispen- 
sary, a post he resigned in 18(58. Ear troubles 
during his student days had interested him 
in that organ ; he profited by some vacations 
to study aural surgery under Meniere in Paris, 
Joseph Toynbee [q. v.] and Harvey in Lon- 
don, took active steps towards the creation 
of the Manchester Institute for Diseases of 
the Ear in 1855, and was surgeon to it until 
1870, when he became its consulting sur- 



Williamson 



lO 



Williamson 



geon. To his large general practice he thus 
added that of a specialist in this department. 
He continued professional medical work till 
about his seventieth year. He was present 
at that public demonstration of mesmerism 
which first attracted James Braid [q. v.] to 
the subject ; was the first to show from the 
contracted pupils that the hypnotised patient 
was' in a genuine and peculiar state ; and 
utilised Braid's services as a hypnotist later 
on in the successful treatment of epilepsy ; 
but finally abandoned the therapeutic use of 
hypnosis, regarding it as likely to undermine 
the will power of the patient. He devised 
the treatment of infantile convulsions by 
prolonged continuous chloroform amcsthesia, 
and wrote two papers on this subject, the 
first (not cited in the Hemiiuscfnres) in the 
' Lancet ' (185^3, vol. i.) A clinical observa- 
tion on the * Functions of the Chorda Tvm- 
pani * (also not cited ; Assoc, Med, Jour?t, < 
I800) as a nerve of taste, a view which still : 
has partisans, compl«tes with the three cited | 
papers (/MY. Med. Journ, 1857) his contri- 
butions to medical science. 

In January 1851 he w^as appointed first 
professor of * natural history, anatomy, and 
physiology ' in the Owens College, Manches- 
ter. His duties comprised instruction in 
zoology and botany in the widest sense, be- 
sides the geological sciences. In 1854, with 
Mr. Richard Cojjley Christie, he initiated at 
the college evening classes for working men. 
At first lie divided his subjects into two 
groups, on which he lectured in alternate 
sessions ; but ultimatelv the demands of uni- 
versity students made this impossible. In 
1870 a distinct lectureship had to be created 
in mineralogy. In 1>^72, on the fusion with 
the lioynl School of Medicine, geology was 
also separated, and Williamson became pro- 
fessor of ' Natural History.* A demonstrator 
to assist in the then new laboratory work 
was appointed in 1877 ; and in 1880 zoology 
was split off, leaving him the chair of botany, 
which he resigned in 1892, after forty-one 
years* continuous tenure of otfice, with the 
title of emeritus professor, and a year's 
salary as gratuity. His lectures to students 
were well arranged and well delivered, in- 
teresting and fluent, but lacked minuteness 
of accurate detail ; and from the ignorance 
of German which he dei)lored he never 
thoroughly assimilated the current language 
of the modern aspects of botany. 

Williamson added largely to his income 
by popular scientific lectures ; between 1874 
ana 1890 alone he gave, among others, at 
least three hundred in connection with the 
Gilchrist trust. For these, manv of which 
dealt with his own discoveries, he drew and 



painted beautiful and efiective diagrams. He 
was highly successful as a popular lecturer. 
Several of his popular lectures were printed, 
lie wrote a number of art.icles for the * Lou- 
don Quarterly Ileview,* published under Wes- 
leyan auspices, and some for the ' Popular 
Science Review.* Those on * Primeval Vege- 
tation in its relation to the Doctrines of 
Natural Selection and Evolution' in the 
'Owens College Essays and Addresses/ 
1874, and on * l^yrrhonism in Science * {Con- 
temporary Hev. 1881), show his cautious 
attitude, by accepting the descent-theory 
generally, but resenting all attempts at scien- 
tific dogmatism and intolerance. He was in- 
clined to demand something which escapes 
scientific analysis, in addition to the known 
natural factors of divergent evolution. 

Ho was on friendly terms with the Wes- 
leyans in Manchei^ter, and was for a time a 
member of that bodv. He was medical at- 
tendaiit to the Wesleyan Theological Col- 
lege, Didsbury, 1804-83, and a member of 
the committee of management. 

After an attack of ill-health in 1860. Wil- 
liamson settled in 1861 in the then outlying 
hamlet of Fallowfield. There he built a 
home, with a garden and range of plant- 
hou.ses, and became a successful grower espe- 
cially of rare orchids, insectivorous plants, 
and higher cryptogams ; these were utilised 
in tlie later development of laboratory teach- 
ing at the colh»ge, which contributed an 
annual grant towards the expense. In 1883 
he suffered from diabetes, and had finallv to 
resign his chair in 1891. He removed from 
Manchester to Clapham Common, where he 
continued in harness nearly to the last, work- 
ing in collalx)ration with Professor K. D. 
Scott at his own house or at the Joddrell 
Laboratory, Kew. His last publication (in 
February 1895) was the obituary of his old 
friend, sometime opponent and recent con- 
vert, the Marquis de Saporta. He died at 
Clapham on 23 June 1895. He was spare 
and erect, with blue-grey eyes deep set in an 
oval face. He had an educated taste in 
music; and the watercolour sketches he 
brought back from his vacation trips were 
poetic in feeling and happy in composition. 

He was married twice : first, in 1842, to 
Sophia (d. 1871), daughter of the Rev. I^- 
bert Wood, treasurer to the Wesleyan body, 
by whom he left a son, Robert Bateson, 
solicitor, and a daughter, Edith; secondly, 
in 1874, to Annie C. Ileaton, niece of Sir 
Henry Mitchell of Bradford, who completed 
and edited his autobiography under the title 
of * Reminiscences of a "iorkshire Natural- 
ist;* by her he left one son, Herbert, painter. 

AVilliamson*3 scientific work was immense 



Williamson 



II 



Williamson 



and invaluable. Early researches on the 
Foraminifera between 1840 and 1850 led to 
his preparing a monograph on the recent 
forms of this group for the Ray Society ; 
William Benjamin Carpenter [q. v.] asserted 
that his work introduced a new technique 
for their study (that of thin sections) and a 
new conception (that of the combination of 
a wide variety of forms hitherto ranked as 
of specific or generic rank in single indivi- 
duals), and that it gave a starting-point 
for all future investigations. Kesearches on 
Volvojc about 1850, only some thirty years 
later noticed and confirmed, demonstrated 
that this critical form is essentially vegetal, 
not animal, in its morphology. A very com- 
plete study of the wheel-animal, Melicertaf 
was published in 1853, and in consequence 
he was employed by Andrew Pritchard to 
write a monograph on the Rotifera for the 
third edition of his 'Infusoria* (18(51); this 
was an admirable compilation. Between 
1840 and 1850, largely provided with mate- 
rial by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey-Egerton 
[a. V.J, he produced two monographs on the 
histology of teeth, fish scales, and boue, of 



classical value. Herein he demonstrated 
two capital theses — the essential identity of 
teeth and of fish scales, and the distinction 
of bone formed directly in membrane from 
that preformed in cartilage. KoUiker, the 
great histologist, esteemed the work impor- 
tant enough to warrant his arduous pilgri- 
mage from central Germany to accept Wil-. 
liamson*s hospitality of board and study. 
This work gained Williamson the fellow- 
ship of the Royal Society (l8o-n. Fossil 
plants had engaged his earliest efix)rts. He 
resumed their study in 1854 with the enig- 
matic form Zamia giyas, called Willinmsonia 
by W. Carruthers, who says that Williamson 
has probably come closer to its determina- 
tion than any one else. But it was only 
towards 1858 that he really began that com- 
prehensive study of the plants of the coal- 
measures which is his greatest claim to rank 
as one of the founders of palaeobotany. He 
demonstrated that with certain characters of 
the higher existing flowerless plants — horse- 
tails, ferns, clubmosses, &c. — there were found 
at that period plants whose woody cylinder 
grew by external deposit of new layers, as 
m our forest trees. His results met at first 
with neglect and hostility. His drawings 
were exquisite and nature-true, made on 
lithographic transfer paper with the artifice 
of a quadrille eye-piece ; but they suffered in 
the processes of transference to stone and 
printing. His figures were distributed over 
the plates with a view rather to neatness and 
economy of space than to logical connection. 



In each successive memoir he described all 
the material he had studied completely up 
to date. To his uufamiliarity with modern 
botanical terminology he added a defective 
exposition. His text was a detailed descrip- 
tion of the specimens, with references to the 
accompanying plates and to those of pre- 
vious memoirs, interspersed with discussions 
of generalities and of controversial matter, 
without tables of contents, general introduc- 
tions, or final summaries and conclusions. 
To master such papers was, in effect, to con- 
duct a research on the figures with a mini- 
mum of eff*ective aid. In 1871 a discussion 
at the British Association was followed up 
in * Nature,' where a correspondent accused 
him of going back to the conceptions of 
Nehemiah Grew [q. v.] In France his 
results were systematically ignored, despite 
his constant invitations to his opponents to 
study his specimens as his guests, until 1882, 
when for the first time the facts and argu- 
ments on both sides were marshalled in a 
readily accessible form in a French essay, 
* Les Sigillaires et les L6pidodendr6es ' by 
Williamson and his demonstrator, Professor 
Marcus Hartog {Ann. Sc. Nat, 1882). Fresh 
evidence poured in. In 1887 Renault, his 
chief opponent, retreated honourably from 
one part of the field, and Grand' Eury and 
Saporta in 1890 avowed their general con- 
version. Only in respect of one minor point 
— the question of the interstitial growth of 
the centre of the woody cylinder — did Wil- 
liamson's views break down ; but it was 
through his own laborious investigations 
that the disproof was completed. A full 
investigation on the structure of compact 
coal was commenced in 1876 and continued 
to his death, but the examination of many 
thousand sections led to no publication em- 
bodying general results after the preliminary 
note (British Association Report, 1881). A 
valuable research in 1885 extended Nathorst's 
discovery that reputed animal and vegetable 
fossils were mere tracks of animals or of tidal 
currents. Williamson never spared money 
in the purchase of adequate apparatus and 
specimens ; one of the latter, a magnificent 
Sigillaria with stigmarian roots, from Clay- 
ton, near Bradford, now in the Manches- 
ter Museum, was long called * Williamson's 
Folly.' He met with generous help from 
the amateur field-naturalists of the north, 
often working men, who were proud to help 
him with the fossils they had collected or the 
sections they had cut and noted as worth his 
study. This help he always acknowledged. 
Williamson's scientific work lacked, of 
course, the method developed by personal 
academic training and by the laboratory in- 



Willibald » Willibald 



struction of pupils. He stands halfway be- and a sister Walburga [q. v.], who were also 

tween the scientific amateurs of genius like missionaries among the Germans. In his 

Cavendish, Ljell, Joule, and Darwio, and bovhood he was sent to the monastery of 

the modem professional savants of Cam- A\ altham to be educated ( Vita seu potius 

bridge and South Kensington. Averse from Hodctporicon Sancii Willibaldif ap. Tobler, 

excessive speculation and dogmatism, he took Dewriptiones Terra Sancia, p. 9). Here he 

no share in the formation of scientific theory, conceived the idea of a pilgrimage, and per- 

From 1865 to 1882 his reputation stood at suaded his father and brother to set out with 

the lowest among the new school of profes- ' him for Rome (ib, pp. 14-16) about 720-1. 

sional English biologists, trained when his At Lucca Willibald s father died, but he 

pioneering work had become the anonymous himself and his brother pressed on their dif- 

commonplaces of the text-book, while his ficult and dangerous journey, and finally 

recent work was ill understood or largely arrived in Rome. Here Willibald formed 

ignored. From that period onwards it rapidly the design of going on to Jerusalem, and 

rose, and at the British Association meeting after wintering in Rome, where he was seri- 

in Manchester (1887) he was an honoured oiisly ill, set out in the spring of 722 for 

member of the cosmopolitan grroup of hot a- Syria. It was a time when pilgrimage in the 

nists there present, many of whom were his east was fraught with infinite hardship and 

personal guests. Williamson was elected danger, when the old hospitals on the pilgrim 

F.R.S. in 1854. He became a member of routes had fallen into neglect, and when the 

the Literary and Philosophical Society of great Mahommedan empire stretched from 

Manchester in 1851, ser\'ea repeatedly on its the Oxus to the Pyrenees. The sufferings of 

council, and was elected an honorarv member Willibald and his party were therefore very 

in 1893; and he took a leading part in the for- great. At Eme$a they were taken prisoners 

mation in 1858 and in the working of the as spies, but were ultimately set free to visit 

microscopic and natural history section. His the pilgrim shrines still allowed to remain 

ninth memoir, 'On the Organisation of the open. Willibald seems to have wandered 

Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures ' (PAiV. aoout Palestine a good deal, and to have 

Trans,), was given as the Bakerian lecture visited Jerusalem several times, finally leav- 

at the Royal Society. A nearly complete ing Syria about 726 after a narrow escape 

bibliography is given in the * Reminiscences.' of martyrdom through smuggling balsam 

He received the royal medal of the Royal from Jerusalem (Beazlet, The Datm of 

Society in 1874, an honorary degree of J/tx/^m ^<^jyrflr/>A//, p. 152; but see Wright, 

LLD. of Edinburgh in 1883, and the Wol- BiiM/r. Urit. Lit. i. 342). In Constantinople 

laston medal of the Geological Society in he spent two years, from 726 to 728, retum- 

1890, besides foreign honours. A portrait ing to Italy after an absence of seven years 

by H. Brothers is in the Owens College, (i-6. p. 52> by way of Naples. At the great 

Manchester. i Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino he 

[Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, remained for ten years {ib, p. 45), holding 

1896; obituaries ami notices by Count Solms various offices in the house. At the end of 

Laubach (Nature, 1895), A. C. Seward (Nat. Sc. this time he again visited Rome, where Gre- 




Manchwter L. and Phil. Soc. 1896), and Lester need of help in Germanv, and asked for 
Ward(Science vol.1. 1895); mtormation kindly Willibald, who was accordinglv despatched 

fv^'^S n-^r i,>^<^'r JT- K*";^"* ^V'. byGregorvIII to Eichstadt (?6. pp 48-9). 

^\.H^^DHll,Dger,l'.K.^.,Ke^^RJehapJ^^^^ Salzburg in 741 Willibald was conse- 

the WeslejHn Theological College, Didsbury), i , ,. ^u u- u r i?- i, ♦ j.. u i i 

Mr. Walter Brown (University College. London) I V^}"^ *^ the bishopric of Eichstadt by Arch- 
the registrar of Owens College. Manchester, and ' Y^^"""^ Boniface (ib. pp. ol-2) and after the 
P. J. Uartog ; personal knowledge.] M. H. , letter s death became the leader of the Ger- 
man mission. He built a monasterv at 
WILLIBALD (700P-786), bishop and Eichstadt, and lived a monastic life there 
traveller, bom about 7(X). was the son of a (ibX dying in 786. 

certain St. Richard who bore the title of Willibald's guide-book, entitled ' Vita seu 
king, and is conjectured to have been the son Ilodceporicon Sancti Willibaldi scriptum a 
of Hlothere, king of Kent, who died in 685. Sanctimoniali,' from which the details of 
His mother was Winna, sisterof Saint Bon i- his life are taken, was dictated bv himself 



face Tn. v.], the great apostle of Germany; 

related to Ine [q. v."!, king of 

ibald had a brother Wunebild 



(ib, p. .')2), and probablv written down bv a 
nun at lleidenbeim, tlie finishing touches 
being added by another hand after his death. 



Willibrord 



>3 



Willibrord 



Hi* book )^T» little general information, 
u the writer was intent upon his demotions, 
liut thrt^ws some li|;ht upon l»w and custom 
in the eastern lands in which he travelled. 
Its value is owini to the extreme scarcity 
«f pilgrim notices durinK the eighth century. 
It ia publislwd by Mabillon in the 'Acta 
&nctorum Ordinis Benedieti ' (iv. 3fe) seq.), 
but the most accessible edition is that of 
Tobler in the ' Deacriptiones Terrw Sancts ' 
(pp. 1-651. Other lives ba«eJ upon thia have 
been written, but have added to it nothing , 
of importance (Habdi, DtKriptht Catal. I 
i. pt. li. pp. 190-1). The chief of these— | 
the 'Vita aive potius Itinerarium SanctI i 
Willibaldi auclon> Anonymo '—is also pub- j 
liahed bjTobler (loc. cit. pp. mid). Willi- 
bald is said to have written the well-knoivn | 
lijB of St. Boniface published by Jall'6 in the 
'Monumenta Mogiinlina' in 'nibliotbeca. 
"'"'erum Oermanicarum' {Dmeript. Catal. loe. I 
t.p.478; butseeB»jfr.*ri(.i;rt.i.ai4-5). 

rAntluiriti<>s quoted in the iixt.l 

A. M.C-a. 

WILLIBEORD orWILBRORD, Saint 
.rcbblshop of Utrecht and 
;le of Friaift, born about (157, was a Nor- . 
nHnbrian (Flob. Win. in Man. Hint. Brit. ■ 
63BD), the son of Wilgila, who, after ; 
'lllibnird's birth, retired from the world to ' 
Ihof theHtiinber(Au'ulN, 1 
"it. Will. Tol. i. chap, i.), where he lived the ' 
loritc'a life. His day woslatecobaerved 
_ feast day in Willibrord's own monastery i 
E^I«mBch lib. chap, xxxi.) Dedicated 
hia mother and father to a religious life, 
Itlibrord. as soon as he was weaned, was 
gCna to the monlis ofRipon, where became 
inder the inBuence of St. Wilfrid [n. v.l (ifi. 
dap. iii.; Eonitrs, Vita Wilfridt m Uit- 
-fc—t; — ^f Church of York, voL i.) In his 
1 year, the fame of the schools and 
loLars of Ireland drew him thither, and he 
it the next twelve years (677-90) at the 
"monastery of Hathmelsiiti with St. Egbert 
[q. v.], who in G90 sent Willibrord, after he 
b*d been ordained priest, to preach the gos- 
pel to the Frisians. 

Lauding at the mouth of the Rhine, Wil- 
libnird went thence to Trajectum (Utrecht), 
bat, finding the pagan 'king Rathbod and 
his FriaianB hoelile, he boldly went direct 
to Pippin of llerstal, ' duke of the Franks,' 
who had just (6t!T) established hia power 
over the I^ranks by the battle of Testry {ib.; 
ALOtns, Vit. M'lVV. i. chap. V.) Pippin wel- 
comed Willibrord, and thus identified hita- 
■«e^ and his house with the conversion of 
le parts of the (ierman settlements which 
i still heathen. The alliance between 



Pippin and ^^'illibro^d was the aalvation of 
the u'-w movement. Rathbodbeingexpelled, 
multitudes of the people of * Hither Frisia' 
received the faith {ib.-. Man. Hist. Brit. \. 
538D). Willibrord went probably in 093 to 
Kome to obtain the consent of Pope Sergiua 
to the mission, and in the hope of receiving 
certain holy relics of the apostles and mar- 
tyrs to place in the churches he wished to 
build in Friesland (Beds, Hist. Eccl. vol. v. 
chap.xi.i Alchis, Vit. WiW. vol. i. chapa. vi. 
vii.) Heobtainedboth, andonhisretumover- 
threw pagan idols, planted cliurches, placing 
in them the relics he had brought from Itome, 
and, thougb amid great difGcultiea, won the 
trust of the Frisians. He made a bold onset 
in Heligoland upon the pagan shrine of the 
god Fosite, who was a son of Balder, and, 
mviting the vengeance of the t^d by his in- 
fringement of the laws guarding the sacred 
fountain there, he won a remarkable su- 
premacy over the minds of the pagan Frisians 
( AiXUlN, vol, i. chaps, x. xi.) He destroyed 
the great idol of W alcheren, at the peril of 
his own life (ih. vol. i. chap. liv.) In 714 
Pippin and Plectrudis his wife gave Willi- 
brord the monastery of Suestra (Mionb, Pat. 
Lat. Ixxiix. 547) ; here occurred one of a 
series of miracles which won for the saint 
among the people the reputation of super- 
natural power (Alcuik. chapa. xv. xvi.) 

Extending his labours beyond the Frankisii 
lands, Willibrord went to lUthbod, but failed 
to convert him (i6. chap, ix.), and finally, 
recognising that as hopeless, went on ' ad 
ferocissimos Danorum populos,' and their 
king ' Ongendus, homo omni fera crudelior ' 
(possibly the Ongentheow of Beowulf), who 
was as firmly pagan as Rathbod. But Willi- 
brord took thirty Danish boys back with him, 
and baptised them, hoping to train them up 
as Christians, and to send them when men 
on a mission to their own land (i^. chap, ix.) 
Gradually Willibrord was able to organise 
his great 'parochia.' The faithful, in their 
gratitude to him, offered their patrimonies, 
which were devoted to religious foundations 
(ib. chap. xii. ; for the charters of the most 
famous of these grants see Mignb, Pa/. Lat. 
Isixii. 535-53). 

In 695 or 69t! Willibrord went to Rome a 
second time, in order that, at Pippin's re- 
quest, he might be consecrated archbishop 
of the Frisians by Sergius. He was conse- 
crated in the church of Santa Cecilia in 
Trastevere on St. Cecilia's day (32 Nov.), 
and on consecration received the name of 
Clement, a name which however, never 
came into general use (Bede, Hi»t. Eixl. v. 
1 1 ; Bebb, ' Cbron. sive de VI .Etatt. Sieculi " 
in Mwi. Hitt. Brit. p. 99 0; Chron. Flob. 



I 



i 



Willibrord 



>4 



Willibrord 



WiUib 



Wia. in Mon. ffitt. Srit.-p. 6S&B). Alcuin 
(chap, vii.) makes WilliDronl go to Home 
only onee, hut in thia he ie probably wrong. 
He alao says liis conBecration took placu in 
St. Peter's (16.), but this also seems to be 
a, slip. Bede, who places Willibrord's second 
journey to liome in 696, probably poatdutea 
It by a yeai (cf. Moaianenta Aleinniana, p. 
4fi n.) Hemaining in Rome only fourteen 
days, Willibrord on his return received from 
Hppin B seat for his cathedral at Wittabui^, 
a Btnall viUagea mile from Utrecht. Lat^r, 
"22, Charles Martel, confirminc hia father 

fiin's action, made a formal grant to 
librord of Utrecht and lands round the 
monastory (BouarKT, iv. (199; Mibnb, Pot. 
hat. IxKiix. 651, 552). In Utrecht Willi- 
brord built a church of St. Savionr'a (cf. 
Boniface to Pope Steplien III, Eji. 90, apud 
MieHG, Ixzzix. 787-9; Mon.Mog. pp. 2S9, 
260). He buUt many churchM ond some 
monasteries throughout his wideapread dio- 
cese (Bbdb, Hitt. E^l. vol. T. cbap. li. ; 
Alcdib, Vit. Wilt. chap. li.) Of the latter 
the most famous foundation waa that of 
Echternach on the Sauer in Luiemburp, 
near Trier, which he and the abbesa Irmina 
founded. It was richly endowed by Pippin 
and hia queen Plectrudis in 706, and lalcr 
by Cliarles Marlel in 717 (16. chap, ssii; 
MiBNE, Pat. Lat. Insii. 539-60). lie con- 
secrated Beveral biahope for Friaia. When 
St. Wilfrid [q. v.] made bis aeoond journey 
to Rome with Acta [q. v.] as his companion, 
they visited Willibrord, and Wilfrid was 
able to see the completion by Willibrord of 
the work of which he himself had partly 
laid the foundations (lA. iii. IS, v. 19; Ed- 
DJCain HiitnrianiofCkurckof ¥ork,-p.Sl). 
In 716, during the war between Kathbod 
andthoFranks,Christia:iity in Friaia endured 
a time of persecution. St. Boniface in that 
year went to Frisia, hopinc' to help Willi- 
brord and to win nathbocTa consent to his 
f reaching. But the latter was refused. On 
5 May 1 19 Bonifnee was apjiointed Willi- 
brord's coadjutor, his apedal work being to 
convert those of the uerman tribes who 
-were still pagan. On Kathbod's death 
Willibrord was joined by Boniface, nnd they 
worked together in Frisia for three years; 
but when Willibrord urged that at his death 
Boniface should siicceeiTto his archbiahoprie 
and tdiargc, Boniface's humility refused such 
honour, and he went on into HessH (lliaN~E, 
Ixxxix. 616, 616; BosiFACB, E/-. 90, in 
MiOKB, lixxii. 787, 788), 

"Willibrord baptised Pippin the Short, 

grandson of Pippin of HetBlal who had first 

-welcomed him, and he foretold that he 

overthrow the shadow of Mero- 



vingian rule and become king of the Franks 
(Alcpis, vol. i, ehaii. xxiii.) In extreme old 
age he retired to tlie monastery of Echter- 
nach, where he died and waa buried, ag<ed 
81, in 738 or 739. Bonifaee'a statement of 
hishavingpreached for 'fifty years' (Migsb, 
Pat. Lat. ixixii. SS-')) is appraiimate only. 
I Alcuin (chap. xxiv-jgivesBNov. as the day 
of bis death, but Theofrid gives 7 Nov., an& 
the latter is the day kept in hie honour in 
the Roman calendar. His remains were 
! translated in 1031 to a new and more 
( sumptuous church built at Echlemacb in 
his honour (Alccik, Vit, Will, chaps, xxiv. 
Kxv. ; Pebte, kv. 1307, ndii. 27, 34). The 
fame of miracles wrought at bis tomb and 
bv hie relics became general (ALcnif, Vit, 
Will. chap, xxvi.; Pektz.xv. 967, 970, 971, 
1371, &c.) Willibrord's work suffered a i»- 
aclion lesa than flity vears after his death, 
when Widikind ovcttlirew Chriatianitv in 
Friaia (PEinY,ii. 410). The cause of W'ilU- 
brord'a auccfas proved also tbo cause of hia 
failure ; his miasion had depended largely 
for its support upon the help of the ruler M 
the XI ate; once that support was withdrawn 
or overwhelmed, the work of the misaioa 
was not Bufficienllv independent to endure 
in its entirety, Willibrord had been not 
so much a missionary as the right band of 
Pippin and of Charles Martel in ibejr efforts 
to civilise the lower German tribes. Tbousb 
indefatigable in the work of his diocese, tha 
estahliahment of his bishopric at Utrecht, on 
the borders of the empire, and especially hia 
frequentretirement to Echternach in the ven' 
heart of the Prankish region, emphasise thia 
fact. It was in the wake of Prankish armies 
that his main work in Frisia was done. 

According to a will printed in Migne'a 
I Patrologia lAtina'{lixxii. 554~S), wherein 
is contained a long and detailed account of 
all Willibrord's possessions, mainly gifts from 
Pepnin and Plectrudis and Charles Martel, 
Willibrord left all he possessed to the abbey 
of Echternach, where he wi.shed his body td 
rest. The famous 'dancing procession,' still 
held at Echternach on Whit -Tuesday, fcr 
which pilgrims assemble, from Belgium, Qm- 
many, and France, sometimes to the number 
of ten thousand, is said to owe its origin to 
a pilgrimage mode Jh the eighth century to 
the relics of Willibrord. 

[The chief authority for Willibrord's lift is 
Bedu's Hiuturia EcclvstiisciuJt, bk. iii. chap. lit). 
I*. V. chaps. X. xi. xix. Thi- eariiest life was 
writton by an Irish motik, 'rostico atilo," but hi* 
iiaran and work hare periaha.l. The latter, how 
ever, wag the basiaof the two lives of Willihront 
by Alcuin. one in prosn for hid in iho church oY 
Eohtemach, the other in vcrae foe the (eachinj 



of the pupils in the monaBtic school. Both are 
priDLed in Honuinpnta Aleuinisni. pp. 39-79 
^vol. Ti. of Jaffi* Bill. Rbc. G=rni.) Alcuio 
nTule nt the requeht of Beornrad, archbisliop of 
Batu nod abbot of Eohtornaeb from 777 to 797. 
Next Beornnd himself, nt tbe ivqutst of CharUa 
th« Gruat, collected the tnulitionn cnOFerning 

IWntUirord which atiO dilated id tbe moousLerf 
,flt EcblflrnMh, and aa laid the fouodaliou of tlio 
'■0«tden Book,' Earlj io tha twelfth eeolupy 
Sura new lives were wrilUn b; Tbcofrid (if. 1 11 U), 
'Iktibot of EchtecDsdi, ons in prose and one iu 
'VBTap, together with aermanB far St. Witli- 
toord's day. Kilrai'ts from Thtofcida liTos nro 
11b Monameiita Eptvraacensift Germ., ia Pertz'a 
Hon.&riptores, Iom.ixiii.S3-30,BniltlieileU)iU 
pTec ttbore are from Welland's I nt rod action. 
pp. xi, lix. Next the abbot Theodorit?. who 
vrots the Chronicon EpLernapBiisB, a chronicle 
endiDK in 1192. vrote much of him. Migoe's 
At. I«t. TOl. tniii. contains DiplomatH ad 
^^A, Willibrordnm Tel ab eo colhita, which give 
^^Hbrther details, as doea Pertz's Mon. Scriptorea 
^^^MD. ii. XV. xxiii. Oth«r lirei and diacuaiiaDB 
^B Willibrord, his work, relics, and comn.emom- 
■Hpn,are Dederich'a Das Leben dea hcili^Da Wil- 
libloidiii nach Alcuin, in his Bcitrage zur 
iSniicb-dratfiehen Geechicht* am Niederrhein 
(IBM); EoKlinti'B ApostoUt da-i heilieen Willi- 
hionl im Xawle der Lnierabnrgar (1883); 
Kiier'a Die SprinRprozeseion in Echtemacb 
(1870) ; Lo Mire'a Cort Verhafl ran bet Utbo 
TudenH. Willibronius(iei3); Mnelleadorff'B 
Leben des heiligen Clemens Willibrord. &c. 
~ ' n BatttTia Sacra ; Bosachiiarf, I)e primis 
Friaiiv Aposlolia. The most modern 
Bthorily ia Thijm's 0«echipdenis dea Kerk io 
I NtderlaDde I. H. Willibrordns (1S61). of 
in enlarged German tmnahiiion was pub- 
a 1863. Plummer'spditiunofBeileRirra 
UiublB noMB. Fopalar booka of JoTotion are 
ItU pvbliabed. such ae Lebunxgeschichta dca 
WliffrQ Clemena Willibrord. em Andocbiabiich- 

B. &c. Trier, 18S4.] M. T. 

f "WILLIS. [See also Willes.] 

I "WlLLia, BItOWNE (1682-1760). anti- 

narjibomat Blandford St. Mary on 14 Sept. 

1688, wii» miidaon of Thomas WiUia ( 1021- 

lera) [q.-v.], and eldest son of Thomafl Willia 

(1658-1699) of Bletcbley, BuckinghamsUire, 

wlio married, at. Westminster Abbey on 

S6 Wajf 1681. Alice (i. 2 June 1863), eldest 

ki^nghter of Robert Btowdq of Frampton 

rind Blandfnrd in Domet. Tliomos Wlltia 

[]lndon llNoT.169».aKed41; hiawifedied 

£jtf pief on 9 Jan. 169^-1700. Both were 

FvBned in tht: chancel of Bletcliley church, 

d out of regard for their mtimory their son 

■■■mtt on the churcli tlie sum of 800/. betweeti 

^W04 »-ai 1707. 

'[^ BrowDG Willis was educated at first hy 
e Rev. Abraham Freestone, master of the 
lowed tcliool at Beachampton, Bucking 



haniahire. Then he was seat, to Westrain- 
flter school, which he left on his mother's 
death, and bin intense lore of antiquities was 
implanted in him by his nchoolboy rambleB 
in Westminstur Abbey, lie was admitted 
gentleman-commoner of Christ Chnrch, Oi- 
ford, matriculating on 23 March 1^99-1700, 
and in 1700 he became a student of the 
Inner Temple. At Oxford his tutorwaa Ed- 
ward Wells [q.v.], and on leaving the univer- 
sity he lived for three years under tha train- 
ing of Dr. William Wotton [q. v.] at Middle- 
ton Keynes, a few miles from Blettihley. 
Several years later Willis published anony- 
mously a tract of ' Reflecting Sermons Con- 
aider'd, on discourses in Bletchley Church 
by Dr. E. Wells, rector, and Dr. E. Wells, 

Willis passeased lai^fe raenns, owning 
Whaddon Hall, the adjoining manor and 
odvowson of Bletchley, and the manor of 
Burlton in Burghiil, Herefordshire. At 
Burlton ho frequently met John Philips the 
poet, who alludes to him in bis poem on 
'Cider "(CooKB, fierf/omiitAiVe, 'Qrimsworth 
Hundred,' p. 55). From December 1705 lo 
1708 he sat in parliament for the borough of 
Buckingham, a town for which he had a 
peculiar atFection ; be was returned by the 
casting vote of a man brought from pri- 
afa. After that dat« he wan immersed in 
the study of antiquities. His property was 
augmented in 1/07 by his marriage to 
KathBrinc, onlv child and heiress of Daniel 
Eliot of Port Eliot f4iir. St. Germans, Corn- 
well, on 28 Oct, 1702). She brought him a 
fortune of 8,000/. 

Willis's industry and retentive memory 
were suhject.s of general praise. He had 
visited every cathedml except Carlisle in 
England and "Wales, and was one of the 
first antiquaries to base his works on the 
facts contained in records and registers, but 
he was very inaccurate in detail. He was 
a great oddity and knew nothing of man- 
kind. Through his charitable gifts, liispor- 
tions to his married children, and the 
expenditure of 5,000/. on tha building of 
Water Hall at Bletchley, he ' ruined his fine 
estate,' aud was obliged towards the end of 
his days to dress meanly and to live in 
sq^ualor, becoming very dirty and penurious 
so that he was often taken for a beggar. He 
took an active part in 1717 in reviving the 
Societv of Antiquaries, and was formally 
elected F.8,A. in April 1718. By diploma 
from the university of Oxford he was created 
"' A. 33 Aug. 1720, and D.C.L. on 10 April 



1749. 

Society. 
After 



I member of the Spalding 
illness of some months WiUia 



J 



died at Wliaddon Hall on 5 Feb. 176D, and 
was buried bene-atb the allur in Fenny 
Stratford cliaptil on 11 Feb., where there 
is an ioBcriplina to hia memory, llis wife 
died at Whaddon Hall on 2 Uct. 1724, aged 
34, and was buried under a raised lable- 
tomb at Bletchley. Of their ten children, 
eight were alive in 1724, but only the twin- 
daughters Gertrude and CatUerine survived 
inlreo. andtbtyboth died in 1772. His 
grandson took the name of Fleming and 
Gved at Stoneham. Willia appointed liis 
eldest ^ndaon and beir the sole executor, 
and left him all his books and pictures, ex- 
cept Rymer's ' Futtdera,' which he gave to 
Trinity College, Oxford, and the choice of 
one book to the Bev. Francis Wise [q. v.] 
Qia inanascripta were t^ go within three 
months to the Bodleian Library, They con- 
sisted of fifty-nine folio, forty-eight quarto, 
and five octavo volumes, of much value for 
ecdeBiaatica! topography and biography, the 
hifltorr of Buckinghamshire and that of the 
fourWelab Mtbedrals. HelefttoOil'ord Uni- 
versity his ' nnmerona eilvcr, brass, copper, 
and ]iewter coin», also his gold coins, irpur- 
chased at the rate of il. in-r ounce,' which 
was at once done. In 1720 he gave to th«t 
library ten valuable manuscripts and bis 
grandfather's portrait, and between 17i39 
and 1750 he had given other coins. Many . 
of hia letters are among the Ballard and 
Rawlinson manuscripts (M4CB4V, Bodla'an 
LOtr. pp. 221 , 259-60, 483-4 ; MiDiif , iVegtem 
MS& lii. 1)78, 602). Large collections of 
letters and papers by or relating to him are 
in the British Museum, especially among 
the Cole manuscripta, Willis's benefac- 
tions included the revival in 1702 of the 
market at Fenny Stratford, a hamlet con- 
tiguous to Bletchley, and the raising, in 
concurrence with his cousin Dr. Martin Ben- 
son (afterwards bishop of Gloucester), of 
money for building there between 1724 and 
1730 the chapel of St. Martin. It was a 
memorial of his graudrather, whose portrait 
was placed over the entrance. Hnd, as he died 
on St. Martin's diiv 1(57 ■), Willia left a beiie- 
fsction for a sermon in the chapel evei^ 
year on that day. He contributed materially 
tawnrds the rebuilding of part, of Stony 
Stratford church in 1746; in 1752 he gave 
200/. for the repairs of Buckingham church, 
and in 1756he restored Bow Brickbill church, 
which had been disused for nearly 150 years. 
The chancel of Ihe church at Little Brickbill 
was repaired through his liberality, and he 
erected nt the cathedral at Christ CUurcli, 
Oxford, a monument for Canon Uea, who 
had helped his grandfather at the university. 
The celebration at Fenny Stratford of St. \ 



filartin'a day, regularly maintained by Willia 
during hia life, is still observed by its in- 
habit aats. 

The foibles and appearance of Willis were 
satirised in lines written by Dr. Darrell of 
Lillingston-Darrell. They were printed in 
the HJxford Sausagp' and, with Cole's notes 
' when out of humour with him,' in ' Notas 
and Queries' (;2nd ser. vi. 428-9). A amu 
CBstic description of his house is in Nichols's 
'Illustrations of Literature' (i. 882-4). 
fleame wrote ' An Account of my Joumer 
to Whaddon Hall, 1716,' which is printed 
in ' Letters from the Bodleian Library ' (ii. 
175-f3). 

Willis's portrait was etched in I7S1 at 
Cole's request from a drawing made hv Rev. 
Michael l^ysou of the original paintuig by 
Dahl. It isreproducedin Nichols's ' Literary 
Anecdotes' (viii. 219) and Hutcliins's 'Dor- 
set ' (3nd ed. iv. 336). Portraits of his father, 
mother, and other members of the family 
were at Blelcbley, 

Among the literary works of \\'illis are in- 
cluded surveys of the four \\'elgh cathedrals, 
vir. St. David's (1717). Llandaff (1719), St. 
Asaph (1720), and Bangor (1721 1 ; but the 
description of St. David's is signed ' M, N,,' 
and was drawn up by Dr. William W'otton 
(the initials being the concluding letters of 
his names), and that of Llandaff, which was 
also compiled by Wotton, has his name in 
full. WiUis published in 1727 two volumes 
of ' A Survey of the Cathedrals of York, 
Durham, Carlisle, Cheater, Man, Lichfield, 
Hereford, Worcester.Olouceater and Bristol,' 
and he issued in 1730 a third volume on 
' Lincoln, Ely, Oxford, and Peterborough.' 
Thomas Oabome, the bookseller, purchased 
the unsold copies of this impression and 
advertised his issue in 1743 as a new edition 
containing histories of all the cathedrals, 
whereupon Willis denounced the proceed- 
ing in the 'London Evening Post,' S-8 March 
1743. The volumes of the 1742 issue at the 
British Museum have copious notes by Wil- 
liam Cole [([. v.], and tranacripte of Willis'a 
additions in his own copy. One impression 
at the British Museum of the volume on 
LlandalTCathedralbas many notes by Oough, 
and an edition of the survey of St. Asaph, 
enlarged and brought down to date, was pub- 
lished in 1801, The account of the ' Cathe- 
dral of Man 'is reproduced in Harrison's 'Old 
Historians' of that isle (Manx Soc. xviii. 
126-51), the survey of Lincoln Cathedral 
formed the basis of a volume on ' The Anti- 
quities in Lincoln Cathedral' (1771), and a 
' History of Gothic and Saion Architecture 
in Engfand'(179a) was compiled from his 
works and those of James Bentham [q. v.] 




Willis 



17 



Willis 



"Willis oIm wrote : 1. ' Notitia Parliament 
n Ilistrtry of the Counliea, Cities, 
And Borouglu in Eugland and Wales,' 
1715, 3 vols., 1713, 1750 ; 2nd ad. with addi- 
tions, I73U, 1716, 1730 (but tLe last t«<ro 
Tolumes are of the original edition). A 
single sheet of thia work on the borough of 
Windsor was printed in folio in 1733, and 
is DOW very scarce. 3. 'History of the Mitred 
Parlisrot^ntary Abbies and Conventual 
Cathedral Churches,' 1718-19, 2 Tola. (cf. 
M*L Ileamiana, ed. Bliss, IA57,i. 42H). He 
" id previously drawn up 'A View of the 
(itrod Abbeys, with a Catalogue of their 
Abbots,' for Uearne's edition of 
Collectanea' (1716, Ti. 97-2(14), 
Latin preface of which is addressed to 
Boto the preface and the paper on 
abbeys and abbots are reprinted in the 
i(f 1774ediiion8. 3, 'ParoebisleAngli- 
i ortheNamesof alltheChurchea and 

KkintIurt«enDioceses,'1733. 4. 'Table 
Gold Coins of the Kiugs of England, 
;by B. W.," 1733, small folio a hundred copies, 
Bsd the same number on large paper, which 
are said to have been printed at the expense 
of Vertue; it wa^ included in the ' Votuata 
^loniimenta.' 5. ' Uistorr and Antiquities of 
the Town, Hundred, and Deanery of Buck- 
ingham,' 1756. Cole's copy, with notes 
copied from those by Willis, is in the Gren- 
ville Library, Kritish Museum. Cole ulso 
transcribed and methodised in two folio ro- 
Jnmes,Dow with the Cole manitscriptB at the 
fetitiih Museum, his ' History of tne ilun- 
Siwds of Newport and Cotslow ' to match 
^Us volume on Buckingham. Willis had 
circulated queriea for information on the 
county in li 12. 

In 1717 Willis published an 
'The Whole Duty of Man, abridi 
.benefit of the Poorer Sort,' and 

nymous address ' To the Patrons of 
lesiastical Livings.' Editions of John 
on's ' Thesaurus rerum Ecclesiasticanun,' 
with corrections and additions by Willis, 
came out in 1764 and 1763. He assisted 
in Samuel Gale's ' Winchester Cathe- 
dral ' (1710), W. Thomas's ' Antiquities of 
Woreesier ' (1717), Tanner's 'Notiiia Mone- 
"■ ' (1744), and Hutchina's ' Dorset.' He 
aided and corresponded with Francia 
[q. v.] Early in life be had made 
collections on Cardinal Wolsey 
(HfiiBNE, Collectiom, ed. Doble, i. 71, ii. 
261), and communications from him on 
antiquarian topics are inserted in the 
' Archffiologia'(j.60, 204, TJii. 88-110). 

John Nichols possesaed numerous letters 
of Willis, includmg a thiek volume of those 
to Dr. Ducarel. Many communications to 



inymously 
ed for the 
D 1763 an 



and from him are printed in Nichols's ' Illus- 
trations of Literature' (i. 811-12, ii. 796, 
eOG-7, iii. 48fi-i}, 532-3, iv. 113), 'Letters 
from the Bodleian Library ' (1813), and in 
Uaanie's 'Collections' (Oxford liist, Soc.) 

[Nicholn's Lit. Anerdotes, ii. 36, vi. 130, ISR- 
211 (nnuntj from aoumoirby l)r. Doearel, road 
before Sue. of Aatiguarleb, 22 May and 12 Jane 
17SU, and printed in eight quarto pttgvs). liii. 
217-23; Hutehinss Dorset, lad ed. 1. iuO, 104- 
11)4, iv. S'i7-)t7; Ljpucomb's Buckinghamshiro. 
ir, 10-14, i8-37. 66, 75; Henine's Coll. ed. 
Doblo,i. It7.iii.3fi0; Mis?. Qeoeal. rl Hbral- 
dick, ii.45-6; Chester's Westminster Abbey, p. 
30: Ualkstt and Laing's Anon. Lit. pp. 2108, 
2MS, 2HU1. ;;ail : Riogr. Britnnniai; il^l. 
Heurainnse, ed. Bliss, ii. 570-81, OOa) 

W. P. c. 

WILLIS, FRANCIS (1718-1807), phy- 
sician, born on 17 Au^. 1718, was third son 
of John Willis, one of the ricars of Lincoln 



from Lincoln College, Oxford, on 30 May 
1734, migrated to 8t. Alban Hall, and pro- 
ceeded B.A. on 21 March 1738-9, and M.A. 
on 10 Feb. 1740-1 from Brssenose College, 
of which he was fellow and subsequently 
vice-principal. In obedience to his father 
he took holy orders, but he had so strong; an 
inclination for medicine that even while an 
undergniduate be studied it and attended 
the lectures of Nathan Alcock [q. v.], with 
whom he formed a lifelong friendship. In 
1749 he married Mary, youngest, daughter 
of the Rev. John Curl-ois of Bramston. Lin- 
colnshire, and took up i.is residence at Dan- 
Bton in that county. He is said to have at 
firat practised medicine without a. license, 
but in 1759 the university of Oxford con- 
ferred on him the degrees of M.B. and M.D. 
In 1769 he was appointed physician to a hos- 
pital in Lincoln which he hau taken an active 
part In eatahliahing. For the six following 
yenrs he never ceased to attend it regularly 
twice a week, though distant nearly ten 
miles from his own home. In the course of 
this work he treated successfully several 
cases of mental derangement, and patients 
were brought to him from great distances. 
To accommodate them he removed to a larger 
honse at Qretford, near Stamford. 

When George III experienced his first 
attack of madness, Willis waa calleil in on 
5 Dee, 178S. He encountered considerable 
opposition from the regular physicians, 
being 'considered by some not much better 
than a mountebank, and not far diti'erent 
from some of those that are conlined la bis 
house' (Sheffield, Auckland Correspon- 
dence, ii. 2-36). From the first he maintained 



Willis 



i8 



Willis 



that the king would recover, and insisted 
that the patient should be more gently treated 
and allowed greater freedom than heretofore 
(Grexville, Buckingham Papen, ii. 35 ; 
Jesse, iii. 92). He soon became popular at 
court, ^[me. D^\rblay describes him as ' a 



frecjuently exhibited at the Royal Academy, 
British Institution, and Suffolk Street Ce- 
lery from 1&44 to 1862, and from 1851 to 
1857 was a member of the 'Free Exhibi- 
tions ' Society. In 1862 he was elected an 
associate of the * Old Watercolour ' Society, 



man often thousand; open, honest, dauntless, , and thenceforth was a constant contributor 
light-hearted, innocent, and high-minded* j to its exhibitions; in 1863 he became a fall 
[Diary, 1892, iii. 127) ; while Hannah More member. Willis painted in an attractive 
calls him 'the very image of simplicity, quite ' manner various picturesque localities in 



returned to his private practice, but his re- ■ and his 'Ben Cruachan Cattle coming South' 
putation now stood so high that he was | was at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Four 
obliged to build a second house at Shilling- of his compositions were engraved in the 
thorpe, near Gretford, in order to accom- . * Art Union Annual,' 1847. He died at 



modate the large number of patients who j Kensington on 17 Jan. 1884, and was buried 
wished to be attended by him. He died on . in the cemetery at Hanwell. 
5 Dec. 1807, and was buried at Gretford, } i^R^get's Hist', of the * Old Watercolour' See.; 
where a monument to his memory was ^^^en^^^igg^ . Bpy^iis Diet, of Painters and 
erected by his surviving sons. His first wife , Engrarers, ed. Armstrong.] F. M. O'D. 

died on 17 April 1797, and not long before ' 



WILLIS, JOHN (d. 1628 .»), stenographa 
and mnemonician, graduated B.A. irom 



his death he married Mrs. Storer, who sur- 
vived him. 

"Willis had five sons by his first wife : of Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1592-5, 
these John (1751-1835), with his father, ; M.A. in 1596, and B.D. in 1603. On 12 June 
attended Georpe III in 1788, and again in ; 1601 he was admitted to the rectory of St 
1811 alone; Thomas (1754-1827) was pre- : Mar}' Botha w, Dowgate Hill, London, which 
bendarj- of Rochester, rector of St. George's, . he resigned in 1606 on being appointed rector 
Bloomsbury, and of Wateringbury, Kent; of Bent ley Parva, Essex. Prooably he died 



Richard (1755-1829) was admiral in the 
royal navy; and Robert Darling (1760- 
1821) became physician-in-ordinary to the 
king, whom he attended during his second 
attack of madness, wrote ' Philosophical 
Sketches of the Principles of Society and 
Government,' London, 1795, 8vo, and was 
father of Robert Willis (1800-1875) [q. v.] 

[Report from the Committee appointed to ex- 
amine the Physicians who have attended his 
3IajeHty daring his Illness touching the state of 
his Maje8ty*s Health, London, 1788, 8vo. in A 
Collection of Tracts on the proposed Regency, 
1789, 8vo, vol. i.; A Treatise on Slental De- 
rangement, by Fra. Willis, M.D., 2nd edit., Lon- 
don, 1843, 8vo. p. 86 ; WrHxaU's Memoirs, iii. 
197 ; Jesse's Life and Reign of King Geor^^e the 
Third, vol. iii. passim ; Life of Charles Mayne 



in 1627 or 1628, as it is stated that tho 
' Schoolemaster ' was completely fitted for 
the ninth edition of his * Stenography' (1628) 
by ' the aforesaid authour, a little before his 
death.' 

Willis invented the first practical and ra- 
tional scheme of modem shorthand founded 
on a strictly alphabetical basis. The earlier 
systems devised by Timothy Bright (1588) 
and Peter Bales (1590) were utterly imprao- 
ticable, and had no result, whereas Willis's 
method was published again and again, and 
was imitated and improved upon by succeed- 
ing authors. 

The first work in which his system was 
explained appeared anonymously under the 
title of ' The Art of Stenographic, teaching 
bv plaine and certaine rules, to the capacitie 



Young, by his son, >• 843-60; inscription on . ^f ^he meanest, and for the vse of aU pro- 
the monument m Gretford church ; private m- A,«„i^„„ tV,o wa\r fr^ P/.m«anHm.,« W««?«i» 
formation.] J. W. C-k. 

WILLIS, HEXRV BRITTAN (1810- 
1884), painter, was bom in 1810 at Bristol, 



fessions, the way to Compendious Writing. 
Wherevnto is annexed a very easie directioa 
for Steganographie, or secret writing,' Lon- 
don, 1602, 16mo. The only copies known to 
the son of a drawing-master in that city. : exist are in the British Museum and the Bod- 
He practised for a time in Bristol with little leian Libraries. The fifth edition is entitled 
success, and then went to the United States, ' * The Art of Stenographie, or Short Writing 
but after a brief stay was compelled by ill- by spelling charactene,' London, 1617. A 
health to return. In 1843 he settled in Latin version, * Stenographia, sive Ars corn- 
London, and gained a considerable reputat ion pendiose Scribendi,' was published at London 
as a paiuter of cattle and landscaps. lie , mlOlS. The sixth edition of the English w oik 



I Willis 

Appeared in ltl3.1, the seventh in 1G23 (not 
1^. as given in tome lists), the eighth in 
1623, tlie ninth in 1028, the tenth in 163i', 
the eleventh in 1636, the thirtetmtli in 1644, 
and the fnuMeenth in 1647. Willis also 
wrote • The Schoolemoster to the Art of Ste- 
naRTaphj, explaining the rules and teaching 
the practise thereof to the understanding of 
tbe meanest capneit]-,' London, 1Gl'3, 16mo ; 
2tid edit. 1621*; 3rd edit. 1647. This work 
U printed so as to be sold separately, cr in 
coaJDDCtion with the later editions of ' Tbe 
Art of Stenography.' Willis's shorthand 
■Iptuibet, the first introduced into German 
litenture,iseivfoin'Delici{e Fhiloaophicse,' 
Nurembe^, 1653, iii. 53. 

To students of mnemonics Willis in well 
known as the author of ' Mnemonics j sive 
An tteminiscendi : e purls artis natuncque 
fontibua hsueta, et tn tres libros digenta, 
necnon de Memoria naturali fovenda llbellus 
e vsriie doctisaimorum operibus sedulo col- 
lectus,' Lonilon, 1618, 8ro. The treatise 
* De Uemoria naturali fovenrta' was reprinted 
in ' Variorum de Arte Memorie Tractatue 
■ei,' Frankfort, 1678. The whole work was 
translated into English by Leonard Sowersby, 
a bookseller ' at the Ttim-Slik, near New- 
market, in Lincoln's Inn Fields,' and printed 
At London, 1661, 8vo. This book develops 
many of the principles of tlie local memory 
in an apt and intelligible maimer. Copious 
vxtracls from it are printed in Felnaigle's 
'Now Art of Memory,' 3td edit. 1813, up. 
34S-e3. 

' rCbuper's Pftrliaoiflatary Shorthand, p. 5; 

} \OibW* Historical Aeconat of Compaadioua and 
StriA Writing, pp. 38, 43; Gibson's Bibl. of 
ghortbuid. pp. 13, 237: Joamnlist, II Mnrch 
1887; Levy's Hint, of Shorthond; Leiria's Hist. 
.of Shonband: Nawconrf s Beperloriom j Not«s 
and QneriM, Tibser. ii. 306: Shorthsnil, ii. 160, 
188. 176; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Zeibig'a Gb- 
■ehwindichreibkunst.] T. O. 

WILLIS, JOHN WALPOLE (1793- 
1877), justice of the king's bench, Upper 
Canada, bom on 4 Jan, 1793, was thesecond 
Mn of William Willis (rf. 1809), captain in 
tbe 13th light dragoons, by his wife Mary 
(rf, 1831). oiJy daughter and heiress of Ro- 
bert Ilamillon Smith of Lismore, co. Down. 
n» entered Gray's Inn on 4 Nov. 1811, was 
called to the bar, and iolued the northern cir- 
cuit in lf>l". .Shortly a^erwards his first 
published work, a book on the law of evi- 
dence, appeared. There came out in 1830 
'Willis's Equity Pleading,' for m an v years 
■ ilandnrd work on the subject, and in '1837 
a valuable treatise on the ' Duties and Re- 
sponsibililies of Trustees.' The colonial 
owes ut tliis time intended to establish a 



Willis 



pointment he received a puisne judgeship m 
Ihe king's bench. On 18 Sept. 1827 he pre- 
sented his warrant to the lieutenant-governor, 
SirFeregTineMait]aad[q. T.],but8O0n found 
that neither the governor nor the council, 
□either the asjtembly nor the bar, was disposed 
to assist him in organising a court of chan- 
cery. His chief opponent was (Sir) John 
Beverley Robinson [q. v.], afterwards chief 
Justice, then attorney-general and practical 
leader of the government. There arose dif- 
ferences between theiudgeond the lawolficer 
as to the conduct of crown business which 
waxed keen with time, and were plainly ex- 

Sressed on both sides. The ju<Ige was evi- 
ently the raore hasty, for within a year of 
his appointment he declined to sit in baneo, 
and declared his reasons openly. They wero 
that the act constituting the court directs 
tliflt ' achief justice, with two puisne.judges, 
shall preside in it; thatthechief justice was 
absent from the province on leave, and not 
likelv to return : and that, til! his successor 
was instituted, the court could not legally sit 
inbanco. The lieutenant-governor took nostep 



Justice Hagerman in hla place. Thereupon 
there was an appeal to the privy council on 
the ground that the amoval order was ' un- 
warranted, illegal, and ought to be void.' 
The assembly sided with the judge, chiefly 
because it was at that time struggling to 
make the executive resjionsible, and to 
change the tenure of judicial office from a 
holding ' at pleasure ' to a holding ' during 
^od conduct;' and in an address to the 
King it characterised the governor's action 
OB ' violent, precipitate, and unjustifiable.' 
The excitement in the province grew more 
intense when it was known that no positive 
nep'ect of duty, no actual malfeasance in 
oHice, was or could be established against 
Willis. The imperial government, on report 
from the privy council, dismissed the appeal, 
conhrmeci the amotion order, and refused to 
reinstate the judge, as the assembly had re- 

auested. But on reconsideration afterwards 
be order of amotion was set aside, because 
the appellant had no opportunity of a hear- 
ing before the orderwas issued. Willis was 
then given a judicial appointment in Deme- 
rnra, and afterwards in New South Wales 
(1841). Ha diapleasBd the governor of this 
colony also, Sir (Seorge Gipps [q, v.] ; and lie 
was again amoved in 1842 without notice. 
Appeal proceedings lasted three years, but 
tiusUy the order was quashed for the same 
in the Upper Canada case. Arrears 



Willis 



30 



Willis 



of salary and costs, amounting to near 6,000/., 
were awarded to Willis, but he did not return 
to the colony, neither did he receive any other 
office in the gift of the colonial department. 
He died in September 1877. 

On 8 Aug. 1824 he married Mary Isabella, 
elder daughter of Thomas Lvon-Bowes, 
eleventh earl Strathmore. By her he had 
one son, Robert Bruce Willis (1826-1897). 
The union was an unhappy one, and was dis- 
solved by act of parliament in 1833. Willis 
married, secondly, on 15 Sept. 1836, Ann 
Susanna Kent {d, 1891), eldest daughter of 
Colonel Thomas Henry Bund of Wick Epi- 
scopi in Worcestershire. By her he had a 
son, Mr. John William Willis-Bund, and two 
daughters. 

Willis is sometimes said to have had an 
imperious temper. There can be little 
question as to his ability, industry, or the 
energy with which he carried his ideas into 
practice. The true reason for his unfortu- 
nate experience * over sea ' may be found in 
his conception of what an English colony is 
or should be. His latest work, 'On the 
Government of the British Colonies '(18o0), 
gives his idea. A colony is to be dealt with 
as an English county, presided over by a 
lord lieutenant ; on tlie one side possessing 
certain powers of internal taxation, on the 
other being represented in the imperial par- 
liament — a conception of self-government 
that no colonial party could adopt, and one 
which, if carried out in days when the judge's 
sphere was not confined strictly to matters 
legal, could scarcely fail to bring him into 
conflict with the local authorities for the 
time being. 

[Fosters Reg. of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 
1 889, p. 4 1 4 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, s. v. * Bund ; ' 
Read's Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada, pp. 
107-20; Dent's Srory of the Upper Canada Re- 
bellion, pp. 162-94 ; Mirror of Parliament (House 
of Lords), 14 May 1829, pp. 1610-11 ; Han&ird, 
new ser. xxiv. 551-5 ; Accounts and Papers re- 
lating to the Colonies (5), xxxii. 51 ; Blue Book, 
Papers relating to the Amoval of the Hon. J. W, 
Willis. 1829; Black woo<l'8 Mag. (• Cabot'), 1829, 
pp. 334-7 ; A pp. to Journals of the Legislative 
Assembly of Upper Canada, Istsess., 10th pari. ; 
Therry's Reminiscences of New South Wales, 
1863, pp. 341-5; 5 Moore's Reports (Privy 
Council), p. 379; Kingsford's Hist, of Canada, 
X. 258-79.1 T. B. B. 

WILLIS, rjCIIARD (1664-17a4), 
bishop of Winchester, the son of William 
Willis, a journeyman tanner, and his wife 
Susanna, was baptised at Ribbesford in Wor- 
cestershire on 16 Feb. 1663-4. He was 
educated at Bewdley free grammar school, 
matriculated from Wadham College, Oxford, 



on 5 Dec 1684, graduated B.A. in 1688, in 
which year he beoune a fellow of All Souls', 
and was granted the degree of D.D. at Lam- 
beth on 27 March 169o (Foster, Alumni Oxon, 
laOO-1714). After leaving Oxford he became 
curate to < Mr. Chapman at Cheshunt,' and 
was in 1092 chosen lecturer of St. Clement's, 
Strand, where he became well known as a 
preacher. Nash speaks of his famous 'ex- 
temporaneous preaching;' but Richardson, 
with greater probability, of his 'conciones 
memoriter recitandi.' He accompanied Wil- 
liam III to Holland in 1694 in the capacity 
of chaplain, and on his return on 12 April 
1695 (Hennesst, Novum Hepert, p. 448) was 
installed a prebendary of Westminster. He 
was one of t he original promoters of the Society 
for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1699, 
subscribing o/., and in December 1700 he re- 
ceived the thanks of the society for a charity 
sermon preached at St. Ann's, Westminster 
(Macluee, Journals^ pp. 5, 103). On 26 Dec 
1701 he was promoted to the deanery of 
Lincoln. Four years later was printed one 
of his most elaborate sermons ' preached be- 
fore the queen on 23 Aug. 1705, being the 
thanksgiving day for the late glorious success 
in forcing the enemy's lines in the Spanish 
Netherlands, by the Duke of MarlborougL' 
A good preacher and a good whig, having 
opposed the schism bill of 1714, Willis was 
made bishop of Gloucester by George I upon 
the death of Edward Fowler [q. v.] He 
was elected on 10 Dec. 1714, connnned on the 
loth, and consecrated on 16 Jan. following 
in Lambeth chapel. He was put upon the 
commission for building fifty new cnurches 
in and around London, was made a clerk 
of the royal closet, and allowed to hold his 
deanery tn commendam. The king was grati- 
fied by his sermon, * The Way to Stable and 
Quiet Times,' preached before the court on 
20 Jan. 1714-1"), * being the day of thanks- 
giving for bringing his majesty to a peace- 
able and quiet possession of the throne*,' which 
was translated into French for George's bene- 
fit. In 1717, when William Nicolson [q.v.l 
was translatal from Carlisle to Derry, ana 
had in consequence to resign the office of lord 
almoner, Willis was appointed to the post 
After seven years at Gloucester, upon Uifi 
translation of Talbot to Durham, Willis was 
on 21 Nov. 1721 translated to Salisbury, and 
thence he was on 21 Nov. 1723 promoted to 
the see of Winchester. His advancement 
was due, according to Bishop Newton, to the 
long and laboured oration which he made 
against Atterbury upon the occasion of ths 
third reading of the bill to inflict pains and 
penalties. This speech was published in 
1723. Willis, who was a martyr to the 



(put, died eudJfiily at AVinchester Uotise, 
ChelBea, on ID Aug. 1734, aad wu buried 
in the south aisle of Wiucheeter Cathedral, 
a little aboce Bishop ^A'jkeham. The tuoou- 
ment to him with a life-sire fipure of the 
bishop in pontificaii&iu ia described bv Mil- 
man lathe iDoeC finiGbed in ihe cathedral 
{Hi*t. of WiachftUr. i. 445 ; the long I^tin 
inseriptton is reproduced in Batx's Hitto- 
rieid Account of tt'iaeheiter,^. SI7). Dj hie 
wife Isabella, Trho was buried in the north 
niilt of Cheleeft church on -JQ Nor. 17i'7 
(of. FiCUCycK. CkfUta, p. 330). Willis left 
tvo Mins — John of Chelsea, who married in 
173Stheonly daughter of Coloael Fielding; 
I aad Williini, who marriod on 11 Feb. 1744 
L-* JliM Keod of Bedford How, with 40,000/. ' 
^fOmt. Mag. 1744, p. 108). 

. There is an oiUportraic of the bishop br 

9I Dalil in the palace at Salisbury, and 

e engraving of this in mezzotint bv J. Simon 

W^epeX* • hiuidsome man with tlie mobile 

"t^N of an orator (Smith, Mezso Portrait; 

^ns6). 

[Chma'a Lives of the Bisbops of Salisbnrj, 

■"- 203-9, and Lipua of thn Bishoi^ 

r. 1827. ii. llS-31; Nash's Hist, of 

!♦. ii. are : w^dtiBm O'll. B«gi- 

atsM, al Oarilinar. p. 339 : Wood's Hist, and 
Anliq. of Ozfonl. ed. Ooteh. p. 274 ; Le Naves 
Futi Kc<'t. AnglicaDiF, i. I4ii. 146 ; Notes and 
Qosrira, 2ik1 rar. iv. 103, 4tb oer. ir. 4S0; 
Nicolsoa'a Kpist. Corresp. sd. Nichols, 1789. 
ji. 47T ; Nichols's Lit. Aonrd. ii. U ; Willis's 
CathcdnU. ii. 83 : Heane'E Colloet. ed. Poble, 
i i9 ; Abb«f's English Church and lis Bishops, 
lUT, a. 30; Noble's CoDCinuatioD of Grangsr, 
k 'iii. 78 : Bramtej's CM, of EDgntTsd Portnils, 
->3T3-1 T. S. 

^■WILLIS, ROBERT (1800-1875), pro- 
ir of mechanism and archfologist.soD of 
nParliiiftWillU(lTiM>-lK:il)aud^rend- 
I of Ft»nci8 Willis [a. vX was born in 
~ n on 27 Feb. I8O6. The tastes that 
rds dislin^shed him became mani- 
a very earl)' age. When a mere lad 
a akilful musician, a good draugbls- 
id an eager examiner of every piece 
of machinery and ancient building that came 
nthiaway. In 1819he patented an improve- 
D the pedal of the harp, and in 18^1 
ibed ' An Attempt to analyse the Au- 
uton Chess Player '(London, 1631, Svo), 
* % raechnnicol contrivance then being ei- 
bilnted in London, which ' bad excited tbe 
adrntralioti tif the curious during a period 
iillle short of forty years ' (p. 9>. After re- 
peated visits to the exhibition in company 
with liis sister, he was enabled to show that 
itierv was ample room for a man of small 
statute 10 bo concealed within tbe figure 




and tbe box on which be sat, a 
the truth of which the < 
admitted. 

Uis health was delicate, and he waa 
educated privately till 1831, when be became 
a pupil of the Her. Mr. Kidd at King's 
Lynn. In 1P22 he entered into residence 
at Oonville and Caius College. Cambridge, 
as a pensioner. lie proceeded B.A. in 181%, 
when he was ninth wrangler. He was 
elected Frsnhland fellow of his college in 
tbe same year, and foundation fellow in 18:^, 



himself to the st udy of mechanism, selecting 
at first subjects in which mathematics wero 
blended with aoimal mechanism, as shown 
by his jtapera in the ' Transactions of the 
Cambridge Philosophical Societv ' * On the 
Vowel Sounds' (lfi2S| and '6n the Me- 
chanUmofthe Larynx' (1838-9). Thelast 
has been accepted by anatomists as contain- 
ing the true theory of the action of that 
organ. In 1830 be was made a fellow of 
the RotbI Societv. 

In 1837 he succeeded William Fari5h[q.v.] 
as Jackainian professor of applied mechanics 
at Cambridge, an office which he held till 
his death. His practical knowledge of car- 
pentry, bia inventive genius, and his power 
of lucid exposition mside him a most attrac- 
tive professor, and his lecture-room waa 
always full. Parish wasaman of great ori- 
ginality, whose lectures Wiliis had attended 
(as he told the present writer), and when 
he published his own ' System of .Apparatus 
for the use of Lecturers and Experimentera 
in Mechanical Philosophy' (London, 1851, 
4to) he described bis predecessor's method of 
building up a model of a machine before tbe 
audience, and gave him fidl credit for 'devis- 
ing a system of mechanical ncparatus con- 
sislingofthe separate parts of wli i cb macbin es 
are made, so adapted to each other that they 
might admit of being put together at plea- 
sure in tbe form of any machine that might 
be required' (p. 1). This system, as mo- 
demised and perfected by Willis, baa been 
largelv adopted both at home and abroad. 

In '1837 Willis read a paper ■ On the 
Teeth of Wheels ' ( TrarM. Iivit. Civ. Etig. ii. 
6{*l, with a description of a contrivance called 
an odontograph, for enabling draughtsmen 
to find at once tbe centres from which the 
two portions of the teeth are to be struck. 
He waa tbe first to point out the prncticnl 
advantage of constructing cycloidal toothed 
wheels in what are called 'sets' by using 
the same generating circle and the same 
pitch throughout tbe set, with the result 
that any two wheels of the set will gear 



I 



Willis 



22 



Willis 



together. This invention is in uniyersal 
use. 

In 1841 he published his ' Principles of 
Mechanism.* In this work he reduced the 
study of what he called pure mechanism to 
a system. It is the earliest attempt to 
develop, with anything like completeness, 
the science of machines considered from the 
kinematic point of view, without reference 
to the forces which are at work or to the 
energy which is transmitted. A machine, 
according to him, is a contrivance for pro- 
ducing a specific relation between the mo- 
tions of one of its parts and another. To 
express this relation completely the two 
elements velocity-ratio and directional rela- 
tion are required. Accordingly he groups 
machines in three general classes: (1) those 
in which both of these elements are constant ; 
(2) those in which one (a) is constant and 
the other (b) is variable ; (3) those in which 
this variability is reversed. In each class 
there are divisions depending on the mode 
in which motion is communicated, whether 
by rolling contact, sliding contact, link-work, 
and so forth. The first part oif the book 
expounds this system of classiOcation as ap- 
plied to elementary combinations of moving 
pieces ; the second part deals with what he 
calls aggregate combinations, in which two 
or more elementary combinations co-operate 
in producing a relation of motion between 
the driving and following parts of the ma- 
chine. A second edition of this work ap- 
peared in 1870. 

In 1849 Willis was a member of a royal 
commission appointed to inquire into the 
application of iron to railway structures, 
and contributed to the report of the com- 
missioners Appendix B, * On the effects pro- 
duced by causing weights to travel over 
elastic bars,' reprinted in Barlow's * Treatise 
on the Strength of Timber.' 

In 1851 he was one of the jurors of the 
Great Exhibition. In that capacity he drew 
up the report for the class of manufacturing 
machines and tools, and contributed a lec- 
ture to the series on the results of the exhi- 
bition, organised by the Society of Arts in 
185l\ He was also a vice-president at the 
Paris Exhibition of 1855, and reporter of the 
class for the machinery of textile fabrics. 
In connection with this office he published 
in iHfu a report on machinery for woven 
fabrics, for which he received the cross of 
the Legion of Honour. When the govern- 
ment school of mines was established in 
Jermyn Street in 1853, Willis was engaged 
as lecturer on applied mechanics. In 1862 
he was president of the British Association, 
which that year met at Cambridge ; and in 



the following year at Newcastle he presided 
over the medianical section. 

During all these years W^illis was study- 
ing arclutecture and ardueology with the 
same energy as mechamsm, and perhaps with 
even greater originality. In 1885, after a 
rapid tour through a purt of France, Ger- 
many, and Italy, he published ' Remarks on 
the Architecture of the Middle Ages, espe- 
cially of Ital^,' a work which first called 
serious attention to the Gothic style, and 
which in many ways is still without a rivaL 
He treated a building as he treated a ma- 
chine : he took it to pieces ; he pointed out 
what was structural and what was decora- 
tive, what was imitated and what was 
original ; and how the most complex forms 
of mediaeval invention might be reduced to 
simple elements. This publication was the 
starting-point of that portion of his career 
which was devoted to studies combining 
practical architecture with historical ana 
antiquarian research. For these he was 
singularly well fitted. He had no sentiment 
and no preconceived theory. His mechani- 
cal knowledge enabled him to understand 
construction, and his power of observation 
was so keen that he never failed to seize 
the meaning of the faintest indication that 
fell in his way. The industry that he 
brought to bear on these pursuits was amaz- 
ing. He learnt to decipher mediaeval hand- 
writing with rapidity and accuracy, and 
devoted much time to the study of manu- 
script authorities : he mastered not only the 
whole literature of the subject, but that of 
the history that bore upon it ; and, as the 
moss of notes bequeatiied by him to the 
present writer shows, he tabulated the in- 
formation thus gained with infinite care, so 
as to have it always ready to his hand when 
wanted. 

The * Remarks ' were succeeded by an 
elaborate paper * On the Construction of the 
Vaults of the Middle Ages' (Trans. Imt, 
Brit. Arch. 1841), an essay as remarkable 
for thoroughness of treatment as for the 
beauty of the illustrations, all drawn by 
himself. By this time his reputation tor 
architectural knowledge was established, for 
in this year the dean and chapter of Here- 
ford consulted him respecting the condition 
of their cathedral. He published the re- 
sult of his investigations in a * Report of a 
Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Ilere- 
ford Cathedral in the year 1841 ' (Hereford, 
1842, 8vo; and London, 1842, 4to, with 
plates). In this same year he invented and 
described the * Cymagraph for copying 
mouldings' {Engineers Jouni. July 1842), a 
contrivance which he himself used exten- 



own rcBearchea, but whicli did 
not meet willi ^neral acceptuicp. In l^^ld 
he ptiblLshed his ' Architectural Nomencla- 
ture of the Middle Age«'(7VaTu'. Cait^r. Ant. 
Sor. vol. i.), A work of VMt research and great 
in^noity, useful alike to a lexicographer 
md an archicologist. 

The foundation of tlie Arehrcoloffical In- 
nitutt; in ISU opened a new li^ld for Willie. 
Ele wae one of the Iir«t members, as he wdb 
also one of the most energetic, andalectura 
im w»« the chief attraction at the 
annua! meeting. His method, as he states 
in his ' Architectural History of Winchester 
CathedrBt'(l846), was 'to'bring together 
■11 the recorded evidence that belong to the 
building; to examine the building ileelf for 
the purpose of investigating the mode of its 
coDBtriictiOn, and the successive changes and 
additions that have been made to it ; and, 
lastly, to compare the recorded evidencfi 
with the structural evidence aa much as 
poseible.' By this comprehensive scheme ho 
laid bare thu entire hislorvof the structure; 
the histoiT was elucidaltvi hv the buildin;f, 
nad the changes in thi: biiilJiug were made 
nanifest by ibe history ; while his own 
tliorough knowledjire of ilie diiferent styles 
of architecture enabled him to see through 
alterations, transformntions, and insertions 
which had puiilwl all previous investigator". 
In this way he elucidated the cathedrals of 
Canterbury (1844), Winchester (1845J, 
Yorfe (1S46), Chichester (1853), Worcester 
0802). Sherborne and Glastonbury (1865). 
Ilie^e have been published ; but he also read 
papers and delivered lectures on the follow- 
ing witiiont, however, finding luieure to 
pubtish what he had said : Norwich (1847), 
SalLBburv (18*8), Oxford (18r>0), W.'lls 
(1»5I), 'Oloueesler (1H60), I'eterbormich 
^aOl), Rochester (im3), Lichtield O"')')- 
^EA« ft lecturer Willis had cxtrnordiiiary 
^Pbl Bstuedneithermanuscript nor notesi 
^^L whetlier be wns describing a macliine or 

exposition flowed from his lips, carrying bis 
bearerii without weariness through the most 
, iolri'.'ate details, and making them gnwp the 
tt complex history or construction. In 
lotion to bis annual lectures at Cambridge, 
»ndon, or to the Archsological Insti- 
t, Willis lectured at the Itoyal Institu- 
KonMund in 1831, and on architecture 
H&IO and 1847. He also gave special 
■ws of lectures to working men in Lon- 
tbetween I8.t4 and 1867. 
JtriUi* aUopuhlisbed a 'Description of the 
JtryBam at Kly' (Tram. Cnmlir. Ant. 
fc 1843, Tol. i ) ; ' llisloryof the Great Seals 
England' (/ircA. Joura. 1846, toI. ii.); 



' Architectural History of the Church of the 
Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem' (London, 
1841), 8vo), a remarkable achievement, as he 
had not visited it ; ' Uescription of the An- 
cient Plan of the monastery of St. Gall ' 
(Arch. Joum. 1848); 'A Westminsier 
Fabric Itoll of 1263' (Gen(. Alaff.lSm); 
' Un Foundations discovered in Lichfield 
Cathedrsr (AirA. Joiirn. 1860); 'On the 
Crypt and Chapter House of Worcosier 
Caihedral ' ( Tions. Imt. lint. Arch. 18B3) 

In the course of these studies be edited, 
or more correctly rewrote, a eonsiderablo 
portion of Parker's 'Glossary of Architec- 
ture ' (.5th ed. I860) ; and published a ' Fac- 
simile of the Sketch-book of Wilnrs de 
Ilonecort' (London. I86i>, 4lo), with a 
text partly from the French of M. Iassus, 
partly by himself. But perhaps his most 
remarkable arcbteoloEical work is hie last, 
'The ArchitBCtural History of the Conven- 
tual Buildings of Ihe Monastery of Clirist- 
cburch, Canterbury" (London, 1860, 8vo), 
He had promised to do this in 1844, when 
he lBeture<l on the cathedral, but other en- 
gan^ments had stood in the way of publica- 
tion. It is a minute and perfectly accuratu 
exposition of the plan of a Benedictine 
monastery, considered in relation to thu 
monastic "^life. 

His health did not allow him to complete 
his comprehensive work on the ' Arcbitec- 
turiil History of the University and Colleges 
of Cambridge," which originated in a lecture 
delivered before the Archieological Inatitute 
at its meeting at Cambridge in 1854. This 
was completed after his death by the present 
writer, and published bv the University 
Press in 1886 U voU. imp'. 8vo). 

Willis died at Cambridoe on 'iSFeb. 187fl 
of bronchitis; his health had been seriously 
impaired for some years previously. He 
married, on 26 July 1832, MoryAnne.daugh- 
tcr of Charles Ilumfrey of Cambridge. 

(Venn's Uiogr. Hist, of GonriUe and Oiiia 
College, 18!)S, ii. 1S2; Arcli. Journ. paHtm; 
private knowledge.] J. W. C-K. 

WILLIS, ROBERT( 1799-1878), medical 
writer, was bom in Scotland in 17!)», and in 
1819 gradiisted M.D. in the university of 
Edinburi^h. He became a membtT of the 
College of Surgeons of England in 1833, 
then began practice as a sui^feon in London, 
and was in 1&37 admitted a licentiate of the 
College of Physicians. Inl827,ontlie8iigge8- 
tion of John Abernethy (1761-1831) [q-v.], ho 
was appointed librarian of the newly formed 
library of the College of Surgeons, and held 
office till June 1846, after which he went to 
live at Barnes in Surrey, and there practised 



Willis 



24 



Willis 



till his death. He translated in 1826 Ga»- 
pard Spunheim*8 'Anatomy of the Brain/ 
in 1835 Pierre Rayer's valuable treatise on 
diseases of the skin, and in 1844 Karl F. H. 
Marx's <0n the Decrease of Disease' and 
Rudolph Wagner's * Elements of Physiology.' 
His chief original medical works were 
' Urinary Diseases and their Treatment/ pub- 
lished in 1838 ; ' Illustrations of Cutaneous 
Disease ' in 1841 ; and ' On the Treatment of 
Stone in the Bladder ' in 1842. His practical 
knowledge of disease was small, and the pre- 
paration of works for the press his more con- 
genial occupation. His translation of the 
works ofWQliam Harvey (1678-1657) [q.y.] 
was published by the Sydenham Society in 
1847. In 1877 he published an historical 
study entitled ' Servetus and Calvin/ and in 
1878 'William Harvey: a History of the 
Discovery of the Circulation/ a work con- 
taining some facts not to be found in earlier 
lives of Harvey. He died at Barnes on 2 1 Sept. 
1878. 

[Lancet, 12 Oct. 1878 ; Works.] N. M. 

WILLIS,THOMAS(1682-1660?),8chool- 
master, wasthe son of Richard Willis of Fenny 
Compton, Warwickshire, and of his wife, 
whose maiden name was Blount. He was 
bom in 1582, matriculated from St. John's 
College, Oxford, on llJune 1602, graduated 
B.\. on 2 June 1606 and M.A. on 21 June 
1609, and was incorporated at Cambridge in 
1619. On leaving college he became school- 
master at Isleworth, and remained there 
teaching for about fifty years. He published 
two Latin schoolbooks, ' Vestibulum Linguie 
LatinsD/ London, 1651, and * Phraseologia 
Anglo-Latina/ London, 1655, published with 
the author's initials only. The latt^jr work ap- 
'^ared also in the same year under the title of 
* l*roteu8Vinct us.' It occasionally goes by the 
name of 'Anglicisms Latinized,* and some 
copies contain the three title-pages. Prefixed 
are some Latin dedicatory verses. In 1672 
William Walker (1623-1684) fq. v.] repub- 
lished Willis's book, reprinted the laudatory 
verses, omitting the headings * To Volenti us,' 
then adding his own * Paroemiologia Anglo- 
Latina; or a Collection of English and Latin 
Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings matclrd 
together/ and placed his name alone on the 
title-page. The whole book has in conse- 
quence been occasionally assigned to Walker. 
The true state of things is honestly explained 
in the preface. 

Willis died about 1660. He married Mary 
Tomlyn of Gloucester, by whom he had two 
sons and two daughters. 

The elder son, Thomas Willis (/L 1692), 
was educated first in his fathers school 



and afterwards at St. John's College, Oxford, 
where he was created M.A. on 17 Dec. 1^46, 
by virtue of the letters of Sir Thomas Fairfinx. 
He was possibly the 'Mr. Thomas Willis, 
minister, who was chaplain to the regiment 
of CoL Payne, part of the brigade under the 
command of Major-^neral Brown/ In 1646 
he was appointea minister of Twickenham in 
Middlesex, and was instituted on 8 Oct. In 
1651 he had his stipend increased by 100/. a 
year from tithes belonging to the dean and 
canons of Windsor. He was one of the com- 
missioners for the county of Middlesex and 
city of Westminster for the ejection of 
ignorant and scandalous ministers. In 
August 1660 the inhabitants of Twicken- 
ham petitioned parliament for his removaL 
In the petition he is described as not having 
been of either university, but * bred in New 
England/ and not ' a lawfully ordained 
minister.' In 1661 he was deprived of the 
living, but afterwards conforming he was 
instituted to the rector; of Dunton in Buck- 
inghamshire on 4 Feb. 1663, holding it in 
conjunction with the vicarage of Kingston- 
on-Thames, to which he was instituted on 
21 Aug. 1671 . At this time he was chaplain- 
in-ordinary to the king, and had been created 
D.D. in 1670. He died on 8 Oct. 1692, and 
was buried at Kingston, Surrey. 

He was twice married. By his first wife, 
Elizabeth, he had four sons ana one daughter; 
and bv his second, Susanna, who survived 
him, three sons and one daughter. Calamy 
says that he was a good scholar, like his 
father, * a grave divine, a solid preacher, of a 
very good presence, and a man zealous for 
truth and order in the churches of Christ, of 
great holiness of life, of a public spirit and 
much fervour in his work, and great useful- 
ness in the county of Middlesex.' 

He published: 1. 'A Warning to Eng- 
land ; or a Prophecy of Perilous Times/ Lon- 
don, 1659. 2. *Help for the Poor/ 1666. 
3. *The Excellency of Virtue disclosing 
itself in the A'irtues of a Good Life/ Lon- 
don, 1670. 4. * The Key of Knowledge/ 
London, 1682. 5, ' bfc< mts; Gt)d*8 Court ; 
wherein the dignity and duty of Judges and 
Magistrates is shew'd,' London, 1683. 

[Visitation of Warwickshire (Harl. Soc. Publ.), 
xii. 311 ; Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iii. 406, it. 
698-9, Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 95, 326-7 ; Foster's 
Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Cobbett's Memorials 
of Twickenham, pp. 110, 124, 188-9; Lysons's 
Environs, iii. 291-2; Palmer's Nonconformist's 
Memorial, ii. 470; Lipscomb's Bnckinghamshire, 
iii. 343 : Manning and Bray's Snrrey. i. 394 ; 
Aubrey's Antiquities of Surrey, i. 25 ; Hist. MSS. 
Comm. 7th Rep. p. 128; Lords' Journals, liii. 
I 514, ix. 627; P. C. C. 193, Fane.] B. P. 



Willis 

WILLIB, THOMAS, M.D. (1621-1675), 
phyaicUn, son of Thnraas Willis and his 
wife, Kachel Howell, vrta boTn at (iFreat Btsi- 
win, Wiltshire, on 27 Jan. 1620-1, and 
baptised on 14 Feb. following- Hia father, 

• nrmer at ' Church or Long Han dborough,' 
Oxfordshire, was, accordin); to Wood, 'a 
retainer of S. John's College,' and nfttirwHrda 
Bteward to Sir Walter Smith of Bedwyn, 
retiri^ in his old age to North Hlnkgej, 
near UEford, and losing hh life in the eiege 
of Oxford in 1646. Ilia mother vas a 
nativB of Uinksej. The hou was educated 
at, the private school of Edward Sylveeler 
in Oxford: 'in 1636 he became a retainer 
to the familv of Dr. Tho. lies, tanon of 
Chmt Churdi' (Wood): and on 3 March 
1636-7 he matriculated from Christ Church, 
graduating B.A. on 19 June 1639 and M.A, 
on 18 June 1843. He served the king in 
the unireraitT legion, and studied medicine. 
On & Sec. 164U he graduated M.B. He 
began practice in a bouse opposite Merton 
College, where, throughout the rebellion, the 
ofEcea of the church of England were regu- 
larly performed [see Owes, John, 1616- 
1663]. Ue there wrote 'Diatribw dua 
medico-phi losophiue,' one on ' I'tirmentation,' 
and the other on 'Fevers,' which, with his 

* DiHertatio Epistolaria di? Urinia," were pub- 
Uabed at The Hague in IS-'Sg. To this Ed- 
saund Meara [ci. v.] replied in 1665 in an 
' BxADien " whicn called forth a defence fmm 
Willis's friend. Dr. Richard Lower (1631- 
1691) [n.v.L entitled • Vindicatio Diatribce 
Willisii.' InJune 1600 Willis was apjioititcd 
Sedkian proftissor of natural philoaopliy, and 

■>Ii 80 Oct. 1660 was created M,D. 

He published in Londoii in 1664 ' Cerebri 
.Lnatome Nervorumque descriptio et usua,' 
_ iirith a dedication to Gilbert Sheldon [q, v.], 
•rchbishop of Canterbury, and in the same 
voltune 'De ratione motiis musculorum.' He 
had dissected many brain; of both men and 
knimala, and worked with Dr. Richard Lower, 
Dr. Thomas Millington, and Sir Christopher 
Wren [q. v.], and many of ih« admirable 
diairing* in the book were the work of that 
great architect. It waa the most exact ac- 
Mintof the nervous svslera which bad then 
iwared, and in chapter viii. the nnntomlcal 
Uttions of the main cerybral arteries were 
ir the first time accumtely set forth, whence 
. IB anastomosis at (lie base of the brain 
between the branches of the vertebral and 
internal carotid arteries is tn llua day known 
u the circle of Willis. He was concerned 
in the meetings at Oxford which in part led 

tlo the formation of the Royal Society, and 
became a felbw after the society was esln- 
Uished. In December IWl he was elected 



Willis 

a fellow of the College of Ph' 
house in St. Martin's Lai 



I leae, < 




L the ifivitation of tut; arcUbishoi 



the church 

of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He soon at- 
tained a large practice. Ilishop Burnet states 
that when consulted about a son of James II, 
then Duke of York, he expressed his dia- 
gnosis in the words ' mala stamina vit»,' 
which gave such otfence that he was never 
called for afterwards. His resolute attach- 
ment to the church of England was perhaps 
a stronger reason that he was not favoured 
at court. He endowed a priest to read 
prayers at earlv moniiag and late evening at 
St.'Martin's-m.the-Fields lor the benefit of 
working people who could not attend at the 
usual bourn. In 1667 he published at Ox- 
ford ' I'athologiiB cerebri et nervoai generis 
specimen,' a treatise containing many valu- 
able reports of caaes of nervous disease 
observed by himself; and in 1670, in Lon- 
don, ' .^.tfectionum quic dicuntur hystericn 
et hypochondriaciB pathologia spasmodica,' 
which discusses the treatment of hysterical 
affections at great length, and also contains 
a few well-described cases. In the same 
volume are separate essays ' De sanguinis 
ascenaione' and 'De motu musculari. Ho 
published at Oxford in MTU ' De anima bru- 
torum,' and in 1674 ■ Phnrmaceutice ratlo- 
nalis.' He was the last English physician 
to quote with approval the practice of J' 
of liaddeaden [q. v.] 

The ancients and all physicians up to tue 
time of Willis included all diseases in which 
the quanlily of urine was increased, under 
the term < diabetes,' and Willis in this laat 
book was the first to notice that cases of 
wasting disease in which this symptom v 
associated with sweetness of the urinu 
formed a distinct group, and thus may 
justly be regarded as the discoverer of dia- 
betes mellitus. Uis views as to the effects 
of sugar on tho body were attacked by Fre- 
derick Slare [q.v.j in his * Vindication of 
Sugars against the CbHrge of Dr. Willis,' 
London, 1715, 8vo, Willis died of pneu- 
monia at his bouse in St. Martin's Lane 
London, on II Nov. 1U7S, and was buried it 
Westminster Abbey on the Iflth, an honour 
which he well deserved on account of Ills 
anatomy of the brain and his discovery of 
saccharine diabetes. The funeral charges 
came to 470/. 4». id., which bis grandson 
Hrowne Willis complains did not include a 
RTarestone. His portrait was drawn by 
Vertue and engraved bvEnoptou. Tbereis 
another engraving by Li^gan. 

Willis married, first, at Si. Micbael'fi, 
Oxford, on 7 April 1C57, Mary, daughter of 



if John 



Willis 



26 



Willisel 



Dr. Samuel Fell [q. v.] and sister of Dr. 

[q. v.l; slie c' " 
and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 



John Fell 



died on 31 Oct. 1670, 



3 Nov. A son Richard died on 2 May 
1667, and was buried in Merton College 
Chapel. The only surviving son, Thomas 
Willis (1658-1699), was father of Browne 
Willis [q. v.], the great antiquary, whose ac- 
count of his granafather^s life and charities, 
in a letter to White Kennett, is printed in 
Wood's * Athente,' ed. Bliss (iii. 1048-50). 
Willis married, secondly, on 1 Sept. 1672, 
at Westminster Abbey, Elizabeth, eldest 
daughter of Matthew Nicholas, dean of St. 
Paul's [see Nicholas, Sir Edward, adfin.\ 
and widow of Sir William Calley of Bur- 
derop Park, Wiltshire. After Willis's death 
she married, as her third husband, Sir Thomas 
Mompesson (rf. 1701) of Bathampton, Wilt- 
shire, whom also she survived, dying in her 
seventy-fifth year on 29 Nov. 1 709, and being 
buried in Winchester Cathedral. 

A collected edition of Willis's works, en- 
titled *T. W. Opera omnia cum . . . multis 
figuris teneis,' appeared at (teneva in 1(V<0 
(2 torn. 4to) ; an improved edition was pub- 
lished by Gerard nlasius in six parts at 
Amsterdam (16^«2, 4to). An English ver- 
sion, entitled 'The remaining Medical Works 
of ; . . T. W. . . .,' wos ])ubli8hed in Lon- 
don in 1081, folio, several of the treatises 
being translated by Samuel Pordage [q. v.] 

[VVork8; Munks Coll. of Pliys. i. 338 ; post- 
script to PlmrniJiceutice Kjitionalis, 1679, pt. ii. ; 
Burnct'H History of his own Time. London, 1724, 
p. 228; Wood's Atlienjo Oxon. iii. 1048; Fos- 
ter's Alumni Oxon. lo()()_17l4; Burro ws's Pjirl. 
Visit. (Canulen Soo.) ; Chester's iiepr. West. 
Abl)oy, pjissim.] N. M. 

WILLIS, TLMOTllY {f. Ifiir,), writer 
on alchemy, was the son of liichard Willis, 
leather-selh'r of London. lie was admitted 
to Merchant Taylors' school on 22 April 
1575, and thence was elected to a fel- 
lowship at St. John's College, Oxford, in 
1578. He matriculated on 17 Nov. 1581, 
but was ejected from his fellow.««hip the fol- 
lowing year * for certain misdemeanours.* 
He proceeded B.A. from ( Gloucester Hall on 
10 Jul v l5H2,and was afterwards readmitted 
to St. John's at the n^cjuest of William Cor- 
dell, and by favour of Qn(»en Elizabeth made 
* doctor bullatus,' and sent on an embassy 
to Muscovy. He publishi'd : 1. * Proposi- 
tiones Tentationum, sive Propnedeumata de 
Vitiiset Fcecunditatecompositorum natura- 
lium,' London, 1015. 2. * The Search of 
Causes; containing a Theosophicall Investi- 
gation of the Possibilitie of Transmutatorie 
Alchemie/ London, 1016. On the title- 



page of the latter work he describes himaelf 
as ' Apprentise in Phisicke.' 

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1600-1714; Wood's 
Fasti, ed. Bliss, vol. i. cols. 22i)-l ; Reg. of Univ. 
of Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.). 11. ii. 44. iii. 106 ; 
Itobiuson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 
24.] B. P. 

WILLISEL, THOMAS (rf. lC76?),natu. 
ralist, was a native of Northamptonshire, 
according to Aubrey, or, according to Ray, 
of Lancashire. He served as a foot-soldier 
under Cromwell. ' Lying at St. James's (a 
garrison then I thinke), he happened,* writes 
Aubrey, *to go along with some simplers. 
He liked it so well that he desired to goe 
with them as often as they went, and tooko 
such a fancv to it that in a short time he 
became a good botanist. He was a lusty 
fellow, and had an admirable sight, which is 
of great use for a simpler ; was as hardy as 
a highlander ; all his cloathes on his back not 
worth ten groat es, an excellent marksman, 
and would maintain himselfe with his dog 
and his gun, and his fishing-line. The 
botanists of London did much encourage 
him, and employed him all over England, 
Scotland, ana good part, of Ireland, if not all ; 
where he made brave discoveries, for which 
his name will ever be remembered in herballs. 
If he saw a strange fowle or bird, or a fish, 
he would have it and case it ' ( Aubrey, Na- 
tural History of Wiltshire, ed. Britton, p. 
48). He was employed by Merret for five 
summers to make collections for his * Pinax' 
[see MERiurr, ChristopherJ. Weld re- 
cords that in October 1609 Willisel, who 
had been engaged by the society to collect 
zoological and botanical specimens in Eng- 
land and Scotland, returned to London with 
a large collection of rare Scottish birds and 
fishes and dried plants (Hiftoryofthe Itoyal 
Society, i. 224). He also prints the sealed 
commission given by the society to Willisel. 
Evelyn, who was present at the meeting of 
the Roval Societv in October 1669, writes: 
*()ur English itinerant presented an account 
of his autumnal peregrinations about Eng- 
land, for which we hired him * {Diary^ vol. i.) 
In his * Catalogus Plantarum Angliir,' pub- 
lished in 1670, Ray styles Willisel * a person 
employed by the Royal Societv in the search 
of natural rarities, both animals, plants, and 
minerals ; the fittest man for such a purpose 
that I krtow in England, both for his skill 
and industry.* In 1671 the great naturalist 
took Willist'l with him on a tour through 
the northern counties {Memorials of Hay, 
ed. Lankester, p. 26). Pulteney says: **I 
believe he was once sent into Ireland by Dr. 
Sherard. . . . The emolument arising from 
these employments was probably among the 



Willison 



Willison 



principal rn^ajia of Iiis aubsUteDce' (^SkelcAeg 
^ the Prograi nf Botany, i. 3411). Ab Aubrey 
records tbnt ' all the profession lie had was 
to mabe pi^^ges for shoes' lloc. dt.), ibis 
Ikst supposition of Pultbnej's is highly pn>- 
b«blv. Aubrey is our authority for all else 
We know of Willisel, ' When," be says, 'ye 
Lord Jnho \'aughsji, now Earle of Carbery 
[aee under VauohaiTiRichabd, second Eikl 
ar CARBeRT], was made tcov^rnour of Ja- 
maica [in 1l^r4], I did recommend him to 
bis eicellencv, who made him his gnrdiner 
thne. He 3yed within a yeare after his 
liein^ there, but had m&de a fine collection 
•f plants and shells, which tli» Furle of 
CWrbery hath hy him^ and bad he lired be 
would have given the world an account of 
tint j^nts, nnimals, and lisbes of that island. 
He could write a hand indifferent legible, 
And had made himself mnsli>r of ait the 
'Latiue aame«: be pourlrByed but un- 
towardly'ftor. ciV.) Some plants collected 
fef Willisel are preserv-ed in Sir IliuiB 
SInane's herbarium. 

[.^uthoritios above ciled.] G, S. B. 

WILLISON, GEORGE (1741-1797), 
minter, bom in 1741, was a son of 
illison, an Edinburgh printer and 
nublisher, and a grandson of John Willison 
^. *.] In 1750 be was awordud a prize for 
• dmwing of flowers by the I-.^dinburgh So- 
^tmiy for Uie Encoungement of the Arts and 
ScienoeB, and in tli« two following years his 

Ilame ag»in figures in the prize-list. After 
Ulie his uncle, George Dempster [q.T.1 of 
Dunnichen, sent him to Home to contmue 
hia studies, and on his return he settled iii 
London, where, between 17(17 and 1777, he 
exhibited some six-and-twenty portraits at 
the lioyal Academy. But meetinff with 
little encouragement, he went to India nnd 
painTt'il many portraits, including those of 
wme native princes, one of which ( rhat of 
the nabob of Arcot) is now at Hampton 
Court. He pnaseEsed a certain knowledge of 
iDedicine, and cured a wealthy person of s 
dangpnius wound of long standing, in grati- 
tude for which he had some time afterwards 
k considerable fortune bequeatbed to him. 
Then be returned to Edinburgh, where he 
continued to paint, and where he died in 
April 1707. Ilis pictures are pleasant in 
cnlour and rather graceful in arrangement, 
bis fharoctcrisation fair, bis handling es>>y if 
Bomewhat thin. A number of his portraits 
were engraved by Valentine Green and 
Jatnes Watson. 

A medallion portrait of Willieon (dated 
179-^) by Guillome is in the Scottish Portrait 



[Scots May;ailne. ITdJ-S^ Milliir's Kminrut. 
UnrgesBea of Dundee. IS8T; Cat. Si'odiali Nh- 
tioDul Portrait Q«lliirj; Krnest Lbw'b Htiiuplon 
Court; Kedg rave's, Bryan's, and Gmrm'a Dic- 
tionaries.! J. L. C. 

WILLISON. JOHN (108O-I750),Scot^ 
tiah divine, was born in IGSti at or near 
Stirling, where his family bad been long 
settled and possessed considerable property. 
lie was the eldest son of James Willison 
Mill of Craigforth and Betbia Oourlay, his 
Epouse. He entered the university of Glasgow 
in 1695, and, though sometimes styled M.A.. 
ilis name does not appear in tlie list of 
graduates. He was licensed by the presbytery 
of Stirling in 1701,ftppointed to the parish of 
Brechin by the united presbytery of^Brechia 
and Arbroath in 1703, and ordained in De- 
cemberof that year. Many of his parish ionera 
were Jacobites and episcopalians, and he 
encountered much opposition from them. In 
1705 he reported to the presbytery that the 
former episcopal minister had retahen pos- 
eession of the pulpit for the afternoon ser- 
vice on Sundays, that the magistrates refused 
to render him any assistance, andthuthe was 
told that be would be rabbled if he tried to 
oust the intruder. In 1712 he published b 
pamphlet entitled 'Queries to the Scots Inuc- 
vators in Divine Service, and particularly I o 
the Liturgical Party in the Shiro of Angus, 
ByuLover of theCburchof Scotland;' and in 
1714 'A Letter from a Parochial Bishop tos 
Prelatical Gentleman concemingtbeOovcm- 
ment of the Church.' In 1716 Willison waa 
translated from Brechin to the South church, 
Dundee. In 1719 hepublisbedan ' Apology ' 
for the Church of Scotland against the Ac- ', 
cusatioiis of Prelotists and Jacobites," nnd in 
17:?1 a letter to an English M.P. cm the 
bondage in which the Scottish people wen 
kept from the remains of the feudal system. 
In 17iiS he preached before the general 
assembly, and from about tlus time he took 
a. prominent place among the lenders of the 
popular party in the church. In his own 
presbytery he Blrenuously opposed John Glaa 
kl, v.], minister of Tealing, who founded the 
ttlassiles,' otherwise called Sandemauians, 
and in 1729 Willison published a treatise 
against his tenets entitled ' A Defence of 
the National Church, and particularly of the 
National Constitution of the Church of 
Scotland,ftgainst the Cavils of Independents.' 
During the controversy which ended in 
tlie deposition of EbeneierErskine [q.r.jand 
his followers, Willison exerted himself to the 
xt to prevent a schism. At the synod 
of Angus in 1733 ho preached a wrmon 
urging conciliatory measures, which was 
published under the title * 'The Church's 



Willison 



D&nger;' and after the sect^ilersbad formed a 
preabjtery of their own, it was tLroagh the 
inSuence of Willison and his frienda that 
the uaembl^ oF 1731 rescinded the acts 
which had given them offence, and nuthonBed 
the sj'nod of Stirling to restore them to their 
former siatkis. This assembly also sunt 
WillisoD and two others to London to en- 
deavour to procure the repeal of the act of 
1712 which restored the right of palrannge 
to the former patrons. For five years more: 
the aMembly persevered in its efforts to re- 
claim the seceders, and when at length it 
resolved to libel them, Willison with others 
disseuted. As the seceders now declined 
the authority of the church and declared 
that its judicatories were ' not lawful nor 
right constituto courts of Christ,' the as- 
sembly found that tbey deserved deposition -, 
but, on the earnest solicitntion of Willison 
■nd ills frionds,the execution of the sentence 
was postponed for a year to give them a 
further opportunity of returning from their 
■divisive 'courses. They still stood out, how- 
ever, and it is said that ' the failure of 
Williaon's efforts to prevent a schism so 
overwhelmed him with grief that he did not 
take an active share in church courts after 
that time.' In 1742 Williaon vlaited Cam- 
busUng to see for himself the nature of the 
celebrated religious revival there which i8 
aasociated with the name of WhiteSuld, and 
on his return journey he pri«iched a sermon 
at Kilsyth which was followed by a like 
movement in that parish. In 1744 he pub- 
lished 'A Fair and Impartial Testiniony (to 
which several ministers and elders adhered) 
against the defectionsof the national church, 
the lamentable schism begun and carried on 
by the seceders, the adoption of liturgical 
forms and popish practices by Scottish 
episcopal iane, and other innovations. In 
1745 he published ' Popery another Gospel,' 
whicli he dedicated to the Duke of Cumber- 
land. During the rising of 1745 hightanders 
belonging to Prince Cuurles's army twice 
entered his church and threatened to shoot 
llim if he prayed for King Gleorge, so that 
lie was obliged for a time to close the church 
and to officiate in private houses. Besides 
hie controversial works, Willison published 
numerous treatises on devotional and practi- 
cal religion, many of which were translated 
into Gaelic and were great favourites i 
the Scottish people. W'illison was on 
the most eminent evangelical clergymen of 
his time. He was remarkable for his com- 
Innation of personal piety with public spirit, 
and, though frequently engaged in contro- 
versy, ' there was no asperity in what he said 
or wrote.' Faithful in every departme 



"HU 



duty, he was speciaUy noted for hie diligenca 
in catechising the young and in visiting the 
sick. He died on S May 1750 in the seven- 
tieth year of his age, and was boried tn the 
South church, Dundee. On II Nov. 1714 
he married Margaret, daughter of William 
Arrot, minister ofMontroso, and had Andrew, 
a physician in Dundee; a daughter, who 
became the wife of W. Bell, mioieter of Ar- 
broath, and other children. George W'iUi- 

iS his grandson. 

principal works, besides those 
mentioned above, are: 1. 'The Sanctifica- 
tion of the Lord's Dav." 1713. 3. ' A Sacra- 
mental Directory,' 17l8, 3, • Sermons before 
and after the Lord's Supper,' 17-22, 4. ' The 
Mother's Catechism : an Example of Plaiu 
Catechising on the Shorter Catechism,' 1731. 
6, 'The loung Communicant's Catm^ism,* 
1734. 6. 'The AtHicted Man's Companion,' 
1737. 7. ' The Balmof Gilead,' 1742. 8. ' Sa- 
cramental Meditations and Advices,' 1747. 
9. 'Gospel Hymns,' 1791. Most of them 
have been often republished, and there hare 
been several collected editions of his practical 

[Lile by Dr. Detherington prefixed to edition 
of Works, 1S44; Life pr«GieJ to bis Colleoted 
Works, AbenlMQ, 1817, and to edition of the 
Afflicted lUan's ConipHnion ; Chunibers's Biogr. 
Dict.vol.ir.; Murren'sADHnUof Oea. Aucmbly, 
1738-53; Wiidrow's Letters, vol. iii. ; Siutt's 
F«ali,ni u, fl02. 813; BobBooneviVKls ; Blu.-k's 
Brevhin ; inform xliim from Willisotrs descen- 
dants nnd from Mr. W. B. Cook, Siirliog.} 

G. W. S. 

WTLLMORE, JAMES TIBBITTS 
(1800-lBti3), line en^aver, was born in 
1800 at Erdington, near Handsworth, when 
his father, James '^'illmore, was a manufac- 
turer of silver articles. He was appren- 
ticed at Birmingham to William Itadclyffe 
[q. v.], nnd, marrying at the age of twenty- 
two, came to London, where he worked for 
three years as assistant to Charles Heath 



' England and Wales,' 1857-38, and Brocke- 
don's 'Passes ofthe Alps,' 1828-9; and hia 
first large plate was executed from East- 
lake'a picture of * Byron's Dream,' 1834. 
Willmore was extremely successful in trans- 
lating the work of Turner, who greally ap- 
preciated his abilities, and his plates from 



The Old Temeraire,' ' ■\"enice' Cengraved for 
the Art Union, 1858). and ' Childe Hamld'a 
Pilgrimage' (Art Union, 1861), are among 
the finest examples of modem landscape 
work. Some of these he re-engraved oa & 



Willmott 




Willmott 



I smaller scale for tLe ' Art JournaL' The 
• Mercuty and Argus' was a joint specuia- 
I tion OD the part of Turopr and Willmore. 
■ Bis other large worka include 'Ruins of 
I Canhage,' after W. Linton (for Finden's 
I 'Gallerv of British An'); "Crossing the 
r Bridge/ after E. Landseer, 1847 ; ' Hifih- 
lBDdTerTy,'afterJ.Thomp»on.l848; 'Villa 
ofLucullus,'afterLeitch (Art Union, 1851); 
'Wbd Bgainst. Tide." after C. Stanfield; 
' Harvest in the Highlands,' after Landseer 
andUnllcott (Art Union, 18-j6) ; and ' Nearest 
Way in Summer Time,' after Creawick and 
Ansdall, 18ti0. WiUmore'8 small book illus- 
trations are also very numerous and benuli- 
ful. In 1843 he ezhibiled at the Itoyol 



B then elected an associate engraver. 
I'Throughout his life he was one of the most 
Hctive members of the Artists' Annuity 
Band Benevolent funds. Willmore died on 
1 12 March 1H63, and was buried in the HigU- 

£ Abthub Willmore (1814-1888), bom 
-at Birmingham on G June 1814, was a bro- 
ther of James Tibbitts Willmore, by whom 
he WAS trained. lie became an able line 
engraver, ei eel ling chiefly in landscape 
k' work. He was eitensively employed on 
■ Inok illustrations, and also executed many 
« for the ' Art Journal ' from pictures 
y Collins, Cooke, Creswick, Rubens, Stan- 
■'field, Tomer, Van Byck, and others. His 
fmost important work was ' The Return of 
■'the Lifelioat,' after E. Duncan, engraved for 
rtiie Art Union, 1878. Willmore frequently 
•tthibited at the Royal Academy between 
11858 and 18dd. He died on 3 Not. 1888. 
[Art Jouranl, 1803; Redgravo's Did. of Ar- 
m*: Gmvea's Diet. oF Artlstn, 1T6D-1B93; 
WSrjaa'a Diet, of Painters and Eni^Ten. ed. 
f ArmairuuKO t'. M. O'D. 

WILLMOTT, ROBERT ARTS (1809- 
ll8«3), autlior— he invariably^ dropped his 
^■econd Christian name of Eldrtdge— was son 
' B eolicilor who married about 1803 Mary 
Q (rf. 18611, the only child of the Rev, 
■John Cleave of Kingwood, Hampshire, and 
•~ « few years later moved to Bradford in Wilt- 
«hire, where Robert was bom on 30 Jan. 1800, 
The father, of a somewhat impracticable dis- 
pOMtion, went to London, and afterwards be- 
came involved in pecuniary trouble. In 
hOctober 1819 tbe boy was admitted at Mer- 
lehftDt Taylors' school. He was entered at 
school in January or February 
There in March 1828 be brought out 
e first number of the 'Harrovian,' wbicb 
_n toais numbera, At the close of 1828 ho 
K-kcune tutor to Thomas Green,eud remained 




so for about two ^ears. Already in 1829-30 
he was contributing to the ' Church of Eng- 
land Quarterly Review,' ' Fraser'e Magaiine.' 
the ' London Magacine,' and the ' Asiatic 
Journal.' He waflenteredat.TrinityColli^, 
Cambridge, in 1832, but his matriculation 
was deferred until 17 Feb. 1834. While at 
Uambridse he earned his living bv his pen. 
He graduated B.A. on 26 May ISil. 

Willmott, on Trinity Sunday 1842, wm 
ordained deacon by Bishop Blomheld to the 
curacy of St. James, ItatcliUe, and be was 
ordained priest on 11 June 1843. After 
serious illness he took leave of St. James's 
on '2 June 1844, his farewell sermon being 
printed. For three months he was stationed 
at Chelsea Hospital, and in June 1845 became 
curate to the Rev. T. W. Allies at LaunCon, 
Oxfordsliire. The church of St. Catherine, 
Bearwood, which had been erected through 
the munificence of John Walter (1776-1847) 
fii.v,], was consecrated on '23 April 1846, and 
Willmott was appointed by him as its first 
incumbent. For many years he received 
much practical kindness from Walter and 
hig successor in the properly; but about IBHl 
diflVrencPH arose with the patron, and Will- 
mott roKigiiod ibe benefice in Mav 1862 on 
a pensiou of 100/. per annum. His publica- 
tions included funeral sermons for John 
Waller(rf,J847)and for Mrs. Emily Frances 
Walter (</. I8o8). 

Willmott retired to Nettlebed in Oxford- 
shire, and began writing for the ' Church- 
man's Family Magazine.' He was engaged 
in the preparation of three new books, in- 
cluding an edition of the works of Cowley, 
when he was incapacitated by an attack of 
paralysis. He died at Nettlebed on 27 May 
1863. He was buried, with his mother anH 
sister (Mary Cleeve Willmott, who died at 
Richmond on 9 May 1854, aged 47), in the 
churchyard of Rear wood. 

Willmott's literary work showed wide 
reading and a pleasing imagination, and 
he was an admirable preacher. His most 
popular productions were: 1. A Journal of 
Summer-time in the Country,' 1849; illua- 
troted ed. 1858 ; 4lh ed., with memoir by his 
sister, 1804. 2. 'Pleasures, Objects, and 
Advantages of Literature,' 1861; 6th ed. 
I860; b^ 185B five editions of it had ap- 
peared in German. His other works in- 
cluded : 3. ' Lives of Sacred Poets,' 18M ; 
2nd ser. 1838. 4. 'Conversations at Cam- 
bridge ' (anon.), 1830. G. ' Letters of Eminent 
PerBons, selected and illustrated,' 1839, 6. 
' Parlour Table Book : Extracts from various 
Authors,' 1840, dedicated to his old friend, 
James Moo tgomery. 7. 'Pictures of Chris- 
tian Life," 1841. 8. 'Poem8,'I84li2nded., 



\ 
I 



J 



Willobie 



Wiliock 



much ttllered and enlnrged, 18J8. 9. ' Life 
of Jeremy Taylor.' 1947; 2nd ed. lUiB (cf. 
PtULirps, Esaafft from the Timet, 2nd ser., 

K. 103-17). 10. 'Precious Slones from 
ose Writers of the Sixteenth, S«Yenteenth. 
and Eighteenth Centuries,' 1850. ll.'Poeta 
ofthe Nineteenth Century ,"1867, an intereet- 
iag collection ; the original edition is finely 
illustrated by engruviiif^ by the brothers 
Dalziel, al^er Fuster, Gilberi, Tenniel, Mil- 
lais, and other artists. 1:^. ' English Sacred 
Poetrr.' 1861* ; 2nd ed. 1883. 

Willmott edited for Itouiledge's 'British 
Poets ' the poems of Gray, Pamell (cf. iftifow 
and Queriei, Sad ser., x. 111-2), Collins, 
Green, nnd Warton (18ri4 and 1883), the 
works of George Herbert in jirose and verse 
(1864; Herbert's poems, with WUlmott's 
memoir and notes, were also published nt 
Boston, U.-S., in 1855), the poems of Aken- 
udeand Dyer (1853), Cowpr( 1855), Bums 
(1858 ; reissued in 18(Jfl), Percy's ' Reliques' 
(1657 ; also publiaheii with a slightly altered 
title-page), and Kairfni's translation of 
TaB9o\ 'Jeruaalem Delivered' (1868). He 
edited selections from the poetry of Words- 
worth (1859) and James Montgomerv(la''jfi), 
and the poems of Goldsmith (1860). His 
' Dream of the Poets at Cambridge, from 
Spenser to Gray,' is inserted in J. J. Smith's 
'Cambridge Portfolio' (i, 47-53), and he 
contributed notea to Pegge's ' Anecdotes of 
the Ei^liah Language ' (1844 ed.) 

An engraved frontispiece of Willmott, by 
n. B. nail, is in Christmaa's ' Preachers and 
Preaching' (1868). 

[Gonl. Mag. 1851 ii. 338. 1803 ii. 311-2; 
■Welch's Harrow Sthool Keg. p. 71 : Kettli^'a 
HemoiraofC. Boner. 1H71. ■. lOS; informnlion 
from Mr. W. Aldis Wright of Trinity CoUrge. 
Cambridge, and from the Rev. 0. A Whitiuct 
of Bearwood.] W. P. C. 

WILLOBIE, HENRY (1674.M596?), 
eponymous hero of ' Willobiea Avia*.' [See 



WILLOCK or WILLOCKS, JOHX (rf. 
1585). ycottish refonner, was a native of 
. Ayrshire, but nothing is known of hia 
parentage. He was educated at the uni' 
verity of Glasgow, and for some time was 
a friar in Ayr, according to Archbishop 
Spotiswood of the Franciscan, but according 
to Bishop Leslie of the Dominican order. 
Becoming, however, a convert to the doc- 
trines of the early reformers, he some time 
l^efore 1541 relinquished the monastic Iiahit 
and went to London, where he became 

C.eher at St. Catherine's Church, and chap- 
tn the Duke of Suffolk, father of Lady 
June Grey. On the accessiou of Mary he in 



1553 resigned his charge, and, retiring to 
the continent, commenced to proclise as a 
physician at Emden in Friesland. In 1555, 
and again in 1556. he was sent to Scotland 
on a commission to the queen regent from 
the Duchess of Frieeland ; but according to 
Knox bis principal purpose in visiting Scot- 
land was ' to assaye what God wald wirk 
to him in his native country ' ( Works, i. 245). 
While there he was present at the supper 
in the house of John Erskine (1509-15UI) 
[q. v.], laird of Dun, when a final resolution 
waa come to by the leading reformers againal 
attendance at the mass (t'A. p. ^47). Aft«r 
returning t« Frieslond in lo67, he finallr 
settled in Scotland in 1558, when, although 
' he contracted a dangerous sickness,' he held 
meetings with several of the nobility, barons, 
andgeullemeo, 't«achingttnd exhort ing&om 
hisbed'(ilfr. p, 256); and, occordinrto Knox. 
it was the encouragement and exborlationa 
cf Wiliock in Dundee and Edinburgh that 
made ' the brethren ' begin ' to deliberate on 
some public reformation,' and reaolre to send 
to the queen regent an ' oration and peti- 
tion 'on the subject (ifi. p. 301). 

Afterwards Wiliock went to Ayr, where, 
under the protection of the Earl of (llen- 
caim, he preached regularlv in St. John's 
Chunjh. On 2 Feb. 1&68-9 "he was indicted 
for heresy before the queen regent and her 
council, and for failing to appear and con- 
tinuing to preach at Ayr he was outlawed 
on 10 May following. In March 1559 a dis- 

Sitation was proposed between him and 
iientin Kenn^y, abbot of Crossroguel, at 
Ayr, but as they failed to agree on the 
method of interpreting scripture it did not 
take place (see correspondence between them 
in sppendix to Kisitu's Hiti. of Scotland, 
App. pp. 193-9, and in the Wodmip Mi»- 
cciUmy). The sentence of outlawry of him 
and others was passed, notwithstanding the 
assembly of a large body of armed reformers 
at Perth, to whom a promise had been mads 
that Wiliock and his friends would not be 
further molested ; but the outlawry could not 
beTendered effectiTe. Wiliock had come to 
Perthincompanywith theEarlofGlencairn, 
and while there be and Knox had an inter- 
view with Argyll and Lord James Stewart 
(afterwards Earl of Moray), from whom they 
received an assurance that should the queen 
regent depart from her agreement they would 
' with their whole powers ' assist and concur 
'with their brethren in all time to come' 
(Knox, i. 342). 

After the destruction of the monasteries 
at Perth, which followed the breach of 
agreement by the oueen ri'gent, Wiliock 
and Knox towards the close of June 1509 



Willock 



Willoughby 



Entered Edinburgh tlung with the lords of I 

''leeongregatiuii. Shortly aftem'ard a Kqox 

...as elected miniHter of St. Oilesi but after I 

k truce hftd been completed with the queen ' 

t v/as deemed advifiable that Knox j 

Aoiitd for B while retire from Edinbuiyh, 

Willock acting aa his substitute in St. Giles. ' 

■during' Knox's abaeoce Btreouoiia efforts , 

ere made by the queen regent to have the 

d fonn of worehtp re-eetablished, but Wil- 

>cl£ firmly resietud her iitteiript«; and in 

. . k — '—'-istered the Lord'asupper for 

1 Edinbui^h after the ra- 
ined manner. 
After the queen regent lind broken the 
trenly and begun to fortify Leith a conven- 
tion of the nobility, baront;. and burghers , 
was on 31 Oct. held in the Tolboolh to talce 
into consideration ber conduct, and Willock, 
on being asked his judgment, gave it as his 
' ipinion that she ' might ju9tlj be deprived 
i the government,' in wnicti, with certain 
irovisoe, he was seconded by Knox (16. pp. 
US-S). The result was that her authority 
IS suspended, and a council appointed to 
- mage the affairs of the kingdom until a 
P. neeting of parliament, Willoct being one of 
ktbe four ministers chosen to aaaist in the 
■dBliberations of the council. Not long after- 
Itrards Willock left for England, hut he re- 
■Sartwd with the English army in April 1660, 
■ And at the request of the reformed nobility 
Ktllt^ queen rtigent bad an interriew with him 
E.<m her deathbed in June following, wheu, 
■ticcnrding to Knox, he did plainly show her 
Ku well the virtue and strength of the death 
■of Jesus Christ us the vanity and abomina- 
* n of that idol the mass (I'fi, ii. 71). By 
le of parliament ho was in July 
ftlSOO named superintendent of the west, to 
Wbich be was admitted at Glasgow in July 
n July 1660 named one 
r a commission appointed by the lords of 
he congregation to draw up the first book 
K difoipline. 
Aa a Scottish reformer Willock stands 
o Knox in inilialive and in influence; 
is possible that the rigid severity of 
became distasteful to him, and, appa- 
■<TOntIy deemiug the religious atmosphere of 
Ei^Und more congenial, he about 15(L>— in 
wbtcbyearbe was, however, in Jun(! and 
Dacember moderator of the general assembly 
le rector of Loughborough in Leices- 



d friend the Uuke of Suf 



1 bv h 



i-erthe- 
ohold 
e west, he 
ained his connection with llie Scottish 
I (burch, and be was elected moderator of the 
'geaenX nssembly on 2a June 1564, 25 June 



Ims, by continuinif for several years U 
Bie AlEce of superintendent of the wc 



1665, and 1 July 1568. W'hile he was li 
Scotland in 15G5 the queen made ondeavoi 
lo have bim sent to the castle of Dumbar- 
ton, but he made bis escape (Chi. State 
Paper/, For. 15(U-5, No. lolO). In Januarf 
1567-8 the general assembly of the birk 
sent him through Knox a letter praying him 
to return to bis old charge in Gotland 
{ Knoi, If or*«, vi. 443-6) ; but although he 
did visit Scotland and officiated as modirator 
of the assembly, be again returned to his 
charge in England. According to Sir Jamea 
Melville, the Earl of Morton made use of 
Willock to reveal to Eliiaheth, through the 
Earls of Huntingdon and Leicester, the deal- 
ings of the Duke of Norfolk with the regent 
Moray, for an arrangement by wbicb the 
duke would marry the queen of Scots {Me- 



borough on 4 Dec. 1585, and was buried the 
next day, being Sundayj his wife Catherine 
survived him fourteen years, and was buried 
fttl^ughbnroughonlOOct. 1699(Fi,ETCHBR, 
Pariih Rrgiatrrs of Loiwkboroiyh). Though 
Demster ascribes to him ' Impia quaHlam,' 
it does not appear that he left any works. 
Chalmers, in his ' Life of Ituddiman,' seeks 
to ideutify Willock with one ' John Wil- 
lokis, descended of Scottish progenitors,' who 
on 21 April 1590 is referred to in a state 

Eper as being in prison in Leicester, after 
ving been convicted by a jury of robbery. 
The supposition of Chalmers, sufficiently im- 
probable in itself, is of course disposed of by 
the entry of the rector's death in the parish 
register, but there is just a possibility that 
the robber may have been the rector's son. 

[Wodron'eBiograpbi<?a1 Collections [Uaitland 
Club), i. t)0, 418 sq. ; Hietories by Knox, Keith, 
and Calrlcrwood; CaL State Pnpera, Fur. 1S61- 
IS62,aad 1661-51 Cal. State PiiperB, Scottish, 
1547-1583: Wodrow Miscellany, vol. i. ; Mait- 
knd Miscellany, vol. iii. : Sir James MelvilU'i 
Memoin in the Bannatyns Olnb; Chalmars's 
Ufo of Rudilimau: Nichols's L*ice9tershir« ; 
Hew Scott's Fnsti Ecclos. Scoticanw. ii. 37fi-8.] 

WILLOUGHBY. Sea also' WiL- 



WILLOUGHBy 

Unus. [.■See Veknb 



BROKE, third 

ItlCHARD, 1621- 



WlLLOUQHBY.FRAXCIS,firibB*iHHf 

WlLLOUSHBI OF rABHAJC (1613 ?-16tSe), 

flon of William, third baron Willoughby of 
I'arham, bv Frances, daughter of John lAan- 
ncrs, fourtii enrt of lEulland, was bom about 



Willoughby 



3» 



Willoughby 



1813. His grest-greal-grandfather, Sir Wil- 
liam WillouffUby of Parham, was nepliew 
of William Willoughby, ninth baron Wil- 
loughby da Eresby, whose daughter Katha- 
rine, ducheMorSiitTolk, married aa hersecomi 
husband Iticbard Bertie, and was mothur of 
Per^rine BBrtie,eleventh baron WUlougbby 
do Eresby [q. v.] Sir William waa created 
first baron WUloiighby o( Parham in Suffolk 
on 20 F«b. l546-7,and died iu August 1574. 
Uis BOD Charles, second baron, is Irequeutly 
confused (e.g'. Id indexes to Cal. StaU Papers, 
Doin., Cal. Untfitld MSS., and Leyotster 
Curre»p<mdntce) with his couBia, Peregrine 
Berlie; he waa grandfulherofWiUiam, third 
baron Willoughby of Parham, who died on 
28 Aug. 1617,aad was succeeded by his eldest 
son Henry. Henry died about IfllB, when 
little more than Sve years old, and the title 
passed Co hi« younger brother, Francis(Co[;- 
LIMB, Peeerage, ed. Brydgea, vi. fll3). 

la 1636 Francis Willoughby complained of 
partiality in the levyinjf of ship-money in 
Lincoliuhire ; in 1639 he answered with a 
great lack of zeal the king'fl summons lo serve 
against the Scotci: in the summer of 1640 
his name waa attached to some copies of 
the petition of the twelve peers to the king 
which led to the colli ne of the Long parlia- 
ment. Though not at all conspicuous among 
theopposition,itiseTidenChe was disatfected 
to the government {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 
1636-7,1638-9p. 43.1,1040 p. 0411. When 
the breach between the king and toe parlia- 
ment widened, Willoughby waa appointed by 
tlie latter lord-lieutenant of the district of 
Lindaey in Lincolnshire, and, iu detiance of 
the king's direct orders,put into execution the 
militia ordinance {LordJ JoumaU, iv. 567, 
V. 115, 127, 155). He was given command 
of a regiment of horse uuder the Earl of 
Essex, but arrived too late to take part in 
the battle of EdgehUl (Peacock, Army LUtt, 

5.48; Whitklockb, Af«jiona/«, i. 187). On 
Jan. 1043 he was mode, by a special ordi- 
nance, lord-lieutenaut and commander-in- 
chief in Llncolmihire (HusBASD, OrAnnnw*, 
1643, p. 834). OnleJulyltMSheaurpriaed 
Gainsborough and took prisoner the Earl of 
Kingston, but was immediately besieged there 
by the royalists. Cromwell and Sir John 
Dfeldrum [q. v.] defeated the besiegers 
(28 July) and threw some powder into the 
town, but Willoughby was obliged to sur- 
render on 30 July (Mercurial AuHcum, 
27Jnly-3 Aug. 1%^ ; Life of Col. Hutchia- 
ton, i. 217, 223; Cablile, Cromwell, letters 
lii, liv.) A few days later he was forced 
to abandon Lincoln also, and to retire to 
Boston, which he expected to be unable to 
hold. ' Without we be masters of the field,' 



he wrote to Cromwell, ' we shall be pulled 
out by the ears one after another'(cf. Trant- 
actioni of the Royal Hitiorical Society. 1 899. 
p. 53). Lincolnshire was added to the easlem 
association on 20 Sept. 1&13, and recovered 
by Manchester's victory at \\'incehy on 1 1 Ocl- 
Willoughby joined Manchester just before 
the battle, ana captured Bolingbroke Castle in 
Lincolnshire on 14 Nov. ie43(VrcARS, Go^f 
Ark, pp, 44. 67), In March 1644 he took 
part in Sir John Meldrum'aaborlive attempt 
to capture Newark, and the m success of the 
siege was freely attributed to the refusal of 
Willouehhy's men to obey Meldmni (A 
Brief Relation of the Siege of yetcark, 
1643, 4to). 

Willoughby's mililsry career closed in a 
series of quarrels. On 32 Jan. 1044 Cromwell 
complained to the House of Commons of the 
license which Willoughby tolerated among 
his troops (Sakfobd, StuiHeg and Illwtra- 
tiotu of the Great Rebellion, p. 060 ; Mer- 
curiui.'lu/rcE», 2 April 1614). Angry at this, 
and at his supersession by Manchester, Wil- 
loughby sent Manchester a challenge, for 
which, as a breach of privilegi-, he was 
oblig^ to ask the pardon of the House of 
Lords (^Lordg' JmiritaU, vi. 405, 409, 413). 
He succeeded in getting Lieutenant-colonel 
Bury censured and Colonel Edward King 
committed to Newgate for their criticisms of 
his conduct as a general ; hut King was re- 
leased bv order of the House of Commona 
(it. vi. 628, 531, 657, 671-0, 595, 600, 60S, 
612). In consequence of these personal 
slights he became bitterly dissatisfied. 'We 
are all hosting to an early ruin,' was his view 
of public affairs in lftl4. ' Nobility and 
gentry are g^ing down apace ' (^Hiet. MSS. 
Comm. 4lh Rep. p. 268; Whitelockb, il 
366). In December 1645 parliament voted 
that the king should be asked to make Wil- 
loughby an earl, and employed him ss on* 
of its commissioners to the Scottish army 
(WmtELOCKB, i. 541, 548). Clarendon do- 
scribes him as of great esteem among the 
presbyterians, ' though not t«iuled with their 
principles ' (Rebellion, xi. 35). In 1647 he 
was one of the leaders of that party in par- 
liament, and on 30 July 1647, Mter the 
secession of the independent members of the 
two houses, he was elected speaker of the 
lords in place of Manchester (RrsHWoRTB, 
vi. 652). When the independents and the 
army triumphed, he was one of the seven 
lords impeached on 8 Sept. 1647, and re- 
mained for four months in prison. On 
19 Jan. 1648 the lords released the accused 
peers on the ground that no charge had been 
presented against them. Articles of im- 
peachment were sent up to the House of 



Wil lough by 




33 



Wil lough by 



□ 1 Peb. IdiS, which ordered Wil- 

, to give bail for hia uppearance to 

wer them. He declined to gire bnil 

), fled to Holland, and openly joined 

__ roralifls ^Lords' JoutTiaU, is. 667, x. 1 1, ' 

11; WBtTELOCKB, ii. 270). i 

la Mav 1W8, when the fleet in the Downs 
' revolted from lheparliament,\Villoughby was , 
made it; rice-admiral by the Duke of York, ' 
and continued in that office bj the Prince 
of Wales, 'though he liad never been at sea , 
or was at all known to the seamen.' This , 
Appointment, which was attributed either to j 
an intrigue of Colonel Bampfield or to the 
deeipis of Lord Jermyn, greatly diMatisfied 
the royalists, but was welcomed with joy by 
the Presbyterians {Clabexdok, RfbrUion, 
li. 34-6 ; Nicholat Paper*, i. 97 ; Hamilton 
Papera). ' WiUoughhy is most honest and 
wholly ScQts,' wrote Lauderdale ; ' he solely 
engaged on our interest.' The prince also 
Mnnmiaaioned Willoughby to command in 
five of the eaatem counties where it was 
hoped that a landing would be effected. 
But the crewi were iusubordinate, the fleet 
ill provided, end the prince's council torn 
br aiaaensions. ' He stayed on board,' saya 
clarendon, ' purely out of duty to the king, 
though he liked neither the place he had nor 
the people over whom he was to command, 
who bad yet more respect for him than any- 
body else,' and he was glad to resign his 
poet to Prince Kupert (Nuveuiber l&18{iA. 
pp. 221, 22B, a49; Clabendok, xi. 139, 140). 
WQloughby's estates were sequestered by 
parliaineDt (3a Dec. 1649) for his adherence 
to the king's cause, and 2,000/, voted for his 
■iTMn of pay was converted to other uses 
Wai.af Committffvf Compounding,-^. 1838; 
Zard/ JwnuiU, \x. 38, 67, 378). ' Since all 
ii RanB »t home,' said he, ' it \» time to pro- 
vide eUewhttre for a being,' and turned to 
die colonies. On 26 Feb. Tt>47 he had made 
with the second Earl of Carlisle, the pro- 

E'elor of Barbados, an agruemeiit by which 
rliale leaded to him for twenty-one years 
the pioGta ariaing from the island, half <if 
wliioU were lo go lo ihepnvment of Carlisle's 
debts, and ihe other holf to Willoughby 
«lf. Carlisle promised also to endeavour 
„ I commission as governor from 

e king, which was now procured. Wil- 
ighby arrived at Barbados on 29 April 
'", was received as governor on 7 May, 
caused (')iarlea 11 to be proclaimed thi 
e day ( Cril. Staff Papeft, American anc 
West Indii'S, |.^74-16fiO,p.327; Clarbndob 
\tiHuatlo<i.^\-2ti7: DarnbllDavis, Cava 
lllinv and IlnuitdJieadii of Bnrbadoft, p. 159) 
FSe found the colony half ruined by the dis 
■ensioas of the two parties, pursued a con- 
TOL. LXII. 



V 



cilittlory policy, ousled the estremeroyRltttt 
from power, ' and was welcomed ns a blSM- 
ing sent from God' [cf. art. WalroSD, 
Humphbet]. Ileoriug that parliament was 
sending an expedition to reduce the island, he 
published a remarkable declaration {IH Feb. 
1651) denying the right of a body in which 
the islanders were not represented either to 
make laws for them or to restrict their 
commerce. ' If ever they zet the island,' ha 
wrote to his wife, ' it shall cost them more 
than it is worth. . , . Let me entreat theo 
to leave o9* persuasions to submit to them 
who so unjustly, «o wickedly, have ruined 
me and mme.' Already he contemplated 
establishing iiimself in Surinam as a last 
refuge, and sent men to found a settlement 
there, who reported it ' the aweet^at plat 
that ever was seen' (I'fi. p. 197; Cabt, Jlfe- 
■manaU <./ the Civil h ar, ii. 312; Gret, 
Annwer (o NeaPi Puritans, iv. 27, appendix). 
In October 1651 Sir George Ayscue arrived 
with a parliamentary fleet, and in December 
eflucted a landing. Defections followed, 
and in January Willoughby was forced to 
treat, for fear, as he said, lest further fight- 
ing ' should turn the face of a country so 
flo urishing and such an honour to our nation 
into desolation.' By the treaty, signed 
11 Jan. 1652, Barbados acknowledged The 
sovereignly of the parliament, and by ihe 
sixteenth article Willoughby wan pro- 
mised the restoration of his estates in Eng- 
land and the free enjoyment of his property 
in Barbados, Antigua, and Surinam. But 
an act of Ihe assemuly passed on 4 March 
1633 required him to leave Barbados 
within eight days, and not to return to it 
again (Dabnkll Davis, pp. 220-60). 

Willoughby arrived in England in August 
1052, and bis estate was duly discharged 
from seouestralion (1 Sept. 1652), though 
he coul(! not obtain his back' rents or his 
arrears of pay iCal. uf Committee of Corn- 
poiinding, p. 1840). 

In 1654 the king wrote urging bim 'to 
be ready upon any great occasion,' and in 
the spring of 1655 he took an active part in 
the preparations for a general royalist rising 
(_Cal. Clarendon Paperg, ii. 345, 413; iVr- 
ehola» Popen, ii. 218-22). Imprisoned for 

f lotting in June 1655, and agam in March 
656, he was offered liis liberty in November 
1656 if be would give security to the amount 
of 10,000/. that he would embark for guri- 
nnm within six months, hut, though released, 
lie never went {Cat. Slate Papers, Uom. 
1655p. 583, 1655-6 p. 680; ifi. Col. 1574- 
1660, PI). 414, 461. 467). In June 1659 he 
was again eagerly uromnting a new rising, 
and promising for nis part to secure Lynn 



1 



W'illoughby 



34 



Willoughby 



u*i: Lho kiiig {I4i*t, MSS. Coram, 10th Rep. 

%'l -am- It). 

At itio llvktoriition Willoughby was paid 
ihi> 2,0iil^. feiiU duu to him for his services 
L-> iLo Iaiii^ parliament^ and obtained the 
kufcci*i'tu of Minu* crown lands in Lincoln- 
oLttu irora I ha king (Cal. State Paperg, 
iUtku. tiHH) \,mK fiO'Jf 67 S; Lords' JoumaU, 
Jki. n^M. In Hpite of some opposition from 
ihu i;<ihiniBtM themselves, he was restored to 
the ijiivoriunimt of Barbados, and also made 
^iivui'itor of St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, 
uitd Antigua. Half the crown revenue 
fvtiiu liarhadoa and half that from the 
CarihtNib iMlands were granted to him. He 
t'ccuived also, jointly with Lawrence Hyde, 
u grant of the whole of Surinam in free 
itii('4ige, excepting thirty thousand acres re- 
ttt'Tvtid for the king (^Cal. State Papers^ Col. 
1 574 1 «60 pp. 483, 486. 489, 1661-8 pp. 1 14, 
iJU, lai), 140). Willoughby arrived at Bar- 
bados on 10 Aug. 1663. His government 
was vigorous and arbitrary. One of his Hrst 
acts was to arrest Walrond, the president of 
the council, for embezzlement, and to appro- 
priate Walrond's house as his own official 
reisidence. He deprived Sir Robert Harley, 
the keeper of the seal, of his post on the 
ground of extortion and negligence. With 
the assembly of Barbados he carried on a 
long struggle, in the course of which AVil- 
loughby dissolved the assembly, arrested 
Hamuel Farmer, its speaker, * a great Magna 
Charta man/ and shipped him home to be 
punished. Petitions against his conduct met 
with no countenance in England, Charles 
gave him his full confidence, and Clarendon's 
stuadv support of his arbitrary acts was one of 
the charges against the chancellor at his im- 
inmchmont {ib, 1061->^,pp. 295, 309, 317, 339, 
\w\ \ Clakendon, Omtinuatiorij §§ 1287- 
J.*M)H). On the other hand, by his persistent 
nqtresentations of the hardships which the 
Navigation Act inflicted upon Barbados, 
W^illoughby succeeded in getting its non- 
oliHtirvance connived at by the home govem- 
nii-nt (Cal, State Papers, Col. 1601-8, pp. 
KJ7, 179, 234, 264). In spite of the limited 
int^ans at his dis])o.sal, he maintained and ' 
uvun extended British possessions in the 
ci)nt<;Nt with Holland and France. He 
or.cupied for a time both St. Lucia and To- 
biigo, though neither could be permanently 
h«tM. Barbados beat off an attack from 
l)i; Ituyter in April 166o, but the English 

Iiart of St. Kitts fell into the hands of the 
yr«.'nch in April 1666. W^illoughby got to- 
gether a small expedition and started to re- 
take it, but was lost at sea on board the 
ahip Hope about the end of Julv 1666 {ib, 
1(J61-H, pp. 410, 412, 414). 



Willoughby married, about 1628, Eliza- 
beth, third daughter and coheir of Edward 
Cecil, viscount Wimbledon [q. v.] She died 
in March 16(U, and was buried at Knaith 
in Lincolnshire (see A Sainfs Monument, 
&c., by William Fikth, chaplain to Lord 
Willoughby, 1662, 12mo). Of their two sons, 
Robert, the elder, died in February 1G30, and 
William, the second, on 13 March 1661. Of 
their three daughters, Diana became the wife 
of Heneage Finch, second earl of Winchilsea 
[q. v.l, and died without issue ; Frances mar- 
ried William, third lord Brereton, of Lough- 
glinn,co. Roscommon ; Elizabeth married Ri- 
chard Jones, first earl of Ranelagh (Collins, 
Peerage, iii. 384, vi. 613; Dalton, Life of Sir 
Edtrard Cecily ii. 366). By his will, dated 
17 July 1666, Willoughby left the greater 
part of his property in the colonies to tlie two 
last-named daughters and their children. 

He was succeeded in the peerage by his 
brother, William WiLLoroHBT, sixth 

BaKON AVlLLOUGHBT OP PABHAM (d, 1673). 

' My brother,' said the latter, ' hath dealt un- 
kindly with me, but I forgive him ; he has 
done so by himself by giving large legacies 
out of little or nothing; I shall only say ho 
was honest and careless, for he hath left 
little behind him* {Cal, State Papers, Col. 
1661-8, pp. 398, 465). On 3 Jan. 1(W Wil- 
loughby was on his own petition appointed 
to succeed his brother as governor of PJar- 
bados and the Caribbee Islands (ib, p. 437). 
He arrived there in April 1667, and by his 
firm and conciliatory conduct gained imme- 
diate popularity. Antigua and Montserrat 
were regained, the French expelled from 
Cayenne, and Surinam recaptured from the 
Dutch. In 1071 AVilloughby, being in Eng- 
land, defeated an attempt to impose an addi- 
tional duty on sugar, which would have 
ruined Barbados, and he was praised by the 
representatives of the colony in Ix>ndon as 
* wonderfully aflectionate and zealous in all 
their concerns.* He returned to Barbados 
in October 1672, despatched an expedition 
which recaptured Tobago from the Dutch in 
December 1672, and died on 10 April 1673 
{ib. pp.437, 454, 619, 1609-74 pp. 213, 366, 
453, 493). By his marriage with Anne, 
daughter of Sir Philip Cary of Hunslet in 
Yorkshire, he left a numerous family, of 
whom the eldest, George, became seventh 
Baron AVilloughby, and John and Charles 
were the ninth and tenth holders of that 
title. Another son, Henry, was lieutenant- 
general under his uncle and his father in the 
West Indies, retook Surinam in October 
1667, was subsequently governor of Anti- 
gua, and died in December 1669 {ib, p. 204; 
Collins, Peerage, vi. 613). 




Willoughby 



Wi I lough by 



1 Poerngp, sd. Brjiiges; Dnrnsll 

'a Cnvnlieraand RouniitieitilB oF Bnrlwloes. 

M>Tgftowo, British Quiunn, 1887; Sehora- 

^'s HJRtory uf Barl>iuioas, ISIS, pp. 268- 

; CnleiuJiiraofCuloumlStataPnpera; Addit. 

c.n.f. 

"WILLOUGHBY or WILLOBIE, 
"INKi^ (1574 P-l.i96?), the eponymous 
1 of the poem colled ' Willobiea Aviaii,' 
) second son of Henr?- Willoughby, a 
_ intry gentleman of Wiltshire, by Jitne, 
touehler of one Dauntsey of Lttvinglon, 
Wiltshire. A younger brother was named 
Thamka. The father's father, Chriatophef 
Willoughby, was illegitimate son of Sir 
_WiUi«ni Willoughby, the brother of Sir 
Hobeit Willoughby, first baron Willouffhby 
ft Broke, [q. v.] (cf. Hoabb, Modrn Wilt- 
'^■— ■ V 38-9). Henry matriculated as a 
r from St, John's College, Oifonl, 
plODec. 1591, at the age of sixteen. Ac- 
o the report of a ' friend and cham- 
irfdlow,' he was ' a scholler of good hope.' 
e may be the ' Honey Willouj^bie" who 
ftdoaled B.A, from Eiteter College on 
> Fob. 1594 fi (Oj:ford Unie. Jlrg. Oxf. 
■ .8oc.n.ii, 18T,iii. 189). Soonafterthat 
'being desirous to sue Ihe fashions of 
r countries fur a time,' be ' departed 
intarily- to her maieatie's service ' ( Wil- 
rt Aviia, ed. Qrosart, p. 5). Before 

Jniw 169B he is ri^ported to have died (ui, 
.i 149). 

On aSept. 1594 there was licensed for the 
nieaa'abook entitled Willohy his Avisa, or the 
TrnePictuK nf a Modest Maid and of a Cliaate 

d Constant Wife ' (Akber, Statioiirri' Of- 
irf, ii, 6r>9), and shortly afterwards the 

_ . k issued from the press of John Wiodet. 

1 tbia Tolume, whiab nininly consists of 
■Tenty-two cantos in varying numbers of 

^^Jx4ine stanzas (fantastically called by the 
■i^tiiOF 'hexameters'), the chaste heroine, 
f-;^Tiaa, holds converse— in the opening sec- 
** » M ft maid, and in the later sections as 
_ ife — with a series of passionate adorers. 
In every case she firmly repnlaes thuir ad- 
vaaces. Midway through the book ' Henry 
Willofaie' is intrriduced asan ardent admirer, 
in his own person, chieHj- under the initials 
'H.W.' It is explained inaprose interpola- 
tion that Willobte has sought the advice of 
ainend, ' W. S.,' who had lately gone through 
the experience of a severe rebuff at the hands 
of a disdainful mistress. After ' W.S.' light- 
heartedly offers some tantalising advice in 
Terse, ' H.W.,' in the twenty-nine cantos 

^\rliieh form the last portion of the volume, 

^Bfe made to rehearse his woes and Ayisa's ob- 

^■oTMy. 

^V^Two prefaces, one addressed to 'all the 




1 of Eng- 



conatant ladies and gentle< 
land that feare God,' and the other 
gentle and courteous reader,' are both signed 
' Hadrian Dorrell.' The second is dated trotn 
Dorrell's ' chamber in Oxford this first of Octo- 
ber.' Dorrell t-akea responsibihty for the 
publication, stating that he found the manu- 
script in his friend Willobie's rooms wliile 
he was absent from the country, DorruU 
says that he christened the work ' Willnbie 
his Avisa' becauaehesupposedit was Willo- 
bie's ' doing and being written with his own 
hand.' ile explains that the name ' Avisa ' 
was derived from the initial letters of tiie 
words ' amaiu rj'or inniolata afiiiper aninndn,' 
and that there waa 'something of truth 
bidden under this shadow.' 

In 15t>6 I'cter Colau produced a poem on 
the same model as ■ WillobieB .\visa,' which 
b'ti called ' Penelopes Complaint.' CoUe de- 
clares that 'seeing an unknowne author 
hath of late published a pamphlet calleil 
Avisa ' concerning the chastity of a lady of 
no historical repute, he deemed it fitting to 
treat of the chastity of Penelope. Oolse 
speaks approvingly of the unknown author's 
style and \'eise, which he closely imitates. 

To Colse'a effort ' Hadrian Dorrell ' at onou 
rsplied in 1590 in a new edition of ' Avisa,* 
t(i which he prefixed an 'Apologie shewing 
the true meiiniug of " Willobie his Avisa." ' 
This was dated irom Oxford 'this .SO ofJuno 
lu96.' Dorrell, in contradiction to his former 
statBment,declarestliat the whole of Avisa' 
was a poetical fiction which was written 
'thirty-five years since, and long lav among 
the waste papers in the authors study, 
with many other pretty things of his devis- 
ing,' including a still unpublished work called 
' Susanna.' The name ' Avisa ' he now nllirms 
either means that the woman desoribed liad 
never been seen, ' a ' being the Greek priva- 
tive particle, and ' eUa' the Latin participle; 
or was an irregular derivative from anw, a 
bird. At the close of the 'Apologie' he 
remarks that Willobie is lately dead. 

( Dorrell's general tone suggests that bis 
two accounts of the origin and intention of 

j the book are fictitious, while the conflict be- 
tween his statements respecting the author 

I renders it unlikely that either Is wholly true. 

', But that Dorrell had ground for his claim 
of intimacy with Henry WlUoby, the Oxford 
student, aeema supported by the fact that he 
adds to this edition of 1596 apoem in tba 
same metre as ' Avisa,' headed ' The Victorir? 
of Knglish Chsstitle under the falned name 
of Avisa,' and signed ' Thomas Willob? frater 
Ilonrici Wllloby luiper defuncti." Ihe Or- 



Willoughby 36 Willoughby 



Hadrian Dorrell was apparently assumed. No ISSO the first edition, with extracts from the 

Oxford student bearing that appellation is additions tirst published in lo96, although 

known to the university registers. It is pro- now only accessible in the editions of 1609 

babl'.* that ' Hadrian Dorrell * was sole author and 16i'^^. The portion supposed to refer to 

of * A visa.* and that he named his work after Shaki>speare was reprinted in 'Shakspere 

his friend Henrv Willoby, in the same man- Allusion Books' (pt. i. ed. C. M. Ingleby, 

ner as Xicolas lJn;*ton named a poem, *The New Shakspere Society, lS64,pp. 69 et seq.) 

Countess of Pembrokes Passion, after the m ^» * r rrn u- u* • • 

11 J i* 1 ^ [GrosHrt s reprint of W illobie his Ansa, 

m roness m whose honour and for whose ,gL jjij^ ^U-, ^if, „f Shakespeare. 1898.] 

delectation it was written. * j i L 

Thechief interest of the poem lie-in it sap- 

parent bearings on Shakespeare's biography. WILLOUGHBY, Sir HUGH (d. 15o4V 

In prefatory vt-rses in six-line stanzas, which sea-captain, was the grandson of Sir Hugh 

are sijrned* Contraria Contrariis : Vigilan- Willoughby of Wollat on, Nottinghamshire, 

tius: Dormitanus,' direct mention is made of and youngest son of Sir Henry Willoughby 

Shakespt.'aTt''s pofm of* Luorece,' which was of >iiddleton, who was made a knight-ban- 

licensed ft>r the pn*ss nn 9 May 1 ">94, only n»*ret at the battle of Stoke in 1487, and 

four months before *Avisa.' This is the died in 15-f*. He served in the expedition 

earliest open refen^nce made in print by a to Scotland in 1544, and was knighted by 

c»intempr»rary author to Shakespeare's name, the Earl of Hertford (afterwards Duke ot 

The notice of Shakespeare l«*nds substance Somerset^ at Leith on 11 May. He after- 

to the theory that the alleged friend nf Wil- wards had a commission on tne border, and 

loby, who is known in the poem under the was captain of Lowther Castle in 1548-9 

initials * W.S.,' may ]x» the dramatist himself (Cai. State Paprrf, l>om. Addenda, 1547- 

* W.S/ is spokt-n of as * the old player.' If 15<V"», p. 40J), but the downfall of Somerset 
this identitv be admitted, there is a likeli- m at eri all v altered his posit ion. and the friend- 
hood that the troubled amour from which ship ofsome persons connected with the navy 

* W.S.' is said in the pi>em to have n»cently is said to have turned his thoughts towards 
recovered is identical wiih the intrigue that the sea. It would seem that Sebastian Cabot 
forms one of the topics of Shakespeare's son- was one of these. It may be, too, that he 
nets. The frivolous tone in which * W.S.' was known as a capable commander, and at 
is made in 'Avis:i' to n-fT to his recent that time rank and authority were more con- 
amorous adventure sug^jfsts, moreover, that sidered than seamanship and navigation. 
the prof tossed t on r of pain which characterises He was app"^inted captain of the ship Bona 
the poet's addresses to a disdainful mistw'ss Esperanza and captain-general of the fleet 
in his sonneta i> not to bit interpreted quite for the intended voyage to Cathay; Richard 
frerioufcly. Chancellor 'q. v." was captain of the Edward 

• Willi jbies -\visa' proved popular, and Bonaventiire and pilot-general of the fleet ; 
rapidly went thrf»iii:h six editions, but very and with him, as master of the Edward 
few c.jii-s survixe. Of the first edition. Bv>na venture, was Stephen Borough [q. v.], 
piblished in l.'>iU. two perfect copies an* * who was accompanied bv his younger bro- 
Kn>wn — one in the British Museum, and the ther, William liirough ''q. v.l There was 
other in Mr. Christie Milh-rs library at a tliinl ship, the I^ina Confidentia (cf. *J. 
Brirw-'.; ; a slightly imp':'r feet opy is in the p. A^'2), The object of the Toyage, as laid 
Hu7:i Lir)T-arv. No cot»v is now known either down bv Cabot* in the instructions dated 
f'f tbe edition of loi^t). containing for the 9 May l.V>o, was to search for a north- 
fir-: ^'.znr I)'»rreri'> ' A]» ohyit. ' a id Thomas eastern ]M»ssage to Cathay and India, and on 
Willoby's c"»ntributi.in, or of a third edition the next day the ships lef^ Ratclifie. They 
public hi- 1 after l.M»»i and ber»re ItJOo. A dn^pped down the river by easv stages, were 
iourtij edition rth*/ fourth time corrected detained for several weeks off Harwich, and 
an'liiarniented'j wa?. issu'^d by Windet, the did not finally get away till 23 June. On 
oricinul printer and puhlisvher. in ItH.)*); a 27 July they anrhon^d at one of the Lofoden 
uiii jue c'-ipy is Lt Brit well. lUgford. l^n- Isles, and ri^mained there three days. On 
jauiin Furley. and .ther cull'-ctors noted an 2 Aug., in latitude 70". a boat came off" from 
edition of im.K*. which was pr .bnbly a * re- the shore and promised to get them a pilot for 
maind'-r" is?-ue of xh^ fourth edition. The Vardohuus, apparently the onlv place they 
work wilt reprint'-d in Iti-Vi liv William knfw by name. But' the wini blew them 
Stans^Sy. and was described on the title-pajro off the shon^ and freshened into a violent 
■ as Mhe nrih time crjrrected an 3 ancrm^nl-d : ' gale, in which the ships were separated. The 
a copy, sjiid to be uniijue. is in t!ie Briii.-h Ks]»eranza and Contidentia met again the 
Museum. Dr. Orosart rejriLted privately in . next day. but they saw nothing more of the 




Willoughby 



Wil lough by 



I 



I 



Edw&rd, which, as we now kiiow, gol into 
Wliite Sea and to St. Xiuhoias. 
On 14 Aag. Ibe ships discovered land, ap- 
parently uninLabited, in latitude 72°, but 
were unable to roach it b; roaMin of the 
sbosl water and the ice. From this position 
tliev ran seventy leagues S.S.E., llien steered 
N.W. by W. for a day, then for two days 
W.S.W., and on the 33rd they saw land, 
trending W.S.W. and E.N.E. ; lien, befnre 
k strong westerly gale, they ran to the 
N. by E. thirty leagues. It is well to note 
tbeee positions and courses, as they show 
jlearly than is otherwise possible the 

i8 i(piorancfl of all the responsible 

officers, Chancellor and Borough being ab- 
sent, not only of the pilotage but of the 
most simple naviMtion. If the latitude 73° 
is to be accepted as anything tike correct, 
they had been blown over Co the coaA of 
NovayaZemlya, but the courses sailed after- 
wards are incomprehensible. On 14 Sept. 
they again found themselves in with tne 
land, rocky and high, where were good har- 
boiira. For the next three days they ex- 
■mined the coast, and on the ISth went 
into one of the harbours, sfterwards known 
U Arxina, near to Kegor. where Norwe- 
gian lApland marches with Ru-saian. It 
wa« described as runninK'into the mainland 
about tw'i leagues, and in breadth half a 
league ; wherein were vary many seal Kahes 
And other great fishes; and upon the main 
we saw bears, great deer, foxes, with divers 
strange beasts ... to us unknoivn and also 
wonderful.' Here, considering the lateness 
of the season and the badneiwof the weather, 
they resolved to winter. But for wintering 
in an arctic climate they had no provision. 
The country was entirely desolate and unin- 
lubited, and Willoughby and his companions 
iferished miserably. 'When, some few years 
■^ rBrds,the ships and bodies were found, 

were found also Willoughby'a journal 

«id will, by which it appeared lliat he and 

moat of the party were still alive in January 

1554. The journal is printed in Hokluyt's 

'I^ncipal Navigations' (i. 232-7}, and a 

muiuscript copy of it is in the Oottanian 

Hianiucripta(OthoE.viii.lO),huttheorieinal 

"■"adissppeared. Neither it nor the will can 

iwbe traced; nor is anything clearly ki 

their discovery or of their being brought 

England. .\ll that can be said is that the 

iramonly received stories (FoJ Bourne, 

tlM Seamen, i. 99) are directl' 




Yi) that nothing certain was 
! summer of 155". 
By his will (Porch, 34), proved 1 July 
b638, Sir Henry left to Hugh * all my liui<£t 



in Mapurley in the county 
of Di'iby, Brokislow, and Basaeford in Not- 
tinghamshire, and a parcel of land at Wal- 
sall in Staffordshirv;' and further directs, 
as to certain sums due to him, ' that my son 
John shall receive the same, to the use to 
purchase orbuyamarriage for my son Hugh, 
if the same Hugh will be guided and ordered 
bv mv said son Sir John Willoughby ; or 
else the same sums of money to he disposed 
for the wealth of my soul.' Of the marriage 
so bought there does not seem to be any 
direct record ; but in the will of Sir John 
(Populwell, '12), proved 22 Jan. 1-548-9, 
mention is made of 'my niece liose, daughter 
of my brother Hugh,' as welt as a legacy of 
6/. 13». 4rf. yearly ' to my brother. Sir Hugh.' 
In the Wollaton accounts there is also men- 
tion of 20/. a year paid out of the Wollaton 
property to Henry, son of Sir Hugh (Col- 
VILB, p. 813). 

A portrait, full length, preserved al Wolla- 
ton, was lent by Jjord Middleion to the 
Tudor Exhibition of 1890 and to the Naval 
Exhibition of 1891. 

[Hakluyt's Pcineipal Navigations, i. 226-37; 
ThorolQo's Hist, uf Nottinghamahire, 1787. ii. 
2U<J ; Culvile's Warwickshiro Worthiiw. p. 813 ; 
Brown's Worthies nf Nottingbamsbire, p. 113; 
Benzley's John nod SetiBSCian Cabot, lft9H, pp. 
182, 186, 195; information from Lady Midifle- 
toti.] J, K. L. 

WHjLOUGHBY.SirNESBITJOSI.^H 
(1777-1849), rear-admiral, descended from 
a younger branch of tlie Wollaton family, 
And Hiin of Robert Willoughby of Cossatl, 
Nottingham shire, by his second wife, Bar- 
bara, daughter of James Bruce of Einlocb, 
vfas bom on 29 Aug. 1777. His christian 
names suggest some connection with the 
family of Lady Nelson's first husband [see 
Nblsok, Frincks Hbrbeet, Viscocntkss 
Nelson], but there does not appear to l>a 
any record of it. He entered the navy in 
Way 1790 on board the Latona, with Cup- 
tain (Sir) Albemarle Bertie ; he was after- 
wards in the Edgar and other ships on tho 
home station, and in January 1793 went 
out to the coast of Africa in the Orpheus 
frigate, which, after a successful cruise 
against the French trade, was sent round to 
the East India station, where she captured 
the French frigate Duguay-Trouin on fi May 
1794. At the reduction of Malacca in 
August K9ii Willoughby had command of 
e. boat, and in February -March 1796 was 
at the occupation of Amboyna and 
Banda (James, i. 414-15), from which even 
a midshipman's share of the prize-money 
musthavebeen considerable. He wasafter- 
wards in the Heroine and in the SuSblk, 



I 
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Willottgbby distinftuialii>(l bimaelf through- 
out by bis d&nug oud the reckless oicposure 
of himself; frequeully, it was said, takiag 
his meala sitlinK >" b. chair upon the ram- 
pkrts or brenstwork of the battery (James, 
111. 295). Willoughbj seems to have denied 
the chair, and to have muiatained that in 
the circumstances the example was neces- 
evj. This vras perhaps an aftertbouffbt, for 
during the whole ol his service dangiir, 
whether from storm, the sea, or the enemy, 
seems by itself to have been siiHieient lure i 
but the instances of this are far too nume- 
rous to be even named here. In February 
1W)5 Duckworth hoisted bis flag in the 
AcasiB fri)fate and appointed Wuloughby 
her tir^t lieutenant, intending to promote 
him on bis arrival in England. The eircum- 
stADces of his quarrel with Captain (Sir 
James Athol) l\ood [q.v.] and the court- 
martial ansine out of them prevented this ; 
aud wuloughby was appointed to the Prince 
on 8 July I8O0, but was not able to join 
her tiU 8 Nov., eighteen days after the battle 
of Trafalgar. 

Wiiloughby was afterwards in the For- 
midable, antf in 1807 was in the Koyal 
Ueorg«, Duckworth's flagship, on tlie occa- 
aion of his forcing the passitge of the Dur- 
danelles ; on 14 Feb., when the Ajax was 
destroyed b^ lire [see Blackwood, Sir 
llBSBr], he, in the Roya! George's cutter, 
was one of the first to go to her assistance, 
and succeeded in saving many lives, but at 
the greatest personal risk. In July 1807 
be waa discharged to the Otter sloop for a 
passage to Monte Video and the Cape of 
Good Hope, where he was promoted to the 
rooimaQd of the Otter on 10 Jan. 1808, 
though the commission was not confirmed 
by the admiralty lill 9 April. The Otter 
then Bent for n cniise off Mauritius 
to Bombay under the orders of Cnp- 

., Bobert Corbet [q. v.] of the NOrtide; 

And on ber return to Cape Town in the 
following January, Wiiloughby was brought 
before a court-martial on charges of 'cruelly 
and unoKicer-likc conduct' preferred against 
him in a letter to the admiral, signed ' The 
■hip Otter's company, one and all.' It ap- 
liBeu«d from the evidence that there had 
■Been a great deal of flogging and starting — 
TjfRMoiwuous beating witli a stick or rope's- 
' — and that it had been commonly ace om- 
ied by violent threats; that Wiiloughby 
aaid that ' it was as much pleasure to 
punish a man when he comes to the 
;way as it wan to go to his breakfast,' 
'* ' ' ha would flog like hell and start 
The trial lasbj over live days, 
14 Feb., and in the end Wiiloughby was 



acquitted, but was recommended 'to adopt 
mare moderate language on future ooco- 
aions'(6Wri«Afar(ia/, vol. cxKV.) In view 
of the evidence, the acquittal appears strange, 
for the punishments had certainly been ex- 
cessive and irregular J atlll more open to 
censure seems the fact that one of the cap- 
tains sitting on this court was Corbet, who, 
on the days immediately preceding, had been 
tried for a similar o Hence, and had been simi- 
larly acquitted with a slight reprimand. 

After refitting, the Otter woa again sent 
ofT Mauritius, and on 14 Aug. Wiiloughby, 
in the sloop's boats, brought out a vessel 
strongly anchored under the batteries of the 
Black river. On ^1 Sept. he commanded 
the seamen who were put un shore at 
St. Paul's with the troops, and had an 
important share in the happy success of the 
operation [see Rowley, Sir Jobias}. For 
hiB exertions at this time the commander- 
in-chief at the Cape, his old patron Albe- 
ranrle Bertie, proutotud him to command 
the N£r6ide frigate; but his commission as 
post-captain wa« not confirmed till nearly a 
yeur later (5 Sept. 1810), ond then for 
another piece of service— the landing with 
a party of a hundred men on the night of 
30 April, destroying two Prciieh batteries 
at Jacotel, and utterly routing a strong 
body of militia, Wiiloughby himself leading 
the onslaught in full-dress uniform. A few 
weeks after this (15 June) he narrowly 
escaped being killed by the occidental burst- 
ing of a musket fired in exercise. As it 
was, his right lower jaw was shattered, and 
his neck so lacerated that the windpipe was 
laid bare. For nearly three weeks ne lay 
between life and death, but on 7 July he 
took part in the capture of Bourbon, and, 
with bis face and neck still bound up, 
superintended the landing of the troops. 

In August ISIO he was with Captain (Sir 
Samuel) Pym [q. v.] at the seizure of the 
Isle de la Posse on the 13th, and was left 
there when Pym went round to Port Louis. 
On the 20th the French squadron came in 
sight— four large ships and a sloop ; and 
though two of the former proved to oe East 
Tndiamen nriies, the other two were 40-gun 
frigates, wnich, by going round to Port Louis 
to join the French ships there, would have 
placed Pym in a position of very great danger. 
With equal good judgment and boldness 
Wiiloughby, by hoisting French flags and 
signals, decoyed the enemy into the passage : 
when they found out their mistake they 
were no longer able to turn, and were obliged 
to go into the Grand Port, after a sharp 
interchange of broadsides with the N§r6ide. 
At the very first Wiiloughby had sent oft' 



J 



Willoughby 



40 



Willoughby 



tLf; n«w9 to Ptm, who joined him on the 
tS'Jiid with three p^iwerful frigates ; the force 
wb.k ovf^rwhelminjrly superior to the French, 
hi A l*rm T*TV}\\*i*i to ffo into the port and 
t4£r or de'^tn'jv them. Jiut as he attempted 
tf/ 'io ^j on the i^'ird two of his ships ran 
a^TO'jrid and could not be moved ; a third, 
fify.Ti'/ on the wrong side of a shoal, was 
ur^b2e to get close enough in ; the N^r^ide 
alone »ucc>;ed«»'i in reaching her allotted 
ration, and found herself the target for the 
whole French force. After one of the most 
oh-t]nat^ defences on record, being reduced 
to a frhattered wreck and having lost 222 
men killed or wounded out of a total of 
2-1. fc^je f>truck her colours on the morning 
of the 24th. Tlje terrible loss of men was 
parly explained by the fact that the upper 
work* of the hhip — a French prize — were 
line'J with fir, which, on l>eing broken through 
by rrannon thot, jrave off showers of dangerous 
►plJnti:r**. At the very beginning of the 
hfr*i'm hJif, of these struck ^Villoujrhbv on 
tb'r l»rlt cheek and tore the eye completely 
o<it of the B'x;k«'t. The first lieutenant was 
kiile'J : the Mrcoiid lieutenant dangerously 
wounded; the lieutenant of marines was 
aly; wounded; two lieutenants of soldiers 
wer«- killwj. When, after the capture of 
the Irle of France in Dec€»mber,AVilloughbv 
r»-/!ov*-r«r*J his lib'-rtv and was tried for the 
lo-i- '»f the NV-reid'*, the court declared that 
th'* -hip had l>r«'n * curried into battle in a 
mo-r juflirioun. olficer-like, and gallant man- 
n*T/ and formally expr<'->s<.td * its high admira- 
tion of the noble r-onduct of the captain, 
<}\\\(t.fi, and chip's company during the whole 
of the uner^nal contest.' The snntence, con- 
cludJn/ with a * most honounibb* ' acquittal, 
has been correctly descriljed as * uuprece- 
denti'd * ( .Mar.- 11 ALL). 

On his rntum to England Willoughby 
was surveyed by a medical board, and on 
their rep^>rt was awarded (4 Oct. 1811) a 
jMrn'^ion of *KX>/. p-r annum, which was 
afrirward-. n July 1815) increased to TkiO/. 
M»*hntime, in I'^li', havinrr no immediate 
pro^p^-ct of Hmploym^'ut, he obtained leave 
to ;:o abroad, and went to the Baltic, where 
he offered his services as a volunteer to Sir 
ThonjJis JUam Martin Tn. v.], then com- 
mandin;r in the (lulf of'Kigu. learning, 
howtrwr, from Martin that there was no 
imiuediaTe proj-jM-ct of any active operations, 
he wf-nt on to St. IVttTsburg, whore his 
otr*-r to serve with the iJussian army was 
acc^j»ted. He was then s^mt to Kiga. from 
which, nn iJO »Sept.. he accompanied Count 
Steinheil, who, with a force of fiftotMi thou- 
sand men, was marcliinji to join Wittgonsiein 
at rulotzk. Before this could be ellV^cted 



, Steinheil wu FnrpriMd br m verj inferior 
: French detachmeiit, and utterly routed with 
i the loss of some two thousand men killed or 
taken prisoners. A mongtheie latter was Wil- 
loughby, who had put a wounded Russian 
. on his own horne. and was himself leading 
it when he fell into the hands of a party <h 
French hossars. A Dutch officer in the 
French service befriended him and supplied 
him with money, so that he was able to 
make the terrible retivat from Kussia with 
comparative comfoit. Even so, however, 
the hardships he underwent told severely on 
a constitution alxeadv tried bv wounds and 
a tropical climate, and at Kiinigsberg he was 
seized with a fever which confined him to 
bed for seven weeks. Special representations 
had been made on bis behalf by order of 
\ the czar, but Napoleon refused to exchange 
; him, and on his ivtum to France ordered 
him to be confined au tecret in the Chateau 
de Bouillon. Here he remained for nine 
months, till, on the advance of the allies, 
he was moved to Peronne, whence he 
. managed to escape. 

On 4 Jan. 1S15 Willoughby was nomi- 
nated a C.B. : from 1^18 to lh'22 he com- 
manded the Tribune frigate on the coast of 
Ireland and in the West Indies ; on 30 June 
18i'7 he was knighted at the instance of the 
Duke of Clarence, then lord high admiral, 
and again, by a curious blunder of the 
, king's, on 21' Aug. 1832, when he was in- 
: vested with the insignia of a K.C.H. ; on 
I 14 Jan. 1839 he was awarded a good-service 
: pension, and on 30 Nov. 1841 was appointed 
a naval aide-de-camp to the queen. He 
was promoted to be rear-admiral on 28 April 
1847, and died, unmarried, at his house in 
Montagu Street, Port man Snuare, after a 
fortnight's suffering, on 19 May 1849. It 
is said that by the seamen of his day he 
was known as ' the immortal.' 

A portrait of Willoughby is at AVollaton, 
the property of Lord Middleton, by whom 
it was lent to the Na%-al £.xhibition of 1891. 

[The Memoir in Marshairs Roy. Nav. Biog;r. 
vi. (^uppl. pt. li.) Ill is unusually long (eighty- 
four pages), written apparently from notes sup- 
plied by Willoughby himself; that inO'Bymes 
Nav. Biogr. Diet, is merely an abstract of Mar- 
^h;ll^s. See al.-so Gent, Mag. 1849, ii. 648; 
.Tames's Naval Hist. (1861 edit., in vol. vi. is 
anengnivingof thoWollatoD portmit); Troude's 
liatailUs Na vales de la Fninee ; oflicial docu- 
ments in the Public Record Office, more espe- 
cially the Minutes of Courts Martial.] 

J. K. L. 

WILLOUGHBY, RICHARD de {d 

lWi>\ judge, was the son of a Richard de 
Willoughby who acted as justice in eyre 




\Vi Hough by 



4" 



Wi Hough by 



I 

I 



ider UdwBfd IT, and purchased the manors 
Wollntun in Nnttioghsmshire niid liisley 
Derbyahiiv. The original aaaui cif the 
hmilj w&s Bugge. They tonk the name of 
Willou^hby from their lordship of t.h«t name 
h) NoiriDghamithire. In 1824 the younger 
Richard was substituted for his father ab 
knight of the shire for that county, and was 
about the sainu time appointed chief justice 
of the common pleaa in Ireland (Pari. Writ*, 
306. 312, 314 ; Cal. Rot. Pat. pp. 78, 94, 
97), He is mentioned as one of tne justices 
feppotnted for the trial of the persons who 
bad spoiled Ilenry le Deepensur's lands in 
1322 {Pari. Writi. ii. ISU). On the accea- 
siaii of Edward HI he waa removed from 
litt office and appears in the yeHr-book of 
the first year of that reign as an advocate. 
On 6 March 1328 be was made a justice 
of the common ^leas, and on 3 .Sept. 1329 
became second justice. On 15 Dec. 1330 
he waa removed into the court of king's 
bench ; and when Geoffrey le Scrope [q.v.l, 
the chief justice, went abroad with the King, 
Willoughby occupied the chief seat during 
his absence, at different times from 1332, 
till Geoffrey ie Scrope ultimately resigned in 
the middle of 1338. From this time he 
presided in the court until he was displaced 
on 24 July 1340 (Foes). 

In 1331 he was captured journeying 
towarda Grantham bv a certain Richard de 
Folville, and compelled to pay a ransom of 
ninety marks (Kkibhton, i. 4'60l. In No- 
Tember 1340 he was arrested by order of 
the hing, and imprisoned in Corfe Castle 
{French Chronicle of London, p. 84). He 
WKt tried on several charj^a at Westminster 
on 13 Jan. (Si. p. 87). But he was restored 
to office as one of the justices of the com- 
mon pleas on 9 Oct. following, and continued 
to hold the office of judge till 1357, but pro- 
bably retired in that year (DusDiLE, Originet 
:JiirulunaIft,f.4&). Jle died in 13(12. His 
Rctensive estates were situated in the coun- 
ties of Nottingham, Derby, and Lincoln, but 
he also had a house in London in ' le Balj ' 
itCat. Inq. pott niartfm, ii. ^56), He married, 
■ttret, Isabel, daughter of Sir Roger Mortein ; 
Ifecondly, Joanna; and thirdly, Isabellu, and 
ludsevernl children. Later members of the 
Uknilf were Sir Hugh Willoughby fq. v.], 
■Sir hesbit Josiah Willoughby [(]- v.], and 
icis Willughby, the naturjist [q. v.] 
'oss'a Judges of EafrluDd, and authorities 



WILLOUGHBY, Sir liOBERT, first 
BABOirWiiLoifOKBYDE Broke (14o2-1502), 
born in 1452, was son and heir of Sir John 
Willoughby, und great-great-grandson of 




Robert, fourth baron Willoughby de Eresby 
Id.nW). His father wasprubably the John 
Willoughby who was abenff of Somerset i 
1455. The ancestral seat was at Clutton J 
that county, where Sir Robert afterwards 
acquired other estates. His mother waa 
Anne, daughter and coheir of tjir Edmund 
Cheney or Cheynu of Broke, Wiltshire, and 
U p-Ottery, Devonshire. In or before 1475 he 
married Blanche, daughter and coheir of Sir 
JohnChampemowneof Beer Ferrers, Devon- 
shire, and Callinglon. Cornwall. Through 
her he became possessed of the Beer Ferrers 
eslate. His mother died in or before 147S, 
in which year he was found to be cousin and 
coheir, in her right, of Humphrey Statford, 
earl of Devon [q. v,] His mother's family 
were strong Lancastrians, and Willoughby 
joined them as one of the leaders in the 
abortive rising of lienry Stafford, second 
duke of Buckingham [q. t.], in October 
1483. After the dispersion of the insurgents 
"Willoughby, with three of the Cheneys, 
escaped to Brittany (Polvdorh Vbroil, 
p. /OO), where they joined Henry Tudor, 
earl of Richmond (lienry VII). An act 
of attainder was immedialety passed, in 
which Willoughby is described as ' late of 
Byerferrys, knight' (Rot. Pari. vi. 246). 
Probably under a gf^nt following on thia 
act, Humphrey Stafford of Grafton eeited 
"Willoughby's estates [see under Stafford, 
HuHFKBEr, Earl of Dgton]. 

Willoughby doubtless returned with Rich- 
mond when he landed at Milford on 7 Aug. 
1485. He is mentioned by the 'Croylaiid 
Continuator' (p. 574) among the fourteen 
leading generals of Richmond s army at Bos- 
worth. Immediately after the victory Henry 
detached him from the main army to march 
irom Leicester to Sheriff Ilutton in York- 
shire, and seiie the person of Edward, earl 
of Warwick, son of George, duke of Clarence, 
and nephew of Edward IV, and his cousin, 
the IVincess Eliiabetb, who hud both been 
imprisoned there by Richard III. Sheriff 
Ilutton apparently surrendered without re- 
aistsnce, and W^illoughby marched with 
Warwick to London (Poltdokb Vbkoil, 
p. 718). 

On 21 Sept. in the same year Willoughby 
was granted the receivership of the duchy 
of Cornwall and the office of steward of all 
manner of mines in Devonshire and Com- 
ws!l in which there was any proportion of 
gold or silver. He waa appointed high 
steward of the household preporatory to 
Henry VH's coronation on 30 Oct. (Camp- 
bell, Mat. ii. 3, &c.) Parliament met on 
7 Nov, 1485, and at once repealed Ri- 
chard IH'b act of attainder against WU- 



1 
I 



W'illoughby 42 Willoughby 



liiiinhbv niul olluT Lanoastrian^ {,Kot. Pari. [ as his enfoy to Brittany. Willoughby's in- 

VI. '.MO. nuiupU(\\v ScatVord was ate dinted, structions were to promise aid against the 

lull III* UuvIh wi^n^ o\i»mpi«\i t'wux torteiturv French if the duchess would refuse the 

III I ho ^l^»wu. niul WiUoiuhby, who apjwars French kinir's proposals. Willoughby was 

Id !m\o mouihI I horn v>n h-.s lu'irvh to Sa.-, riaf- at the s^me time (It) July 1490) appointed 

llultnu, ivuuunI thi'm ill ivAvViuI iKVssts- iiniLral of the fleet iRtmer, Fadera, xii. 

*•»"" 4.V»'. and left Enirland on 18 Aug. (Mk- 

\\ »lU»»i^hby IS tipst sryU^s * k-.i^li: :;r -he ckai>.\ J umaK p. il2>, at the head of a 

k»iu:'« IkhV» ' '»n a »:rH*',t dauv* 'J',* LVc. L4^'« ti:."i?acd arv'hers. whom he threw into the 

^r^M»tu:i I . M tf, J. -o. 4^o ^.. ^.^^ . .^^ ,.• M,,-:aix. Qn 21 .-^ept. he had audi- 

iil«» <iauu^l ou ;V J.;-; US- rV* :i:j:i*r :: -rco^r ^:' :*:ie dtichess at Hennes (i*6. p. 2:?0). 

I'ii»\. ik\i\ I iMxU \i\ Sv .vi.'c."' fiiv" '°^ ^"'- rirtri •Ir>?r.r5S 'this dijilomacv was proved 

Ili'ii'M \\oy»'^:t!... >s-:uci-v.\ •:;.-.'.:-'. :y :y :ir=:4Tr.,i:?rO!::heduohesstoCharle3VllI 

l.«li'«. U'i\l 'ouv'-i.v i;. ;.. ^ ^-^v: 'z f .- :c tIit I 11 .' wLnj '-* IW.. and the iucorpora- 

«m1 J u'l i?u' -vn: -. .■»!,• i i-:^:'> ;•:■ .r.::.".! -r ":> :i :: tir." Tiny with France. 
.vv«'T.M», I/, ^ :- ^,. ;*■ ^^7, -if A* i r:-«"iri ::r hi? s^-rvices Willoughby 

\ » t». M . p. ; : N. T^ ^^.j^ ..,.»:• ,..j4 „ -;. ,.^ ^j^i -_z::r -ztI : :■ pArliament by writ dated 

I,..)... ''!»■ '».. ..,.^ \ ■•; - \-..l-:- "■■..■.i 1_ A ^ -: Ii^-rr VII I Us*l^;' (see *Crea- 

I'x ' ' • «l i.;tv 1 ■■ t. ■•.":..: .7. :.:? :. ■.■.*. Iv**"-*:-*'" :r. hep.- Keeper Public 

^ . »■ I 'i r <''.\ .1 : • v< ■." \ ■ -4. z; ■-':.• r -*."-•••■. At^; 47:1'. Ke:». ; other authorities 

•' '» ■ ' * "' ^*^ . *"»'' « . • : ■ :4t.::".r : :V>- ^■. • li A:^ I«--"- . Ti-e defeat ofllenrv's 

^^ »..» <i.4'i ^^ . \\ ^."^y "'7 !-*■-> i... -L..'- Lzi .!> ri^Txu'ementa with the 

I' »■ " . •■^■'»' *. ^\ '.,>*■. ' Lr :ri:-^ ::' y_:iTH.r.-: '^. n — ' i-- :> whom Anne had 

K "' •" ' '- <•*■' v.«.-)L ': ;.'>::r:.: izr. : >•->—.■■; it^i. 3: r»rllrd him to an invasion 

I ■ • * ■ ■ ' .••".*••.-■;;:- -vl - . W .. : i :. . -v . • : ;' tlt- :v . *»V „ . .- ^liby was relieved of 

».i I . .« *"aI .■ .«..:.: -.. .s?*--^> :> .-. :_l- l.-'t^lI .-•■ =:T:.t 7- i. ::'■!! r ::■—:. th-Migh retained 

^ II. M \ ^^'\vv^!... V - . T*> •■ ::.->■ .7. :..* :-^:t l? iir:_rtl ±r.i nominated mar- 

, ..k- . '.•«.*'» ./■....:,:: t7 -J-'. .:-i.7 L ?■:.«_. :c :if ltzlj. Tbv campaign was 

^ ..» •«. ,v. , *\ A'.'..-.. 1^^ :y ll-.-ryXlZ *:. r A 7. ^-L^.-.x'tf*?:.:! *ir-re was laid to 

^ • ^ ^V\ V,*.. .i>" i: xri.> tTTi .:.■.:•! 2. :■•• ..;«:i'T. L7.I :i -' N v. a treaty of peace 

^ ..u.»» ■' .^■. .- .': j.x>.;: :. r 1»-. -. --:. "■. lt :. vl* r^r-i*:, i.: 5I.-tTlr-*. i :.^rmal request to 

y . .»\\ «.. V ' • •■' :•:.:.,• -;.-.r.f :!»:--.- z':.l' • f«:* :.L-'.r^ r^-fT. niie to Henry by 

I.. ..^ : *> >,:;.>-• N.v ' :j A: : t ■. *:.- - .M.-r ;-;.nnLr. l-rs 1 Nov. 1492, t A. 

^ ^». ,i.t. U' :.-•.. V :-. : :it 7 -."-•vi.. 7 -r^ r 'ir: ::V.:»izr IS Feb. Wil- 

.., !.. 1...*.^.!.;. ; NN .,....*;: :x >:-.=->:. l'- 1 ^; :-^ -^•>.^-'i & *-tj:i": 0: the office of 

tu « :. ■"' i.i.';'-« '.>>■'.'.*. ; i^", i-t . 7." 1.7 Vi .^-- <«:7r>. :.l1 ;■ ";.-^ "l7:->.- W 11: ^liine belonging 

l„i, \\ .iiH!.4.\ L.xr:^..;.-..-. ;:■ i: ■:!■. v*:.: - 1.-; r* :c **Vtrx.yi and Salisbury 
li. . I. Ml.' »l. -,..!«•„ :.> :i..»:-: ^V ...;..:- J - _•: > -^r::: v;i. ^', ii. m. ISV At 

, I 1 1 . . «, « u .■ V * ' ^ • -^ »'■*•■ •• --'^■* -•'' •>*-:•■- • " i '• ■ " * ■ • '^^ ~ • * - ■ . * -T r X ic: date being 

. • l«. . n'*> 7-iiL7. -iT.. L- "WL* ~Lif £ iTli^ht of the 

\, ill. -»ui.' ..'.*.* ^^ ■ ...::":v -i-?.* «:- -;.-- "i^:— ^i-f T=r*:>T-- i* l;ri steward on 

. i.i..i.u;\j.vx.,s'...: . : v.-.v :> .:l-.:^ 1 N i 1*-^ ->;./- Vt.z^t HrrjyiHenr>' 

Im .li. ,.M».\i..* .-. > ■ ^ .' -^ : '^^ >. Vlll T>-,.s ,"MTr..-. Iv.i- :: Y:rk. and took 

\\ ^ ,1 AwA \\'\ \yy . *: " ■' ^- ■ ="^- ■'"'■ " "-■ ^•-'"T" •- -' /i^'-ir.r.eof Arragon 

, ii.i>u(«^. ^^.* ... . ■■'■■ . >■ ■ • " ■ "'* ■ - v.f.TXs.--.. :..?::'> .:-;! Pajiers/i. 

i. II <• .,^«|s». .■ '.^ ■•' ^ « > - ; V* ^' ." >T.;.\-r77.Tl:y=:r:::wa5again5t 

t i- w.. ».« 1.1.1 .\.''v"."^" ■■ •• -^ . V -i ' *'^ }.-:••:•'*:..■ Iv-i-ilz Cornwall on 
f ■ I » '» . . % > ;•• V ^ -1 ■ S - ■ ^ * *»^ ."t- 7.t-«-s irrivrd that he 

J ,1,, ,u..„ ,...; ■ . . x» - - .• -^ .<•-•■:--- ::t .--.!.>: -k-.:'- a few ships, 

,.,,.. s\u .'. - * .' ^ ..«»'.■ V* ., :- .., i-^.-.T-Ll. "^ i command of 
\\ ' |,,li. .n.,l/«. 1 ■ -^ \ ' -. ". • ■ -►■ w-^ "->.■- il" . Hr took part 

,, , ,. .,, ,1.. »x.,. . .-. •» V ..." - - . . :a::t7 i irw days later 



)..u \ r- « \ ■ ^ . ■ X - 



, . ,. , ) ^^.^ . - * * ^ ^ .... - ^,v ■ . 7^ :■. : :.-• rx/i-rier in 1507 

..l. I, .,1.1 v- ' •'■ ' ^ ^ "^ ■ ■-■ ■-' ■•»^ Ml-- -:^'-by's death 



„i ,,» ,1, XV .. --^ , t .V • . ., ■». , ':> 11. •.•. io llr^n. VII, 

II , M ...X .. V V V -^ . > -'■..1. .:i:'r'i 19 Aug., 



,, . ,. J.,.., I .... ^ ^- "-^ :■■'■; IV-:. Hr 1-fi a s*in 

■ , ^.,„. 1.,.!. .:..-.».■. >•!.-', >:c.r..l bar>n W il- 

I'j".,., ^ III ||. ;.. ,.,.,:., .: W ' .>■*-« • .X '■ >•. * ».r,A i. i.i.;-^i:er Elizabtrth, 



Wills 

dh) John, lord UfDhain. Onltobert's 
utDiii in 1522,without8un'ivin2 male issue, 
iliB baroDV fell into nbeyanop betwepn the 
two daughters of liia son Edn'nnl : Eliza- 
betfa, wife of Sir Fulke Orerille [see under 
(iREtiLLE, Sir Fdleb, first Lokd Bkookg], 
and Blanch, wife of Sir FranoiB Dawtrey. 
\ descendant of the elder daughter, Richard 
\'eniey, aucceBsfully claimed the barony in 
lt(Q6 [eee Vebket, liicHAKO, third BiROS 

WlLLOCHHBI DE BBOKB]. 

{ BisUiria: Crojtaiidi'aBiB CoaUnualin in Gale's 
Sifriplnr^ (Oifard. IS84). pp. 1&1-B78 ; Poly- 
liom Vor(>il"« Historia Aoulica (ed. Leydva, 
1651); U«irsChroii.lS09: Machado's Jouroala 
ia Oairdocr's Memoriola of Henry VII (RoIIh 
tia. ISeS); Patent Bolls of UcDtjVU, KS. 
R.O,; HjmeT«F«dera(ed.I741); Rotuli Par- 
lianiBnlorum. vol. Ti. ; Gairdnar's LcttFm and 
F*pnt uf Richard 111 nnd Henry VII (2 vols. 
1881); Campbeira MatariuU for ft Hint, of 
H»nry VII (2 vols. 1873); Bncna's Hist of 
Btnrj VII. ed. Ellis and Spalding, I8fi8 ; Worka, 
to), ti.; AihmoU's Order of ihe Qartor, 1^72; 
AESlia's Begiater of the Garter, 3 vols. 1724; 
Btlii'a Order of the Garter, ISIt ; CallinBou'a 
Kim. of tkimMwt. 3 TOla. 1791; LpAos'a 
MiifEDA Britajinia, toI. vi. ' DaroDshlra' (18^2); 
Kiadnn'g Survey of Deronahire. 1811; Uoure'a 
SlMiorn Wiluhire. vol iv. ; Cullina's PooragP, 
Ed. lirrdgEa, 1812, rol. vi. ; G. E. C[oknyne]'s 
Complelfl PfirugB. 18S8; Buacb^B Konig Hein. 
rich VII (Staltgart. 1892).j I. S. L. 

WILLS, SiB CHAJiLES (1666-1741), 
freoeral, goa of Anthony Wills of St. 
Uorran, Cornwall, by ' Jenofer ' (Guinevere), 
his wife, was baptised at St. Oomin on 
2S Oct. 1666 (ParuA KegitUri. Hia father, 
whose Cimilv had been aetlled in Cornwall 
since «vlj in the aiiteenth century, farmed 
his own land, and, having encumbered 
Iiis e«t&t« with debtc, quitted the same 
at the revolution and oU'ered his ser- 
vices and those of six of hia eons to the 
IVince of Orange, who, it is said, gave tliem 
iJl commisiions {Paroehial Hint, of Gini- 
tcatt, pp. II, 101). Charles Wills appears 
\a have been appointed a subaltern in 
Colonel Thomas Erie's foot ret^iment (dis- 
banded in 10»8), with which corps he 
Berred in the Irish campaign. On I July 
1091 he was appointed cuptain in the regi- 
ment known as the 10th foot, tUe colonelcy 
of which had been bestowed on Erie on 
1 Jan. 1691. Wills served several campaigns 
in FUnders, including the battle of Landen. 
(In ti Nov. 1694 he was appointed major to 
Colonel Thomas Saunderson's foot regiment, 
and on I May 1697 was promoted lieute- 
nant-colonel. A few months later Saunder- 
•on's foot was disbanded and the officers 
placed on half-pay. On the Ibrmstion of 



3 Wills 

Viflcount Charlemont's foot regiment in Ire- 
land (:>8 June 1701). Wilts was appointed 
to the lieutenant-col (inelcy, and in the fol- 
lowing spring embarked with his corps for 
Cadis. 

Thence Charlemont's regiment was sent to 
the West Indies, where Wills gained distinc- 
tion in theislsndofOuadeloune, and several 
towns were burnt ofler the French troop* 
had been defeated. In the action st La 
BayliiTe ' Colonel Wills behaved himself with 
great bravery' (London Gazette, 10 May 
1703. He succeeded to the command of the 
troops on shore in April 1703; and, aRer 
burning and destroviug the French towns 
and fortificatioDs along the coast, he em- 
barked his troops on board the squadron on 
7 May 1 TOS, bringing away all the captured 
French guns. After losing many otticers 
and men in the West Indies, Charlemont's 
regiment (36th foot) returned to Ireland 
in the winter of 1703-4. 

In 1705 Wills accompanied the Earl of 
Peterborough to Spain as quartermasler- 
ffeneral, and served almost unintemiptedlT 
in tbu Peninsula until December 1710. iTe 
was at the tokin? of Barcelona on 4 Oct, 
1705, and nine doya later was appointed 
colonel of a regiment of marines (%th 
foot), vice Thomas Fownall. Wills was 
subsequently second in command in the 
district of Lerida, and rendered valu- 
able service in the important action at San 
Estevan, where be commanded after Majoi^ 
general Conyngham was inortall;y wounded 
(26 Jan. 1706); again distinguished him- 
self at (he defence of the town of Lerida, 
n-liicli capitulated after an obstinate de- 
fence ; was appointed a brigadier-general on 
IJan. 1707; commandt-d 1,500 marines and 
a Spanish regiment in Sardinia (170S), and 
reduced Cagliari. He was promoted major- 
general on 1 Jim. 1709, and appointed com- 
mander-in-chief of the forces on board Ad- 
miral Baker's fleet on 17 June in the same 

W'ills fought at Almcnaro in 1710, and 
commanded an infantry brigade at the battle 
of Sarogossa. He was thereupon recom- 
mended to Queen Annu for promotion to 
thegrade of lieutenant-genera! lAforWoroHiiA 
Dfi^tchm, T. 168), which rank had been 
already conferred on him in Spain by 
Charles HI, the titular king. In the unfor- 
tunate action at Brihuega on 1 Dec. 1710, 
Wills earned fresh laurels, and was men- 
tioned in General Stanhope's despatches as 
having been ' during the action at thu post 
which WB3 attacked with most vigour and 
which he as resolutely defended.' After 
sufiering a rigorous imprisonment of some 



I 
I 




months, \\'illa was allowed to return to 
EnKltiiid. 

When Preston was taken by the Jacobite 
forces in 1715, Witlg, wlio was then com- 
manding in Cheshire, asBcmbled his troops 
at Manchester, and then marched to Wiran, 
where be arrived on 11 Nov. He had at , 
hii disposal Che uavair; regimentB of PitI, | 
Wynne, Honeywood, Dormer, Munden, and ^ 
Stanhope, and Preston's foot reifiment. At 
WigBn Wills received intelligence thit 
Lieutenant-(feneral George Carpenter [<]■ v.l 
was ndvanciDg from Durham by forced 
marches with about nine hundred cavalrv, 
and would be ready to take the enemy in 
flank. Early on 12 Nov. Wills marched 
towards Preston, and at one in the after- 
noon he arrived at the bridge over the 
Ribble, and found thereabout three hundred 
of the rebel horse and foot who upon the 
approach of the royal troops withdrew 
hastily into the town, where barricades had 
been erected. On coming before Preston a 
reconnaissance was made by Wills in pet^ 
Eon, and, in consequence of his party bein? 
fired upon and two men killed, lie ordered 
an immediate assault by Preston's foot 
regiment, which corps behaved with ^reat 
hrayerr. At the anme time Wills ordered 
the whole town to be surrounded, to the 
right and left, by the cavalry. The rebels, 
being well posted behind the barricades, in- 
flicted great loss on Preston's regiment (the 
Cameroniana), which was commanded by 
Lieutenant-colonel Lord Forester. After 
two barricades had been gallantly charged, 
and the troops repulsed with equal courage. 
Wills drew offhismon, and, all the avenues 
to the town having been effect ual I v secured, 
the cavalry were ordered to stand at their 
horses' heads all that night. At nine o'clock 
next morning General Carpealer arrived 
with three dragoon regiments. The rebela 
witnessed the arrival of the reinforcements 
from the church steeple, and, losing heart, 
their commander was anxious to capitulate. 
' Unconditional surrender ' were the only 
terms that Carpenter and Wills would give, 
and after stormy debates within the be- 
leaguered town the rebels laid down their 
arms and sLirrendered ne.it morning [see 
FoBSTEJt. Thohas, 1675P-1738i and Ox- 

BXTRQH, HeNBI]. 

A good deal of friction occurred between 
Carpenter and Wills on this occasion, the 
former being the senior officer, and it 
■was increased by George I bestowing the 
rank of lieutenant-general on Wills 
directly news of the surrender of the rebels 
at Preston reached London, no notice being 
tlien talcen of Carpenter's share in the success. 



In .lanuary 1716 Carpenter sent achallengr 
by General Churchill to Wills (Li/e >^ 
Geoiye, Lord Carpmtrr), but the duel was 
honourably compromised by the generous 
intervention of tlie Dukes of Marlborough 
and Montagu. Wills was appointed 
colonel of Ibo 3rd foot on 5 Jan. 1716, 
governor of Portsmouth 1717, lieutenant- 
general of the ordnance on 22 April 1718, 
R.B. on 17 June 1725, colonel of the 
grenadier guards on 20 Aug. 1726, general 
commanding the foot in 1739, M.P. for 
Totnes (17U~41), and one of George I's 
privy council. 

Wills died unmarried in London on 3-5 Dec. 
1741, and was interred in Westminster Ab- 
bey ; there is a memorial inscription in the 
Guards' Chapel, Westminster). 

It appears from the 'Political State of 
reat Britain' for September 1726 that 
there was an intention, unrealised owing to 
'ge I'a (loath, of creating Wills a peer 
with the title of Baron Preston. With the 
— ^eptiou of a few legacies and an annuity 
of 200/. per annum to his nephew Kichard 
Wills, Sir Charles bequeathed all his for- 
tune, which was a very considerable one, to 
his executor, General Sir Kobert Rich, bart. 
This will was unsuccessfully contested by 
Sir llichard Wills in the probate court. 

ijohn Burcht^tt's Hist, of thp most remork- 
e Transflctiona at Sea ; Life of George Locd 
Carpuater; Dulboo's Eagllah Army Lista, iflCI- 
ITU, V'll. hi. ; Dr. John Friend's Xcmoir of tha 
E«rlof PeterimroughiGeorgiaQEfB; Hamilton's 
Hist, of the Grenadier Guards i Hist. MS3. 
Comm. nth Sep. App. pt. iv., wherein an 
socrral letters rebiting to Freston Sght. ITlf; 
London Qaxeltcs, eapraially those far 10 Uaj 
1T03 and 4 Oct, 1708; Bayer's Queen Anat, 
1736, pp. 2fli, 418, 48S; Lord Mahon's War of 
the Succei«ioa in Spain ; Parochial Hist. o( 
Comwnll, vol. ii,; Rapin's Hist, of EngUnd; 
VisiUUons of Cornwall, ed. Vivian (ISBT), 
which coutaia a pndigroe of the Willa fandty 
dmwnupby theltev. J.V.Wms; Warburtan's 
Memoir uf the Earl of Pet^rboroogh ; RegisM™ 
of Westminster Abbey.] C. D-m. 

WILLS, JAMES (1790-1808), poet and 
man of letters, born on 1 Jan. 1790, was Uie 
younger son of Thomas Wills of WilUgrove, 
CO. Roscommon, a country gentleman be- 
longing to afamily of Comish extraction long 
settled in Ireland, who had married as his 
second wife a daughter of Captain Jamea 
Browne of Moyne, co. Itoscommon. Ue re- 
ceived his education at Dr. Millers achool at 
Blockrock, CO. Dublin, and from privat« 
tutors. lie entered at Trinity Collie, Dub- 
lin, on 1 Nov. 1809, taking a high place at 
entrance. During his university career h* 



formed ooe of b brilliant circle of undergra- 
duates, which included Charles Wolfe [q.v.], 
John Sjdnej Taylor fq. v.], John Analer 
fu. T.], and Samuel O'SuUiTan [see under 
XySVLUVis, MusTiitEBl. He inherit«d aa 
joint'heir with his brother a very consider- 
kble eatsle, which came into bb family 
through his mother; and in enrlv manhood 
waa in very easy circumstances. &ut shortly 
niter leaving tlie university the improvidence 
of the elder brother, who managed to squan- 
der the property of both, left the younger 
with very slender resources, and W ills Wft3 
obliged to abandon the notion be had formed 
of embracing the profession of the bar, though 
be had taken the first steps towards getting 
called, and hod entered at ihe Middle Temple 
in 18il. 

Returning to Ireland, Wills spent several 
years at Bny.in the neighbourhood of Dublin, 
BngBged in desultory literary pursuits, and 
wrote many of his subseauentir published 
poems at tills period. Here also he met 
Ctiarlea Itobert Maturin [q. v.], and wrote 
hiswell-knownnoen), 'The Universe.'which 
wu published by, and long attributed to, 
Maturin, and the authorship of which was 
long B subject of literary controversy (cf. 
Netet and Queries, Bth ser. iii. -JO. 172. 240, 
280,340; Dublin Unti: Mag. October 1875; 
Jrith Quarterly Eecieic, March 1852). For 
thia poem, which is now proved to have 
been entirely the composition of Wills, Ma- 
turin received 500/. from Colbum. 

In 1H22 Wills married Katbertne, daugh- 
ter of the Rev. W. Gorman, niece of Chief- 
justice Charles Kendal Bushe [q. v.], and 
graudniece of Sir John Doj'ie [q.v.j He 
took orders on bis marriage in the expecta- 
tion of receiving a presentation to a crown 
living through the chief justice, a hope 
which was defeated through a change of 
government. From the date of his marriage 
until 1638 he resided in Dublin. 

In 1831 he published ' The Disembodied, 
and other Poems,' in Dublin, and became a 
constant contributor to 'Blackwood's Maga- 
zine,' the 'Dublin University Magazine,' the 
'Dublin Penny Journal,' and other period! 
' , To the 'Dublin University Magazine, 
connection with which originated in a 
iriew of George O'Brien's criticism of 
ie's 'Round Towers' [see O'Bbibh, 
kt], he wns one of the earliest contri- 
TS; and later in his career he waa asso- 
it«d with Cicaar Otway Jq. v.] in founding 
e ' Iriali Quarterly' Review.' In 1835 he 
^ iblished the ' Philosophy of Unbelief,' a 
"work which was afterwards republished, and 
which acquired considerable popularity in 
America, Wills combined with a strong 



imarkable aptitude 
, is. Of several ess , 
read by bim before the Royal Irish Academy, 
nthe 'Spontaneous Association of Ideas' 
said by Archbishop Richard \\'hateiy 
[cj. v.] to overturn Dugald Stewart's theory 
oil the same subject. In 1835 Wills was 
nominated to the sinecure curacy of Suir- 
ville, CO. Kilkenny, of which parish he was 
appointed vicar in 1846. In 1849 he was 
further advanced to the living of Kilmacow 
in the same county, and ultimately, in 1860, 
to that of Attanaeh in co. Kilkenny. In 
1845 Wills published ' Drain ntic Sketches 
and other Poems,' which were followed iu 
1 S46 by ■ Moral and Religious Epistles.' But 
his most important literaiy venture was the 
valuable biographical work known as ' Lives 
of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishman,' 
of which the first volumes were published in 
1839 and 1840. Thiswork, which was com- 
pleted in 1847 and forwhich its author re- 
ceived 1,000/., aims at giving a history of Ire- 
land in a series of biographies ranging from 
the earliest to the most modem times, and is 
divided into six periods, to each of which 
Wills prefixed a valuable historical intro- 
duction. It was reissued subsequently under 
the title of ' The Irish Nation,' the con- 
cluding volumes of the revised edition ap- 
pearing after the author's death, under tne 
editorship of his son, Mr, Freeman Wills. 
The work has been accorded by a very com- 

Citent authority, John Thomas (afterwards 
ard-ebancellor) Ball, in the 'Dublin Uni- 
versity Magoiine,' the praise of ' great re- 
search, patient investigation, and sound iudg- 
naent, free alike from sectarian and political 
prejudices,' and as ' the most elaborate and 
the most complete record of the history and 
biography of Ireland as yet (1847) given 
to the Inali public' The book is, however, 
very deficient in point of style and arrange- 
ment, and, like all works of reference on so 
large a scale by a single hand, is In parts 
perfunctory. 

Wills was appointed Donellan lecturerin 
tbe university of Dublin for 1856-6, and 
delivered a course of sermons, published in 
1860 under the title of 'Lectures on the 
Antecedent Probability of the Christian Re- 
ligion.' Healso edited Chief-justice Bushe'a 
posthumously published ' Summary View of 
the Evidences of Christiauitv.' In 1868, 
shortly before his death, he published 'TTie 
Idolatress, and other Poems,' which, like the 
' Dramatic Sketches ' of an earlier date, was 
a collection of scattered contributions 
various periodicals. His verae is not with- 
out merit ; the shorter pieces breathe a strong 
spirit of Irish patriotism of the best kind ; 



I 
I 



I 



J 



W Wills < 

and atitramis IrUh nationalist ia said tohave 
embraced thfold cler^man on lt'ftrniiiBtl>at 
he was the aulhor of ' 'The MinBtrel's Walh.' 
He died at Attanagli in November IWS. 

Wills was aa iiuusually brilliant conver- 
aationlst, and some of hiS more ambitious 
poems show much of the dramatic power 
wliich descended to bis son, William Gorman 
Wills [q. v.] 

[Webb's Compendium; Dublio Unirersity 
Masuine; W.G. Wills, Drammiet and Painter, 
by FrBcmanWilla ; Iriab Quartcrljlteviov, March 
18S2; Alii bonu'H Dirt, of Engl. Lit.: Todd's Oro- 
diMtes of Dublin UniTereilj: Burke's Land.«d 
Gentry ; Brooks's UecolleetionB of the Irish 
Church. 2nd ser.] C. L. F. 

WILLS, JOHN (1741-1806), benefactor 
of Wadbaro Colle(fe, Oxford, the only son of 
John WillsofSHaborough, Somerset, was bom 
B.C Seaborough in 17-11. He matriculated 
from Hertford College, Oxford, on 18 March 
1758, aged 17, graduated B.A. in 1761, be- 
coming a follow of the society in 176.1. In 
the some year be proceeded nf.A. He w^s 
preferred to the college rectory of Tyd St. 
Mary in 1778, and in 1779 was presented to 
the rectory of Seaborough by Adam Martin; 
five years later he rebuilt the par^ionage of 
liignative village. W'illswaselected fifteenth 
warden of Wadham College on 7 July 1783, 
in succession to Dr. James Gerard. He took 
the d^ree of D.D. in the same year, and tLe 
office of vice-chancellor devolved u]ion him 
ia 179^. After an uneventful headship he 
died at Wadham on 16 June 1806, aged 05. 

In Wills Wadham found its grentest bene- 
factor since ita foundation. He left 400/. a 
year to augment the warden's stipend, at tbo 
same time bequeathing his books and furni- i 
ture to his successor, Dr. William Touma.y. | 
He left 1,000/. to improve the warden's 
lodgings : two exhibitions of lOOf. each an- ! 
nually to two fellows of the coll^, students | 
of law and physic ; two schotarBhipB of 20/. 
each for the same faculties; stipends of 
thirty guineas yearly for a divinity lecturer 
and preacher, and annuities of 76/. and 50/. | 
to superannuated fellows, besides a reoditiB ' 
prize and minor benefactions. He alio left 
an estate at Tyd St. Giles, worth about 150/. 
per annum, to the v ice-chance i lor for the 
tine being, ' in aid of the great burthen* of 
his olfice I ' 100/. per annum to the senior \ 
Bodleian librarian : 100/, per annum to tbe , 
theatre, and 100/. per annum to the Oxford 
Infirmary. After some private bequests ho 
made the residue of his estate over to the 
college for the purchase of livings. Owing 
to Willa's liberality the Wadham gardens 
reached their present eitent, the parterres 
■nd clipped yews and statuettes of Dr. 



Wills 



Wi]kina'8time,Bs described hv .John Evclvn, 
giving plope to the ' romantic * garden de- 
igned by Shipley. Thf portrait of Wilb 
" >Tronr~ *' ''"" ""■ **''"-*' 

[Jackson's Wailbam College, pp. 121. 147, 
181, 187, 216; Gent. JUg. 1806, i. SS9-80 ; 
Fosters Alumni Oion. 1715-1886.] T. S. 

WILIS, RICHAnD (/. 1558-1573), 

author. [See Wieles.] 

WILLS, THOMAS (1740-1802), evan- 



gloa-justa-Camelford), who married Mmt 
Spry. Tbe mother and twio-alstpr, both of 
whom were buried in Truro church, died at 
his birth, The father died a year or tiro 
later, and was also buried there. The two 
surviving sons were adopted fay the eldHt 
aunt, Lucy Spry of Truro, who died in 17BB, 
leaving most of her fortune to Thomas. Tbe 
elder boy. John Wills (d. 11 Oct. 17U4), be- 
came a lleuti^nant in the navy uniltir fait 
relative. Admiral Spry. The younger son, 
after his aunt's death, was piit under the 
care of her brother-in-law, Tliorans Michell 
of Croft West, near Truro, and placed at 
Truro grnmmar sch'iol, where he attended 
the ministry of Samuel Walker [l. v.] 

Wills matriculated ^m Magdalea Hall, 
Oxford, on 28 Itlarch 1757, and graduated 
B.A. 11 Dec. 1780. While at the university 
he became friendly with Thomas Hawels 
[q. v.], a brother Coniisbman and pupil at 
Truro si-hool, and was numbered among his 
religious associates. He was ordained dea- 
con by the bishop of l.lxford in 1702, and 
priest by the bishopof Exeter on Trinity Sun- 
day 1764. In 17^ he was appointed tothe 
curacy of Perraniabuloe and St. Agnea, two 
parielicB on the north coast of Cornvrall, of 
which James Walker, a brother of Samuel 
Walker, was vicar. His connection with 
Peiranzabuloe ceased in 17B'), I>ut he re- 
mained at St. Agnes until January 177**. 

In the autumn of 1772 Wills made tbe 
of the Countess of Iluntini^aa 



Intheauti 

city, and on 6 Oct. 1774 he married Selina 
Margaretta, third daughter of the Itev. Gran- 
ville Wheler of Otterden Place, near FaveP- 
sham, Kent, by his wife, Lady Catherine 
Maria Hastings, Lady Huntingdon, his 
wife's aunt, viaited them at St. Agnes in 
the autumn of 1775, and established her 
chapels In Cornwall. \\'ill8 was appointed 




47 



Wills 



chaplain in Januarv 177S, andtbereupon 
jmeJ hia curacy. 
_, Wills neit proceeded to Ladv niinting- 
"don's cotleife at Trevecca, and then to BriKU- 
ton. For hie irrcffular conduct in preaching 
U the S^ Fields chapet in 17S1 hn wus 
served with & citation ov the Rev, William 
Sellon of St. James's, Clerkenwell. Next 
year he took the oath of allegiance as a dia- 
seutinc minister, Sni was appointed mini- 
ater of Spa Field* chnpel. He officiiited 
there and in the several chnpela of I-ady 
Huiitingdon's connexion throughout Eng- 
land forseTeralyeai-s, Bndon9 March 1783 
be and another minister held ' the priisarj 
(Hdination' of Ijidy HuntinRdouB con- 
nexion in Spa Fields chapel. Ue took tem- 
porary leave of thatcongreeation on 12 Au)f. 
17^. DiOerences ensued between him and 
Lady Huntingdon, and he did not miniater 
"■"* »agBinmitil30Marchl788. Hepreached 
'net sermon in the chapel on July 1788, 
a few days liter was dismissed by her. 
After preacbtng occasionally at Surrey 
cliapel and elsewhere Wills was enffaged by 
the propiietorg of Dr. Peckwell's chapel, in 
tlie Great Almonry at Westminster, and 
alao by those of Orange Street chapel, 
Leicester Square, to officiate in their re- 
(pectiTe buildings. The chapel at Silver 
^leet, near Aldersgate Street, waa let to 
him firom Michaelmas 1789 for a lecture on 
Thursday evenings, and at the following 
Christmas he took the building on lease. 
Its interior was then altered, and the liturgy 
of the Engliflh church, an organ, and the 
hymns of the Countess of Ilnnlingdon were 
introduced. He ceased in 1789 to preach 
in Orange Street chapel, and in 1701 he 
vaie up Westminster chapel ; but tn 17t).^ 
he began preaching in lalington chapl. 
Tbera and at Silver Street chapel he re- 
matned preaching the doctrines of Calvini.im 
■with anabated popularity for several years. 
About 1797 his congregation dwindled, 
through the popularity of an Antinomian 
preacher in Grub Street, and his own health 
began to decline. His mental faculties 
nve way, and in 1700 a stroke of paralysis 
incapacitated him from prencliing. lie look 
leave of his congrcBnti"" nt Silver Street on 
28 Feb. 1800. and retired to Boakenna in 
the parish of St. llurvjin. dimwall, the seat 
of James Paynter. ITe dii-d there on 12 May 
1602, and was buried on the north side of 
Bury an churchyard in a vaulted grave 
which he had constructed for himself and 
hia wife. A monument to his memory was 
placed in the church by his widow, who 
died at Boskenna on 3 April 1814. 

Aa a popular preacher Wills was second 



only to George Whitefield, and hia preaching 
ia the open air, especially on Tower Hill, 
attracted great crowds, lie was the author 
of ; 1 , ' Aemarka on Polygamy 
Madan's " ThelyphthoraV" 1781. 2. 'Au- 
theutic Narrative of the Primary Ordination 
in Ladv Huntingdon's Chapel, 9 March 1788;' 
2nd e^. 178(1. 3. ' The Spiritual Register.' 
171*1-95,3 vols.; he bad previously sent some 
of the cases (o the 'Prolestajit Magazine.' 
4. 'A Farewell Address lo the Oouiitess of 
Huntingdon's Chapels, and especially Spa 
Fields,' 1788. He also published some singltt 
sermons, and edited several religious works, 
including 'Letters from the late I!ev. 
William Romaine to a Friend,' which passed 
through many editions. 

A portrait, by Sir Thomas Iiawrenco, of 
Wills was engraved by H, It, Cook, and on 
a larger scale by Fittler. A print of him, 
drawn and engraved by Ooldar, is prefijted 
to the 'Spiritual Register' and the 'New 
Spiritual MagBKJne,' vol. i. Another print, 
by Hidley. published by T. Chapman on 
1 May 17M, is ia the 'Evangelical Maga- 

[MtmoifortliBBev.T.Willa,bya£riend,ien4: 
Life lit the Countess of Huntingdon,!, 310, 3U3- 
331, ii, S3-0, 76. 203-4,310-18,414-33,479-81 ; 
Lifa of S. E. Pierce, pp. 59-92, B2-B; Wilson's 
DiBBPQtbg ChnrrheB, iii, 116-23: Nelson's 
Islington, pp. 273-S : Bennett's Silver Street 
Church, pp. 21-2; Foster's Alnmni Oron. : 
Gent. UHg. 1774 p. 494, 1S03 i. S8A, ISU i. 
^IH; Parochial Hist . of Cornwall, i. 162; Boaie 
and Counnoy's Bibl. Comub. ii. 890-1 ; Wlll- 
cocks'a Spa Fields Cbipul, pp 34, 38.1 

W. P. C. 

WILLS, WILLIAM OORMAN (1828- 
IPiH), dramatist, son of James Wills [q. v.], 
was bom Bt Blackwell Lodge, Kilmurry, on 
28 Jan. 1838. He was educated at Water- 
ford grammar school under Dr. Price, and at 
Trinity College, Dublin, where he entered 
on 6 Nov. 1845. hia college tutor being Dr. 
Frank Sadleir [q.v.] lie did not proceed to 
a degree, but established a reputation among 
the Htiidenta by his poem on ' Poland,' for 
which he won the vice-chancellor's medal 
in 1848. He showed a strong bent for por- 
trait-painting, but received no training in 
art beyond that which the Royal Hibernian 
Academy, then in a very ilecreptt slate, 
could afford. Like Goldsmith when an un- 
dergraduate, he aeems to have rioted upon 
a minute allowance, earning a precariouR 
guinea now and again by a portrail 
contributing loan ephemera! magazine ealleJi 
'The Irish Metropolitan,' through the pages 
of which ran his first serial story entitled 
' Old Times,' published in volume iom 



reaching ^^H 
rer ^M 

e author ^^| 

I 

I 
I 



^ Wills 

jean later, in IBST. AtDr. Anster'sboiise be 
met with u fellow-contributor and congenial 

3iirit, the brlUiunt univeraitv Boliemisn, 
barlea Pelham Mulvaaj [q, t.J 
In 1863, after sevpral years of very desnl- 
torv occupation, or, as he atyled it, ' daisy- 

B':king ' in Ireland, Wills settled in London, 
B took rooms with bis friend Elenry lluin- 
pbreysia Clifibrd'a Inn. His efforts to inalce 
alivelihood by hia pen were not (^ncourag-ing. 
In ]863BppeBredhiB'No1ice toQuit,' a story 
conceived after the manner of Eugene Sue, 
which was praised for itadramatic situations 
but met with little success. In October of 
this same year Wills obtained the Itoynl 
Humane Society's inedal for a brave at- 
tempt to rescue a drowning lad near Old 
Swan Wbarf. ' The Wife's Evidence ' (1861, 
reissued 1876), a story of considerable melo- 
dramatic power, gained him an introduction 
to the ntagazinea, and be wrote ' David 
Chantrey' (18651 for ' Temple Bar,' and fcr 
' Tinaley'^H Magaiine ' ' The Three Watches ' 
(1885), and 'The Uve that Kills' (1867), 
in which he remauipulates material already 
used in ' Old Times,' 

His father's death in 1608 impelled Wills 
to undertake the support of bis mother. He 
reverted to portraiture as his best means of 
earning' money, look a studio at 15 The 
Avenue, Fulbam Koad, and worked very 
successfully in paste! drawine^, mainly of 
children. He eihibited in the Grosvonor 
Oallery, and was soon oskinK twenty ^lineas 
for a small picture finished in three or four 
sittings ; and for a time there was no lack of 
fashionable sitters. Incurably unconven- 
tional. Wills, in response to a command to 
visit Osborne to draw the royal grand- 
children, pleaded a prior engagement. The 
Princess Louise wna inleroated in Willa's 



of his Htunio, which was haunted by stray 
C4ta, by monkeys and other unclean animals, 
&nd also by numerous parasites and loafers, 
attract«d by the painter's easy-^xng babit of 
inviting; visit^irB to stay, and keepin); his 
spore (jiange in a tobacco jar on the cbimnej- 
piBCe. Absent-mindedness, inherited, it is 
said, from his father, who once boiled bis 
watch in mistake for an egg, grew upon 
Wills to an extent which prejudiced hia 
career. He became oblivious of nodal ec- 



«ould not be found to reeeire them, for- 
(fot or travestied the names of people 
who entertained hira, and prided himself 
in being as diapoasionate b.^ Dr. Johnson 
on the subject of clean linen. In liis 



! Wills 

later years he did most of his composition 
in l>ed. 

MeanwhileW'ilU was turning bis attention 
to writing for the stage. A first dramatic 
attempt, an adaptation from the German 
of Van UolfKi, entitled -A Man and his 
Sbadow' (1865), was followed by the pa- 
thetic ' Man o' Airlie,' which was put on at 
the Princess's in July 186", with Mr. Her- 
mann Vei'm in the title-part. Though the 
receipts were small, the plav rarely failed 
to move its audience, and the author was 
eneoorsged to write two other plays, sug- 
gested and produced by Mr. Veiin : ' Uinba, 
or the Headsman's Daughter' (founded upon 
Ludwig Storcb's historical novel), produced 
at the Queen's Theatre in September 1871; 
and 'Broken Spells,' written in conjunction 
with Westland Marston, and produced at 
the Court in April 1872. A short time 
before this date Wills was introduced by 
Vexin to the Butemans, and after the ap- 
pearance of ' Hinko ' be was retained by 
Colonel Bateman as ' dramatist to the Ly- 
ceum ' at a yearly salary of 3001. Upon tbii 
endowment he produced in turn ' Mede* in 
Corinth' (JulylSra), 'Charles I' (38 Sept. 
1872), and 'Eugene Aram* (April 1878). 
The first two of these plays contain Willa's 
best work. ' Charles I,' though inferior to 
its predecessor in form, caught the taste of 
the public, and enabled Mr. (now Sir) Henry 
Irving to coniirm the reputation which he 
had made for himself in the ' Bells.' The 
portraiture of Charles was in harmony with 
v'ao Dyok, and the suggestion of calm and 
dignified suffering that disdained to resent or 
protest is decide<llT effective. Like Scott, 
Wills was a atauncli cavalier, and he was as 
little concerned with historical accuracy as 
Dumas. 

In his next biatorical play, ' Marie Stuart' 
(Princess's, February 1874), he caricatured 
John KnoK with the same gusto with which 
he had defamed Cromwell, He was now in 
grent demand as a verse playwright, and 
produced in quick succession " Sappho,' given 
It the Theatre Royal, Dublin, in 1876j 
Buckingham ' (Olympic. November 187^; 
Jane Shore' (PrincGSs's, September 187^; 
and ' England in the Days of Charles U' 
(Drury Lane, September 1877). Hia second 
great success was with ' Olivia ' (based upon 
Goldsmith's' Vicar of Wakefield'), of wKeh 
the best that can be said is that it has rarely 
been surpaeaed aa an adaptation of a novet 
It was produced at the Court Theatre in 
March 1873 under the management of Mr. 
MHrp, with William Terrias [q. v.] as Squira 
nhiU and Miss Ellen I'erry as Livyj 
both players were seen in their original parts 



^phen the piece was Huceessfully revived at 

the Lyceum in 18S5. 

The dramatUt now produced with great 

npiditv a qiinntity of very inferior work. 

•Sell Owyime,' given at theKoyaltyin May 

1878; * VandenlecWtn,' based upon the le^nd 
of the 'Flying Dutchiuan' (Lyceum, June 
1878); 'Ellen,' aftrrwards called 'Braff" 
tHftvmarket,April 1879); 'Bolivar' (Tbeaire 
Hoyk!, Duhlin, Noveniher 187i>); 'Xinnn' 
(Adelpbi, Februari- 1880); 'Forced from 
Home' (Duke> Theatre, February 1S80) ; 
■lolanlhe' (Lyceum, Mav 1880); 'William 
and Susan' (St. James a, October 1880): 
•Jnaoa' (Court. Mav 1881); 'Sedgmoor' 
(Sadler's WeUs, Au^st 1881): and Jane 
Ettb' (Globe, December 1882). In ISBd 
Henry Herman, Mr. Wilson Barrett's 
manner, provided a ' plot ' on which Wills 
was coaxed into basing the play ' Claudian ' 
(socceMfully produced at the Princess's in 
December 1883), a strange compound of 
tinsel and faollow columns, in which the old 
legend of the Wandering Jew is turned to 
melodramatic pnrpnse. ' Grinpoire,' given 
at the Prince's Tliealre in June 1885, was 
followed in December by Wilb's version of 
' Faust ' for the Lyceum. In this, as in 
' Clandian,' he appeared merely as the 



sofa 






his aub-arcbaic verbiage was not devoid of 
romantic resonance and was scrupulously 
cut into bUnk-verse lengths. Like qualities 
are conspicuous in his ' Melchior,' a blank- 
rerse poem in thirty-two cantoa, dedicated 
to Robert Browning and published in 1885, 
The long-drawn descriptions are often mere 
pinchbeck, but Will» had some of the faculty 
of an Irishman as a ballodist, clearly shown in 
(uch nongs as ' I'll sinpf thee sonjfS of Araby ' 
and ' The BaUad of Gnif Brum.' 

In the intervals of dramatic work Wills 
ipent much time at £:tretat and a few weeks 
occasionally at Paris, where he rented a 
studio. His real interest wbe still in oil- 
painting : his oil-psiniing of Ophelia is now 
10 the loyer at the Lyceum. His plays were 
a by-product, in which he took little interest 
after De bad furnished the manuscript. He 
wldom attended rehearsals, and his recom- 
mendations, even when feasible, were gene- 
rally uitheeded by the actors ; he was never 
present at the premiere of one of bis own 
pUys. 

On 3 April 1887 Wills'a mother died, and 
her loss removed one of the few incentives 
h« bad to exert himself. He moved his 
'studio' to Waihaoi Green, was henceforth 
Gllle seen by his friends at the Qarrick Club 
or elsewhere, and wrote little. His health 
began to breali, and at the close of 1891 

10L. LXII. 



he waa bv his own request removed to Guy's 
Hospital,' where he died on 13 Dec. 1891. 
Many of the leading actors and playwrights 
of the day were present at his interment 
in Bromplon cemetery. His lost piece, 'A 
Royal Divorce,' was being played at the 
Olympic at the time of his death. A previous 
play, on the subject of ' Don Quixote.' wns 
produced at the Lvceum with very motlerate 
success iu May 1895. ' Charles I ' and his 
adaptalion of the lirat. part of ' FausI ' are 
the only plays by Wills which were issued 
in printed form. 

Wills was a bom writer of dramatic 
scenes, but his gifts were neutralised lo a 
large extent by bis inability to concentrate 
and by the essential lack ol firm taste and 
self-critical power. He Is ably summed up 
in the acute jud^ent of M. Filon: 'His 
Bohemian life, his impassioned character, 
his hasty methods of production, gave him in 
the distance the look of genius. But it was 
a misleading' look .... his pieces ore founded 
upon conceptions which crumble away upon 
analysis, and the versification is loo poor to 
veil or redeem the weakness of the dramatic 

[■W.G. Wills, DramrtliBtandPainlw,' a wpU- 
wnlten biognipliy by the dramntisi's broUier, 
Freomiin Wills, appeared in IHgH, with n good 
portrait nn4 facaimils autograph. See nl»a 
AiFher'i English Dramatists of To-day, ISHB, 
pp. 352-80; Arehi-i'sAh-iut theTlieatru. 1881. 
pp. 'iillaq. ; Pi Ion's English Stage, 1807; Pitx- 
gerald'g Hunry Irring, 1893, chaps, x'lv. xr. ; 
O'DonoEhue's Fuati of Ireland, p. 261; An 
Evening in Bohemia (Temple Bar, Jane 1890); 
CalBlritiaB of the Century; Times, lo Dec 1891; 
The Theatre. 1 Feb. 18B3 (with portrait) ; Era, 
15 Dec. IBSI.] T. S. 

Wn^LS, AVILLIAM HENRY (1810- 
1880^ miscellaneous writer, was born at 
Plymouth on 13 Jan. 1810. His father, at 
one time a wealthy shipowner and prixe- 
agent, met with misfortunes, and at his 
death the chief care of supporting his family 
devolved upon William Henry, or Unny 
Wills as he waa always called. Wills be- 
came a journalist, and contributed to 
periodical publications such as the ' Penny ' 
and ' Saturday ' ma^aiinea, and McCulIoch's 
'Geographical Dictionary.' He was one of 
the original literary statf of ' Punch,' and 
had some share in the composition of the 
draft prospectus. He contributed to the first 
number (17 July 1841) the mordant epi- 
gram on Lord Cardigan called ' To the 
Blackballed of the United Service Club.' 
He waa for some time the recrular dramatic 
critic, inwhich capacity he ridiculed Jullien, 
the introducer of the promenade a '- 



Wills 



Urury Lane, and severely criticised the act- 
ing of Charles Kean. Among his other 
contributions ia prose and verse were 
' Punch's Natural Jlistory of Courtship ' 
(illustrated bySirJohn Gilbert), 'Punch's 
Comic Mythology,' ' Information for Ehe 
People,' and skits Buch as 'The Burst Boiler 
and the Broken Heart,' and ' The Uncles of 
England,' in praise of pawnbroker*. In 
lH46 he wrote for the 'Almanac,' hut his 
contributions were thenceforth iufrequent. 

Wills began his lifelong association with 
Dickens in 1S46, when he became one of 
the Bulj-edilors of the ' Dully News ' under 
him. Soon al^erwards he went to Edinbui^li 
to edit ' Chambcrs'a Journal,' but two years 
later returned to London to become Dickens's 
Gucretarv. In 1649, on John Forster's sug- 
gestion.'Wills wax made assistant editor of 
' HouBehold Words,' and was given the same 
position by Dickens when, ten years later, 
* All the \ ear Bound' was incorporated with 
it. Hia business capacity was invuluafala to 
Dickens, and he was one of the most inti- 
mate friends of the novelist in later life. At 
the end of 18S1 Wills accompanied Dickens 
on his theatrical tour in connection with 
the Guild of Literature and Art, to Iha 
temporary success of which Lis exertions 
laively contributed. 

In 1B68. while Dickens was in America, 
^\'iUs Buftered concussion of the brain from 
an accident in the hunting field, and was 
disabled from his duties as editor of 'All 
the Year Round,' lie never recovered, and 
retired from active work. The remaining 
veara of his life Wills spent at Welwjn, 
llerlfordshire, where he acted as magislrale 
and chairman of the board of gunrdiauB. 
Ue died there on I Sept. 1880. 

Wills edited, id 1850,' SirHogerde Cover- 
ley by the Spectator,' illustrated by en- 
gravings from designs by Frederick I'aylor 
(1851, IBmo; Boston, Massachusetts, IS5I, 
12mo ; reissued in the ' Traveller's Library,' 
1856, evo). 

Willsalso published ' Old LeavEB gathered 
from Household Words' (I860, 8vo), dedi- 
cated to Dickens. The book oonsistsof thirty- 
seven descriptive sketches of places and 
events. In 1801 he issued a quarto volume, 
' Poets' Wit and Humour,' illustrated by 
a hundred engravings from drawings by 
C. Bennett and O. H. Thomas. Two pieces, 
'A Lyric for Lovers' and an 'Ode to Big 
Ben,' the latterof which originally appeared 
in ' Punch,' were from his own pen. The 
l»ok was republished in 1882. Wills also 
republished under the title ' Light and Dark ' 
some of hi.* contributions to ' Chambers's 
Journal.' Ue was a fluent writer both in 



Wills ^^^m 

prose and verse, with a faint tinge of pedsn- 
t.ry, which atTorded Dickens much amuse- 
ment. Douglas Jerrold was fond of exer- 
cising his wit at his expense, and Wills 
hod enough humour to enjoy the aituation. 
The Baroness Burdett-Coutts had for many 
years the advantage of Wil la's judgment and 
experience in the conduct of her philan* 
throj)ic undertakings. 

Wills married Janet, youngest sister of 
William and Robert Chambers, the Edin- 
burgh publishers. She was a woman of 
strcmg character, and a great favourilp with 
Dickens, In whose correspondence her name 
frequently appears. She had an extensive 
knowledge of Scottish literature, and a large 
fund of anecdotes, and was for many years 
ihecentreof a wide literary and social circle. 
She died on 34 Oct. 189:;. At her death 
the sum of 1,000/. accrued to the newspaper 

Eress fund, in whiuh Wills had interested 
imself after the failure of the Guild of 
Literature and Art. 

{AthenBUm. 4 Sept. isa". 29 Oct. 1892. ud 
12 Nov, lSfi2; Fortter'sLifif of Dickena, )i.l2a, 
iii. 237, 454-fi ; Dickeoa's LeLtara, ed. Dickcvn 
nnd Hogarth, pnsstm ; Spielmana's Hisl. at 



lie's EIngl. Newi^pBra, ii. US ; AUibaDa'a 
. Engl. Lit. ; P. Fitzgerald's Memoirs of an 
Author, chap, iii., and BecrmtioDs of * Lit<iai7 
Man, i. 74.] U. La O. S. 

WIIJS, WILLIAM JOHN 11834-1661), 
Australian explorer, the son of William 
Wills, a medical man, was bom at Toloes, 
Devonshire, on 5 Jan. 1834, and educated 
At Ashhurton school till 1830, when he wss 
articled to his father, and at intervals from 
18S0 to 18ft:! studied medicine in Ijoodon, 
both at Ouy's and 9t. Bartholomew's hoi- 
pitals, Un 1 Oct. 18o2, carrying- out an 
idea which his father had already fOTmed, i 
he emigrated with his brother to Victoril, ' 
and started life as a shepherd at 30L a ' 
year and rations. In 1853 he was jnined 
by his father, and settled at Ballamt, where 
fur almost a year he acted as Uis father's 
assistant. He was, however, always pining 
for the open air and tlie bush, and in 1856 
he obtained admission as a volunteer to the 
office of the surveyor of crown lands for the 
district. Here his aptitude for astronomic^ 
work and surveying was soon recognised. 
In 1858 he was employed on his first fielil 
Bun-ey for the department. In November 
1858, on the institution of the magnetic and 
meteorological observatory at Melooume,h* 
was appointed to the staff. 

In 1860 Wills was appointed third in 
command of the exploring expedition sent 



Wills 



5" 



Willshire 



t from ^'ictoTi& to iliecnver u route to ibti 

OSS Aiutralia. The party left Mel- 

iii 'iO Aug. 1860, and proceeded 

^_U)wly OS fer aa tbe Darling river, where a 

t diSirenccoci^uiTed between tueleuder.Kobert 

I'O'Hnni Burke [q. v.j, and Landella, the 

Dcond in command, rtMulting in the retire- 

-MiRt of Luidells and tbe appointment of 

■ WillH to be eecondincommand. OnlOOct. 

V Burke and M'ilU, with a portion of their 

' nten, left Menindie with sixtDen cameU and 

flftmn hones, to push on in advance of the 

aat of tbe expedition. Travelling about 

wenty miles a day, they made Torowoto on 

(Jet., whence they sent back a despatch 

irith a report by Witla. Thta was the only 

^ Arect mesaage ever received from them, and 

lis it Burke remarlts, 'I consider myself very 

[jfinunale in having Mr. Wills m my second 

in command. He is a capital officer, zealous 

nd untiring iu the performance of his duties.' 

f Aft«r leaving tbe Torowoto swamp the party 

I Wocenled by way of Wright's Greek to 

CooDcr'aCrevkiWhich was reached on II Dec. 

A. o^pot was formed, and on 16 Dec. Burke 

and Wills started northward with six cameU, 

« horse, and three months' provisions. Their 

rout« wasforthe moat part through a pleasant 

country and along good watprcouraes, and 

they reached the lidd waters of tbe Flinders 

tisrt on l-J Feb. 1861. Wills's own diarv 

is the source from which we learn the details 

of their advance, and he tells the tale in 

a simple and modest fashion. On 21 April 

they nrrired at the depot on their return 

journey, but only to find it abandoned. 

On 23 April they started down Cooper's 
Cnwk for Adelaide: hut after losing their 
remnining camels they began to fuel the 
anxieties of their position, without proper 
conveyance, and dependent on the natives 
or their own exHrtionsforsupplies. Between 
37 May and 6 June Wills made a journey 
on foot and alone to the depot at Coopers 
CrMk and back to the camp on the road to 
Jlouot Hopeless. No help had come, and 
they were all in a desperate position. Wills's 
journal l«IU the tale of gradual starvation 
during the month of June ; the last entry 
ii on '2^ June, when be records that Burlie 
and King, the only other Knglishmen re- 
maining, are to leave him in the search for 
kelp from the natives, and that he does not 
expect to lost more than four or five days. 
King, tbe only eventual survivor of the 
p«rtv, returned within that time, and found 
thai' Wills liad already died, probably on 29 
or 30 June. 



would have been 



attained without such loss of life. It is lii 
evidence that Wills on more than one occa- 
sion advised a course whieh would have 
eertainlv been rewarded by the safety of the 
partv (Uowiit). 

W^ills has been described by one of his 
friends as 'a thorough Englishman, aelf- 
relying and self-contained.' lie was modest 
yet strong of purpose, persevering, and to 
the last degree trustworthy. His passion 
for astronomy was remarkable, but study of 
all kinds was a part of his life. lie was 
thoughtful and religious. 

A national memorial of him and his 
leader stands in frant of the i'arliament 
House (it Melbourne. There is also a raa- 
morial of him at his native town of Totnes, 
and a tablet iu his old school at Ashburton. 
One of the streets in Ballarat is called after 
him. A print of a good portrait is given in 
his fathers memoir of his journey. 



London. 1863: Hewitt's Hist, of Liscovery ii 

Amtrnlia, ii. 13 1 K\q.\ Pari. Paper on the Burke 
and Willfl Exploring Expedition, Honsaaf Com- 
mons. 1882, No. 13D,1 C. A. H. 

WttLSHIEE, Sib THOMAS (1789- 
1862), bart., general, born at Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, on 24 Aug. 1789, wag the eldest sur- 
vLrlng son of Captain John Willshire by 
Mary, daughter of Willium Linden of Dub- 
lin. The father was son of Noah Willshire, 
a merchant, and, as the latter would not bur 
him a commission, he enlisted in the 38tb 
foot, lie was made quartermaster in 1790, 
lieutenant and adjutant in 1793, and pay- 
master in 1801. He obtained commissions 
in the regiment for three of his sons while 
thev were still children : that of Thomas 
Willshire was dated 25 June 1795, and on 
& Sept. following he became lieutenant. 

Thomas Witlsmre joined his regiment at 
Saintes in tbe West Indies in January I "OH. 
It returned to England in 1800, and it was 
probably then Iliat he went to school, at 
King's Lynn and Kensington. He was pro- 
moled captain on 28 Aug. 1804, when a se- 
cond battalion was raised. The lirst batta- 
lion went to the Cape in 180i>, but he re- 
mained behind, and was second in a duel 
fought at Nottingham on 1 Jan. 1806. Ho 
joined the first battalion in South America 
'm 1607, and took part in the attack on 
Buenos Avres. He went with it to Portu- 
gal in 1808. and woa present nt Kolico, Vi- 
miero, and Coruiia. He served with it in 
Walcheren, where his father died on 26 Sept. 
1809. 

In June 1813 tbe first battalion of the 
38th again embarked for the Peninsula, 



I 
I 



I 



Willshire 5« Willshire 



Willshire commandinf!^ the light company. 
It joined the army three days before the 
battle of Salamanca ('2'2 July), and was 
brigaded with the royals and the 9th in 
the o\\i (Leith'») division. Willshire re- 
ceived two wounds in the battle. He com- 
manded the light companies of the brigade 
in tlie action on the Carrion on 25 Oct. 



chase in the 46th. (le had command of it 
for some time at BalUrv, and in December 
1824 he commanded a brigade in the force 
under Colonel Deacon which retook the 
fort at Kittoor. On 30 Auir. 1827 he was 
made lieutenant-colonel without purchase 
of the 2nd (queen^s), stationed at Poona. 
He served with it nearly ten vears, and 



during the retreat from Hurgos. In 1H13 , Sir Lionel Smith, after inspecting the regi- 
the division formed part of (iraham's corps ! ment in 1830, reported that he had 'never 



at Vittoria, and at the siege of San Sebastian. 
In the first aMuult tlie 38th was assigned 
the lesser hreacli. In the second assault it 



yet met so perfect a commanding officer.' 

On 10 Jan. 1837 he was made brevet 
colonel, with the local rank of brigadier- 



was at first in reserve, but was soon brought ' general in India. In 1838, while command- 
up in flnpy)ort of the stormers. Willshire's I ing a brigade at Poona, he was given one 



youngf'St brother was killed; he himself 
was given a brevet majority on 21 Sept. 
He commandfHl tlie light companies of the 



i 



in the *army of the Indus,' formed for the 
invasion of Afghanistan. In February 1839^ 
the army was reorganised, Keane becoming 
brigade at the passage of tfie Bidassoa, . commander-in-chief, and AVilkhire succeed- 
which he is said to hav(? been the first man i ing him in the command of the Bombay 
to cross, and in tlie act ions on the Nive ; division of infantry. His troops were the 
(9 11 Dec.) and tlu' ropulse of the sortie last to cross the bolan, and were harassed 
from IJnyonne (14 April 1814). He received ; by the tribesmen; but he reached Quetta 
n br^'vct lieutenant-colonelcy, and after- ' on '^ April, and Kandahar on 4 May. He 
wards the Peniusular silver medal with took part in the storming of Ghazni on 
Ht'.vcn cbisps. j 23 July, and went on to Kabul. 

In 1H15 his battalion was sent to the ' On 18 Sept. — the day after a grand in- 
Netherlands, but was too lato for Waterloo, vestiture of the Durani order, of which he 
It went on to I*aris, and Willshire was em- received the second class — he began his 
)loyed for a short tim«» on the staff. In , march back to the Indus with the Bombay 
)e(;erab<'r he n'turnfd with the battalion to division. After passing C4hazni he marched 
Kn^dnnd, and in .Jun*.' 1^18 wfnt with it to direct on Quetta, punishing some of the 
tlir* T-apt^ On his way out he wrote a tribes on his way, and arriving there on 
manual of * li^^ht eompany mameuvres in 31 Oct. He had been told to depose Mehrab 
conr»Tt with liattalion manceuvres,* which Khan of Kelat, and sent a column from 
was srnt. to Sir Henry Torrc^ns [n.v.], and was Quetta for that purpose on 3 Nov. Leam- 
prohably us<'d bv him in pr(']>anng the drill- | ing from Major (afterwards Sir James) Out- 
book of IHiJt. karly in 1819 Willshire was ram that resistance was likely, he joined it 
H<*nt to th<» fronti^T as commandant of = himself two days afterwards. It consisted 
|{ritish Kallraria. A (juarnd between the . of the queen's and 17th foot, the 31st Ben- 
chi»'fH, in which th»! British aiithorities gal native infantry, some local horse, six 
int«'rv»*n«?d, hid to an attack on Grahamstown guns, and some Bombay engineers, number- 
by Mokanna with six thousand Kaffirs on ing in all 1,1()() men. 

22 Ajiril. Willshin; had only his own i lie reached Kelat on the 13th, and found 
company f»f thn *5^tli, with 210 local troops the khan's troops (about 2,000 men) posted 
and fivd guns. Tlu' attack was well planned on three hills north-west of the fort. He 
and d»!tormin<'d ; hut it was skilfully met drove them from these hills, captured their 
and n-pulsMfl with loss. Willshire followed guns, and tried to enter the fort along with 
up tin* Kuflirs, and forced Mokanna to sur- the fugitives. The gate was closed before 
rcudfT. Tin; territory between the Fish his men could reach it, but it was soon 
rivfT and the Keiskaninia was added to the opened by his guns, and after a determined 
coh)ny, anrl Fort Willshire was built in it. | resistance the fort and its citadel were 
He was hi^dily praiM'd by the governor, Lord , stormed, with a loss of 138 men killed and 
Charles Somerset, who was also commander ! wounded. Mehrab Khan died fighting at 
of the forces, and hv th(» Duke of York. the head of his men (Xo/ir/. Gaz. ErtrASreh, 

In 1HL>2 the :\Ht\\ went to ('alcutta, and , 1840). 
"Willshire was strongly recommended by The governor-general, in forwarding Will- 
Som(?rset to the jrovernor-peneral, I^ord i shire's report, commended his 'decision, 
Hastinpfs. He could not afford to purchase great nulitarv skill, and excellent disposi- 
his majority in the regiment, and on 10 Sept. tions ; ' and Outram speaks of * the cool 
1823 he was given a majority without ]>ur- I and determined demeanour of our veter n 



Eaecii: Ue bad been made C.B. ia 1838. 
ir the campaign in Al'gbauislan ke received 
ihe thanks of parliamtint, and was made 
K.C.B. oa 20 Dec. 1H39 ; and for the cap- 
ture of Ketat he was created a barunct un 
« June 1840, 

After tnstalliiiK a neir klian, who was 
aoou displaced, Wlllahire left Kelat on 
31 Nov. 1839, and resumed hia march to 
the Indiu. Ilia division iras broken up on 
27 Dec,, and he returned to the command 
of bis brigade at Poona. In October 1840 
• lunstroke obliged hioi to reairn this and go 
to England. On27NoT, 1841 he excbanjud 
from the queen's regiment to half-pay, hviag 
Appointed comniuidaat at Chalham. 
remained there till 1846, when he was pro- 
moted major-generat on 9 Nov. He wati 
Afterwards unemployed. He was made 
-colonel of the &lst foot on 26 June l»19, 
lieutenant-general on 20 June 18.54, general 
on 20 April 1861, and G.C.B. on 28 June 
1861. Be died on 31 May im-2 at UiJl 
House, near Windsor. On 1 1 May 1818 he 
married Annette Loiiitia, eldest daugliter of 
Captain Berkeley Maxwell, ILA., of Tuppen- 
deoe, Kent ; be had two sons and three 
fUughteni. 

Willshire was a tall, athletic man, with 
Aquiline features. Ilia portrait, painted by 
T. Heaphy, was lent by Lady WilUhire to 
the Victorian Eichibition. In the 3Sth he 
Lad the sobriquet of ' Tiger Tom.' As a 
disdplioarian be ' was strict, indeed severe, 
but always impartial andjust.' 

[Low'i Soldiers of the ViMortan Arb, i. 1-104 ; 
OaoLHag. 1H62. ii. 631 ; Kenoedy's Camixiiga 
of the Army of tbe ladus ; noldaniiil'B Life of 
Ontram ; Dutatid's rirst Afghau War ; Burke's 
jMRige.] E. M. L, 

^ WILLSON. [See also WiLSO-V.] 

^k ■WILI^ON, EDWARD JAMES (1787- 

^K|654), antiquary and architect, born at Lln- 

^bolti on 21 June 1787, was the eldest son of 

I ■William Willson of Lincoln by bis wife 

Clarissa, daughterof William Tenney. l^> 

bert William Willson [q. v.] was his younger 

brother. He was brought up a Roman 

[ catholic, and, aAer education at tbe grammar 

cbool, began to leam business an a builder 

'et his father, who had unusual know- 

« of theoretical construction. In a few 

s he abandoned building for tbe study 

f architecture, in which be obtained help 

n a local architect. He was engaged by 

rchdeacon Bayley in 1823 in the restora- 

{k>n of Messingham church, and euperin- 

Bnded repairs or restoratioua at llaxey, 

^uth, West Rosen, Saundby, Staunton, and 

ir churches in the counties of Lincoln aud 



Nottingham. He designed Roman catholic 
chaiiels at Noi:titu;haDi, Hainton, Louth, 
Melton Mowbray, tirautham, and elsewhere, 
some of which may be regarded as early 
examples of tbe Goifiic revival. In l«>26 he 
designed the organ cose for Lincoln Cathe- 
dral, but beyonulihis (and occasional informal 
suggestions) be was not engaged on the 
cathedral restorations, conducted at that time 
in a spirit of wholesale renovation whicb 
he deprecated. Between 1834 and 1845 he 
restoi^ the keep, towers, and walls of Lin- 
coln Castle, and bad for more than twenty 
years the charge of that fabric as county 
surveyor. The I'elham Column, 128 feet 
high, on a bill at Caboum betneen Caistor 
and Grimsby, was designed by Willson for 
the Earl of Varborough. About 1818 an 
acquaintance with John Britton [q.vj and 
Augustus Charles Pugin [q.v.} started him 
upon an industrioua career as a writer on 
the phase of architecture then becoming 
popular. For Britton's ' Architectural An- 
l iquities ' (4to, 1807-20) he supplied accounts 
of Boston church, St. Peters, Barton, and 
the minsters of Beverley and Lincoln, and 

firobably took a large share in the cbrono- 
ogica! table attached to the fifth volume. 
He was associated with the same author's 
' Cathedral Antiquities' (4to, 18I4-36J and 
' Picturesque Antiquities of English Cities ' 
(4to, 1830). 

The ' .Specimens of Gothic Architecture ' 
which Augustus Cliarles I'ugin began to 
p'abliah in 1821 owed much to \\'illson's 
suggestions, both in the delineation of mould- 
ings and det^is (an advance on previous 
methods of recording architecture) and in 
the selection of the esamjiles. Willson 
wrote the whole of the letterpress for these 
two volumes, and supplied a valuable glos- 
sary of Gothic architecture, tbe first of its 
kind. For Pugin's 'Examples of Gothic 
Architecture' (4to, 1826-31) he also wrot« 
the text, including essays on ' Gothic Archi- 
tecture' and 'Mi^ern Imitrttion.' He was 
intimately connected with the movement for 
the cultivation and nomenclature of Oothio 
architecture with which Thomas Rickman 
[q. v.] and others were then associated. 

He was the author of various pamphlets 
on local subjects, aud collected a wealth of 
material for the architectural history of his 
county and cathedral, which lack of lime 
and health prevented liis putting into print. 
All branches of ecclesiastical history claimed 
bis attention, and he left notes u^n the 
disputed authorship of tbe "De Iinitatione 
Cbristi.' He was honoured as a citizen in 
Lincoln, and became a cily magistrate in. 
1634 and mayor in 1852. 



I 



Willson 



54 



Willughby 



Willeon died at Lincoln on 8 Sept. 1854, 
He wfiE buriud at Hainton. Ue married, in 
1621, Alan-, duughter al Thomas Mould. 
By her he lind two surviving sons. 

[Biiilder, IHfiS, liii iS ; inroTinHtinn from 
T.J. WillfioD, esq.: Gent. Mug. 185a, i. 321.1 
P. W. 

WILLSON, ROBERT WILLLiM 

) 1791-181)6), Roman catholic bwhop of 
IIobHrt, Tasmania, bom nt Lincoln in 1704, 
was thu third son of William Willson of 
Lincoln. Edward James Willson [q.v.lwns 
hia ddeat brother, lie entered the college 
of Old Oscott in 1816, waa ordained to tJie 
priesthood bv Bishop John Milner (1752- 
1826) [q.v.]m Decumber 1834, and m Fe- 
bruary 1835 was stationed at Kottiagbatn, 
whera hs built thespaciouschurch of St. John, 
'which was completed in 16:^8. Subsequently 
he erected the tine group of buildings that 
now constitute the cathedral of St. Barna- 
bas, with its episcopal and clerical residence, 
schools, and convent. At the suggestion of 
William Bernard Ullathome [4. v.] he was 
made the first bishop of Hobort Town, Tas- 
mania, being consecrated in St. Chad's Cathe- 
dral, Birmingham, on 28 Oct. 1843 by Arch- 
bishop Poldinr of Sydney. Bishop (after- 
wards Cardinal) Wiseman ssermon, preached 
on the occasion, has heen printed. Willson 
arrived at Hobart Town in 1844. 

Besides Norfolk Island, othcrpenal settle- 
ments at Port Arthur and on Marin, Island 
came within the jurisdiction of the new 
bishnp. Great social evils had been de- 
veloped under the prevailing system of penal 
discipline, but Willson efiepted many ame- 
liorations in the treatment of the convicts, 
especially on Norfolk Island. Indeed his 
representations to the colonial and imperial 
governments, backed by Sir William Thomas 
I)enison rq,v.],ultimatelyohtainedathorout^h 
reformation of this part of the system. So 
earnest was he in his purpose that be resolved 
to come home in order to let the British Go- 
vernment know the truth with regard to 
the sufferings of the convicts and the aorrars 
of Norfolk Island. He arrived in England 
in the middle of 1847, and he was listened 
to with respectful attention both by her 
majesty's government and by the select com- 
mittee of the House of Lords, lie reached 
Hobart Town agoin in December 1847, and, 
in consequence of his continued exertions, 
Norfolk Island was eventually abandoned as 
R penal settlement. Willson brought ahont 
other reforms in the penal discipline of Tas- 
mania, and he likewise elfected various re- 
forms in the treatment of the insane. Ilia 
services oa chief pastor of his own com- 



munion, and as a public man in the develop- 
ment of various colonial and local institu- 
tions, were warmly acknowledged by suc- 
cessive governors and by the community at 
large throughout Tasmania. 

He finally left the colony, in shattered 
health, in the spring of 186^, and settled at 
the scene of his earlier labours. Having 
formally resigned his preferment, he was 
translated by the holy nee on 32 June 188U 
from the bisliopric of Hobart Town to tluit 
of RhodiopoHs, i» partitas injidelium. Qp 
died at Nottingham on SO June 1806. nnd 
was buried in the crvpt of the cathedral 
church of St. Bom abas. 

[MamQir by Bishop UIIathorDo, London, 1887 
(with Dhotagraphii.' portrait), reprinted from 
Dublin BBViflw. 3rd aer. iriii. 1-26 ; Cunsecra. 
linn Sennon by Cardinal Wiseman: Kelsli's 
PBraDn.ll Rei^ollretions of Bishop Willson, Ho- 
bnrt. 1882: Ullathorne's Autobioer. p. 282; 
Gent. Mjig. 1866, ii. 27U.] T. C. 

WILLUGHBY. [See also Willouohbt.] 
WILLUOHBY, FRANCIS (16.'W-1672), 
naturalist, was born at Middleton, Warwick- 
shire, in ItWo. He was eollaterally descended 
on his raalemul graudfather's side from Sir 
Hugh Willougbby fq, v.1, his father's &ther 
being Sir Percivall Willughby, the male 
representative of the Willoughbys of Eresby, 
and his father's mother the eldest daughter 
ond heiress of Sir Francis Willughby of 
Wolleton, Nottinghamsliire. His father, Sir 
Francis Willughby, who died 17 Dec. 1666, 
married Cassandra, daughter of Thomas 
Ridgeway, earl of Londonderry [q. v.], and 
Willughby was their only son. ' He was, 
from liis childhood,' savs llay, ' addicted to 
study. ... As soon as he had come to the 
use of reason, he was so great a husband 
of his time as not willingly to lose or let 
slip unoccupied tholeast fragment of it, . , . 
:cessive in the prosecution of his studies 
that most of his intimate friends wers 
of opinion that he did much weahen his 
body and impairhis health' (rAfOm/Motwy 
of Franca WUlughb^, 1678, pref.) Wif- 
lugbby entered Trinity College, Cambridge, 
in 1653, as a fellow-commoner, his tutor 
being James Duport [q. v.], who in 1660 
dedicated his ' Gnomologia Homeri ' to Wil- 
lughby and three others. Itay, who was 
eight years Willoghby's senior, had entered 
Trinity College in order to become Duport'a 
pupil, but in 1653 was already himself Greek 
lecturer, and became soon after matbemnti- 
cal lecturer, and in 1655 humanity reader. 
Isaac Barrow, to whom Willughby's mathe- 
matical tastes recommended him, had been 
elected to a fellowship at the same time as 



a tlie uotes and 



fcjUjinle49. WillughbvgnnlualedU.A. 
f^ 1655-6, andtircJwedeU M.A. in 1659. 

In 1860 Willughby spent a. short time i 

Oxford in gnler to consult EOtue rare works 

in tlie libniriea there; and in the preface 

to his 'Cstologua Planlarum circa Canta- 

brigiam,' published in that year, Ray alludes 

I to help received from ^Villugliby and to his 

Lsttceesa in the itudy of insects. In a letter 

Eto him, dat«d 1669, llay asks for his help, 

ffcr WarwickHhlre and Nottinghamshire, to- 

B wards a catalogue of British plants (Vorre- 

W-mon'Uitff of John Ray, Hay Soc., p. I ). In 

■ IBHI WitliighbT did not accompnny Itay 

P tax the second botanical journey described 

' in ' Mr. Itnv's Ilineruriei*/ published 

'Remaina' 'in 1700, though- -'- 

in Derham's ' Life of llay ' ne la Braiea in 
iisv« done ao, the naturalist's companion 
being Philip Skippnn («jr>. cit. p. 3), but in 
3fay and June 1II02 he did accompany Ray 
on his third journey from Cambridge through 
the northern midland counties and \\'alefi. 
He appears to have parted company from 
him ill Ulouceatershire, to have chanced upon 
a find of Roman coins near Dursley, and to 
have fallen ill at Malvern {op. eil. ji. 5). 
WUIughby was at this time much inte- 
rested In mathematical questious,a« appears 
firora two letters of his, dated March 1663 
and October 16()5, to Barrow, published by 
Derhaminthe'rhiloBophicalLetters^lTlfH). 
Barrow dedicated to him and others his 
edition of ' Euclid,' and is recorded in Cole's 
manuscripts to have said ' that he never 
hnew a gentleman of such ardor after real 
_ learning and knowledge, and of such ca- 
pacities and fitnesa for any kinde of learning.' 
~ ItnuM have been at this time that, as Ray 
i;|lft«r*r&rds told Derham {MemoriaU qf Say, 
"^ 88), he and Willughby 'finding the 
'? History of Nature" very imperfect . . . 
litgreed between themselves, before their 
*^vel8 beyond sea, to reduce the several 
of things to a method, and to give 
itato descriptions of the several species 
..I a strict view of them. And forasmuch 
Mr. Willughby's genius lay chiefl;f to 
i lmala. ihpwJore be undertook the birds, 
^CMts, fishes, and insects, as Mr. Ray did 
pbe vegetable^.' Ray, having been deprived 
^Vf hia fellowship in August 1162 by the 
meration of the Act of Uniformity, he and 
Willughby determined to go abroad, and 
iBft Dover for Calais on 18 April H)63, 
accompanied by Philip (afterwards Sir 
Philip) Skippon and Nathaniel Bacon, two 
of Ray's pupils. On 22 May Willughby 
WB8 included in the original list of fellows 
of the Royal Society, which had been in- 
corporated on 22 April. War with France 




compelled ibe travellers to turn a 
Flanders, after which they traversed Her- 
_ , Switferland. Italy. Sicily, and Malta. 
In August 16(U Willughby parted from tho 
others at Stontpelier, and accompanied a 
raercbant into Spain. His journey is siim- 
mariaed in a letter to Itay, written from 
Paris in December {C'wmwp. af Itay, p. 7). 
Many of the travellers' papers were tost on 
llieir return journey; ijut Itay published 
their ' Observations. . . . Whereunio id 
added a brief Account; of Francis Wil- 
lughbv, esq., his Voyage through a prent 
pnrt of Spain,' in 1673, and many of W;il- 
lugliby's specimens of birds, tishes, fossils, 
dried plants, and coins are still at Wollalon 
Hall. 

Recalled to England by the death of his 
fmher in Decemlwr Ittfift, Willughby vn» 
kept at Middluton Hall duringmnch of 1606; 
but on 22 July, in company with Itobert 
Hooke Bitd others, he observed the eclipse 
of the sun through Boyle's 60-foot telescopo 
in Ixindon (PAH. Ti-atu. 8 Sept. HMW). In 
October of that j-ear Dr. John Wilkins [q. v,] 
wrote aski[ig his assistance in drawing up 
tables of animals for hia ' Essay towards n 
RealChBracter,'which was published in 1668; 
and Ray spent the greater part of the follow- 
ing winter at Middleton, as he says in a letter 
tf) Martin Lister, ' reviewing, and helping 
to put in order, Mr. Wlllughby's collections 
. . . in giving what assistance I could to 
Dr. Wilkins in framing his tables of plants, 
quadrupeds, birds, lishes, &c., for the use of 
the universall character' {Memorialmf Ray, 
p, 17) ; in the dedication of his work, how- 
ever, Wilkins acknowledges his indebtedness 
to Willughby in respect of animals, and to 
Ray only in respect of plants. From June to 
September 1667 Willughby and Hay made 
a tour into the south-west of England iib. 
p, dl); but Willughby's marriage in 1668 
temporarily suspended their collaboration. 
Ray was, however, re-established at Middle- 
ton Hall in September 1608, and in the 
following spring the two fnends carried 
out some important experiments on the rise 
of sap in trees (.Phil. Tran». iv. 963). In 
tte autumn of 1669 Willughby sent letters 
to the Royal Society on the 'cartrages' of 
rose leaves made hy leaf-cutting bees. I 
1671 he wrote on the some subject and o 
ichneumon wasps, and from a letter from 
Ray to Lister in 1670 he see 
added considerably to the I at 
English spiders iCorreep. of Ray, p. 60). 
At the close of 1671 Willughby medilatrf 
a journey to .\merica to ' perfect his history 
of animals ; ' but, his health, never robust, 
failed him. He was token seriously ill it 



Willughby 



56 



Willughby 



Jane 1672, ami died U Uiddleton Hall on 
3 Jdv 1QT3. lie »u buried in Middleton 
ebnrcn, his tomb being aurmouated by a 
bunt and bearing a Latin epitaph, probably 
by R«y. There is also a marble bust of 
him io Trinitj CkiUege Library, Cambridge, 
■ad an oil portrait at Wollaton, from wliicb 
that bT Liian in Sir William Jardine'a 
' Nftturaliiifs Libranr ' was engraved. The 
Kenaa WUhu/kbeia, an important group of 
Halsvan rubber plants, was d«di(«ted to 
him by William RoiburKh [q. v.] The ieat 
cutting bee dnscribed by liim bears bia name 
a« ' Megachile Willubuella.' 

WilJUKhb; married, ia l(itI8, Emma, se- 
cond daughter and coheiress of Sir Tbomag 
Bermird, by whom he had three children, 
Fnucis, Cassandra, and Thomas. FTancis, 
born in 1668, was created a baronet in iU7ti, 
no doubt as an honour to his father's me- 
mory, but died in 1688. Cassandra married 
James Brydges, first duke of Chandos ;[q. v.]; 
Kod Tbomai, who succeeded to the baronetcy 
in 1688, was created Baron Hiddleton in 
December 1711, being one of the batch of 
peers created in one day under Harley and 
St. John; he died in 1729. Mrs. Willughby 
in 1670 married Sir Josiah Child [q, v.] 

Ray was one of five executore of Wil- 
lughby'a will, under which he received an 
Annuity of sixty pounds. Until 1676 he 
acted as tutor Io tlie children of hifl friend, 
and, from letters printed in his ' Corre- 
■pondeoco' (pp. 101. 103), he seems soon 
to have decided Ibat it was his duty to pub- 
lish what Willughby bad done lowards bis 
history of animals. ' Viewing,' he says, ' his 
manuscript! after his death, I found the 
several animals in every kind, both birdu, 
and beasts, and lishes, and insectB, digested 
into a method of his own contriving, but few 
of their descriptions or histories so full and 
perfect as he lot-ended them ; which he 
io sensible of that when I asked him upon 
bis deathbed whether it was his pleasure 
they should be published, he answered tbitt 
he did not desire it, nor thought them bo coi 
siderable as to deserve it . . . though he C(JI 
fest there were some new and pretty observi 
tions on insects. But considering that the 
publication of them might conduce some- 
what to the illustration of Qod's glory . . 
the assistance of those who addict them- 
eetves Io this part of philosophy, aud . . the 
honour of our nation ... he not contradict- 
ing, 1 resolved to publish them and first took 
in band the Ornithology' (Preface to The 
fJmithiilogy of Franms Willtighhv. 1678). 
This WM published in 1676 as ■'Francisci 
"Willughbeii . . . Omithologire libri tres in 
quibtu aves omnes ... in methodum naturis 



deacribuntur . . . 
Totum opuB recognovit, digeeait, supplevit 
Joannes Rains. Sumptus in cbalc^ntpbM 
fecit illustris». D. Emma Willughby vidua,' 
IjOndoD, pp. 312, fol. Uf this work Neville 
Wood says Willughby was " the firet nalu- 
ralist who treated the study of birds aa a 
science, and the first who made anything 
like a rational classijication . . . His sys- 
tem ... is without doubt the basis on which 
the ornithological classification of Liniueiu ij 
founded '(OmiVA(i/£^Mt'» Texl-bo<ik, pp. 3, 4). 
Itay next prepared an enlarged edition of 
this work In English, which he published in 
HJ78 OS 'The Ornithology of Francis Wil. 
lughby . . .' his own share in which ia de- 
scribed by the words, 'tranalited into English 
and enlarged with many additions through- 
out the whole work. To which are addod 
three considerable discourses: I. On the Art 



'lin^ II, Of the Ordering of Singing 
niras. in. Of Falconrv,' London (pp.448, 
fol.) On 18 Feb. 1084 Hay, then settled at 
Black Notley, Essex, write« to Sir Tancred 
llobinson [q.v.] that be had extracted out of 
W i II ughby 'a papers,' re V ised , s upplied , aetho- 
dited, and fitted for the press,' the ' Ichthyo- 
logy.' The Willughby family not assist- 
ing in the publication of this work, as they 
had in the case of the former, it was issued 
at the expense of Bishop Fell and the Hoyal 
Society, various fellows of the society bear- 
ing the cost of the copperplate illustrations, 
and the work being prmted at the Oxford 
University Press underthe title of 'Francisci 
WiUughlieii . , . de Uiaturia Piscium libii 
quatuor . . . Totum opusrecognovit,coBptBvit, 
supplevit, librum etiam primum et seeimduni 
inti^ros adjecit Johanuea lUius . . . Oxonii,' 
1686 (pp. 373, fol.) In the last year of his 
life lUy resolved to complete WiUughhy's 
' History of Insects,' but, at Ilr. Tancred 
Hobinson'a suggestion, preceded it by his 
' Methodua Insectorum,' published in 1705, 
just after his death. In August 1704 ha 
wrote to Dr. Derham of the larger work: 
' The mKin reason which induce.* me to un- 
dertake it Is because I have Mr. WiUughhy's 
history and papers in my hands, who had 
spent a great deal of time and bestowed 
much nuins upon this subject . . . and it ia 
a pity nis pains should be lost ... I nly 
chiefly on Mr. "Willughby's discoveries and 
the contributions of friends ; as for my own 
papers on the subject they are not worth 
preserving.' Tbe ' Illstorla Insectorum' 
was published in 1710 as ' auctore Joanne 
Uaio,' edited by Derham for the Royal So- 
ciety : but it abounds throughout with ac- 
knowledgments of indebtedness to Wil- 
lughby, expressed in terms of the highest 



^M deference. 
^P clans l^y's 
^1 ATiiim et 1 



Willughby 



57 



Willyams 



b 



deference. There seems little reason to 
class liay's posthumous ' Synnjiaia Methodica 
ATiiiinet Pisciuni,' published id lTl3,araoag 
works raninly due to the Isboure of Wif- 
lughby: but when we remeinber the inti- 
mate friendship of the two men, their un- 
doubted collaboration in the tables prepan>d 
for Dr.Wilkins's work,aQd the definite slate- 
menla as to Lis own share in the work made by 
Ray, a man of unquestionable modesty, we 
recognise that it is futile to attempt to ap- 
portion the credit. When Sir James Edward 
Smith writes ' we are in danger of attribut- 
ing too much to Mr. Willughby, and too 
little to' Ray (Lirmean Trajuiactiong,yol. i.), 
he errs only in a less degree than does 
Swainson in sayiug that 'all the honour 
thot has been ^ivsn to Hay, so fur as con- 
cerns systematic xoology, belongs eiclusi Tel T 
to' WiUughby. 

[Memoir by JoBhna Frederick Deahurn in Sir 
W. Jurdine^s N«Hir«Iist'» Library, vol, ivi.; 
aQthafitieR cited.] G. 8. B. 



WILLUaHBT, PERCIVALL (1596- 

168.1), writer on obstetrics, was siith son of 

Sir Percivsll Willuifhby, knt., of WoUaton 

I Hall, NottinghamHbire, where he was bom 

tin 1596. Francis Willughby [q. v.] was his 
nephew. Percivall was educated at Trow- 
bnd|^. Rugby, Eton, and Oxford, where he 
mstnculaled from Magdalen College on 
23 March 1620-1, his age being given as 
twenty-two, and graduated B.A. on 6 July 
1621. 
Jn 1610 he was, at the suggestion of his 
uncli; Robert Willughby, himself a medical 
man, articled for seven years to Feamer van 
Ott«n, after which he was to have joined 
Ilia uncle; but Van Otten dying in 1624, 
Willughby soon after coramencwl practice 
for himself, and in 1631 he settled in Derby, 
where be married Elixabeth, daughter of Sir 
Frsncis Coke of Trusley, by whom he had 
two or three sons and two daughters. 

On W Feb. 1640-1 he was admitted an 
extra licentiate of the Royal Collie of 
Ffcyaicians. In 1665 he removed to London 
' for the better education of his children,' 
but in 1660 he returned to Derby, where he 
lesumed his practice as a physician, enjoying 
a high reputation throughout the neighbour- 
iag counties for his skill in obetetrio opera- 
I tions. He deprecMedtheuseof the crotchet. 
Land, Cbamberlen's secret of the forceps not 
BliBving been an yet divulged, he endeavoured 
I'to overcome all diflicultiea by tumiug. At 
■ 4n]e period he was to some extent assisted 
1 by a daughter, whom he had trained us a 
nidwife to ladies of the higher claseei. lie 
Ji of high culture, powerful Jntel- 



; the secrecy ^^M 
'aries main- ^H 
and though. ^^ 



lect.and great modi-sty, scorning the secrecy 
which some of his contemporaries main- 
tained OS to their procedures ; and though, 
he committed to writing the conclusions at 
which he arrived after long years of study 
and observation, revising and transcribing 
the manuscripts in English and in Latin, 
be seems to bave hesitated to the lost at 
their publication, as if sensible of the want 
of some really scientific instrument (the 
forceps) for the perfection of his art. The 
earliest copy of his work is a closely written 
quarto,entitIed'DniWillougbaei,DerbiensiB, 
De Puerperio Tractatus,' in the Britiih 
Museum .Sloane MS. 629. The second, 
an amplification of this, and referred to by 
l)r. Denman in his ' Practice of Midwifery,' 
was then in the possession of his friend 
Dr. Kirkland ; while the third and greatly 
enlarged edition consisted of two exquisitely 
written copies in Latin and in English, 
which were quite recently the property of 
the late Dr. J. H. Aveling, the En^Visli 
version being in two parts, wiih the titles 
' Observations in Midwifery ' and ' The 
Countrey Midwife's OpuBculum or Vade- 
mecum, by Percivall Willughby, Gentleman.' 
It was pnvately printed in 1863 by Henry 
Blenkinsopp, but a Dutch translation had 
been printed as an octavoat Leyden in 1764, 
though no copy is now to be had in Holland. 
He was the intimate friend of Harvey and 
of most of the scientific men of the century, 
and died on '2 Oct. 1681), in the ninetieui 
year of his age, being buried in St. Peter's 
Church at Derby, where within the rails of 
the chancel is a tablet to his memory. 

I Monks Coll. of PhjB.; Fosler's Alumni 
Oson, lfillO-17U; Sloana MS. 620.] E. F. W. 

WILLYAMS, COOPER (1762-1816), 
topographer and artist, bom in June 1762, 
probabty at Plaiatow House, Essex, was the 
onlyaoD of John WillyBraa(170r-ir79), com- 
mander li.N., by his wife, Anne Goodere, 
daughter of Sir Samuel Ooodere, and fiist 



he was contemporary with Charles Abbott, 
first lord Tenterden, Bishop Marsh, and Sir 
S. E. Brydges. In 1769 he preached the 
annual sermon before the King's School Feast 
Society (SiDEBOTUAM, CanUrbmy ScAutil, p. 
24). 

Willyams was entered in October 1780 at 
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and gra- 
duated ]t.A. in 1784 and M.A. in 178a In 
the spring of 1784 ha was in France with 
his friend Montagu Pennington [q. v.], and 
in that year he was ordained to a curacy 
near Gloucester, where his mother lived, 



I 

I 



VV^illyams 58 Willymat 

ffA tvf«« ni/if*nu*."A in 17%^ to tbfr Tic&raff^ lie d:^ &: Bernard Street, Russell Square, 

t,f V.tinnyt^ ut-.tif \ «; w ffiAr j<fr t. acd Jn 17<^-* to London, on 17 July l&lt5. He is said to 

Mff- rfjh,r/ 'tt Hi. JVt'T, \W*t Lvnn. X .r- LaT*r Ui-n buriei at Fulham, near lii« sister, 

f/>llr \u »i!>*«rr4*.'?^i account of Ex nir.z bv Beaia WiUvams id. 1791). He married 

h'ftn mi,i^»tf^A ^^» f-.^*'? * Topograph^rr' fr Sep- at Chrltenham. on I'D July 1801, Elizabeth 

h-fn^^r-f \i''^t '.!'' V'fJ-it, and he fumishrl iCebecca. ihirvl daughter of Peter SnelL 

Mhff tllri«*.r%/.i'/r«> to that periodical uii. They had four childi«>n. 

a-Vi; ^>ti|^ »v. J 7. U^}. H«j contributed to Willy ams was a clever artist. His journals 

' 7 M.'r/f «;/h^;%l Mi'sC'rllanieb' < 179:^) a view and drawings of the expeditions in which he 

t^ K./'Kr«i^ Mail, n^rar Newmarket, lie r^ tookpartare* intelligent and useful.* Another 

tt^hf*} *Uf ^^rttiiiit:*T of Exning in 1**0*j. work by hi m was 'A History of Sudeley Castle' 

th tMfiy Uff. Willyams had imbibed a love ( 1791, folio), with an illustration of the ruins, 

t4 y\»f. ^M, and on 24 Nov. 1793 he started dedicated to Brvdges. It was reprinted in 

#4 / ha^Witi of the Ikjyne to the West Inditrs, octavo form, and without the view, at Chel- 

u* tUf, irxpe^iition under the command of tenham in lb03. Poems by Bryd^s referring 

l^i/.'ii'Tfiafit-jreneral Sir Charles Grey and to Willyams are in 'Censura Literaria* (iv. 

^ it H-hfUtk\rtk[ Sir John Jervis. Through 79-100, viii. ^7, 91 1, and are reproduced iu 

t\»iHi\ik ir*nn yellow fever the ranks of the his * Uuminator* {\. 5, :K)9). 

tMrt:f% w»rnr luuch thinned; he himself suf- [Boase and Coortneys BibL Comub. ii. 891-2 ; 

<itf*>d from it, and during the latter part of Boase's Collect. Comub. p. 1271 ; Gent. Mag. 

i\uK rafiipaifrn was the onlv chaplain in the 1779 p. 1 J4, 1797 i. 50, ii. 1137« 1801 ii. 672, 

fc*j/«-djiJoij/The Fr*inch soldiers at Fort St. 1806 ii. 1240, 1809 ii. 1171, 1810 ii. 91, 1816 

r'h«W/re,'iiJadeloupe,8urr»-'nderedon22April i. 91, 184; Brjdges's Antobiogr. i. 44-6, 147-9; 

<7'.M, and Willvams was appointed chaplain Annual Bio^r. i. G04-6(hy Br>-dge«); Faulkner's 

to th«- \'Mi[\\Ai "tffjops in that island, but the Fulham. p. 116; Reuss's Alphabetical Reg. of 

miHi^iry ai home would not confirm the ap- 4."'!*^"' ^®^^ ' Letters of Mrs. Carter (1817). 

i»>nntm*'Ut. He published in 1796, with »"• 216.] W. F. C. 

ijlijfttrations *An Account of the Campaign WILLYMAT, W11.LIAM (rf.l615),au- 

in l\i*.\\*'^i JndieK in 1794;* a German trans- thor, was probably a native of Cheshire. In 

l«ii«m of it came out at l^ipzig in Ift'OO. 1585he was presente<l to the rectory of Rusk- 

Hoiue detaiU of this war were instated from ington in Lmcolnshire by Thomas Howard 

hitt ♦ comprehensive and circumstantial Ac- (afterwards Earl of Suffolk) [q. v.] In 1603, 

I'oijfil' in Bryan Edwards's * Ilistor}' of the with the king's consent,he published a volume 

V\'<-ftt Indies '( 1891, iii. 414 et Heij.) of extracts from James I's * Basil ikon Doron,* 

Willyams U'came in 1797 domestic chap- which he rendered into Latin and English 

lain lo Karl St. Vincent, and from 24 May verse and entitled *A Prince's Looking- 

179"^ he wTVi'd as cliaiilain of the iSwiftsure Glasse, or a Prince's Direction, very requisite 

(Captain II alio well), a v«'s.sel in the sijuadron and necessarie for a Christian Prince. 

\»U'T 



iiWU'T the eommand of Nelson, lie was , Printed by lohn Legat, Cambridge,* 4to. 
un-.^^.tiX. ill this vessel at the* battle of the The work was dedicatecl to Henry, prince 
S'Jiii, and liiH narrativ*', which was full of en- of Wales, for whose benefit the * Basilikon 
j/favingH frr>ni his own drawings, of * A Voy- j Doron' had been written. Encouraged by 
a(/«' iiji the .Mediterranean in the Swiftsure,' the favourable reception of his compilation, 
rontain<'d Mh'f first, tluMuost ])articular, and he published a companion volume in 1604 
I he nioht authentic account of the battle.' ' entitled *A Loyal Svbiect's Looking-Glasse, 
A <i'Tnnin version was published at Ham- or a Good Subiect's Direction necessar}* and 
it^un^ Hi IHO.'J. Alter the death of Willyams requisite for euerj^ Good Christian . '. . at 
iheri: ii|ipi-ure<l in 1K2:^ a volume containing London, printed by G. Elde for Robert Boul- 
* .i rti:liTii(in of Views in Egypt, Palestine, ton,' 4to. This work was also dedicated to 
Mljodeh, 1 1 Illy, Minorca, and ( Jibraltar, with Prince Henry. Willymat enforced by pre- 
diibi riiMions in English and FrtMich.* cepts drawn from ancient and modem writers 

VV»llyiiMihlan<led at Portsraouthon lOSept. the subject's duty of obedience to his rulers. 
jHMI, and stayed s m" weeks with Brydges, , He devoted a large portion of his book to 
wh" iu I'^On appoint^^d him to the rectory rebuking reluctance in paying subsidies and 
<»r' KiiiK'^ton, near ('anterbury. In tin ^ same customs, asserting that the subject's only 




^ , ioget her gious nature, which shows literary ability of 

yruduciidan income of over 1,000/. per annum. | a high order. It was entitled * Physicke to 



I tot Robert Boulton ' (8vo). and deditiled . _ 
his patron, the Earl of Suffolk (cf, AnoBR, 
TroTucripl of the Staliunenf jCg. iii. a69). 
A second edition wns puhlislied in 10U7. 
On 16 July itl!2 Willymnt petitioned the 
kin^ concerning the nrrears of a yearly pay- 
ment of 2/. to be made to the crown from 
the revenues of hia rectory, which had re- 
mained unpaid for forlj-seven years. He 
rmupBted the remission of the arrears due 
before the commencement of James I's reign, 
ofierinit to make ^ood aubseqiient arrears. 
HiB petition was granted, Willymat diedat 
Ituabinglon at tlie close of 161?, and his will 
waa proved at Lincoln on 19 Jan, I6I0-I6. 
By His wife Jlargaret he had two sons — 
miliam and James— and four daughters: 
Sai«h, ilargnret, Frances, and Anne. lie 
possessed land in Cheshire, which he be- 
queathed to hia brothers, James niid ItOR^r; 
in Kuskington, which he lefV to his son ^ViI• 
liam ; and in Bicker, which he bestowed on 
Ilia Kin Jamfs. The rest of bis poseessions 
I lu gave to his wife and three younger daugh- 
I ters, the eldest, Sarah, probably bein^ mar- 
[ned. Copies of all his works are m the 
,iah MWum Library. 
[HaddisoD'a Lincolnshire WiUs, 1600-17. pp. 
taOl. 132-91; Hiinur*9 Cboriis Vaium in Brit. 
Tlma. Addit. Ma. a«B9, f. 103; Corser* Col- 
iDsa {Cliethiiiii Sue), t. 1II3~I1 ; Cooper's 
enteCantHlir.iL. 402-3.] E. I. C. 

1 WILLYMOTT, WILLIAM (d. 1737). 

ian, born at Itoyston in Carobridge- 

s the second SOD of Thomas Willy- 

mott of lEoysIon, by his wife llnchoel, 

danriiteT of William i'indar. rector of Bos- 

■well Springfield in EsBo.x. He was educ«led 

^t Eton and admitted a scholar of King's 

I Oollege, Cambridge, on 20 Uct, 1603, gra- 

fAistin^ B.A. in 1H07, M.A. in 1700, and 

^ItL.D. in 1707. He became a fellow, and 

r taking his master's degree went as 

iuher t<i Kton, After some years be left 

Itoa and commenced a privet e school at Isle- 

ponh. In 1721 he was an unsuccessful can - 

idaie for the mastership of St. Paul's school, 

_eing rejected apporently because he was sus- 

EMCied of on attachment to the Pretender. 

r pome time before this he studied civil law 

Fknd entered himself of Doctors' Commons, 

' 'Irat, ebangiaghis mind, took orders, and in 

17^1 was made vice-provost of King's Col- 

Ieg«, of which he was then senior fellow. In 

1705 he was presented to the rectory of 

JAiiXtm, near Cambridge. He died, unmar' 

ried, on 7 June 1737, at the Swan Inn at 

Bedford, while reluming from «. visit to 



Willyraott was the author of n 
school books. Among ihem n _ 
tioned: I. ' English Particles exemplified 
in Sentences designed for Latin EjtercisM,' 
London,l"U3,8vo; Sthedit 1771. 2. 'The 
I'eculiar Use and Signification of certain 
Words in the Latin Tongue,' Cambridge, 
1705, 8yo; 8th edit, Eton, 1790, 8vo; new 
edit. Eton, 1818, l2mo. 3. ' I'hMednw [/a^J 
his Fables, with English Xotes,' 4th edit. 
London, 1730, 12mo; new edit. 1728. He 
al«u translated 'Lord Bacon's Essays,' Lon- 
don, 1720, 8vo; new eait. 1787; and 'Thomas 
B Kempis ... his Four Books of the Imi- 
tation of Christ,' London, 1722, 8vo. 

[Nichola'g Lit, Aneal. i. a3G-7, 705-8, iv. 
600; Hiirwoul's Alumni i:tflnensea, 1797, p. 
a97 ; Cu1l-b O'lleclions. ivi. 103.] E. I. C. 

WILMINGTON, Eabl op. [See Comp- 
Tos. Bpencee, l(jr3?-1743.] 

WILMOT, Sib CHARLES, first Vis- 
cousr WilmotopAthlone(1570!'-1644P), 
bom about 1570, was son and heir of Ed- 
ward Wilmot of Witnev, Oxfordshire, for- 
merly of Derwent, Gloucestershire, On 
S July 1587 he matriculated from Magdalen 
College, Oxford, oged 16, but left the uni- 
verslt J without a degree, and look service in 
I he Irish wars, probably in attendance upon 
liis neighbour, birThomis Norris [ij. v.], who 
was also a member of Magdalen College. In 
iri92 he became a captain, and early in 1695 
he was sent to Newry ; in the snme year he 
was also in command of sixty foot at Carrick- 
fergUB. In 1597 Norria, now president of 
Muasfer, made Wilmot aergeont-mnjfir of the 
forces in that province, which office he dis- 
charged ' with great valour and sufficiency,' 
being promoted colonel in 1698. He was 
knighted by Essex at Dublin on 6 Aug. 1&99, 
and on the 16tb was sent with instructions 
to the council of Munster for its government 
during Norris's illness. On 23 June 1600 
Mountjoy directed Curew to swear in Wil- 
mot as a member of the Munster council, 
and during the next two years he took n 

frominent part in suppressing the formidable 
risU rebellion. 
In July 1600 Wilmot was left by Carew 
in command of ' Carrygofoyle ' Castle on the 
Shannon; sborlly afterwards he was given 
command of a force of LOfiO foot and fifty 
horse,withwhiohin October be defeated Tho- 
mas Fitimaurice, eighteenth lord Kerry and 
baron Lixnaw fq. v.], and in November cap- 
tured Listowel Castle after sixteen days' 
siege. Florence Maccartby Keagh [q. v.] 
ia said to have urged Wilmot's aasaasinatioi 
at this time, but he wns warned bv Florence' 
wife. On 8 Dec. he was granted the offici 



I 
J 



Wilmot 



60 



Wilmot 



of «y^ii*rablft of Cai^tlemaine Castle, and in j 
J-^lj l*^)\ WBA appointed governor of Cork. 
A T«Ar Utffr Car»;w l»;ft Munster, suggesting 
}S'A:iifA'» app<^>intmHnt an vice-president; 
f>^;;l, however, wrote that the queen would 
nrA 'luJOfpt Wilmot or any such* {Cal. 
Carev: MHS. J60l-;J, p. 274;, but Wilmot 
h^:OtmH r;^immander-in-chief of the forces 
durin^r Carews absence, and in Septemb#ir ! 
Iflfy'J wa% ma/Je governor of Kerry ; in the 
aame month he captured 'Mocrumpe,' and 
throughout the winter was engaged tn clear- j 
ing Kerry of the rebels. In the last week of 
liecember and first week of January 1602-3 
he inflict»;d a H*;riefl of reverses upon the 
Irish in IJeare and Jiantr^', completely over- 
running the country (ib. 1002 3, pp, 368, 
4^J4 o; Stafford, Pacata Hihernia, ed. 
WMS, ii. 281-4). Thence, in February, he 
turne^l north-west, again captured Lixnaw, 
and f^uUlued the iJingle peninsula, effecting 
a junction with Carew over the Mangerton 
pass HUowKLL, Jrfilanfl under the Tudors^ 
lij. 420). 

In the following March Wilmot was asso- 
ciated with Sir (ieorgo Thornton in the go- 
vernment of Munster during Carew's ab- 
0<;ncf*. Cork, however, refused to acknow- 
le<]ge his authority and proclaim James I, 
ana shut its gates against him. Wilmot sat 
down IjefDre it, and turned his guns on the 
inhabitants to prevent their demolishing tlie 
fort« erected against the Spaniards. He re- 
fused, however, to attack the city, and 
waited till Carew's return, when its submis- 
sion was arranged. Wilmot now settled 
down as governor of Kerry. In KKKJ ho 
was again acting with Thornton as joint- 
commissioner for the government of Mun- 
uter, and in Novemlxjr 1(K)7 was granted a 
pension of 200/., and sworn of tlie Irish 
privy council. On 20 May 1811 he was 

f granted in reversion the marshalship of Ire- 
and, but surrendered it on 24 Aug 1617. 
He sat in the English House of Commons 
for Launceston from 5 April to 17 June 
1614. On 3 June 1616 he was appointed 
president of Connauglit, the seat ol his go- 
vernment being Athlone ; and on 4 Jan. 
1620-1 he was created Viscount Wilmot of 
Athlone in tlie peerage of Ireland. Among 
the rewards for his services w^ere grants of 
the monastery of Hallinglass and abbey of 
Carriekfergus in 1614. 

While presidt^nt of Connaught Wilmot 
embarked on a scheme for completely re- 
building Athlone ; and in 1621 Sir Charles 
Coote accused him of leasing and alienating 
crown lands and reserving the profits to him- 
self {Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1615-25, 
pp. 4'i6-7). These charges were referred 



to commissioners, bat Wilxnot's defence 
accepted for the time being, and on 7 Xot. 
1625 he ruceired a pardon (MoKScr, CaL 
Patent RolU, Charles I, p. 41). Charles I 
also renewed hia appointment as premdent of 
Connaught, and in October 1(527 selected 
him as commander of a relief expedition to 
be sent to Rh6. His fleet was, howeTer, de- 
layed at Plymouth, first b^ want of supplies^ 
and then by storms, which damaged the 
ships and drove them back into port. Mean- 
while the English at La Rochelle had been 
compelled to retreat (Gabduter, yL 191> 
192 sqq.), and Wilmot returned to Ireland, 
where he was appointed on 6 Not. 1629 
general and commander-in-chief of the forces. 
On 11 Sept. 1630 Sir Roger Jones, first vis- 
count Ranelagh, was associated with him in 
the presidency of Connaught, and on 6 Aug. 
1631 he was one of the commissioners ap- 
pointed to govern Dublin and Leinster dur- 
ing the absence of the lords justices. 

tn 1631, when it was resolved to super- 
sede the lords justices of Ireland by the 
nomination of a lord deputy, Wilmot enter- 
tained hopes of being selected for the post 
(Strafford Letters^ i. 61). Wentworths ap- 
pointment he resented as a slight on his own 
long services, and the new lord-deputy's 
vigorous inquisition into financial abuses 
soon brought him into collision with Wil- 
mot. In September 1634 the latter's pro- 
ceedings at Athlone were again called in 
question ; a commission of inquiry was 
issued early in 1635, and the Irish law offi- 
cers instituted suits against Wilmot before 
the castle chamber on the ground of misde- 
meanour and in the court of exchequer for 
recovery of the crown lands he had alienated. 
Wilmot, in revenge, abetted Barr*s petition 
against Wentworth {ib. i. 369,377,399,402, 
421), but on 3 Oct. 1635 was forced to sub- 
mit, and on 13 July 1636 besought the lord- 
deputy's favour. W^entworth insisted on 
restitution of the crown lands, but appa- 
rently failed to make W^ilmot disgorge before 
his recall from Ireland. W^ilmot's age pre- 
vented his serving against the Irish rebels in 
1641, but he retained his joint-presidency 
of Connaught till his death, probably in 
the earlv part of 1644. He was alive on 
29 June' 1643, but dead before April 1644, 
when his son Henry and Sir Charles Coote 
were appointed joint-presidents of Connaught 
(Lascellbs, Liber Mun, Hib. ii. 188-90). 

Wilmot married, first, about 1605, Sarah, 
fourth daughter of Sir Henry Anderson, 
sheriff of London in 1601-2 ; by her, whose 
burial on 8 Dec. 1615 is registered both at St. 
Olave's Jewry and at St. Martin's-in-the- 
Fields, he had issue three sons — ArthuTi 



Wilmot 



Wilraot 



I Charles, and Henry —who were all IWina in 
1 imi ( HoRKiy, Car. Patent Solh,Chaxlee I, f. 
6*5). Arthur married the wcond daughter of 
I Sir UojSM Uill, proToat'iuarshal of I'Isttr, 
I but divd without issue on 31 Oct. 163:;, and 
Vas buried in St. NicLoliu'B Church, Dublin 
' iLoT>eE,PKragfofIri-land,ii.S2l). Charles 
ftlao died without issue, the third, son, 
Henrv (afterwards first Earl of lioolinsler) 
[q. v.], aucceeding to llie viscountcy. Wil- 
Bot married, secondly, Mary, daughter of 
Sir Henry Collcy of Caatle Cnrberry and 
widow of Garret, first viscount Moore [q. v.], 
who died in 1637; she survived till 3 June 
1664, being huried on 3 July with her first 
bnsband in St. Peter's, Droghuda; her cor- 
respondence vilh the parllaiDCintarians dur- 
ing the Irish wars gave Hrmonde some 
trouble (GiLBBttT, Cant. Sist. of Affairs, 



TOl. i 



pp.s 



:s). 



I 



[Cdl. State Fnpera, Ireland. 1S!)2>4. 1603- 
I63JS panini: Cal. Ciirew USA. 1980-1603; 
StrafTonl Le-tera, i. SI. Se", 3T7.390-i02, 421- 
43a. 406, ii. 9-10, 81-:!, 102, 206, 280; Morrin's 
Cnl. Pntent Kollf, Irclnnd: L'nl. FianU (Dep- 
Kwper Rer. ITth Rep., IrrUnd); CaI. Stnle 
pBpen, Oom. : Lnsni'ln's Libcir Mnnenim Hi- 
liernieoruni ; Lorcla' JourDnl?, Iiplsad, i. 17, 63 ; 
Bowlioaon MS. D. 81. If. 12, 92; Egerton MS. 
1687. f. fil ; OfficinI Retiims Memljcrs of Purl. ; 
fitafibrd'a Pnrntii Uibemia, <•!, 1806 pnssini; 
BigwfU'i Ireland onHcr Ihe Tudors, vol. iii.; 
Oardiner's Uist. of Englunil; Foster's Alumni 
dan, 1500-1714; Lodge's Irish, Burke'a Ex- 
tinct, and O.E.C[okfl)ne]'B Complete PeBraseB.] 

A. P. P, 
- WILMOT, SiH EDWARD (1693-1786), 
iMtmnct, physician, second ean of Robert 
Wilmot and Joyce, daughter of William 
Socheveretl of Staunton in Leiceslershire, 
was bom at his father's seat, of Oiiadd<'«den 
near Derby on 29 Oct. 1003. Bis ances- 
tors were of account at Sutton-upon-Soar, 
Nottin^amshire, for some centuries, and in 
IS39 migrated into Derbyshire, lie entered 
8t, John's OoUe.ge, Cambridge, and graduated 
O.A, in 1714, was elected a fellow, took bis 
M.A. de^rree in 1718 and M.D.inl72fi. He 
vrB.i admitted a candidate or member of the 
CotUge of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1725, and 
wase!ectedRfellowou30Sept.l726. Inl739 
■fid 1741 he -nas a censor, and a Harveian 
omior in 1785. He was elected F.R.S. on 
29 Jan. 1790. From 1725 he practised as a 
physician in London, and was elected physi- 
cian to St. Thomas's Hospital, ar ' ' '""'' 
appaint.ed physician-general to the : 
April 1731 he was appointi^d physic 
ordinary to Quean Caroline, and soon became 

fbysician in ordinary, and physi 
'rederick, prince of Wales. He became 
physician to George II on the queen's death 



in 17.'!7. lie had a large practice for many 
venra. In 1730 John Fothergill [q, v.], who 
in afler life spoke with respect of his skill, 
became hispupil. When Henry Pelham bad 
lost two sons by sore throat in 1739, Wilmot 

f reserved the life of his wife. Lady Catharine 
'elham, by lancing her throat (Nichols, 
Lit. Anted, ix. 738). In March 1761, with 
Matthew Lee [q. v.], h« attended Frederick, 
prince of Wales, in his last illness, and does 
notseem to have anticipated his death (Bubb 
DODIKOTOS, Diary, p. 98). Archbishop 
Thomas Herring [q. v.] was his patient in a 
serious attack of pleurisy in 1753 (letter of 
Herring in NiCliois's llliutrationn, iii. 457). 
He was created a baronet on 15 Feb. 1759. 
On the death of George II, Wilmot, with 
John Ranby [q. T.], acquainted George III 
with ttvo wishes whicii the late king had 
confided to them — that his body should bo 
embalmed with a double quantity of per- 
fumes, and that it should be laid close to 
that of the queen. Geor^ III at once 
assenled flloEACE Walpolb, ,l/em"(V#, 1894, 
i. 7). Wilmot became phvsician in ordinary 
to George III in 1760, 'left London nert 
year, and lived in Kottingliam, but moved 
ihence to Heringstone in Dorset, whfere he 
died on 21 Nov. 1786 (Gent. Mag. 1786, 
p. 1093), and wna buried in that county in 
the cliurcb of Monkton, where his epitaph 
remains. He married Sarah Marsh, daiign- 
ter of Richard Mead [q. v.] She died on 
II Sept. 1765, aged 63; her portrait, painted 
by Joseph Wright, A.K.A., belongs to the 
family, as does a portrait of Wilmot by 
Thomas Beach (Cat. Second LaoH Exhib. 
Nos. 610, 615). He was succeeded in his 
baronetcy by his son, llobert Mead Wilmot, 
and had also two daughters, Ann and Jane. 
[MuBk's Coll. of PhjB. ii. 106 ; Burke's Peer- 
age Aud BuronlJige.] N. M. 

WILMOT, HENRY, first Easl of Ro- 

CHESTur (1612f-1658). third but only lur- 
viving SOD of Charles, first vtscoimt Wilmot 
[q v.], by his first wife, wns bom on 2 Nov., 
prohabh in 1612(0. F,. C[oK»rsBJ, CompMe 
Peerage, vi, 480; Dotle, Ogieial Baronage, 
iii. 151). In 1635 Wilmot was captain of a 
troop of horse in the Dutch service ( Strafford 
Zefierc, i. 423, ii . 1 1 5 ; Co/, .S/a(e Prt«(T«, Dom. 
1635, p. 54). In the second Scottish war ha 
-was commissary-general of horse inllie king's 
armv, and distinguiabed himself by his good 
conduct at Newbum, where be was rakeit 
prisoner by the Scots (I'A. 1640, pp. 4.3, 645; 
Tehri, ii/fl of Aleiander Leilir, pp. 118- 
138), He represented Tam worth in the I^ong 
parliament, end took part in the plot fur 
bringing up the army to overawe the parlia- 



I 
I 

I 

I 
I 



Wilmot 



W'ilmot 



ment, for which he was committeJ fa the 
Tower on 14 Juno lil4l, and expelled from 
the house on Dec. following (CVimnwi/u' 
JoumaU, a. 175. 337 ; Styiort on thr Duke 
of Portland"! MSS. i. 18; Hcshand, Oi-di- 
7u»n™#, 1643, pp. 318-20). 

Wilmotjoinedtheltingin Yorlohire when 
the civil wur beESn, eommandud a. troop of 
horse, and held tue posts of miisCer-m&ateT 
and com miasary-wn oral tPEACocit, Army 
Luts,p. 16; Old Parliamtntniy ffii(or!/,xi. 
260). Clarendon blHme.i him for not prevent- 
ing' the relief of Goventrv in Atigfust 1643 
(a. xi. 397 ; CtiBESDON, JUhtlUon, v. 446 «.) 
lie was wounded in the skirmish at Wor- 
cestor on 23 Hent. 1642, and commnnded the 
cavalry of the Icing's left wing nt the baltle 
of EdgehiU (ib. vi. 44, 85). \yiliuot cap- 
tured ihe town of Marlborough in December 
164^, but his greatest exploit daring the 
war was the crushing defeat he inSicted on 
Sir WiUiam WaUer (1597 ?-1668) [a. v.] at 
Boundway Dowu, near Devizes, on 13 July 
1643 (ih. vi. 156, vii. 1 15 ; Waylb.-j , Hittonf 
0/ Marlbomugh, p. 160). 'In April 1S13 
Wilmot was appointed lieu tenant-gen pral of 
the horse in the Icing's army, and on 39 June 
1643 he was created Baron Wilmot of Adder- 
bury in OKford»hire( Black, Oj-/ur(iZ)wjwi"(j, 
pp. 26,53), Clarendon describoH Wilmot' OB 
an orderly officer in marches and governing 
his troops,' while nlao very popular with his 
officers on account of his good fellowship and 
companionable wit. The comparison, after 
the manner of Plutarch, between Wilmot 
andOoring is the most amusingpassoge in the 
' Histoiy of the Itebellion ' (vm. 169). Ex- 
tremely ambitions and perpetually at feud 
with the king's civil counsellors, Wilmot 
was apccially hostile to Lords Digby and 
Colepeper. Prince Kupert, on the other 
liand, cherished a personal 
Wilmot, and Charles I had no great liking 
for him (». vi. 136, vii. 121, viii. 30, 94). 
In 1644 these diSerenC causes led lo Wilmot 'a 
fait. During the earlier part of the cam- 
paign the absence of Rupert and the hiGrmi- 
ties of the Earl of Brentford made him 
practically commander-in-chief of that part 
of the army which was with the kin^. 
According to Clarendon he neglected mili- 
tary opportunities and spent hia energy in 
cabals. At Cropredy Bridge, however.' on 
39 June Wilmot again defeated Sir William 
Waller, In the battle he was wounded and 
taken prisoner, but was rescued again almost 
immediately (ii. viii. 05; Walkbb, Hiaftirical 
Daeourteir, p. 33 ; Dinry of Bichard Sy- 
mondt, p. 23). Afier this success the king 



Sues. The king, he was rpprled to 
, was a&aid of peace, and ibe only 
end the war was to set up the Prince 
of \Vales, who had no share in the causes of 
these troubles. A private message which 
he sent to Essex by the bearer of an official 
letter from the king to the parliamentary 
commander roused suspicion that be was en- 
deavouring by the concerted action of the 
two generals to impose terms on the king 
and porliameut, and on f Aug. he was ar- 
rested and deprived of his command. He 
also lost his joint presidency of Connaught, 
to which he had been appointed in April 
1644, succeeding his father in that olface, 
and as second Viscount Wilmot of Athlone 
(LASCGLr.BS, Liber Mitn. Hibrmimrum, a. 
189, 190; GiLBEBT, CoHl. Hut. vol. i.) His 
popularity, however, with the officers of the 
royal army, who petitioned the king on his 
behalf, prevented any further proceedings 
— ■- ~ '-'m, and he was released and allowed 



October 1647 Wilmot fought n duel 
with his old enemy, Lord Digby, and was 
slightly wounded (Cabik, Oriyinal Lftteit, 
i. 63, 146, 159). 

When Charles II succeeded his father 
Wilmot became one of the new king's chief 
advisers. He was appointed b genlleraan of 
the bedchamber on 3 April 1649, and con- 
sulted on questions of policy, though not a 
memljer of the privy council [ Baitlie Lettert, 
iii. 8H; Carte, Ori'jinal Lellert, i. 339). 
He accompanied Charles to .Scotland, at- 
tached himself to the Marquia of Argyll's 
faction, and was allowed to st-ay in the 
country when other English royalists wet« 
expelled. Rumour credited him with be- 
traying the king's design to join MiddletOD 
and the Scottish royalists tn October 1650 
(Walker, Hieton'cal Diteottrta; pp. 158, 
101,197; lilchotai Paperi,\..2a\-%). Wil- 
mot fought at Won:ester, accompanied the 
king in the greater part of his wauderinga 
after that battle, and helped to procure the 
ship in which both escaped to France in 
October 1651 (Clibbsdox, Ilehellim, siii. 
87-106; Fe*, TheFliyhtoftkeKins,\Sen, 
passim). The common perils they had en- 
dured strengthened bia political position, 
and Wilmot, 'who had cultivated the king's 
afl'ection during Ihe time of their per^rina- 
tion and drawn many promises from him," 
was one of the committee of four whom 
Charles thenceforward consulted with in all 
his affairs (Clakenhos, RrbtlHon, xiii. 123; 
Clarendon Stale Papen, iii. 46). On 13 Dec. 
1652 he was created Earl of Rochester 
(D0YI.B, iii, 153; CLAaENSOS,if«ie//iu», siiL 



I4T). Chscles also employed him od many 
diplotaktie misaioiu. Id Mav \ab2 tie was 
Bent to neroCiate witb the Duhe of Lorraine 
(NirholatPaptra, \, 30lJ. itnd in Deceraber 
of the same year he was despatclied to 
negotiate with the diet of tlie empire at 
Ratisbon, from whom he suceeeded in ob- 
taining a eubsidf of about lO.tiOU/. for the 
J(ing"> service (Cr.iBESDOif, Eebeltion, xiv. 
6fi, 103). In imi, be watt sent on a misginn to 
the elector of Brandenbiirfr, from whom 
the king hoped for assiatance Co further the 
Tuing attempted bv the Scottish royaliBtH 
iCIarmdon Stnfe Papm, iii. 904, 220, 230, 
25I>. In February 1656 Rochester went to 
England to direct the moTemenla of the 
nnalist coDspirators against the Protector, 
■with power to postpone or to authorise an 
insurrection, aa it seemed advisable. He 
•utctioned the attempt, but at tbo rendei'.- 
Toiis of the Yorkshire cavaliers on 8 March 
kt Msraton Moor found himself with only 
about a hundred followers, and abandoned 
the bopeleiu enterprise. Clarendon iin- 
tuirly blames him for deeieting, hut royalists 
in general did not (Bebellioii, xiv. 1S5). 
Imnlcs to his skill in disgulaes, Rochester 
contrived to eflect bis escape, and, though 
MTested on suspicion at Aylesbury, (tot back 
to the continent earlv in June (Engluh Hit- 
torieal JUvkrr, 1888 p. 337, 1889 pp. 315. 
aifl. ;i3i). In 1656, when Charles II raised 
m lillle army in Flanders, Rochester was 
colonel ofoneofits four reKlment8{Cl.lRBK- 
Bov, Reiellwn, xv. 68). He died at Sluya 
on II) Feb. 1657-8, and was buried at 
Bruges bv Lord Bopton (Cal. State Papers, 
Dom. 1659, pp. 297, 300). After the 
Bvstoratioit his body is said to have been 
mm erred at Spelabury, Oxfordshire. 

Rochester married twice : lirdt,on31 Au^. 
I6,'13, at Chelsea, Frances, daughter of S^ir 
George Mopon of Clenston, Dorset, by 

'Catherine, daughter of Sir Arthur Hopton 
of Witham, Somerset ; secondly, about 1044, 

'Anne, widow of Sir Francis Henry Lee, bart. 

'(A 13 July 16;»;, and daughter of Sir John 

'St, John, hart., by Anne, daughter of Sir 
noma* Leigbton. Portraits of hor and her 

'Snt husband are reproduced in ' Memoirs 
of tliB Vemev Familv' (i. 24\, iii. 464). 
8be wa* the friend of Sir Ralph Verney 
and of Colonel Hutchinson, and helped to 
Mve the life of the latter at the Restoration 
(Vebsbi, Mftnoin, i. 247, iii. 4ft4 : Life of 
Colonel Hufokiiuon, 1885, il. 258, 208. 396). 
She was also the mother of John, second 
©arl of Rochester [q. v.], aun-ived her son, 
and was buried at Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, 
onl8Marcbl696(G.E.Cf0KAVNEl, Complete 
Jferaye, vi. 481). 




[Doyln's OfficiHl Baronnge, iii. 
C[okayn8]"8 Compl-to Peerage, vi. *H0 ; Clareu- 
lion's History of ihe BelniUioQ ; Clarendon Siata 
Papers , Nicholas pHpers. Many of Wilmol'a 
Isltera nra smong the correapondeoca of PrinCB 
Rupert in tbe lirlti'sh Museum, some of whith 
ars printed in Warburton's PrincB Hupert.l 



WTLMOT. JAMES {d. 1808), alleged 
author of ' The Letters of Junius.' [See 
undi-r Sgrres, Mes. Olivia Wiluot.] 

WILMOT. JOHN, second Earl of 
RoouEsTKB (1647-1680), poet and libertine, 
was the son of llenty "W ilmot, first earl of 
Rochester [q. vj, by "bis second wife. He 
was horn ut Ditcbley in tlifordabire on 
10 April 1647. and on the death of his father 
on 9 Feb. 16r(7-8 succeeded to the earldom. 
He was left witb little besides the pretensions 
In the king's favour bequeathed him by his 
father's services to Charles after the battle 
of Worcester. Afterattending the school at 
Burford. he was admitted a fellow commoner 
of Wadham College, Oxford, on 18 Jan. 
1659-60. His tutor was Phineaa Bury. 
He showed aa an undergraduate a happy 
turn for English verse, and contributed to 
the university collections on Charles Il'a 
restoration (1660) and on the death of 
Princess Mary of Orange (lOlilj. He was 
created M.A. on 9 Sept. 1661, when little 
more than fourteen. Neit year be presented 
to his college four silver piut pota, which 
Hre still preserved. On leaving (he univer~ 
sity be travelled in France and Italy under 
ihe care nf Dr, Balfour, who encouraged bis 
love of literature. In 1664 be returned from 
liis travels while in bis eiffhteentb year, and 
presented himself at Whitehall, In tbo 
Bummer of 1665 he joined as a volunteer Sir 
Thomas Teddeman fq. v.] on board the Royal 
Katharine, and toot part in too unsuccessful 
nssBiilt on Uutcb ships in the Danish har- 
Ijour of Bergen on 1 Aug. He is aaid to 
have behaved witb credit, lie again served 
nt sea in the summer of the following year 
in the Channel under Sir Edward Spraffge 
[q. v.], and dielinguiahedhimself by carrying 
IL measagii in an open boat under the enemy's 

Rochester bad meanwhile identified him- 
self with the most dissolute set of Charles II's 
courtiers. He became the intimate associate 
of Oeorge VilliHra. second duke of Bucking- 
ham; Charles SackviUe, duke of Dorset; Sir 
Charles Sedley, and Henry Savile, and, 
although their junior by many years, soon 
excelled all of them in profligacy. Burnet 
aays that be was 'naturally modest till the 
court corrupted him,'but befell an unresist- 
ing prey to every manner of vicious example. 



Wilmot 



Wilmot 



His debaucheries and 
were often the outcome of long spelli 
drunlceniiesB. Towards the end of bis mi 
he declared that he wa9 under the inSuenci 
of drink for five couBecutive years. At thi 
game time lie cultivated a brilliant faculty 
for amorous lyrics, obscene rhymes, 
mordant sntires in verse, and, although he 
quickly ruined his physical health by his 
eicceases, his intellect retaiaed all its vivacity 
tiU death. 

The king readily admitted him to the 
closest intimacy. He was Charles's com- 
panion in many of the meanent and most 
contemptiblo o^ the king's amorous adven- 
turea, and often acted as a spy upon those 
which he was not invited to share. But 
although his obscene conversation and scorn 
for propriety amused tbe king, there 



love lost between them, and Rocbester's 
position at court was always precarious. His 
biting tongue and his practical jokes spared 
neither the king nor the ministers nor the 
royal mistresses, and, according to Oramont, 
he was dismissed in disgrace at least once 
a year, It was (Pepya wrote) ' lo tbe king's 
everlasting shame to have so idle a rogue 
his companion' (Pbpys, viii. 231-2). He 
clearly exerted over Charles an irresistiblQ 
iascinntion, and he was usually no sooner 
dismissed liie court than be was recalled. He 
wrote many 'libels 'on the king, which reek«d 
with gross indecency, but his verses included 
the familiar epigram on the ' sovereign lord ' 
who ' never said a fonlisb tbintr and n 
did a wise one' ('Miscellany Poems' 
pended to MitaUlaneota H'vrki of Rovhetttr 
and Ruscommon, 1707, p. t3J)). He lacked 
all sense of phame, and rebulTs bad no m 
ingfor him. On 18 Feb. 1608-9 be aci 
panied tbe king and other courtiers 
dinner at the Uulch ambassador's. Oifended 
by a remark of a i'ellow-pueat, Thomas Kilii- 
grew, he bosed bis ears in the royal presence. 
Charles II overlooked tbe breach of etiquette, 
and next day walked publicly up and down, 
with llocbester at court lo ihe dismay of 
aerioiisly minded spectators. When he at- 
tempted to steal a Kiss from the Duchess of 
Cleveland as she left her carriage, he was 
promptly laid on his back by a blow from 
her hand ; but, leaping to bis feet, he recited 
an impromptu compliment. 

On oiw occasion, when bidden to with- 
draw from court, be took up bis residence 
under an assumed name in the city of London, 
and, gaining admission to civic society, dis- 
closed and mockingly denounced thedugraded 
debaucheriesofthekingandtheking'sfriends. 
Subsequently he Bi.'t up as a quack doctor 
under the name of ,\ieiander Gendo, taking 



frolics lodgings in Tower .Street, and having a alall 
-"- -■■ I on Tower Hill. He amused himself by dis- 
pensing advice and cosmetics ainong credu- 
lous women. A speech which he is said to 
have delivered in tne character of a medical 
mountebank proves him to have acted his 
part with much humour and somewbat less 
freedom than might have been anticipated 
(prefixed to the ' Poetical Works of Sir 
Charles Sedkv," 1710; GRkMom. Mrmnin). 
At another ti'me, according to 9olnt-£vre- 
mond. he and the Duke of Buckingham took 
an Inn on tbe Xewmarket road, and, while 
pretending to net as tavern-keepers, con *pi red 
to corrupt all the respecluble women of the 
neighboiirbood. On relinquishing the ad- 
venture 'they joined tbe king at Newmarket, 
and were welcomed with delight. 

With the many ladies of doubtful reputa- 
tion who thronged tbe court Hochester had 
numerous intrigues, but he showed their 
waiting women as much attention as them- 
selves. Elirabcth Barry [q.v.l, 'woman to 
the Lady Shelton of Norfolk,' he look into 
his keeping. He taught her to act, and in- 
troduced her to the stage, where she pursued 
highlyaiiccesaful career. Some of his letters 
her were published after bis death, A 
daughter by her lived to the ajfo of thirteen. 
Despite his libertine exploits, Kochester 
succeeded in repairing his decaying fortune 
a wealthy marriage. Tbekingencouraged 
him to pay addresses to Elizabeth, daughter 
of John fllalet of Enmere, Somerset, by Eliia- 
beth, daughter of Francis, baron Ha'wley of 
Donamore. Pepys described her as' tbegreat 
beauty and fortune of the north.' Gramont 
called her a ' melancholy heiress.' Not uih T 
nat urally she rejected R(]che8t^«Buit,wlu 
upon he resorted to violence. On 26 " 

1 6(55 the lady supped with the kingf's mis , 

Frances Teresa btuart. (or Stewart) [q.T.], '' 
and left with her grandfather, Lord Hawley. 
At Charing Cross Rochester and his nganla 
stopped the horses and forcibly removed her 
to another coach, which was rapidly driven 
out of London, A bue and cry was raised, 
Hochester was followed to Uxbridge, where 
hewasarrested,and,onbeing brought to Lon- 
don, was committed lo the Towerby order of 
thBklng(PEPrs,2>i'a7y,ed.WUeatIey,lv.419). 
Miss Molet was not captured, and illocbester 
was soon released with a pardon. In lfW7 
he married the lady, and remained on fairly 
good terms with her till his death (cf. hw 
letters to her in HTtartoniarta, 1727, vol. li.) 
Rochester's marriage did not alter his 
relations with the king or tbe court. In 
1686 he was made a gentleman of tbe king's 
bedchamber. On 5 Oct. Id67, although still 
■■ider age, he was summoned to the House 




Wilmot 



6S 



Wilmot 



1 Lords, and in 1U74 lie received a npecial 
I nark of myal favour lij being appointed 
F lueper of Woodstock Pnrk, with a lodRe 
' called * High Lodge ' for residence. On 
34 Not. 1670 Evelju met him at dinner at 
the lord treasurer's, and descrilx-d him as ' a 
proranewit' (Evelin, Diofy, ii. 254), In 
June 1676 he, (Sir) Qeor^ Etherege, and 
three friends engaged in a drunken frolic at 
Epaom, ending in a skirmiBh with ' the watch 
At Epsom,' in the course of which one of the 
roisterers (Uownee) rect^ived a fatal wound 
iSiit. JUSS. Comm. Tth liep. p. 467 ; Hat- 
ton Comnpondeace, i. 133). 

Meanwhile Rochester played the role of 
a ^tran of the poets, and showed character- 
istic fickleness in Ills treatment of them. 
He was a shrewd and exacting critic, as hia 
eaoetic and ill-natured remarks in his clever 
imitalion of the 'Tenth Satire' of Horace, 
bk. i,, and in the 'Session of the Poets' 
(printed in his works), amply prove. About 
1670 he showed many attenlionsto Dryden, , 
who flattered bim extravagantly when dedi- | 
catins to him his 'Marriage h la Mode' 
(1673). But Rochester fell out with Dry- 
den's chief patroD, John Sheffield, earl of 
MulgT«Te [(J-v.l; he is said to have enga^ 
in a duel with MulrraTe and to have slio 
the white feather. By way of retaliating 
Hulgrave, he soon ostentatiously disparaged 
Drf den and encouraged Drydon'sfeehle rivals, 
Elkausb Settle and John Crowne. Ill 



wrote a prologue, which he spoke himself. 
Crowne dedicated to him his ' Charles VIII 
of Franca ' next year, and at the earl's sug- 
gestion he wrote the ' Masque of Calistd,' 
which Rochester recommended for perform- 
ance at court in 1675. The youngerdrama- 
tut« Nathaniel Lee and Thomas Otway also 
•bared his favours for a time. In ]675 he 
commended Otway's ' Alcibiades,' and in- 
Wreated the Duke of York in the young au- 
diOT. Otwuy dedicated to bim his 'Titus 
and Berenice ' in 1677 ; but when the drama- 
tist ventured to make advances to liochester's 
mistress, Mrs. Barry the actress, Rochester 
sbowedbimsmallmercy. Lee.whodedicatnd 
to Rochester ' Nero," his first piece, com- 
memorated his patronage in his description 
of Count Rosidorein his' Princess of Cleves,' 
which was first produced in November 1681. 
Aaotlier protfigfi, whom Rochester treated 
with greater constancy, was John Oldham 
(1653-1683) rq. v.] Sir George Etherege is 
Mud to have drawn from Rochester the cha- 
racter of the libertine Dorimant in the ' Man 
=hwas 
1 1676 



fETHBHBGE, Workt, ed. Verity, p. xiv; el. 
WsUkHK, I^ Public ft let Hommrf de Lettret 
n, AnsMrrre, ltWO'1744, Paris, 1881, pp. 

02 sq.) 

In 1670 Rochester's beallU failed, although 
he was able to correspond gaily with his 
friend Henry Savile on the congenial topics 
of wine and women. During his conva- 
lesceuce in the autumn he, to the surprise 
of his friends, nought recreation in reading 
tbe first part of Gilbert. Burnet's ' History 
of the ReiormaCion.' Ue invited the author 
to visit him, and encouraged bim to talk of 
religion and morality. Rochester, in his 
feeble condition of body, seems to have found 
Burnet's ciinvprsation consolatorv. In April 
1680 he lea I.ondon for the High Lodge at 
Woodstock Park. The journey aggravated 
his ailments, and he began (o recognise that 
recovery was impossible. He showed siains 
of penitence for his misspent life. After lis- 
tening attentivelv to the pious exhortations 
of his chaplain, Robert Persons (1(M7-17U) 
I [q. v.], be wrote on 26 June to Burnet 
begging him to come and receive hia death- 
bed repentance. Burnet arrived on 20 July, 
and remained till the 34th, spending tbe four 
days in spiritual discourse. ' I do verily be- 
lieve,' Burnet wrote, 'he was then so en- 
tirely changed that, if he had recovered, he 
would have made good all bis resolutions.' 
Rochester died two days after Bumet left 
him, on 26 July. He wajs buried in the north 
aisle of Spelabury church in Oxfordshire, but 
without any monumeut or inscribed stone 
todistiuguishhis grave (cf.MABHHiLL,iriioiJ- 
ttock, suppl. 1874. pp. 25-36). His bed is 
still preserved at High Lodge. 

Rochester's will, with a codicil dated 
22 June 1680, was proved on 23 Feb. 1680-1. 
His executors included, besides hia wife and 
mother, whom he entreated to live in amity 
with one another, Sir Walter St. John, his 
mother's brother, and Sir Allen Apsley 
(1610-1683) [q. v.] Settlements had already 
been made on iiis wife and sun; 4,000/. was 
left to each of his three daughters ; 
annuity of 40/. was bestowed on an infant 
named Elizabeth Gierke; and other sums 
were bequeathed to servants ( WUU from 
Doctort' t'ommom, Camd, Soc, pp. 139-41). 
Sympathetic elegies came from the pens 
of Sirs. Anne Wharton, Jack How [i.e. 
John Gruhham Howe, q, v.], Edmund 
Waller {Rcamai Mucellaneum. 1702), Tho- 
mas Hatman, and Oldham. Hia chaplai) 
Robert Parsons, preached a funeral sermo 
which gave a somewhat sensational accoui 
of his ' death and repentance,' and attracted 
general attention when it was published. A 
edifieatory account of Rochester's coo- 



I 
I 

I 



W'ilmot 



Wilmot 



Terabn, which tnade even greater tensatton 
than Parsons'ssitTmon, was pablifhed by Bur- 
net umier the title ' Some Pussaifea ot the 
Life and Death of John, Earl of Rochester,' 
1680,Uto. Like Parsoiu's volume, it was con- 
Btantly reisaued. A modeni reprint, with, a 

;reface b; Lord Ronald G'lwer, appenreil in 
875. or the episode nf hia viait to RoeheS' 
ter'g dealhbt-d Burnet wrote : ' Nor was the 
king displeased with my being aent for bj 
Wilmot, earl of Uocbester, when he died. 
lie fancied that he bad told me many Ibinjj's 
of which I might make an ill use j jet be 
had read the book that I writ concerning 
him, and spoke well of it ' (Ddbnet, Oten 
7ime», 1823,ii.t'88). 

Rochester's widow aurvivod liim about 
thirteen months, dying suddenly of apoplexy, 
and being buried at SpeUburj' on 20 Aug. 
1681 (cf. Hutton Corrinjtondence, u. 0). By 
her he left a son and three daughters. The 
Bon, Charles, third and last earl of Rochester 
of the Wilmot family, baptised at Adderbury 
on2 Jan. 1870-1, aurvivedhis father scarcely 
two years, dying on I'i Nov. and being buried 
on 7 Dec. 1 68 1 by his father's side. The earl- 
dom thus became mtinct, but it was recreated 
in favour of Lawrence Hyde fq. v.] on 39 -S'ov. 
166J. Rochester's eldest daughter and heiress, 
Anne, married, first, Henry Bayntun of 
Bromham, Wiltshire ; and, secondly, Francis 
Greville, leaving issue by both husbands, 
and being ancestre^ by her second husbaad 
of the GrevillcB, earls of Warwick. Elisa- 
beth, Rochester's second daughter, who is 
said to have inherited much of lier father's 
wit, married EMward Montagu, third earl of 
Sandwich, and died at Paris on 2 July ITS7, 
Rochester's third daughter, Malet, married 
John V'aughan, second viscount Lisbnme. 

The best portrait of Rochester is that by 
Sir Peter Leiy at Hinchinbrooke, the seat of 
the Earl nf Sandwich. In a jwrtrait at 
Warwick Castle he is represented crowning 
a monkey with laurel. A third jiortrait, by 
WlHsing, is in the National Portrait Gallery. 
A fourth portrait of Rochester in youth be- 
longed in 1866 to Col. Sir E. S. Prideaux, 
bart.(aif. Natiimal Portraitt al South Ken- 
tington, 1806V Twaengravingsof him were 
made by R. Wliite^one in large size dated 
1081, and the otheronasmaUer scale, which 
was prefixed to the first edition of Burnet's 
'Some Passages.' 1080. There is also an en- 
([Taved miniature signed ' D[atid] L[oggan] 

RocheHter had as sprightly a lyric gift, as 
any writer of the Restoration. Aa a satirist 
he showed much insight and vigour, and, 
according to Aubrey, Marvell regarded htm 
ks the best satirist of his time. But he was 



fowley his lyrics were often deeply indebted. 
His literary work was disfigured by hia in- 
corrigibly ficentiouB temper. The sentiment 
in bis lova songs is transparently artificial 
whenever it is not offensively obscene. Nu- 
merous verses of gross indecency which have 
been put to his credit in contemporary mis- 
cellanies of verse may be from other pens. 
But there is enough foulness in his fully 
authenticated poems to give him a title to 
be remembered as the writer of the filthiest 
verse in the language. His muse has been 
compared to a well-favoured child which wil- 
fully and wantonly rolls itself in the mud, 
and is BO besmeared with dirt that the ordi- 
nary wayfarer prefers rather to rush hastily 
by than pause to discover its native charms 
(Sir. EfUnund Gosso in Wisd's Enytith 
Poett, ii. 425). 

It is said tliat on hia deathbed Rochester 
directed all hia licentious writing* to be de- 
stroyed, and that after his death hJs mother 
ordered a scandalous history of contempo- 
rary court intrigues to be burnt (Cibber). 
Uf that work nothing is known, and the order 
may havo been carried out, hut much else 
survives. The bibliography of Rochester's 
poems is difficult owing to the number of 

Coems that are attributed to him in miscel- 
ineouB collections of verse of which he was 
probably not the author {of. Ponn* on Affnin 
of Stale, passim; Kr/imen Alitcelloneuia, 
1703). No complete critical collection ef 
bis works has been attempted. His 'Satires 
against Mankind,' his poem on ' Nothing,' aitd 
otiiers of ' his lewd and profane poems ' and 
lil>els appeared bk penny broadsides in single 
folio sheets at the close of his life — in 1679 
and 1080— doubtless surreptitiously. Ac- 
cording to the advertisement to Parsons'* Mf- 
mon, ' they were ery'd about the street." The 
letter in which he summoned Burnet to his 
deathbed also appeared aa a broadside in 168U. 
Within a fewmonths of his death a short 
series nf ' Poems on several Occasions bjthe 

Right Honourable the E. of R ' was 

issued, prore-ssedlyat ' Antwerpcn,' but really 
in Lonclon(1080,8vo). The volume was re- 
printed in London in 16S5, with some omis- 
sions and modifications, as ' Poems on seve- 
ral Occasions, written by a late Person of 
Honour.' Some additions were made to 
another issue of 1691, in which are to be 
found all hia authenticated lyrics. This was 
reissued in 1696. 

Meanwhile there appeared an udaptalion 
by Rochester, in poor taste, of Beoiunont 
and Fletcher's trajredy of ' Valentinion,' 
under the title ' Valentinian : a Tragedy. 




Wilmot 



«r 



Wilmot 



I As \ia Altet'd hf the lute Earl of Rochester 
l.snd Acted at the Theatre Royal. Together 
' with a Preface concerning tlie Author and 
his Writinga. Bj one of his Frienda' (i.e. 
Robert "WoUeley, eldest Bon of Sir Charles 
Wobeley [q.v.]), London, 1685, When the 
play was produced in 1G86, Better! on played 
Aecins with much success, and Mrs. Barry 
appeared aa Lucina (Downbs, Roicaa, p. 65). 
Tliree prologues were printed, one heing hy 
ilr*. Behn. I 



tolerable foulness hoa been put to Itochester's 
discredit. It is entitled ' Sodom,' and was 
>ub)iahed at Antwerp in 168i as ' by the 
E. of R. ; ' no copy of this edition is known ; 
to have been burnt by Richard 
Heber. Two manuscripts are extant ; one 
IB in the British Museum (Ilarl. MS. 7312, 

S>. 118-4-'], B volume containing many of 
ocheflter's authentic compositions), and the 
Other is in the town librory of Ilsmburg. 
^e piece is improbably said to Iiave been 
■cted at court; it was doubtless designed 
te a Kurriloiis attack on Charlea II. In a 
■bort poem purporting to be addressed lo 
"^e author of the play (in Rochester's col- 
'~ '«! poems), he mockin|;ly disclaimed all 
jwngihilily for it, and it has been sltri- 
Diled to a youngbarrister named John Fish- 
lioume, of whom nothing is practically 
faionn (Baker, BL'yr. Drain.) Internal 
aridence unhappily suggests that Rochester ! 
^d the chief hand in the production. French 
Sdaptations are dated 1744, 1752, and 1767 
'itt. PlHAHOs Frixi, Cmtvria Libtvrum A/i^ 
~TOiufi*(<»rwiii, London, privately printed, 1879). 
An edition of Rochester's ' Works ' which 
iraa issued by Tonson in 1714, 12mo, included 
Us letters to SaTile and Mrs. * * *, the 
'Ingedy of ' A'alentinian," a preface by Ry- 
mer, and a pastoral elegy by Oldham. There 
WNsaportraitbyVau^Qucht, Thefourth 
edition of this is dated 1732. Rochester's 
' Remains,' including his * Satyres,' followed 
■ft 17ia Probably the completest edition is 
■ ' Poetical Worlis of the Earl of Rochester,' 
|l73l-2, 2vo1b. 

A leas perfect collection of lus ' Works ' 
' icludfnl the poems of the Eitrl of Roscnm- 
. The first edition appeared before 1702, 
jiobsceneappendixwas called 'The Delights 
t Venus, now first published.' The eecond 
s dated 1702 ; others appeared in 
lB'07 (and in 1714) with Saint'-Evremond's 
neraoir of Rochester and an additional poem 
r outrageous groosness called 'The Dis- 

[ A volume containing not only Rochester's 

OK, but also those of this Piarls of Roa- 

Btnmon and Dorset and the Dukes of 



Devoushire aud Buckingham, first appeared 
in 1731, and waa frequently reissued, often 
with an obscene appendix by various hands, 
entitled 'The Cabinet of Love," London, 
I 1739,2 vols. 12mo; 1757,1777. A privately 
printed reissue of excerpta from the 1757 
edition appeared in 18M. Itochester's poems, 
expureated by George Steevens [q.v.], ap- 
peared in Johnson'a collection, and were 
reprinted in the collections of Anderson, 
Chalmers, and Park. 

Rochester's letters to Savile and to Mrs. 
Barry were published, with a varied corre- 
Bpondence collected bv Tom Brown, in 
'FamiUar Letters,' 16SG, 1697, and 1699, 
and seven letters — two to his son, four to 
his wife, and one to the Earl of Lichfield— ' 
are in ' Whartoniann," 17^7, ii. 161-8. A 
few more are appended to ' A New MtseeU 
Inny of tirigina! I'oems,' 1720 (with preface 
by Anthony Hammond [q. v.]) 

[3nint-i:rri-nioQd'a Memoir. prpHxad to Ho- 
chester's MieeellnnBouB Works. 17U7; Savilo 
Correspond enoa {Camden Soc); Ciiiber's Lives, 
it. 260-3UU ; Grnmont's Memoirs; Burnet's 0*n 
Times; Aubrey's Lives, «l. Andrew Clark; 
Poems on Affairs of Stale, passim; Marshaira 
Woodstock, with Suppltment. 1 873-1 ; Uunter'a 
Chonia Vntum in Brit. Mna. Addit MS. ^4*61 ; 
Jofansan's Liies of the Foeti, ed, Cunniiighain ; 
Q. K. C[okiijDe]'s Cooiplelo PeflrBge. Kouhua- 
ter's deiklli in desoribed for ndiHcalory pBrposes 
■ onljinPareooB'sSecmon, 1680,andBurnet'H 
IB FusBaeu<i. IGBO, Irnt also ia The Libertine 
Overthrown, 1680, and in The Two Noble Coq. 
verts. 1681). His career is depirtud in no inlen- 
tiotinllj onBdifying light in J. G. M. Ruther- 
ford's Adventures of tbs Duke of Buckint;ham 
Cbnrtes II, and the Earl of Itochester, 18S7, am 
in Singulsr Life ... of the ronowoed Earl ol 
Kochester, 1864?] S. L. 

WILMOT, Sir .lOlFN R.\RDLEY 
(1709-1792), chief justice of the com: 
pleas, second son of Robert Wilmot of Os- 
maston, Derbvahire, by Ursula, daughter of 
.Sir Samuel Niarow, hart., of Berkswell, 
Warwickahire, was bom at Derbyon 16 Aug. 
1709. Sir Robert Wilmot, hart, (so created 
on 19 Sept. 1772 in recognition of long ser- 
vice as secretary tosuccessivelords-lieutenunt 
of Ireland) was his elder brother. The bro- 
tliers were grandsons of Robert Wilmot, 
M.P. for Derby 1690-5, who married Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Edward EardLey of Eard- 
ley, Staffordshire. Their great-grandl'ather 
WON Sir Nicholas "Wilmnt, serjeant-at-law 
(knighted at Hampton Court on 20 July 
1674), whose elder brother Edward was 
grandl'ather of the eminent physician ijir Ed- 
ward Wilmot [q.v.] 

The future chief justice received his earlier 
education at the free school, Derbi', and, like 
y2 



I 



Wilmot 



Wilmot 



Bevere] other judges [cf. Nobi., Wir.r.nw; 

PaKKEB, SlETKOMiS; WlLLES, SikJoHN], 
Ht Kiag Edward'ti school, Lichlield, where he 
wttBBlig-htly senior to David Garrici and con- 
temporary with Samuel Jolmson. In 1724 
he was removed to Weatminster achool, 
where lie formtd n lifelong friendship with 
Henry Bilson Leggo, tlin future chancellor 
of the exchequer. At Cambridge, where he 
Hoon afterwards matriculaled from Trinitj 
Ilall,he did not graduate, but ncquireda taste 
for learned leisure which he never lost. His 
predilection was for the church, and it was 
only in deference to his father's wishes that 
he adopted the legalprofession. During biB 
residence at Trinity Hull, however, be duti- 
fully studied the civil law, and in June 1732 
he was called totbebaratthelnnerTempte. 
In 1745 he was elected F.S.A. 

Wilmot BOan made a distinguished 6gani 
both in the courts of common law and at 
the parlitunent-ary bar (in election petition 
coses), but found the profesiion uncongenial. 
In 1753 he refused silk, and in the following 
year be retired to bis native place with 
the intention of confining himself to local 

firactice. Early in 1755, however, he ■was 
ured back to Weatmitister by the offer of a 



Euisne judgeship in the king's bench, and, 
aving Been knighted and iaveated with the 
coif, was sworn in as justice (11 Feb.) lie 
proved BO efficient a puisne that when, on 
the resignation of Lord Hardwicke, it be- 
came necessary to put the great seal in 
inated one of the 



STiFTOBD, - , - , -- 

office he held with increasing credit from 
19 Nov. 1766 to 20 June 1757, when the 
seal was delivered to Lord-keeper Ilenley 
[see IIcKLEr, Kobbbt, first Eabl of Nobth- 

Afler eight years more of service in the 
king's bench, Wilmot began again to ililnk 
of retirement; but the easy post of chief 
justice of Chester, which he hoped to secure, 
proved unobtainable, while that of chief 
justice of the common pieaa was literally 
thrust upon him on the elevation of Lord 
Camden to the vrooUack. After soine 
demur he accepted the proffered dignity, 
and was sworn in accordingly on 20 Aug. 
1766, He was sworn of the privy council 
on 10 Sept. following. As puisne Wilmot fol- 
lowed Mansfield's lead in the cases which 
arose out of the publication of Wilkes's 
celebrated'NorthBriton'No.45[cf.WiLrE8, 
Jouk]. As chief justice assistant ta the 
House of Ijords during the proceedings on 
Wilkes's writ of error he sustained (16. Ian. 
1769) Mansfieid's judgments in the king's^ 



bench. Tn the common pleas, when Wilkes's 
long-delayed action against Lord Halifax 
came on for hearing 1,10 Nov. 1769), he 
sought to temperjustice with mercy bydirect- 
ing the jury that, though precedent did not 
justify the issue of the general warrant, it 
ought to be taken into account in miti- 
gation of damages. 

Wilmot thrice declined the great seal : 
once on the dismissal of Lord Camden, 
again on the death of Charles Yorke [q. v.] 
and once more pending the subsequent com- 
mission (cf. BiTiicHST, Hbxbt, 1714-1794]. 
Unlike Yorke, Wilmot bad no such party 
ties— he had held aloof from i>oli tics through- 
out his coreor — aa rendered his refusal of 
office obligatory ; and no one but himself 
doubted his capacity. His refusal was dic- 
tated by the same pococurantism, now in- 
veterata and reinforced by failing health, 
which he had twice before exliibited. It 
was the more to be regretted by reason of 
the glaring incompetence of the commis- 
sioners. But there is no reason to suppoce 
that in Wilmot the country lost a great - 
chancellor. His understanding was indml 
sound and strong and his learning exten- 
sive, but there is no evidence that he pos- 
sessed tfie subtlety and originality which 
characterise the masters of equity. 

Wilmot resigned the chief-justiceflbip 
on 26 Jan. 1771. He at finit declined afl 
recompense for hia services, but at length 
accepted a pension of 2,400/. He continued 
to take part in the judicial business of the 
privy council until 1(82, when he withdrew 
entirely from public life. He died at his 
house in Oreat Ormond Street, London, on 
6 Feb. 1792. His remains were interred 
in Bcrkswell church. By his wife Saisb 
((«. in 1743), daughter of Thomas Rivel^ 
M.P. for Derby 1748-54, Wilmot had, with 
two daughters, three sons. The second son, 
John Kardley-Wiimol fq. t.1, succeeded to 
bis estates. Bobert, the eldest son, died 
married in the East Indies. 

Wilmot'sdeoieionsarereported by Burrow 
and Wilson. His own Tuotcs of Opinions 
and Judgments delivered in different Courts,' 
edited by his son John Eardley-Wilmot, ap- 
peared at London in 1802, 4to. Some o[ 
his letters are printed in his' Memoirs' (sm 
wfra: and cf. Biet. MSS. CoTam. 5th Rep. 
App. p. 369, Cth Rep, App. p. 242). 

Engravings from portraits by Reynolds 
and UancB are in the British Museum and 
prefixed to the works above mentioned. 

[John E^rdlej-Wilmol's Memoirs of the Lifr 
of iho Right Hon. Sir John E«rdley Wilmot, 
Knight, with some Oriffinat LatUrs. 1B03, Loo- 
dun, 4tQ (Sud edit, with additions. IBU); L« 



Wilmot 



69 



Wilmot 



I 



Kero's PedigrwB of lbs Knigbts (Hiirl. Soc.}. 
p. 291 ; KLmber md Jobosoa's Baniuetagc, iii. 
ISl; Gept. Mag 17SS p. 92, 1792 i- IS7; Ann. 
Reg. 1765 p. 69. 1766 pp. 165. IB6, 1771 p- 71, 
1772 p. 162; Lj»OBBBMiig. Brit. Tol.T.p,livi; 
Hanrood'* Lichfield, p. 199; WalpoVa Memoire 
ot xbe Rflign of George II, ed. Holland, ii. 273 ; 
Slemoira oJ the Reign of Goorgp III, e<l. Lo Mar- 
fhimt, and Rusbi'U Barker, 1894, and Letters, ed. 
Cunninghnm ; Grenvills Piipen, ed. Smitb. iii. 
4S, IT. 110, 115,392 ; Grnftoo's Autobiography, 
«L Adsod ; CorrespODdence of George III with 
Lord North, ^. Donne, p. 53 ; Hnrria's Life of 
Lord Chaneallor Ilardwiclie ; Wj-nne's Serjesnt- 
JU-Liiir ; Uofdji Cat. of Cbancellon ; Huwells 
SUte Trials, lit 1027, 1127, U07 ; L»w Mag. 
»iii. 3o6; Cmnpbell's Chief Juatie™ : Foss's 
Lives of tlie Jiirtges ; Eurke'a Peerage and B«ro- 
celiige; FuHler'a BHrouGlnge.J J. M. R. 

WILMOT, JOHN EARDLEY- (1750- 

1815), politician and author, second son of 
Sir Jobn Eardlev -Wilmot [q. t.], lord chief 
Justice of the common pleas, by Sarab, 
daughter of Thomas llivelt of Derby, waa 
bom in 1750. He was educated at Derby 
tfnunmar school, Westminster school, the 
Ituyal Academy, Brunswick, and the uni- 
Tereity of Oxford, where ha matriculated 
from UniTersitT College on 10 Jan. 1706, 
and graduated ll.A. in 1769, being elected 
fellow of All Souls' College in the same 

?B«r. He WM called to the bar at thelnner 
emple m 1773, and In 1781 was appointed 
to a mastership in chancery, which he held 
ontll 1801. He represented Tiverton, De- 
TODAhire, in parliament from 1776 to 1781, 
and eat for Covenlry in the parUaments of 
17W-90 and 1790-6. la the House of ( 
mona he aeldotn spoke, but from his ' Short 
Defence of the Opposition, in Answer 
Funpblet entitled " A Short History of the 
Oppowtion "'(London, 1778, 8 vo), it appears 
tbat he was an independent whigwhostrongly 
condemned the {lolicy which precipitated the 
American war. In 1783 he was appointed 
by act of parliaxoent commissioner to inquire 
.islo the claims of the American loyalists to 
iflotnpensation for their losses suffered during 
'*' . In 1790 he organised the Free- 

Hall committee for the relief of the 
French refugees. He retired from public life 
inI804. Inl813heaisumedbyrovallicense 
(20 Jan.) the additional surname o'f Eardley. 
He died at his bouse, Bruce L'aatle, Totten- 
ham, on 2S June 1815. He was elected a 
fellow of the Royal Society on 18 Nov. 177a, 
and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1791. 

Wilmot married twice: (1) on 30 April 
177(i, Frances, only daujfbter of Samuel 
Sainthill ; (2) on 29 June 1793, Sarah, daugh- 
ter of Colonel Haslam. He had issue only 
fay his first wife. 



Letters from and to Wilmot are preserved 
n Additional MSS. 5015 f. 29, and 9828, 
and Lord Lansdowne's collection I Hut. 
MSS. Comm. eth Hep. app. i. 242). From 
materials collected bv Wifmot, John Rayner 
edited Kaoulf de Glanville's 'Trnctalus de 
Legibua et Consuetudinibus Regni Anglis' 
(London. 1780, 8vo). Wilmot edited ' Notes 
of Opinions and Judg;mentB delivered in dif- 
ferent Courts' by his father (London, 1802, 
4to). fiesidesthe pamphlet mentioned above, 
he was author of: 1. 'Memoirs of the Life 
of the Ri^ht Hon. Sir Jobn Eardley Wilmot, 
Knt., with some original letters, London, 
180S, 4to; 2nd ed. with additions, 1611, 8vo. 
2. 'The Life of the Rev. John Hough, D.D„ 
Bucoesuvely Bishop of Oxford, LichHeld and 
Coventry, and Worcester,' London, 1812, 
4to. 3. 'Historical View of the Commission 
for Inquiring into the Losses, Services, and 
Claims of the American Loyalists at the 
close of the War between Great Britain and 
ber Colonies in ]78>'t; with an Account of 
the Compensation granted to tbem by Par- 
liament in 1786 and 17Se,' London, 1815, 8vo. 
By bis first wife Wilmot had, with four 
daughters, a son, John Eardley (1783-1847), 
bom on 21 Feb. 1783, educated at Harrow, 
and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 
9 May 1^08. He resided at Berkswell Uall, 
WarwickshirBjthenorthem division of which 
county he represented in purliament in the 
liberal interest from 1832 lo 1843. On 
23 Aug. 1821 he was created Sir John 
Eardley Eardley-W'ilmol, bart. In 1843 
(27 March) he was appointed lieutenant- 
governor of Van Diemen s Land, but, in con- 
sequence of his supposed indifference to the 
morals of the convicts under bis charge, was 
superseded on 13 Oct. 1846. He died at 
Hobart Town on 3 Feb. 1847. He was 
D.C.L. (Oion.), F.R.S., and F.L.S., and 
author of ' An Abridgment of Blnckstone'a 
"Commentaries'" (London, 1822, l2mo; 
2nded.,byhi8 son Sir John Eardley Eardley- 
Wilmot [q. v.], 1853, 8vo: 3rd ed. 1855). He 
married twice : first, on 21 May 1808, Elisa- 
beth Emma {d. 1818), fourth daughter of 
Caleb Hillier I'arrj-. M.D., of Batb, and 
sister of Admiral Sir Edward Parry; se- 
condly, on 30 Aug. 1819, Eliza (d. 1869), 
eldest daughter of Sir Robert Cheater at 
Bush Hall, Hertfordshire. He had issue by 
both wives. 

[Fosters Alnmni Oioa. and Baronetage ; 
Burke's Peemga snd Baronetage; Lnn List; 
Gent. Mug. 1776 p. 191, 1793 ii. 670. 1808 i, 
45S, iei5ii. B3, ISId ii. 272, lS47ii. 20fl ; Aon. 
Bee 1743,11,333; Menioiraof Sir John Esrdlej- 
Wilmol(l802),p. .18; Pari. Hibt. lii. 37, 787, 
axiii. til ; Madams D'ArbUy's Diary, vi, 



I 



I 



Wilmot 



Wilmot 



Georgiau Era; Cbilniert's Biogc. Diet.; List of 
Itoyal Socjoty. 1797; hist of Kocinty of Aoli- 
qii«ries(18i 2) ; Korthcote's Cniteof Sir Dirdloy- 
Wilmot (1847); HiulUid's Austmliim UicL of 
Ihttee.] J. M. R. 

WILMOT, Snt JOtIN EARDLEY 
EARULEV- (_1810-I892), bBCQnet.burrialer 
and politician, bom on 16 Nov. ISIO, waa 
eldest wm of Sir John Enrdley Eiirdky- Wil- 
mot, first baronet, and grandson of Jolin 
Eani ley- Wilmot [q. v,] He was educnted 
at Wincliesler, wnere he received the gold 
medal in 1828, and at BaUiol College, Ox- 
ford, where he matTiculated on 22 March 
1828, and obtained a scholarship. Regained 
the chancellor'a gold medal for Latin Terae 
in 1820, gmdusting B.A. in 1831. On 
18 May 1830 he became a student at Lin- 
coln's Inn, and he was called to the bar on 
28 Jan. 1843; h« joined the midland circuit 
and Warwick, Coventry, and Birmingham 
HBHsiona. From ia]2 until 1874, when he 
rttsiffned the post, he was recorder of War- 
wicfe, and he was judge of the county court 
at Bristol from January 18o4 to 18(13, and 
subsequently trom 1863 to 1871 of the Mary- 
leljone district in London. He represented 
Bouth Warwickshire in parliument in the 
conaen-ative interest from 1874 lo 1885, 
where he introduced hilU in 187& and 1876 
to amend the criminal law by diiferentiatinc 
two claases of murder, and to furthar extend 



vocate, thougli a practised speaker. He took 
great interest in the Question of local govern- 
ment foe Ireland, advocating the develop- 
ment of IriEli industries aud the establish- 
ment of B royal residt'nce in Ireland, and 
acting as chairman of a harbour board in 
Ireland. His persevering efforts procured 
the release of Edmund Oalley, who had 
been wrongly convicted of murder and sen- 
tenced to penal servitude for life. Wilmot 
died at hin residence in Tburloe Sqiiarf, 
London, on 1 Feb. 1893. He married, on 
27Aprill839,Eliia Martha, afth daughter of 
8ir Robert Williams, ninth baronet. She 
died on 23 Oct. 1887. and had issue six sons 
»nd two daughters. He was succeeded in the 
title by bis eldest son, WiUiam Assheton 
Enrdley Wilmot, of the Northumberland 
Fusiliers, who was bom in 1841, married in 
1876 Mary, third daughter of David Watts 
Russell of Biggin, Noithamptoushire, and 
died in 1890. 

Wilmot was author of ; 1. 'A Digest of 
the Law of Burglary,' Liondon, 18-"il, 12mo. 
'2. ' Lord Brougham's Acts and Bills from 
1811 to the present time, now first collected 
and arranged, with an Analytical Review, 






sliowing their n-suits upon the Amendment 
of the Law,' London, 1837, 8vo. 3. ' Remi- 
niscences of the late Thomas Assheton 
Smith,' Loudon, 1860, 8to; 5th edit. 1893, 
4. ' A Safe and Constitutional Plan of 
rarliamenlary Reform,' London, 1865, Sro. 
He also edited his father's ' Abridgment of 
Blackstone's Commentaries,' London, 1863, 
8vo; 1855, 12mo. He frequently contri- 
buted letters to the ' Times ' and other newi 
papers on the legal and poli 
which he was interested, besides writJngi 
publishing various pamphlets. 

[TiinoB, 2 and y Feb. I8B2; Law Tli 
6 Keb. 18B2; Law Journal, 6 Feb, 1892; 
brett's House of CommoDS and Judicial Bencb; 
Burke's PeoTago ; Foaler's Alomni Oion. 1715- 
1886; FoBtor'sMenat tbeBnr; Official Retunu 
of Members of Parliament ; private inrormatioa.] 
R. J.8. 

WILMOT, LEMUEL ALLEN (II 
1378), governor of New Brunswick, 1 
on 31 Jan. lt<09 at Sunbiiry.on theSt. J( 
"' '" Brunswick, 



daughter of Daniel' Bliss (1740-1800); 

chief justice of the court of common pleas in 
New Brunswick. On his father's aide he was 
descended from a New England family, his 
Krandfathor, Major Lemuel Wilmot, being a 
loyalist refugee. Lemuel Allen was portly 
educated among the French community at 
Madawasha, and he aflerwards entered the 
university of King's College at Fredericton. 
He was a successful student, and had the dis- 
tinction of being ' the best swimmer, skater, 
runner, wrestler, boatman, drill-master, 
speaker, and musician ' of his time. In 1830 
he became an attorney, and two years later 
was called to the bar of New ftrunswick. 
On31 July 1834 he was elected to the houst- 
of assembly for the province of York. He 
declared himself a liberal in politics, advo- 
cating responsible government and opposi- 
tion to the system of family compacts, and 
soon was acknowledged the liberal leader. 
In 1830 he moved an address to the governor 
for a detailed account of tbe crown land 
fund, and be and William Crane were sent 
to England as delegates to obtain for the 
representative assembly the control of the 
crown lands. They were cordially received 
by the colonial secretary, Sir Charles Grant, 



Sir Archibald ('ampbell 
(1769-1843) [q.y.],withheld his approval and 
tendered his resignation. The delegates wem 
again sent to England, where their eflijrts 
wore finally successfuL Campbell's resigns- 



lion w«e accepted, and the control of t!ie 
rcvetiue of lh« crovrn lunds was vested in 
the lusembl; oa coadiliait of calablishing a 
{wrmBnent civil list out of it. 

lu 1838 Wilmot waa made a queen's 
couiiael. In 1814 he accepted a sent in ihe 
exwiilire council without a portfolio ; but 
when thii lieutenant-governor, Sir Willinin 
Colebrooke, without consulting liis advisers, 
appoiuted hia aon-in-law 1o the office of 

Jrovincinl secretary, Wilmot, with three col- 
■oguBs. rrsJened bis place in the cabinet. 
Ill 1(*47 Ekrl Grey, the colonial secrctsrj", 
ileclart>d that mombers of the executive 
council should bold office only whili! the; 
possessed tha confidence of llio niajoriiy 
of Hie people. In 1848 the New Bruns- 
'wick bouse of oEiemblj- passed a reso- 
lution approving of Enrl Grey'a despatch, 
and Wiunot, who mudi> a grent speech on 
the occaiion, was culled on to form u go- 
Temment- He accepted the task, and bis 
eatuDHt bflciunn b, coalition ministry with 
liberal tendencies. He himself held office 
a« attontey-genernl, a post which he first 
till«doii24 M:ayl848. In this capacity and 
as prvmier he took au active part in the 
eoiuolidalion of criminal and muuicipal law. 
la 1850 he attended the international rail- 
way convention at Portland in Maine. In 
the Male year he took part in negotiations 
in Waahiugton on tbe subject of comtuer- 
eial reciprocity, A treaty waa concluded 
fcur years later by Lord Elgin. 

In Jannary I8.7I Wilmot was appointed a 
Jodge of tbe supreme court. While holding 
I-Jlus office he received ibe honoran' defjree 
iflf D.CL. from the university of King's 
jOeihege. When the question of federation 
*tKam» prominent in ifitili be espoused the 
<«*aBs of union, and after federation was ac- 
^tompltshed hu was nominated to the post of 
iBwitenanr-govemor of New Brunswick on 
}«7 July 1868- Ho held office till 14 Nov. 
'3S7S,irhen he received a pension as a retired 
Ifttdge. In 1875 he became second com- 
liiissioner under tbe Prince Edward Island 
{ISttchase Act, passed in that year, and he 
iWU mlao nominated one of the arbitrators in 
'^e Ontario and north-west, boundary com- 
lauwion, but deatb prevented bim serving. 
'Ma died at Fredericton on 20 May 1878, 
■ad was buried near tha town. Wilmot 
waa twice married : first, to a daughter of 
tbe Rav. J. Balloch ; and, secondly, to a 
daughter of William A. Black of Halifax, a 
member of tbe legislative council. 

[Lutbern's Hon. Judgo Wilmot, 1881 ; Do- 
mi nionAnnaiil Register, 1878. p. 371 ; Applslon's 
Cytl. of Amorican Biogr. ; Withrow'a Hi«t. of 
Ciuuula, 18S8, p. 606 ] E. 1. C. 



WILMOT, ROBEBT {/, 1568-1608), 
drauinlist, was presented by Uabrie] Poynlx 
on 38 Nov. 166:i to the lectory of North 
Okendon, now Uekiindon, aboui six milea 
from Romford in Espfi, and by tbe dean 
and chapter of St. I'nut's Cnthedrul, on 2 Dec. 
1 58ii, to tbe vicarage ofHorndon-on-the-lIill, 
a few miles away from Ockendon. He is 
described in l^iHS as M.A. (NRWtocBT, /ffr- 
perlorium, ii. 447, 343), It does not appear 
when tbe vicarage at Homdoo waa vacaled, 
but in 1608 the crown, by lupso of the 

! laCroii'srigb t, appointed to Ockendnnanothee 
iobert Wilmot, whose death took place in 
Iflla 

Wilmot puhlisbed, in 1591, ' Thelragcdie 
of Tiincred and Gismund, compiled by tha 
Gentlemen ofthelnnerTempIe, and by them 
presented before her Majeatie. Newly re- 
vived and polished according to the decorum 
of these dales. By K. W. London,' 1591 
( lfi92 in some copies), 4to. The pkv is dedi- 
cated by ' Robert Wilmot ' to ■ Liidy Mnrie 
Peter and Ihe Lady Annie Graie ; ' the latter 
was the wife of Henry Grey, esq., of Pirgo. 
After the dedication comes a letter 10 the 
authorfrom Guil. Webbe[see WKoaE, W'li,. 
LTam], dated ' from Pyrgo in Eases, August 
tbe Eight, 1691.* Webbu claims from Wil- 
mot the performance of an 'old intention' 
of publishing this play. He refers to the 
gentlemen of the Inner Temple, 



'by Ihfn 



»th*ify 



that the play 

framed and no less eiyiously acted ii 
of her Majeslie, by wuoin it was then aa 
princely accepted as of tliu whole honorable 
audiencenotably applauded.' After this letter 
follows an address by Wilmot to the ' Gentle- 
ment students of the Inner Temple and 
Gentlemen of the Middle Temple,' in which 
he mentions his doubt ' whether it wore 
convenient for the commonwealth, with the 
indecorum of my culling (as some thinke it ), 
that the memorie of Taucred'a Truftedie 
should be agaiue bv my meanes revived.' 
This seems a reference to his clerical profea- 
aion. He apeaka of hia acquaintance with 
the Temple us having lasted twenty-four 
years. Before the play there are compli- 
mentary eonnelB to ' the Queenes Maidens 
of Honor.' Tbe play was acted before Queen 
Eliinbeth in 1568. In Wilmot'sversiun Ihe 
initials of five composers are given at llie 
end of the five acte as follows : Itod. Staf. t 
Hen, No (Henry Noel P) ; O. Al. ; Ch. Hat 
tChristopber Haltonl : R. W. (Robert WJI- 
mot). "The play Is taken from Boccaccio, 
It ' mar still claim to be designated tha 
oldest known English play of which the 
plot is certainly («ken from an Italian novel.' 
The story is told in Painter's 'Palace of 



i 



Wilraot 

I'leaaure,' tale 39, The original Tersion ia 
extuiit in seveml manuscripla, of which 
Lansdowne MS. 78(i is the buat. From this 
it appears thnt originally the pUy was in 
decasyllabic rhyming quatrains, Wilmot in 
1591 macUi it into blank verse, by that time 
fiuhiouablej but tbe play must be classed 
along with early plays like ' Uorboduc ' and 
Other imitationB of Seneca. It has dumb 
shows to commence and choruaes to termi- 
nate the acts. It ' poanesses no mean lite- 
rary merit ' (Ward), The 1691 edition was 
reprinted in Dodsley's 'Collection,' to), il., 
in 1780 (4th edit, by Hailitt, 1874, vol. vii.) 
Hunter mentions a second work by Wilmot, 
' Syrophenisia, or the Canaaultiah Woman; 
con Diets at Qorndon-on-the-Uilt in the 
County of Essex,' 1598. 

(WbhI's EnRlish Uramntie Lil«rature, 1898. i. 
2U; Collier's History otUrAOialic Poetry, ii. 399; 
Arber's Intri)diii;lion to reprint of Wrbbe'a Dis- 
eoursB of Engliiih Poetrie ; Balliini'a Lit. of 
Europe, ii. 16Tl Inderwicks Ciil. InaerTomple 
BKurds, 1890, vol. i. pp. liii-Uiii ; Bnntrr's 
miauscript Chorus Vacam ; Warton's English 
Postry.iv. 269, 338 rFleay'sHialory of the Stage, 
p. 1 7, and English Drama, ii. 271.] R. B. 

"WILMOT, ROBERT (d. IfllK), commo- 
dore, is first mentioned in July I6&9 as 
second lieutenant of the 70-gnn ship Exeter, 
then fitting out in the Medway. In the fol- 
lowing March he was promoted to command 
the Cygnet fireship, in which be was present 
at tbe battle of Beachy Dead on 3U June. 
Un 19 Auff. he was moved to the newly 
named fireship Hopewell, and shortly afteov 
words to the Dreadnought, to take that vessel 
round from Portsmouth to the river. The 
Dreadnouglit, an old 6:i-guu skip, built in 
16i>4, was no longer seaworthy, and ' foun- 
dered bv her leakmessin her passage.' off the 
South j'orelaud, By thecourt-martial held 
on 8 Dec. I6SK) Wilmot was fully acquitted, 
and on <i Jan. 1690-1 he was appointed lo 
command the Crown of 48 guns for cruising 
■ervice in the Channel. In Iti92 he com- 
manded the Wolf, hired ship, also of 48 guns, 
and convoyed the trade to Virginia and 
home. EInrly in 1(193 he wa.'^ amminted to 
the 70-gun ship Eliiabeth, one of the grand 
fleet which, after accompanying Bir George 
Uooke [q. v.] past Ushant, returned to Torbay 
on 21 June, and remained there for a couple 
of months. During this time WUmot quar- 
relled with Ensign Roydon of Ingoldsby's 
regiment, a detachment of which was serving 
Oil board the Elizabeth as mnrinca. The 
quarrel resulted in a due! fought on shore, 
andRoydoit was kOled. Wilmot wascharsfed 
with manslaughter, arrested by tbe marshnl 
of the admiralty, tried at the assizes in 



Devonshire in ihe following March, and ac- 
quitted. On25Aprit lti94he waareappointed 
lo theEliziboth^ED-iE, Suron/af t/ie Soyal 
Marina, i. 387; Admiralty Minute liookt, 
30 Aug., 4 Sept. lB9il, h March I6()3-4). 

In the following October he was appointed 
to the 00-gun ship Dunkirk, and tlie com- 
mand of an expulition sent to the Weet 
Indies, where it was to co-operate with the 
Spaniards against the French settlements In 
Ilispaniola. The squadron appointed for 
this service, consisting, besides the Uuniiirk, 
of three 60-gun ships and some smaller 
vefljels, together with transports carrying 
twelve hundred soldiers commanded by 
Colonel Luke Lillingston [q.v.j, sailed from 
Plymouthon22 Jan. IB95. InWarehitwaa 
at St. Christopher's, and after some corre- 
spondence with the Spanish governor of St. 
Domingo It sailed for Savana on tbe 38th. 
At Savana, however, it was found thBt.can- 
trarv to the hopes the governor had held oat, 
the Spaniards were not ready, and it was the 
end of April before Cape Fnuifab could ba 
attached. This the French evacuated after 
setting on fire, and It was some weeks before 
the different eleniealB of the assailing force 
could agree on what was next to be dona 
and how It was to be done. At length they 
attacked and on 3 July look Port de la Paix, 
out of which they collected a booty e.'itimated 
as worth about 200,000/. This seems to 
have been the cause of the bitter quarrel 
which broke out between Wilmot and Lil- 
lingston, though the particulars are unknown. 
Wilmot was anxious, late as the season was, 
to go on and capture Petit Goave and Leo- 
gane ; but the eichly state of the troops, and 
probably also Lillingston's ill will, rendered 
tliis impossible, and leaving the 50-gun ships 
behind for the protection ofJamaica, Wilmot 
sailed for England on 3 Sept. But the fever, 
which had killed so many of the soldiers, 
had now spread to the shi]is, and very many 
of the seamen died, Wilmot himself among 
the first, on 15 Sept. Lillingston afterwards 
published a pamphlet accusing Wilmot of 
several irregularities, none of which, how- 
ever, he could substantiate by any evidence 
except his own assertion ; and Wilmot waa 
dead! In the account of the expedition pub- 
lished by Burchett, who, as secretary of tlie 
admiralty, was in abetter position for learn- 
ing the truth than any other man could pos- 
sibly be, the accusations of LilLngston tuv 
passed over with contempt. 

[ListbooksintiiePublieReeordOffiu; Char- 
nock's Biogr. Nar. ii. 375; Burchntl's Ttms- 
nctions at Sm. pp. 631-7; LillinReton's Ro- 
HeptioneouBiirchutt's Memoirs; Ledianl's Naval 
Hist. pp. 700-3.1 J. K, L. 



I 

I 



HaTmi 



WILMOT-HORTON, Sir liOBEItT 
JOILS (17R4-1B41), politiciil inuniilikteer. 
[See IIoRTOS.J 

WILSON. Mrs. (d. 1786), actress, wIiobb 
[iiuiden naine vim Adcock, wits presumsbly 

■ milliner in the llsyniarket [flee A\'b8ton, 
, Tuauk6,i7-d7'\77fi]. She ia first heard of in 

York, wlierv, as Mrs. WcsCod, iu iLh suid- 
[ iner of 17"^ she played Lucy l^ockit in the 
* Beggar's Upera,' Miss Notahle in the ' Lady's 
LiLst Stake, and other comic parts. After 
Appearing in Leeds, where she became a 
fiivuurito, and in Glasgow in 1774, she came 
to London. There she come to know Richard 
Wilson (see helow), and aa Mrs. Wilson she 
played at the IJaymarket on 19 May 1773, 
Betay Bloflsom in the " Coienera,' and Lucy 
in the * \'irgin Unmasked.' The name of 
Wilson she henceforward retained, hut is 
once and again heard of as Mrs. Weston. 
Weslon and Wihton were iu the same com- 
|Mny with her. Weston died in 1770, but it 
u known that he quarrelled with and forsook 
his wife no long time aflermarriage. Under 
ame or other she was seen in her first 
latket season oa Lucy in the ' Mirror,' 
Devil to Pay,' Lydia in the 
Bankrupt,' Sophy in the ' Dutchman,' and 
Juletta(annriginal part) in 'Metamorphoses' 
(30 Aug. 1776). 

OnSOAprillirSahewasatCoventGarden, 
for Wilson's benefit, Uoydeu in the ' Man of 
Quality.' In the summer of 1776 and that 
of 1777 she was in Liverpool, where, among 
Many other parts, she enacted Miss Hard- 
caalle in 'iShe atoons to conquer,' Lady 
Jtaekct in 'Three Weeks after Marriage,' 
llahana in the ' Miser,' Charlotte Kusport 
in the ' West Indian,' Jenny in the ' Pro- 
Tobed Husband,' Mrs. Sullen in the ' Beaux' 
Stratagem,' Estifania in * Rule a Wife and 
have a Wife,' Phsdra in 'Amphitryon,' 
<^helia, Alaria in the ' Twelfth Night,' 
Lady Harriet in the ' Funeral,' Oamet in 
the Good-natured Man,' and Mrs. Sneak in 
the ' Mayor of (iarratt.' At Covent Garden 
•he had played meanwhile Polly lloncj- 
comhe in Colman's piece so named, Mrs. 
Pinchwife in the ' Country Wife,' and Kilty 
in ' High Life below Staim.' Un 2 Feb. 
17B0 she was the tlrst Betsy Blossom in 
Pilon'a * Deaf Lover,' and on 6 Aiij^. at the 
Uaymarket the first Bridget in Miss Lee'a 
'Chapter of Accidents.' She was also seen 
at the Heyraarket aa Xerissa and Miss Prue 
in ' Love for Love ; ' and at Covent Harden 
aa Jacinths in the '.Mistake,' Mrs, Page in 
the ' Merry Wives of Windsor,' Margery in 

■ Love in a Village,' Edging in the ' Careless 
Husband,' Damarii in ' Barnaby Brittle ' on 



18 April 1781, and on 10 May Betty Hint 
in the ' Man of the World,' the lost two 
oricinal parts. 

At the Eaymarket she was on 16 June 
1781 the original Comfit in O'Keefie's ' Deod 
Alive,' and played Filch in the ' Beggar's 
Upera,' with the male parts played by women 
and viae vena; she played also N^sa in 
' Midas ' (16 Aug.), and Flippant-a m the 
' Confederacy.' Mias Tumbull, an original 
part in Hofcroft's ' Duplicity,' was seen at 
Covent Garden, 13 Oct. ; Kitty in Mrs. Cow- 
ley's' Which is the Man,' 9 Feb. 1782; Nancy 
in O'Keeffe's ' Positive Man,' 16 March; and 
Kil tyCarringt on inCumherland'a 'Walloons,' 
^0 April. She was also Miss Leeson in the 
^ School for Wives,' and Jenny in the ' Pro- 
voked Husband.' Her original parts in the 
next season (at Covent Garden) included 
Catftlina in O'KeelTe's 'Castle of Andalusia' 
on 2 Nov., and Minette in Mrs. Cowley's 
' Bold Stroke for a Husband ' ou 25 Feb. 1783. 
ShealsoappearedaaMrs.Cadwallader in the 
' Author,' Floretta in the ■ Quaker,' and Foi- 
ble in the ' Way of the World.' Viletta in 
' She would and she would not,' Fatima in 
' Oymon,' Lucetta in ' Two Gentleman of 
Verona,' and Mrs. Haughty in ' Epiccene,' 
were given during the next season, in which 
she was on 8 Nov. the first Corisca in the 
'Magic Picture,' altered from Mossinffer; 
Miss Juvenile in Mrs. Cowley's ' More W ays 
than One' (fl Dec.); and 17 April 1784, 
Annette in ' Robin Hood,' In 1781-5 she 
is credited with Tilburina in the ' Critic,' 
Muslin in the ' Way to keep Uim,' Parly 
in the 'Constant Couple,' Nell in the 'De\-il 
to Pay,' and Fine Ladv in 'Leihe.' She was 
on 29 March 178fi tue original Mary the 
Buxom in Pilon's 'Baratario,' on 2 April 
Grace in Macnally's ' Fashionable Levities,' 
and on 23 Oct. Fish in Mrs. Inchhald's ' Ap- 
pearance is against them." She also played 
Lucetta in the ' Suspicious Husband,' Susan 
in ' Follies of n Day,' aud Margery in ' Lovo 
in a Village.' 

She did not act after this season, and died 
in Edinburgh in 1788. A Mrs. Wilson, ac- 
cording to Oenest, ' carefully to he distin- 
guished fromhernamesake at Covent Garden,' 
^laved at Drurv Lane the same class of parts 
from 1783 to IVOO. Mrs. Wilson or Weston 
was a good actress, but ' died a martyr to her 
own fully,' snya Tate Wilkinson, who adds 
that she was ' past reclaiming.' Mary Julia 
Young, in the 'Memoirs of Mrs. Crouch,' 
says of her Filch : ' Though a very pretty 
little woman, [she] appeared to bo in reality 
as complete a young pickpocket as could bo 
found among the boys who lurk about the 
doors of a theatre, and song her songs as if 



I 



I 



Wilson 



Wilson 



ehe bai] always freqticiited bucL Hael(>t;. Gay 
himHelf could nuver Luvb wisbed for a bettor 
Filch' (i. 115). 

Her husband, niCHARD Wilson (Jt.mi- 
1792), barn In Durham, played duritie mnny 
years comic characterB at Covent Garaea anil 
the Hay market. He wad a good actor in 
comedy, taking parts such as IlardcaattH, 
Justice Woodcoclt, Sir Anthony ,\bsolute, 
Tony Lumpkin, Slalvolio, Touchstone, Fal- 
Btaff, Ben in ' Love for Love,' Scapin, Shy- 
lock, Fluellen, Poloniua, Sir Pertlnax Macsy- 
copliant, and Sir llui;h Evans. His original 

nlfl included Don Jerome in the ' Duonna.' 
rd Lumbercourt in the ' Man of the World,' 
Father Luke in the ' Poor Soldier,' Mayor in 
' Peeping Tom,' John Dory in ' Wild Oats,' 
and Sulky in the ' Road to Ruin.' According 
to a rather extravagant and scarcely credible 
account of Lee Lewes, he marrli'd in the 
country, as a seventh husband, a Mra. Grace, 
who ia said to have been the original Jenny 
in the ' Provoked Huaband." She was, in 
fact, Myrtilla, Mre. Cibber playing Ji'uny. 
She must have been fifty years of age, and 
Wiloon little over twenty. Wilson then 
married, it is said, a daughter of Charles l^ee 
I«wea [q. v.], and aflerwarda, it is to be pre- 
sumed, Airs. Weston. Richard WiUon wae 
a good actor. O'Keeffe (Srcotlfielimin, 11. Sffil) 
says he succeeded Shulcr at Covent Gorden, 
that ' hia mannerwas broad, full, and power- 
ful,' and that he was ' ever true in loyalty to 
bis poet, his manager, and his audience.' 

[OnneslB Aci-ount of the EiigliBh Stage, vols. 
T. and vi. pHEHim ; Young's MeniuirA of Mrs. 
Cmueh ; Tate Wilki a nan's Wandering Pufntee ; 
Oallou's U'story of the lAodun Theatres ; Lee 
Lewss's Mnmoira ; O'KsoBTb's Rctiillectionii ; 
Doran's Singe Aiimis, ed. Lnwe; Notes nod 
Qaeries, Sth ear. ii. 349.] J. K. 

WILSON, SiK ADAM (1814-1891), 
Canadian judge, was bom at Edinburgh on 
S2Sept.iei4, and educated inthatcitv. He 
emigmted in 1830 to Trafalgar, co. Haltou, 
in Upper Canada, and went into the employ 
of his uncle, who owned milla and stores at 
that placo ; but after three years he decided 
to go to the Canadian bar, and in 1834 be- 
came articled to Robert Baldwin Sullivan ; 
he was called in Trinity term 1839 to the 
bar of Upper Canada, having already made 
such an impression on his tutor that he was 
in 1840 admitted into partnership with him 
and Robert Daldwin, the reform leader. He 
waa successful in practice, and became Q.C 
in 1600; he was shortly afterwards elected a 
bencher of the I^aw Society of Upper 
Canada. In mtHS he was appointed to the 
committee for revising the public statutes of 
tiiB Canados. 



Wilson removed to Toronto before 1955, 
and in]8C9and l^^OOwasmayorof that city. 
In 1639 he entered the legislative aasembly 
of Upper Canada as member for the Konn 
Riding of York. Joining the reform party, 
he becmne an uncompromising opponent of 
the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, chiefly on 
the question of their views as to popular 
representation. In 1800 he waa again re- 
turned, but in IBOl was defeated in tbd 
election for Weet Toronto. In ] 803 he waa 
elected for his old constituency, and oa< 
24 May of (hat year became solicit ur-genenl4 
in the coalition ministry led by John •Sani'f 
held Macdonald. 

On 11 May 1H63 Wilson resigned jiolitical 
life on his appointment as puisne judge of 
the court ofqueen's bench for L'pper Canada. 
On S4 Aug. he was transferred to the court 
of common pleas ; but at Easter 1866 he 
again returned to the court of queen's bench. 
In 1871 he was a member of the law reform 
commission. In 1676 he wus appointed 
chief justice of the court of common plea*, 
and m 1834 chief justice of the court of 
queen's bench of Ontario. He wa$ knighted 
in 1888. He died at Toronto on a9 Dec. 
1891. He was author of ' A Sketch of the 
Office of Constable,' 1861. 

Wilson married the daughter of Thomufl 
Dalton, editor of the Toronto 'Pair . 

adopted daughter, Julia Isabella Jorda^J 
married George Shirley. 



wnaoN, ALEXANDER (iTiJ-iraem 

first professor of astronomy at Qlaegow Um-J 
rersily, and the father of Scottish lettord 
founders, son of Patrick Wilson, town dtA- I 
of St. Andrews, was bom at St. Andrews in 
1714. He studied at the university therti, 
and graduated M.A. on 8 May 1733. In 
ITitT he became assistant to a London 
surgeon and apothecary. I Ine day he [Miid a 
visit to a type-found IT, and, after examining 
the proceBses,theideaof an improved method 
of manufacture of types struck him. He 
relinquished his profe»siou and returned to 
St. Andrews in 1739. In 1742, with a 
friend named Bain, he started n letter- 
foundry at St. Andrews, which wag removed 
in 1744 to Camtachie, near Glasgow. In 
1747 Bain settled at Dublin, butin 1749 the 



proved production of type.'. He furuiahed , 
Ilia friends, the brothers Foulia, with t 




tht! b«suly and artUttc finitib 
of the Foulia press [a«e Foolih, Robebi]. 
lie is specially referred to in the prEfsce to 
the ' Iloiner.' In 1760 Wibon was spiKiinted 
first profeaeoT of proctical astronomy in the 
uuiyersitv of Glasgow, tlirougli the influBnca 
of Ihtt Diike of .Irgyll. In ITUSI he mad< 
fais celebrated discovery regarding the solai 
■pots, on account of which appeured in tht 
'Philosophical Transactions' of tho Hojal 
Society of Loudon, 1774. His view was that 
the spots ore cavities or depressions in the 
luminous matter which surrounds the sun; 
u)d he was the hrst to establish this by a 
rigid induction. Wilsoa was also the author 
of a speculation in answer to the question, 
' What hinders the fixed stare from falliug 
u^n one another.''' His viewwiis that this 
might depend upon periodical motion round 
aouus grand centre of gravitation. It was 
given to the world in an auonymous tract, 
'Thoughts on Oentfral Oravitation, aud 
Views thence arieinui aa lo the State of the 
UniTBT*;.' Assisted by his sons, whom ho 
took into partnership, Vilsonstill continued 
and extended the buniness of tyiie-lbunding, 
ftnd in 1773 he published 'A specimen of 
some of the .Printing Tj'Pes cast in the 
Foundry of Alexander Wilson & Sons.' 
Wilson resigned the profesaarshtp in 1784, 
mddiedat EdinburghoiiieOet. 1786. He 
received the honorary degree of M.D. from 
St. Andrews on 6 Aug. ITtiS, and was one of 
the oi%inal wemben of the Huyal Society of 
Edinburgh. 

He was succeeded in his chair at the 
tybv his son Patrick Wilson (1743- 
ll^iWQohadmucb of the original thought 
d inventive genius of his fatner. He left 
1,000/. to Glasgow University, the interest 
m which is used to purchase instruments 
for the professor of astronomy. His por- 
tnut, a medallion by James Taasio, is in the 
National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. The 
tvpH-foandiue business was continued by the 
W lUon family for many years, a branch 
being opened in 1632 in bdluburgh, while ill 
1834 the bosinesa WOE removed from Glasgow 
to London. 

[Andenan'a Scottish Nation : Irring's Emi- 
Wnt Scotsmsn ; UuivDrsity of Glasgow, Old and 
Sew, IBSl. pp. 6S-S; London Literary Oaxattr, 
jut. p. 10; Rogera's Hist, of Rc. Andrens ; 
Addison's Roll of Glastjow Gradustos, ISSS.] 
G. 8.H. 
WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813), 
ornithologbt, the son of Aluxaiider Wilson, 
a distiller, and afterwards weaver, of Paisley, 
was bom in that town on ij July 1766. lie 
was educated for a short time at a Bcbool in 
Paisley, but, owing to hie mother's death and 



^nad luvei 
V],000/. U 

^ mi wliinV 



» 



liis father's remarriage, had to be removed, 
and on ill July 177SJ was apprenticed for a 
term of three years to his eldest sister's 
husband, William Duncan, a weaver in 
Paisley. On the expiration of his appren- 
ticeship in nii2 lie continued weaving at 
Lochwinnoch and Paisley, but subsequently 
for nearly three years Lo triivelled as apack- 

From a very early period he had evinced 
a strong desire for learning, and had deve- 
loped a literary taste, especially for poetry. 
Ue had composed many poems himself, and 
nnsuccessfully sought when travelling to ob- 
tain subscribers towards their publication. 
These verses were nevertheless issued, and 
went through two editiona in 1790, reappear- 
ing in 17yl, under the title of ' Poems, 
bu morons, satirical, and serious.' Ilisliterary 
ed'orts being financially unsuccessful, he re- 
sumed weaving in Lochwinnoch, and after- 
wards in Paisley, but went to Edinburgh to 
take part in the debate held in the Pantheon 
by a society of literati culled 'The Forum' 
on the question whether Allan Komsay or 
lEobert I'ergusaon had done more to honour 
Scottish poetry. In his poem, which was 

Sthlished with that ou the same theme by 
beneior Picken [q. v.] in 1791, under the 
title of 'The Laurel disputed,' Wilson gave 

Preference to Hamaay, a verdict from which 
is audience dissented. Two other poems 
were composed and recited by him on this 
Ciccasion. He also, alter corresponding witli 
Burns, paid a visit to that poet in Ayrshire. 
In 1792 his poem 'Watty and Meg' appeared 
anonymously, and was at ilrst ascribed to 

A little later, having written a piece of 
severe personal satire against an individual 
131 Paisley, he was sentenced to bum it in 

Rublic and impriaoned. After his release he 
'ft for the American colonies, sailing from 
Helfast on 28 May 1794, accompanied by his 
nephew, William Duncan. The ship being 
full, they obtained passage only by agreeing 
to sleep on deck. On his arrival, literally 

Eennilea8,at Newcastle, Delaware, on 14 July, 
e shouldered his fowling-piece and walked 
to Pbiladelphin, shooting l>y the way his first 
American bird, a red-headed woodpecker. 
In Philadelphia he obtained employment 
with John Aitken, a copperplate printer, but 
afti.irwards took to weaving at I'eunypaek, 
and for a time in Virginia. In the autumn 
of 1795 he became a pedlar once more and 
travelled through New Jersey. On his return 
he opened a school near Frankford, Penn- 
sylvania, whence he removed to Millerstown 
and taught in the schoolhouse of that village. 
Here he studied hard, principally at mathe- 



I 

I 



Wilson 



Wilson 



opeaeii a aclioot at BloomSelil, New Jersey, 
miere he remained till early in 1302, when 
he received an appointment from the truBteea 
of the Union s^ool, close to Qrny'a Ferry, 
near Philadelphia. Here be mH<le the sc- 
quaintauce of William Bart ram, the botanist 
and naturalist, who owned an extensive 
garden on the west bank of the Schuylkill^ 
where ^\'ilson was able to gratifT to the full 
hia love of nature. His friends, becoming' 
anxious for his health, perausded him to re- 
lini^uiah poetry for drawing, and he took 
leaaona from the engraver, Alexander La waon. 
Failing in hia altempta at the human figure ', 
and at landscape-drawing, he was induced I 
by Burlram to attempt the Illustration of 
birds. In this he succeeded beyond his nn- | 
ticipat ion, and presently proposed the schema i 
of illustrating the ornithology of the United . 
States, for which he at once began to collect 
materials. 

In 1804, with two friends, be took a wait- 
ing tour to Niagara, which inspired the poem 
of 'The Foresters, ' published in the 'Port- 
folio,' In February 1806 ho made an un- 
Bucceaaful application to Treaident Jefferson 
(with whom he had previously had corre- 
epondence on ornithological matter.';) for the 
post of naturalist to the expedition then (it- 
ting out to explore the valley of the Mia- 
aissippl. 

In April of the same year he waa engaged 
at a liberal salary by the publisher, Samuel 
F. Hrndford, to assist in editing the Ameri- 
can edition of Rees's ' Cycloptedia.' This 
Esve him the opportunity of proceeding with 
is cherished scheme— the risk of which was 
taken by Bradford— and in September 1808 
the first volume of ■ The American Ornitho- 
logy' appeared, the original edition of two 
hundred copies being augmented to five hun- 
dred before a year had elapsed, while the 
second volume was issued in 181U. In order 
to carry on thia work he made extensive 

i' (umeys through theStates, ononeof which 
e descended the Uhio alone in an open skiff 
from Pittsburg to near Louisville. iTie hard- 
ships and exposure he had endured on these 
travelsand hiaanxietyto complete the eigbtli 
volume brought on an attack of dysentery, 
A'om which lie died at Philadelphia, after 
ten days" illnesa, on 23 Aug. 1S13. He wae 
buried in Iho cemetery of the old Swedish 
church in that city. Wilson was unmarried. 
Wilson's portrait was painted by J. Craw ; 
another portrait, which is anonvmous, is 
in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. 
Engravings by W. H. Lizars are prefixed to 
Jameson's and to Jardine's editions of Wil- 
son a 'American Ornithology." 




In March 1812 Wilson was elected 1^3 
member of the Society of Artiste of tha" 
United States.and the following year of ths 
American Philosophical Society of Phila- 
delphia. With respect to his great work it 
has been pointed out that in bis specific 
definitions be was loose and unsystematic, 
but that passages in his prefaces and de- 
scriptions are fine, and at the same time 
simple and natural. With perspective he 
was imperfectly acquainted, but his figures 
were superior to most of hia day. Vol. viii. 
of the 'American Umithology' was com- 
pleted, and vol. ix. brought out under the 
editorship of Qeorge Urd in 1814, A second 
edition of vols, vii-ii., the last with a lifo 
of the author, was brought out by Ord in 
I824-G, while a second AmericaJi edition in 
three vols, appeared in 1828-9. Between 
18:^5 and ISS^J Prince Oharles Lucien Jules 
Sonaparte published four volumes containing 
figures and descriptions completing Wilsona 
work. An edition of ibeir united! works in 
four volumes, edited by Kobert Jameson 
[q. v.], waa issued in 1831 (8vo, Edinbuiiih 
and London), and another edition, with 
notes by Sir William Jardine fq, v.], in 
three volumes, in 18S2 (8vo, London). An 
octavo edition in one volume, edited hv 
T. M. Brewer, was Issued at Boston in l»li} 
and New York in lS6:i, other issues appear- 
ing in l8o6 and 1865. Tiie last edition of 
his 'Poems' seems to have been issued in 
1816, ' WattyandMeg' went through several 
editions, but the last by the author appeared 
in the • Portfolio' in 1810. Of hia other 
poems 'The Foresters' {Paisley, 1855, l2mo), 
and ' llab and liingan' (Paisley, 1827, ]6mo), 
were issued separately ; the rest appeared in 
various journals [see Aixuone), and of these 
the best known is 'The Solitary Tutor,' 
which was published in ' Brown's Literary 
Mugaiine,' 

[Mumoir by William MuxwbII Hetherin^on 
[q.v.]. proflitd to JnmeBon's ed. of Amerif'ao 
Ornilh.; MsTnoir by O. Ord in vol, iz. Snd eJ. 
of Amsr. Ornilh. ; JHemoir in jBrdine'i ed. of 
Amer. Ornilh.; Brit, Mus, Cnt. ; Nat. Hist. 
MuBtrnm Cbi. ; Appletoa's CyolopiBdia of Aineri- 
con Biogmphv.] B. B. W. 

WILSON, ALEK.\NDER PHILIP 
(1770?-I85I F), physician. [See PHILIP, 
Ai,ESAHnBR Philip Wilsos,] 

WILSON, ANDREW (1-1&-1792), 

philosophical and medical writer, bom in 
1718, was the only son of Gabriel Wilson 
(rf.lIFeb.l750),parishmim9terofMaxtonin 
Roxburghshire, by his wife, Ilacbel Co»an. 
After studying medicine at the university 
of Edinburgh, he graduated M.D on 29 Juno 



1749 witb a tbeBia, 'Ue Luce,' Edinburali, 
1749, 4lo. He was licensed to iirnctise by 
the RoynlCoUegeofPbyHicLana of Edinburgh 



I 



. . ' Aug. 1764, anil was admilled 
on Nov. or the same ;ea,r. He exercised 
hb profession at Newcastle and afterwards 
in London, where be was appointed physician 
lo the medical aiylum before 1777, Wilson 
was a ronn of sotne mental power, and a de- 
cided Ilutcbiasonian in his views. Besides 
medical treatiies be publislied anonymouelj 
aevernl pbilosopbical works. He died iu 
London on 4 June 1792. 

Hewos the author of: 1. 'The Creation 
tbe Clroundworlc of Herelalion, and Revela- 
tion the Language of Nature, or a Brief 
Attempt to demonetrate that the Hebrew 
Language is founded upon Natural Ideas, and 
that tht> Hebrew Writings transfer them to 
Spiritual Objects,' Edinburgh, 1750, Svo. 
2. ■ tluman Nature surveveil by Pliilosopby 
and Revelation,' London. 1758, 8vo. 3. • An 
E«aayon tbe Autumnal Dysentery," London, 
1761,8vo: 2tidedit.l777. 4.'ShortOb3en-a- 
tiona on the Principlea and Moving Powers 
Msumed by the present System of I'hilo- 
Bopbv,' 1764, 8vo. 5. ' An Explication and 
VinJication of tbe First Sect ion of the " Short 
0baervation9,'"London,176t,Bvo. 6. 'Short 
Itemnrks upon Autumnal Disorders of the 
Bowels,' Newcastie-upon-Tyne, 170o, 8vo. 
7. ' Reflections upon sorai' of the Subjects in 
Dispute between the Author of the " Divine 
Legation " and a late Professor in the Uni- 
TCrsilr of Oiford,' London, 1766, 8vo. 8. -On 
the Nioving Powers in tbe Circulation of the 
Blrtod,'1774,8yo. There is an Italian trans- 
lation of this treatise in Carlo Amoretti and 
Rranceseo Soave's ' Opnscoli scelti sulle set- 
enw esuUi arti,' ii. 255-72 (Milan, 1779, 4to). 

9. * Medical Researches, beine an Enquiry 
into the Nature and Origin of Hysterics in 
the Female Constitution,' London ,1777,8vo. 

10. 'Aphorisms on the Constitution and Dis- 
eaws of Children,' London, 1783, 12mo. 

11. 'Bath Waters: a conjectural Idea of 
their Nature and Qualities, in three Letters, 
To which is added Putridity and Infection 
unjustly imputed to Fevers,' 1788, 8vo. 

[ScoU's Fusti Ecdes. Scotioans. i. ii. 5s7 : 
Scots Maga. I7D2 p. 310; Reuss's Peg. of 
Living Autbors, 1770-90; Allibone's Diet, of 
Kngl. Lit.: Onus's Bibliolh. Bibljcs, IS24; 
Kdinb, Medical Graduates, 1706-1 B66,p. 4 : Hist. 
Skeicb and Laws of \ho Rojd Coll. of Phjs. of 
blinb. 1882, p. 4.] E. I. C. 

WHflON, ANDREW (1780-1848), land- 
•cape-pointer, born in Edinburgh in 1780, 
came of an old familv wbo had suffered in 
the Jacobite cause. His father's name was 
Archibald Wilson, his mother's Elizabeth 



Shields. When quite young he commenced 
tostudyart undBrAle.xanderNasmyth[q.v,], 
and then, at the age of seventeen, went to 
London, where he worked forsometimeintbe 
schools of the Royal Academy. Proceeding 
to Italy, he studied the ^at works of the 
Italian masters, thus laying ibe foundation 
of a knowledge which afterwards proved of 
great use, and he became acquainted with 
the weil-known coUeolors Champemown and 
Irving. He also made many Bkeljih us, prin- 
cipally of the architecture in tbe neighbour- 
hood of Rome and Naples, Returning to 
London in 1803, he at once saw Ibe advan- 
tage of importing pictures by the old mas- 
ters, and went back to Italj for that pur- 
pose. The troubled stale of Europe made 
travelling difficult, but be reached Genoa, 
where he settled under tbe protection of the 
American consul and was elected a member 
of tbe Ligurian Academy. As n member of 
that society he was present when Napoleon 
Bonaparte visited ils eibibition, and on 
some envious academician informing the 
Inller, who had panned to admire Wilson's 
picture, that it was by an Englishman, ha 
was met bj tbe retort : ' Le talent n'a pas 
de pays.' In 1805 he returned through 
Germany to London with the pictures (over 
fifty in number) which be had acquired. 
Among tliem were Hubens's ■ Brazen Ser^ 

E'nt' (now in tbe National Gallery) and 
assano's " Adoration of the Magi ' (in the 
Edinburgh Gallery). 

Settling in London, he painted a good 
deal in watercolour, was one of the original 
members of the Associated Artists (I80S), 
and held for a period tbe position of teacher J 
of drawing in Sandhurst Military College; I 
but being in 1818 appointed master of th« >l 
Trustees Academy, be removed to Edin- 
burgh, where he exercised a considerable 
and beneficial influence upon bis pupils, 
among whom were Robert Scott Lauder 

g. v.], William Simson [q. v.], and Bavid 
ctavius Hill [q, v.] While in London ha 
contributed to !he Royal Academy, and in 
Edinburgh he supported tbe Royal Institu- 
tion, of which he WHS tbe manager as well 
as an artist associate member. But his pre- 
dilection for Italy was loo strong to be re- 
sisted, and in 1826, ti.king bis wife and 
family with bim, he again went south, and 
for the twenty years following lived in 
Rome, Florence, and Genoa, During this 
period bo was much consulted on art mat- 
ters, collected pictures for Lords Hopetoun 
and Pembroke, Sir Robert Peel, and others, 
and was instrumental in securing for the 
Royal Institution some of the most impor- 
tant works, which later helped to form tbe 



J 



^r Wilson 78 

National Oillery of Rcotliind. He also 
painted much in both oil and watercoloum, 
and his work, Rome of the finest of which 
never came to this country, was ia (Treat re- 
quest by artistic visitors to Italy. His pic- 
tures are delicate in handling, reHned in 
colour, pleasant 111 composilinn, and serene 
in effect. He is represented in the Scottish 
National Gallery by two Italian landscapes 
und a ' View ol" Burntisland " in oils, and iiy 
three walereolours in the watercolour col- 
lection at Bouth KensinKton. In 1817, 
leaving his family in Itnly, he revisited Scot- 
land, but, on the evo of returning, he died in 
Edinhurffh on 27 Nov. 184S. 

In 1H08 he married liachpl Ker, daujAtei 
of 'William Ker, descendant of the Inglis of 
Uanuer, and Lad a family of four sons and 
three daughters. The eldest Eon, Chnrlca 
Heath Wilson, is separately noticed, 

[RdiDbargh Annunl lUgister. IBIS; Cstu- 
logaoof thB Eihibliion of Worts l.y Stfollish 
jlrtists, Ediabur(>h.l863; Rederavp'RandBryaa'i 
Dictionnries ; Armslroog's Smttish PaiatBra. 
18SS; Brydatl's Art in Scollnnd, 1889; Cnta- 
If^nes of Royal Initlitnlion, Edinbargli, Iloja! 
Aeademy, Sottish Nalional Oallprv. Huutb 
Keasinglon; intormalioafKim C. A. WiUon, esq., 
QBnojL] J. L. C. 

WHjSON, ANDUEW(;1831-188I>, tra- 
veller and author, bora in 1831, waa the 
eldest son of the learned missionary John 
Wilson (1804-18r5) [q,.v.l He waa edu- 
cated at the universities of Edinburgh and 
Titbingen, and afterwards lived iome time 
in Italy. He then went to India, where 
he began his career as a journalist by taking 
charge of the ' Bombay Times ' in the ab- 
sence of Qeorge Buist [i]. v.], and aa an 
oriental traveller by a tour in Baluchistan. 
After hie return to England he contributed 
to ' Blackwood's Magasine ' some verges en- 
titled ' Wayside Songs,' and in ]6a7 at- 
tracted gome attention by a paper ' Infante 
Perdu to." published in* Edinburgh Essays.' 
He maintained his connection with ■ Blaek- 
tvnod ' throughout his life. Returning in 
1860 to the east, he edited for three years 
the ' China Mail,' accompanied the expiv 
dition to Tientsin, and vieited Japan. In 
1880 he issued at Hongkong a pamphlet en- 
titled ' England's Policy in China,' in which 
he advocated that change of policy which 
waa afterwards carried out by Sir Frederick 
William Adolphua Bruce Tq- v.] at Pekin, 
by Mr. (now 3ir Robert) Hart at Shanghai, 
and by General Gordon in the field. He 
travelled much in southern China, and sent 
descriptive contributions to the ' Daily News" 
Pall Mall Gazette ' on eastern quea- 
tiona, aa well as to • Blackwood.' At the 



Wilson 



beginning of the civil war he paid a visit to 
the United Stales, and afterwards pasted 
some years in England, during which be 
wrote for papers and magUEines. Returning 
to India about 11^73. be edited fora time the 
' Times of India ' and the ' Bombay Gaietle." 
Ill-lieallh deinved the publication til! 1^78 
of his book ' I'he Ever-V'ictjiriouB Army T a 
History of the Chinese Campaigns under 
Lieutenant-colonel C. G. Gordon, O.B., R.E., 
I and of the Suppression of the Tai-Ping Re- 
j hellion,' which ia still the best account of 
the suppression of the movement of l^i()3-4. 
Wilsons chief source of information was 
Gordon's' Pri vale Journal," then unpublished. 
The clear and animated style in which the 
work is written gives it an additional value. 
In 1876 WiUon published an aceoimt of a 
veryadventurousjoumey under the title'The 
Abode of Snow: Observations on a Journey 
from Chinese Tibet to the Indian Cnucisus 
through the Upper Valleys of the Himalaya.' 
The hook ia based on articles in 'Blackwood's 
Alagazine.' A second edition was issued next 
year. 'TheAbode ofSnow'ia not only a 
vivid record of very arduous travel, it con- 
tains also valuable ethnological observations, 
and displays intense feeling for natural 
beauty expressed in excellent prose. Before 
his final departure from India Wilson made 
an excursion into the wild state of Kathia- 
war. His last contribution to ' Blackwood, 
written in the spring of 1877, was e, retro- 
spect of African travel (' Twenty Years of 
African Travel'). The last years of his life 
were passed in England m the Lake district. 
He died at Howtonon Ullswatcr on 9 June 
1831. 

[Mon of tho Tims, lOth edit.; Blackwood's 
MiigaiinB, July 1881 (oliiluary notie*') ; Al^fr- 
nsum. 18 Juno 1S3I ; Wilson's ft'orks; Alli- 
bone's Dipt, of Engl. Lit. Suppl. vol. ii. ; Ann. 
Beg, June 1S81 (obituary) ; Mea of the Reign.] 
G, Le a. N. 
WILSON, ANTHONY (J. 1793), better 
known by his pseudonym ' Henry Bromley," 
author of the ■ Catalogue of Engraved Por- 
traits,' was born at Wigan in 17nO. He 
was perhaps connected with the Wilson 
family of kendal, which intermarried with 
that of Bromley, Wilson belonged to a 
mercantile firm In the city of London, and 
was a regular attendant at Hulchins'a »uc- 
tion-rooms, where he was detected on one 
occasion abstracting prints. He also fra- 
quent«d the sale-room of Nathaniel Smith, 
lather of the antiquary, John Thomas Smith 

(iree-ia-w) (q. v.] 

In 1793, stimulated by the increased de- 
mand for prints consequent on the publica- 
tion of James Grangers ' ]3iographical His- 




Wilson 



(1 709), "Wilson, under the 

xrj Bromiey, pabUshed ' A 

£iigritved Britisli Portraits' 

■ ' ■ ■ I the 






Iroiu many leadini; antiquaries 
rfuosi, including Sir William Jlus- 
BTiive, Jameu Bindley [q. v.], and Anthony 
Morria Slorer [q. v,] In tlie ' CatalnguB ' 
WiUon ftimed at furnishing a complete list of 
engmveil British portraits, neglectina; only 
tbo»e which could not be iduntifled with 
their originals. lie divided his list into 
liisloric periods, and suhdivided it into 
pvtips accord in)^ to the rank or calling of 
the persons portrayed. Tlie date of Wilson's 
deatli b unknown. His portrait was en- j 

Suved by Barrett. There is a copy in the 
ntish Museum. Edward Evans (178»- 
'ISM) [q. r.l the printseller. states that he 
was acontrihutor to the 'Qentlemun's Mugu- 
sine' (cf. a letter signed * A Oothamite,' in 
July I8U). 

[MiiDaacript note bj Eraaa, the printseller. 
inhij) co|y of Bromley's CutiilrieuB, HflentntiiB 
in the pOEseaaioa ef Sir Qeoi^e Schorf [q. v.] : 

C'«e to Bromley's Catalogiis; Evnna'a Caiii- 
e of Knprnved Portraila. vol. i. Kos. 13o2, 
,11860; IU<)g race's Diet, of Artists, ».v. - Brom- 
ley.'] E. I. C. 

WII£ON, Sir ARCHDALE (1803- 
Jfiti), bart., lieutenant-general and colonel-' 
commandant roval (laie Bengal) artillery, 
bom on 3 Ang.'lSOa, was fifth son of the 
Ke*. fleorge Wibon of Kirby Cane, Norfolk, 
, youngest brother of the first Lord Itemers, 
I »ndrectorofBidlinglon, Norfolk, by his wife 
, Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Millard, 
chancellor of Norwich. Afterpassing through 
the oiililarv college of the East India Com- 
, pany at Aidiscombe, he received a commis- 
aion AS eecond lieutenant in the Bengal 
lutiUery on 10 April 1819. He arrived in 
India in the following Seplember, and was 

Emoted to be lieutenant on 7 April 18:J0. 
took part in the sit-ge of Bhartpnr in 
December lS:la and January 16:26 and in 
its capture by storm on 18 Jan., was men- 
tioned in despatches, and received the medal 

"n'tlson next had charge of the Saugor 
magazine: in May 18iK bei'ame adjutant of 
the Nimach division of artillerv ; was pro- 
moted to be brevet captain on I'O April 1834 
and captain on 15 Oct. of the same year ; 
Jed (lie left wing of the second bat- 
rtiilery from March to August 
appninl«d on 2 Oct. to officiate 
adjutant-general of artillery ; in 
anded the artillery at I.ucknow, 
and in the following year the 5th hiittaliou 
at Cawnpore : from 12 Aug. 1840 acled 



1837; 




as superintendent of the gun foundry at 
Kosaipur until 11 Nov. 1841, when he be- 
come su[ierintendent. liismanogeweulof it, 
until his resignationonlO Aug, 1S45, caused 
by promotion to the rank of major on 3 July, 
was considcnHl eapecisliy satisfactory and 
creditable by the court of djrectorg. After 



following promoted to be lieutenant-coloneL 
Wilson served in command of the artil- 
lery in the force under Brigadier-general 
(afterwards Sir) Hugh Mnssy Wheeler [q. v.] 
in the Jatandar Doab during the Punjab 
campaign, assisted in the reduction of tort 
Kalawaia in Uctober 1848 and in the capture 
of the heights of DuJlo in the following 
January, was mentioned in deiipatches, re- 
commended for honorary distinelion, and 
received Iho medal (see iojirfmi Ga::elte,7 aad 
'20 Miircli 1843). He served with the horse 
artillery in the Jalandar from IS.'K) to lbQ3. 
In January 1854 he was appointed com- 
mandant of the artillery at Dum Bum, with 
a seat on the military board, promoted to ba 
colonel on ^8 Nov., and given the command 
of the artillery at Mirat on his return frottt 
a year's furlough in March ISoB. 

When the mutiny broke out at Mirat, on 
9 May lJS57, Wilson was in temporary com- 
mand of the Jlirat division. In obedience 
to ordera he marched towards Baghput, on 
the river Jamna, with a column to co-operat« 
with the force which the commander-in- 
chief was bringing from Amhala. On ap- 
E reaching Uhazi-ud-din-Nngar on the 30ui 
e was attacked by the rebels in force. Ha 
drove them from their giins, which he cap- 
tured, and fought brilliant and successful 
actions both on that and the next dny, when 
he wan iigain attacked. He joined Sir Ilenry 
Barnard [u. v.] and the Ambala column at 
Alipur on 7 June, The combined force routed 
the rebels at Badli-ke-Serai on the following 
dny, and then, fighting its way through the 
Sabii Mendi, established itself on the Itidge 
before Delhi. Wilson, who was mentioned 
in despatches for his services (see ib. 13 Got. 
1857), now commanded the artillery before 
the city. On the 9th it was proposed to 
take the place by assault: but a misunder- 
standing on the part of Colonel Graves pre- 
vented the atlempt. When, on 2 July, all 
the reinforcements from tlie Punjab had ar- 
rived, and the efl'ective force amounted to 
over six thousand men, the proposal to 
atlempt a coup dr vuiin was revived, and 
the details of the assault were settled, hut 
the attempt was ultimately abandoned by 
Barnard in defi'rence to the criticism of 
Wilson and Reed. 



I 



Wilson 



Wilson 



On 17 July Majot^^ueral (Sir) Thomaa 
lleed [<j.v.], wlio bad asaumed the command 
of the Delui lieiil force on the death of Bar- 
nard (5 July), was compeUed to resign on 
»ccountofill-health,(ind made over the com- 
mand to Wilson, conferring upon him the 
rank of brigadier-genenJ, in anticipation of 
the sanction of the government, as he n&a 
not the senior officer in camp. The selection 
was eoafirmed, and Wilson was promoted 
by the govern or- general to be a major-gene- 
ral for special service on 29 July. He wos 
promoted to the eatablisliment of ntajar- 
geoerals oii 14 Sept. I&'i7. 

The details of the lightii^ outside Delhi 
are authoritatively given in Norman's ' Nar- 
rative of the Campaign of the Delhi Army,' 
1858, while those of the aiege and the fight- 
ing inside will bu found in the works quoted 
at the end of this article. On 25 Aug, Wilson 
was still occupying the Ridge in front of 
Delhi, preparing for the siege operations, 
and awaiting the arrival of the siege guus, 
when he learned that a body of the enemy 
had moved out to attack his rear. He 
despatched Brigadier-genernlJohnNicholaou 
[q. T.], with 2,200 men and twelve guns, to 
meet them at Najofgarh, where a most sue- 
eessful action was fought. Both the governor- 
general and Sir John Lawrence now wrote 
to Wilson to urge the political importance 
of the capture of Delhi as soon aa an assault 
was practicable after the arrival of the siege 
train. Bui Wilson ' was ill ; responsibility and 
anxiety had told upon him. He had grown 
nervous and hesitating, and the longer it 
was delayed the mora difficult the task ap- 
peared to him' (LoBD ROBEETH, Forty-one 
Years in India, chaps. Ttvii. and iviii.) The 
siege train had arnved by 5 Sept., and the 
reiaforcemenls by the 8lh. The siege proper 
began on 7 Sept., when W^ilaon issued & spi- 
rited order to the troops. He was neverthe- 
less reluctant to incur the hazard of assault 
without more European troops. Colonel 
Hiehard Baird Smith [q. v.], the chief en- 
gineer, then Bent him a memorandum em- 
phatically in favour of immediate action; on 
this Wilson wrote a minute to the etl'ect that 
to him it appeared that the results of the 
proposed operations would be thrown on the 
baiard of a die, but having nothing better 
to suggest be yielded to the judgment of the 
cliief engineer {KlYB, Hint, of the Sepny 
War, iii. 653), The breaches became prac- 
ticable by the night of 13 Sept., and the 
assault ne^t day placed Wilson within the 
titj. When, however, he realised the failure 
of one column, the falling back of another, 
and the heavy losses sustained, bo anxiously 
'<vd whether he could hold what had 



been taken. Baird Smith's 

prompt and decisive, ' Wemtuf doso' (Kifb, 

lii. Gli^). The captureof the city was triun- 

Ehantly completed on 20 Sept., after much 
ard ughting, and the first decisive htoiv 
struck at the mutiny. 

Wilson's conduct as a commander at Delhi 



taking over the command, written in French 
to Sir John (afterwards first Lord) Lawrence 
(Katb, nist. of the Sepot, War, li. 689), 
threatening to withdraw to Kamal unless 
speedily reinforced; his draft to the governor- 
general of 30 Aug., holding out no hope of 
taking the ylace ' until supported hv the 
force from below ; ' and his contemplation of 
the possibility of a retirement to the Kidge 
on the afternoon of 14 Sept., when the suc- 
cessfid assault had placed bim within the 
city — these have been given as instances of 
a want of that energy, determination, and 
dash which have always carried with them 
victory over the natives of India, and the 
want of which, had it not been for strong 
and resolute advisers, might have proved 
fatal to success. 

On the other hand, it bas been maintained 
that, ill informed of what was going c, 



juntry, V 



and could be obtained if sufficiently pressed 
for. I^wrence. while deprecating delay, 
moat earnestly impressed upon Wilson the 
disastrous and far-reaching consequences 
that would result from failure, and it ia 
contended that the strongest minded man 
might have well hesitated to attack under 
such circumstances without adequate means. 
Moreover, a Fabian policy led the mutineers 
to continue to pour into Delhi instead of 
moving about the country in small bands, 
attacking weak places and murdering Euro- 
peans. Had there been a capable commander 
in the city, he could, without weakening 
the defence of the quarter attacked, have 
sent thousands of men to capture the Ridge 
camp, with the hospital, ammunition, and 
stores ; and it is adirnied that if any hesita- 
tion were shown bv Wilson as to holding 
on to Delhi on 14 Sept. it was due to his 
supreme anxiety for the safety of the Ridge 
and bia sick and wounded there, together 
with a desire for encouragement to proceed. 
The responsibility which rested uuon the 
general was indeed a heavy one, and Wilson, 
good soldier as he was, with all his expe- 
rience and distinguished service, was not a 
man of strong character. Fortunately he 
had with him resolute men who supported 
him, and upon whom he wisely, although 



For his services at Dellii Wilson ■was 

" mad? a K.C.B. on 17 Not. 185T, and was 

«o 6 Jan. 18fiS created a liaronet as Sir 

Archdale Wilson of Dulhi ; he received the 

thanks of both houses of pBrliament and the 

«ourt of direct ore of the East India Company, 

a pension of 1,000/. a year and the war 

medal and clasp iLondon Gw^tti; 17 and 

27 Nov. 1857 and 2 Feb. 18581, He was 

appointed lo the divisional staff, Danapur, in 

Ljunary 1858, and commanded the whole of 

^the artillery of the army of Sir Colin Camp- 

riieli (afterwurds Lord Clyde) [q. v,] at the 

I ^ege of Lucknow in March 1858 and ita 

FlKpture on the 17lh. Ue iras mentioned in 

■ ^Mpatehes and received t he clasp for Ijuck- 

W no^ ('A. 2.5 May ISoS). He went on furlough 

1 .to Enjflajidin April ]858,anddidnotretum 

to India. He waa nominated colonel-com- 

muidant of horse artillery in October 1858, 

decorated with the grand cross of the order 

«f the Bath, military division, on 13 March 

I 1867, and was promoted to be lieutenant- 

' nCMarchlSeS. Hediedon9May 



l-fTr: 



[874. 

Wilson married, in IB42, Ellen (who sur- 
vived him), daughter of Brigadier-general 
Wnrren Hustinga Leslie Frith, colonel-com- 
mandant Bengal artillery. He left do issue, 
and was succeeded in tbe baronetcy by 
Roland Knyvet, second son of hia elder 
brother, Rear-admiral George Knyvet Wil- 
wn (1788-1800). 

[India OSiCB Raconla; Dpspatehes ; Times 
<LaDdon). 11 May 1874; United Serri™ Journal, 
IB74 ; Annnal Register, ISTl; Burke's Baronet- 
aft* : Boswonh Smith's L\te of Lord Lawreace : 
MBdl»jr'BA Venr'sCimpHignine in India, 18S7-8; 
The Chaplaio'e Narratire of the Siege of Delhi, 
by Ibe Rer. J. E, W. Botlon ; Shudwell's Lifo 
of Lord Clyde ; Colonel Da«£ White's Complele 
History of the ladiiin Mutiny; Fortnightly Jle- 
TiBW. April 1883 ; Thackeray's Two Indian Com- 
HJgns; Malleson's History of the lodisD Mutiny; 
KHje's lIlHory of the Hepoy War ; Normaa's 
Narmi ire of the Ciinipiilgn of the Itelhi Army, 
I85S ; Holmes's History of Ibe Indian Mutiny. 
1888 ; atnbbs'sEiatory of Uie Beniwl Artiilery.l 
B. H. V. 

WILSON, ARTIItJR (l.)95-lfl52), bis- 
' " n and dramatist, baptised 14 Dec. 1595, 
the son of .lohn Wilson (according to 
tfl baptismal register, hut of Richard accord- 
to the entry in tbe matriculation re- 
er) of Vannonth (Wood, Athena O.ron. 
Blitts, iii. 318). A.t tbe age of sixteen 
^spending two years in France) Wilson's 
er aent him to John Davis of Fleot Street 
i laam courthand, after which he became 
■ vol.. LXII. 




one of the clerks of Sir Henry Stiiller in the 
exchequer ol£ce, but was discJiarged two 
years later for hia quarrelsomeness (Peck, 
Desiderata C'uriosa, p. 481). He lived then 
for a year in London, writing poetry and 
reading, till his money was nearly spent. 
In 1619 he made the acquaintance of fAi. 
Wingfield,flteward to Robert Devereux, third 
earl of Essci [q, v.], and Wingfleld invited 
him down to Chartley in Slalibrdshire. 
While there Wilson saved a woman-servaut 
from drowning, and Essex, who saw the 
scene, took a liking to biro and made him 
otie of hia gentlemen-in-waiting. Wilson 
diatinguisbed himself by duels and feats of 
strength, which be relates in his autobio- 
graphy, and was selected b^ his master to 
accompany him in his foreign travels. He 
waa with Easel in Vere'a expedition for the 
defence of the palatinato (1320), in the wars 
in Holland (1621-23), at the siege of Breda 
(1624),and in the expedition to CadiE(1035). 
In 1630 Essex contracted hia second mar- 
riage, of which Wilson disapproved, and tbe 
countess taking in consequence a great dis- 
like to him, he was forced to leave Essex's 
service. Resolvine- to complete his some- 
what neglected education, ne now matri- 
culated at Oxford (25 Nov. 1631), as a. 
gi^ntleman commoner of Trinity College 
(Foster, ^;«mni Ojmju. 1500-1714; WooB, 
Athenit!). At Oxford he chieay devoted 
himself Co the study of physic, alternating it 
by sometimes disputing with ChiUingworth 
about absolute monarchy, and at other times 
driukinff ' with some of tbe gravest bache- 
lors of divinity there ' (Pbgi, p. 470). 

In 1633 Wilson left tbe university and 
entered the service of Robert Rich, second 
earl of Warwick [q. v,] In 1637 he accom- 
panied Warwick to the aiege of Breda, thus 
witnessing its capture by Spinola and its re- 
conquest by Prince Maurice. During the civil 
war Wilson lived peaceably on the estates of 
his master in Essex, his only adventures 
being the rescue of the Countess of Rivers 
from a mob in August 1642, and an attempt, 
to prevent the plunder by tbe cavaliera of 
the Earl of Warwick's armoury in June 164B. 
His autobiography ends in July 104a He 
died about the beginning of October 1652, 
and waa buried in the chancel of Felsted 
church, Essex {ib. p. 482). 

Wilson married, in November 1654, Susan 
Shitty of BromBeld, Essex, the widow of 
Richard Sjitty (lA. p. 471) ; Chesteb, Lon- 
don Marriage Licences, col, 1462). An abs- 
tract of his will is given by Bliss in bia 
additions to Wood's 'Atheofe Oxonienses,' 
wbich shows that his wife died before him 
aud that be left no issue (iii. 320j. 



I 



Wilson 1 

Wilson wToUi several plays, whicii, iw- 
cording- to Wood, ' were ncted at the ISlack 
Friars in London by the king's pky«ra, 
and is tlie act time at Oxford, witb cood 
■pplauxe, himself there present.' Of these 
onlv one is extant, Ti«. 'The Inconstant 
Lttiy,' which was entered at Sitttionera' 
Hall on 9 Sept. 1603, and was printed by 
Dr. Philip BIIm at the C^larendon Pr^ss, 
Oxford, in 1814. The titles of two others 
survived: (I) "The Corporal!,' liconsed for 
acting at BUckfriars by the kine'a men 
(a fragment exists in manusoript); (2) ' The 
Switier.' Both these wero entered in the 
' Stftlioners' Kegister ' on 4 Sept. 1646 (3\'ood, 
iii. 322 ; FlraI, Chronicle ,■/ the English 
Dmna, ii. 378). 

Wilson's prose works consist of (1) an 
autobiOTTftphy of himself, atyled ' Observa- 
tions of GTod^ I'roTidence in the Tract of 
my Life,' which was first printed in Peck's 
'Desiderata Ciiriosa' in 1735, and is re- 

Erinted in the appendix to ' The Inconstant 
lady;' (2) "The History of Great Britain, 
being the Life and lleign of Kin^ James I,' 
1653, folio, with a portrait of l^ng Jamea 
hy Vaughan. This is reprinted in the second 
volume of Kennef.t's 'Complete History of 
England,' 17(Ht. As an historian Wilson is 
very strongly prejudiced against the rule of 
the Stuarts, but his work is of value be- 
cause it records contemporary impressions 
and reminiscences which are of considerable 
interest. At times he speaks as an eye- 
witness, especially in his account of the 
foreign expeditions in which he took part. 
lie quotes at some length the speeches of 
the king, the petitions or remonstrancee of 
the parliament, end other originnl docu- 
ments. ^^'illiam Sanderson's ' Iteign and 
Death of King James,' 1656, contains a de- 
tailed criticism and refutation of Wilson's 
attacks on that king and his government. 
He describes the history as ' truth and false- 
hood linely put together,' and asserts tliat 
Wilson's collections were 'shaped out' for 

Sublicfttion by on unnamed presbyterian 
octor. Heylyn, in his ' Examen Histori- 
cum,' 1659, calls Wilson's book 'a most in- 
fiimous pnsi^uil,' classing it witb ^'eldnn's 
' Court of King James,' as libels in whicli ' it 



Wilson, be says, 
the English tongue, as well in writing as 
Bpeofaing. And lind he bestowed his en- 
deavours on miother subject than that of 
history, th<7 would without doubt have 
aeemed better. For in those things which 
he hath done are wanting the principal 



Wilson ^^^^H 

matters conducing to the completion of that 
faculty, Til. matter from record, exact time, 
name and place; which bv his endeavouring 
too much to set out his bare collections in 
an affected and bombastic Elyle are much 
neglected,' He concludM by complaining 
of ' a partial presbyterian vein that con- 
stantly goes through the whole work, it 
tieing the genius of those people to pry more 
than they should into the caurtA and com- 
portments of princes, to take occasion ther*- 
upon to traduce and bespatter them.' 

Wilson intended to complete his history 
by narrating the reign of CharlesI, hut died 
before he could carry out his plati. 

[Peck's DeBiiicratit Cnriosn, ed. 1770: Wood's 
Athens Oxon.. ed. Blits, iii. 318; Wilson's In- 
conslaot Lady, «4 Bliss, 18H.] C. H. F. 

WILSON, BENJAMIN (1721-1788), 
painter and man of science, bom at Leeds in 
the latter part of 1721, was the fourteenth 
and youngest child of a wealthy clothier 
named Major Wilson, hy his wife, Eliiabeth 
Yates. He WM educated for a short time at 
Leeds gmmmar school, but after a disagrve- 
raent between his father and the headmaster 
he was removed to a smaller school in thn 
neightioarhood. Hisloveof art wasawakened 
at an early age by tlie decoration of his 
father's house on Mill Hill, near Lt^eds, by 
ttie French artist Jacques Parmentier, and be 
afterwards received nearly twelve months' In- 
struction from another P>ench artist, named 
Longueville, who was engaged in executing 
historical paintings for Thomas Lister of Git- 
burn Park in Craven. While Benjamin wia 
still a youth his father fell into poverty, and 
he resmved to seek a livelihood In London. 
He walked most of the way, and on his 
arrival rt'ceived from a relative a suit of new 
clothes and two guineas as a start in life. 
The money, he states, kept him in food for a 
twelvemonth, and at the end of ihat time 
he gained employment as a clerk in the 
regialry of t!ie prerogative court in Doctors' 
Commons, where he saved two-thirds of his 
salary of three hair-<:rowns a week. ThuH 
achievements rest on Wilson's personal state- 
ments, but as he esteemed frugality the Gnt 
of virtues, it is possible that in his old t^ 
he exaggerated the abstemiousness of his 
youth. When he had amassed SOI. he ob- 
tained a more romuneraliva post as clerk to 
the registrar of the Charterhouse, and, find- 
ing his duties les.s laborious, he resumed )us 
artistic studies. In these he received tome 
encouragement from the master of the Char- 
terhouse, Samuel Berdmore [q. v.], and soma 
instruction from the painter Thomas llud- 
son(I701-177y)[ii.v.] Byperseverauceand 



y he msde himself hnnvni, and became 
Ae friendof Hogarth, Qtcrge Lsmbert [q.v.], 
* and otherleadingpoinlers. In August 1746 
he visited Dublin, and in the spiing of 1748 
returned ta Ireland to paint soine portraits 
for vrliich he had received com missions. lie 
remained tlii:re lill 1750, when he went back 
to Loudon, and established hineelf in Great 
Queen Street, I-incoln's Inn Fields, in the 
house previously occupied by Sir Godfrey 
Kneller ||<)_,Y.], to which he afterwards added 
the sdjominKhouse,fonnerly the dwelling of 
the great physician Join Radcliffe (1650- 
1714) [t ■^■] AmonfT his first sitters were 
Btartin FolKes [q. v.], Lord Orreir. Lord 
Iheaterlield, David Gnrrielc, Samuel Foots, 
^ in 1759 John Iladley, the physician. In 
it Queen Street also he pointed Garrick 
.omeo and Miss Bellamy as Juliet in the 
\t scene;, the picture was engraved hy 

tobert Laurif. His reputation as a por- 

Elnit-painter steadily increased, and it is 
pwd ttiat be enjoyed nn income of 1,oOO/., and 
lecltnud partnership with Hogarth. John 
ioSknv [qiV,] painted draperies for him, and, 
jcconfinp to common bebef, frei^uenlly ren- 
Udered him more material assistance (cf. 
Smith, XolUkeru and kii Timet, 1828, ii. 
lU). 

Among ^\'ilBon*a poriraits may 
tioned those of John Parsons in the Nstional 
Gall«ry, of the poet Gray at Pembroke C'ol- 
l»e, Cambridge, of Lord Lytteltun, Lord 
luxbrough, Sir Francis Dalaval, Lord Scar- 
hrough, Clive. the Marquis of Rockingham, 
and two of Sir George Snvile at Osberlon 
and at Rufford. He pointed a portrait of 
Shakespeare for the town-hall at Stratford 
on the jubilee of 1760; and in 1779, on the 
outbreak of the Spsoish war, he executed a 
statue of Queen Elizabeth on horseback, 
which was placed in the Spanish armoury at 
the Tower. Several of his works were eu- 

E«ved, among them Garrick as Ilatniet, 
enjamin Franklin, and Simon, earl Har- 
court, by James McArdell : Rockingham, 
John Thomas, bishop of Winchester, and 
Komeo and Juliet hy Richard Houston ; Gar- 
rick as t^iug Lear and Lady Stanhope as 
the Fair Penitent by Buire: and John Dol- 
land by John Itaphael Smith. He made 
seveml drawings after pictures by the old 
masters for Alderman John Boydell [ti. v.] 
Uc also engraved in meuotint, and of his 



trait from life of Maria Gunning dated l7'il. 
Wilson, who was a student of chemistryi 
took a great interest in the problems of 
electricity, and in 1740 he published 'An 
Efisay towards an Explication of the Phfe- 



of Electricity deduced from the 
.Ether of Sir Isaac Newton' {London, 8vo), 
which he followed iu 1750 by 'A Treatise 
Electricity' (London, 8vo: 2ndi-dit. 1752). 
} invented and exhibited a large electrical 
apparatus, and on 5 Dec. 1751 was elected 
tt fellow of the Itoyal Society. In conjunc- 
tion with the phvsician Benjamin Hoadly 
(1706-1757) [q. v.] he carried on other 
electrical researches, the results of which 
were mode public in 'Observations on a 
Series of Electrical Experiments' (London, 
1756, 4to ; Had edit. 175y). About 1767 ha 
visited France, and repeated many of his 
experiments at St.Germain-en-Laye. Uehad 
a long controversy with Benjamin Fmnklin 
on thequeslion whether ligbtning-conduciors 
should be round or pointed at the top, and 
was supported in his view hy George III, 
who declared bis esjieriments were sufficient 
to convince the apple- women in Co vent 
Garden. He was nominated by the Royal 
Society to serve on a committee to regulatn 
the erection of lightning-conductors ou St. 
Paul's Cathedral, and was requested by the 
board of ordnance at a later period to inspect 
the gunpowder magaiines at PurBeet. In 
1700 he received the gold medal of the 
Royal tiociety for his electrical experiments. 
His reputation as an electrician won hiro 
many friends among contemporary men of 
science both at home and ou the continent 
(cf. ^nn. Heg. 1760 i. 14U, 1761 i. 128-9, 
1769 i. 85). 

In 1760 and 1761 Wilson exhibited por- 
traits in the Spring Gardens rooms. About 
this time the versatility of his talents gained 
influential patron. Through Sir 
John Savile, earl of Meiborough, he became 
known to the Duke of York, and won his 
favour as manager of his private theatre in 
James Street, Westminster, On the death 
of Hogarth in 1764 he succeeded him us 
serjeant-painter ; and on the death of Jnmes 
Worsdale [q. v.] in 1767 the Duke of York 
procured for him the appointment of painter 
to tbe board of ordnance. He shared tbe 
emoluments of the position with Worsdnle's 
natural son until 1779, when his colleiigus 
died, and he received a complete investment 
of the office. In 1767 'Wilson lost his great 
patron by death ; but in 1776 he attracted 
the notice of the king, who, after carefully 
ascertaining that he was not the landsca^- 
painter Richard Wilson [q. v.l treated him 
with great kindness, patronised his electrical 
researches, and encouraged him to come to 
Windsor. 

Wilson, according to a friendly critic, en- 
deavoured to introduce a new style of chiaro- 
scuro into his paintings, and hb heads had 
a2 



I 



Wilson 



84 



Wilson 



more warmtb and nuture tbau thnae uxccut«d 
by tlif! gcnecality of bis contemporBriea, He 
(itched with great ability, tind is snid to have 

firoduced & Inndacspe in imitation of Iti^m- 
imndt's ' Companion to tbe Coacli' which 
deceived TbomoB Hudson and several other 
connoisseuro. Early in 1766, to please Rock- 
ingham, who Imd made him some promises 
of patronage, he elcbed tbe caricature el\- 
titled tbe ' Tomb-Stonu ' on ibe occasion of 
the death of the Dube of Cumberland, in 
which he represented Bute.Georgeftrenville, 
and Bedfanl dancing 'tbe Haze' on Cum- 
berland's tomb, and beld several oilier mem- 
bers of their party up to ridicule. The print 
met with much applause, and Gdmiind 
Burke and Grey Cooper besought him for 
another. The result was the famous carica- 
ture etched in 1766 at tbe time of tbe repeal 
of tbe American Stamp Act, in ridicule of 
the same political party, called ' The Repeal ; 
or, the Funeral of Miss Ame-Slamp. It 
was Bold at a shilling', and brought him 100/. 
in four days. On the fifth day it wa« pirated, 
■nd two inferior versions produced at Bin- 
pence. Copies of several versions of these 
prints are in the British Museum {Cat. qf 
iSatirkal Printt, iv. 366-7, 368-73). 

Wilson from the hardships of bis early 
days acquired habits of parsimony. He vas 
also fond of speculation, and in 1766 was 
declared a defaulter on the Stock Eichange. 
Some years before bis death he found himself 
compelled to resign tbe post of painter to tbe 
board of ordnance on reiusinff to allow a de- 

Endent of tbe Uuke of Richmond to share 
t salary. After tbeae reverses he was ac- 
customed to bewail his poverty, but to the 
surprise of his friends he left a good fortune 
at his death. He died at 66 Great Russell 
Street, DIoomsburv'. on 6 June 1788, and 
was buried in St. Ueorge tbe Martyr's bury- 
iug-BJound. He was a member of seveml 
foreign learned Bocielies, among them of the 
Inatituto delle Science ed Arti Liberal! at 
Bologna, of which he was the first English 
member. His portrait, painted by himself, 
is in the possession of Earl Spencer. He 
made more than one engravingirom it. One 
of them is prefixed to the edition of his 
' Treatise on Electricity ' which appeared in 
1762. About 1771 liemurriedMissHethering- 
ton, whom he devotedly admired, ond whose 
excellences be characteristically summed up 
in the statement thafheeaved more money 
trony the time he first knew her than he bad 
ever done in the same space nf time.' By 
her he bad seven children. His third eon, 
Oeneral Sir Robert Thomas Wilson, is sepa- 
rately noticed. 
Besides the worlis already mentioned, 



WiUon was the author of: 1. 'ALetter la 
Mr. yEpinuB,' on the electricity of the Tour- 
malin, London, 1764, 4to. 2. 'A Letter to 
tbe Marquess of Rockingham, with some 
Observations on the Effects of Lightning,' 
I^ndon, 1766, 4to. 3. ' Observations Djpon 
Lightning and the Method of securing 
Buildings from lis Efiects,' London, 177S, 
4to. 4. ' Further Observations upon Light- 
ning,' London, 1774, 4to. 5. ' A Series of 
Experiments relating to PhofT)hori,' London, 
1775, 4to; ^nd edit. 1776, 4to, This work 
was communicated to several foreign leaned 
bodies, and was the subject of a memoir by 
Lconbard £uler,read at tbe Academia Scien- 
tiarum Imperialis at St. Petersburg ( HaoeH, 
inrffj Openim L. Eulrr, 1896, p. 481, and of 
a ' Letter ' from Giovanni Battista Beccaria 
of Bologna, to both of which Wilson replied. 
6. * An Account of Eixperiments made at the 
Pantheon on tbe Nature and Use of Con- 
ductors,' l^ndon, 1778, 4io; new edit. 1788, 
4to. 7. 'A Short View of Electricity,' 
London, 1780, 4to. Wilson also published 
fifteen communications on electricity in tbe 
'Philosophical Transactions' between 1763 
and 1769. A manuscript volume of letters 
lo Wilson from leading men of science and 
others, including John Smeaton fq, v.], Wil- 
liam Maaon (1724-1797) [q. v.], the poet, the 
Abb£ GuJllaume Moidax, Hugh Hamilton 
(1729-1805) [q. v.], and Tobenv Bergman, 
professor of chemistry at Upsala, is preserved 
in tbe British Museum (Addit. MS. 30094), 
as well as a letter to Hogarth (Addit. MS. 
27995, f. 14). Wilson left a manuscript 
autobiography, which he had carried down 
to 1783, but he strictly enjoined that it 
should not be published. This injunction 
was disobeyed in the spirit by his son-in- 
law , Herbert Randolph, who gave an abridge 
ment in 'The Life of Sir Robert Wilson,' 
1862. 

[Lifa of Sir Robert WilBon, 1 862 : Thoresbj's 
DuCHtUB Leod. nd. Wbitaker, 1816. pp. 3-1; 
Smitb'sCat. of Munmtinto Portraits; Redgrave') 
Diet, of Artists. 1878; Gent. JUoj;. 17S8 i. SM, 
ii. 6S6, 1791 ii. 819; Notes and Qaerira, 3nl 
ser. i. 488. ii. 339. 6th Sfr. lii. 407. 4Sa ; Watt's 
Bill. Brit.; Tbonuon's Hist, of tbe Royal Soc 
App. p. ilvi ; Edwarda's Anacdotss of Psiolera. 
1808. pp. 146-50; AtbenKum, 1863, L ISO: 
Wbeattoy and Canniogham's taadoa Past ud 
Present, iii. 193.] K. I. 0. 

WILSON, BERNARD or BARNARD 

(1689-1772), divine ond author, bom in 
1689, was the son of Barnard Wilson, a 
mercer of Nevrark-oa-Trent. His mother 
was descended from Sir A\'illiftni Sutton, 
bart.jofAverham, Nottinghamshire (B.Wit- 
SON, Vindication). The father failed in 



buBinaw nboot the period of Bernard's birth, 
liut was so respected by hia tieighboura that 
some of them subscribed a fund forltieeduciL- 
tion of his sod. The Utter was admitted at 
Westminster in 1704, and five years later 
proceeded to Trinity UolleEe, Cambridge. He 
gnduated B.A. In 171:i, M.A. in 1719, and 
D-D. in 1737. At the university Wilson 
Haiduouely cultivated bts social superiors. 
By one of these, Thomas Pelham-llolles, 
dulie of Newcastle [q. v.], he was presented 
in 1719 to the vicamge of his native place, 
Newarti. Some years afterwords, when he 
hkd attained an independent position, Wil- 
Mt) quarrelled with iiia patron. WiUon'a 
otlier chief patrons were Sir Oeoive Mnrk- 
liain, M,P. tor Newark, and Bisbop Reynolds 
of Lincoln. He laid the foundation of his 
&Toar with the former by an exceedingly 
fulsome dedication to him of a translalioa, 
published in 1717, of ' harangues by the most 
eminent members of the French Academy' 
(probably the Abb* Fleury's ' Discours Aca- 
Mmiques'). Markbam soon afterwards gave 
him the management of his large estaies, and 
recommended him as a husband to bis niece, 
Miss Oele, That lady induced ber uncle to 
leftve Wilson almost the whole of his pro- 
perty, to the detriment of her own brothers. 
After Markham's death in 1736 the elder of 
them disputed thewill, and Wilson retorted 
bj prosecuting ibe younger for libel, at the 
" e time issuing a 'vindication of bis own 
"at'erswere compromised by the 
It of 30,000/. to the Ogle family. But 
pTilson did not marry Miss Ogle, wbo subse- 
sntlybecamealunatic. After bavingbeen 
rejected by Lady Elizabeth Fane (afterwards 
wife of Lord Manslield) 'with marks of 

Euliar disdain,' he married privately at 
jpole, near Nottingham, a lady named 
Bradford, 'of reputable connections' and a 
fortune of her own, with whom be bad long 
been intimate. In 1747 a Miss Uavia of 
Holborn recovered from him 7,000/. damages 
for breach of promise of marriage. 

On 3 3I«v 1727 Wilson was presented to 
ihe prebend of Scamlesby, and on 18 Nov. 
1730 to that of Louth in Lincoln Cathedral, 
In ibe latter year he also received a canonry 
U Lichfield, where Bishop Chandler gave 
him B house, and on 13 Oct. 1734 was nomi- 
nated to one at Worcester. He was also 
Ticarof Frisby, Lincolnshire. In July 1735 
be was presented to the benefice of Bottes- 
ford ill the same county, but never took pos- 
Muion. At Newark he was now a person of 
great influence, being not only vicar, but also 
the master of St. Leonard's Hospital. Uis 

frivnte fortune amounted to not less than 
00,000/. He was liberal in bis earlier years, 



but latterly became a miser, and at bis dejith 
5,000/., in guineas and half-crowns was found 
in his house. He deserves the credit of 
having discovered and restored by means of 
litigation to their proper nses local charity 
estates left to Newark, He published a 
' Discourse ' on the aubjecl in 1768. He left 
40/. a year to be distributed among the poor 
and necessitous families of Newark, and 10/. 
to the vicar for preaching sermons on the 
days of distribution, 11 Jan. and ^1 Aug., 
his own and Markham's birthdays. 

Wilson died on 30 April 1772, and was 
buried in the south aisle of Newark parish 
church. His monumeut, described by Dick- 
inson as ' a splendid display of sepulchral 
girandeur,' bears a highly eulogistic Inscrip- 
tion by his nephew, Itohert Wilson Cracroil.. 
" ' children. 



nofai 



ecutliv 



ber of the Gentleman's Society at Spalding, 
nischiefpublicationwasan English version, 
which appeared in two folio volumes in 
1729-30, of part of De Thoii's ' Historia sui 
Temporis.' The first was dedicated to the 
Dukcof Newcastle, the second 1o John, duke 
of Rutland. The translation is made from 
the Geneva edition of 1620, and includes 
only the firit twenty-sii books. 

[Dii'kinsna'a H>«t. of Nanark-oa-Trent, 1S19. 
pp. 236,268.303-1 3; Brown's Annals of Newark, 
pp. 209. 217, 21P-21 ; GenL Mog. 1747 p. 2B3, 
1773 p. 247: Le Neve's Fasti Eccles. Anglic. ; 
Wflch'a Alnmoi WestniDn. 1863; Thorofon's 
NDtnn((hsm»Iiire ; Green's Survey of Worcester 
and Wilts; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 07 »., 120, 
121; Clialmers'a Bto);r. Diet.; Allihoue's Diet. 
Engl. Lit.; Wilsoo's Vindication, 1736, and Dis- 
cour«, 1;B8,1 O. Lk G. N. 

WILSON, Mrs. UAEOLINE (1787- 
1846), author, was bom at Tunbridge 
Wells on 31 Dec. 1787. She was the ninth 
child of .lohu Fry, a farmer in easy circum- 
stnncea. lie was ambitious for bia children, 
and gave the elder ones an excellent educa- 
tion. The eldest son, John (a. 1849), be- 
came rector of Dcsford, and had some repu- 
tation as an author. Caroline was instructed 
by her elder sisters, and read widely. Shortly 
before hiadeath, about 1803, her father printed 
end published at theTunhridgeWellslibrary 
a few hundred copies of a history of Eng- 
land in verse. Caroline had composed it for 
lierown schoolroom, atidthe production had 
a successful sale. During her father's life- 
time she led a very secluded life, and im- 
bibed high-church principles. At the age 
of seventeen she was sent to a London school 
for a year and a quarter, and then went to 
reside with a solicitor and hiswife at Blonraa- 
bury ; they iutrodiiced ber into society, and 



I 



Wilson 



Wilson 



ehe characrerUea the three joarB speat with 
ilii-m a« witliout serious interests or much 
religion. But, as \» shown by the chsract'er 
nf her writings, the friTolities of this period 
b&d little effect ou her deeply religious 
mind. In 1823 she commenced tringin^ 
out the ' Afisistsnt of Educaliou,' b perio<li- 
cal puljlication edited und ulmost wholly 
written by herself, In & letter to her 
brother in lS'J(i she says that ei^ numben) 
of her magazine ore ordered moutlily for his 
majeatv's library. It tilled ten volumes. 
•The 'Listener' (2 vol*.), the work by 
wJiicL she is best known, was compiled 
from the ' Asaistant of Education,' and con- 
tains moral essays and tales on such sub- 
jects as education, conduct, and practical 
reJigion. It parsed through thirteen editions 
between 183U, the dale of the first edition, 
and 1863, was printed In America, and tmns- 
lah-d into l-'rench (Paris, 1844). In 1631 she 
Tisited Paris, and in that year married Mr. 
Wilson. After her toarriage she lived at 
Bluekbeath and Woolwich, She continued 
to write Iiymns and religions hooks, ' Christ 
OUT Example' (8rd ed. 1632) had nine edi- 
tions between its first appearance and 1873; 
in a preface to the nmth edition Cnnon 
Christopher gives it the highest praise. Of 
her hymns the best known are ' For what 
shall I praise Thoe, my God and my King. 
and ' Often the clouds of deepest woe,' Sht 
died at Tunbridge Wells on 17 Sept. 184G. 

Tier portrait, painted in 1827 by Sir 
Tlirioias Lawrence, shows her to have been a 
very handsome woman. An engraving of 
her portrait by H. Robinson forms the frouli- 
Bpiece of the ' Autobiogruphy ' edited by heT 
husband in 1848. 

Other works by Mrs, Wilson are ; I 
Poetical Catechism,' 1821 ; 5th ed. 18[J7. 
•2. 'Serious PoeWy,' 1823; 2nd ed. 1823. 
4. 'Death, and other Poems,' 1823. 5. 'The 
Scripture Reader's Guide," 1828; 16th ed, 
1849; new edition, 1864 {this is part of the 
'Assistant of Education'). 6. 'Scripture 
Principles of Kducalion,' 1833 ; 4th ed. 
1839; new edition, 1864. 7. 'The Gospel 
of the Old Testament,' 1834. 8, 'Daily 
Scripture Readings,' 183o; 2nd ed. 1840. 
B, ''rheTableortbeLord,'1837. lO.'Gatber- 
ings,' 183D, 1849. 11. 'The Listener' ii 
Oxford, 1839, 1840, 12. ' AWordto Women, 
1840. 13. ' Christ our Law,' 1842 ; Oth ed. 
1893. 14. 'Sunday Afternoons at Home,' 
1844 ; 2nd ed. 1847. 15. 'TbeGreat Com- 
mandment,' 1847. 

[Alliboae's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; .Tulians Diet- of 
Hyninalo^, p, lS25i An Autobiography. Lottera 
andBemHiris of the author of Tba Listonar.ed. by 
b«i husband, IBiS.] E. L. 



WILSON". CHARLES HEATH (1809- 
1882|, art teacher and author, eldest son of 
Andrew Wilson (1780-184B)[q. v.], theland- 
scape-pa inter, was bom in London in Sep- 
tember 1809. He studied art under bis father, 
in 1823 accompanied him lo Italv. 
Aftersevenyearsjhe returned to Edinburgh, 
where be practised as an architect, and was 
forsome time teacher of ornament and design 
in the school of art. His pictorial work vas 
principally landscape in watercoloiir, but he 
also etched a number ot book illustrations, 
of which the more important are In Pij&ri's 
'Viaggio Antiqiiario' (Roma, IS32), and 
James Wilson's ' VovBge round the Coaais 
of Scotland' (Edinbursh, 1842). In 1835 
he was elected A.R.S.A., but resigned 
in 1858. While in Edinburgh be wrote 
and published, in collaboration with Wil- 
liam Dyce [<I.'v.], a pamphlet (addressed to 
Lord Meadowhank) upon 'The Best Means 
of ameliorating the Arts and Manufactures 
of Scotland,' which attracted much attention. 
A copy in the British Museum is annotated 
by W ilson himself. Shortly afterwards Dyca 
was made director and secretary of the re- 
cently establLshed schools of art at Somerset 
House, but resigned in 1843: and Wilson, 
who had meanwhile been director of the 
Edinburgh school, was appointed his suc- 
cessor. His position there was not much 
more comfortable than Dyce's had been, and 
ill 1848 he also resigned, but the following 
year accepted thoheadmaster«hip of the new 
Glasgow school ot design. In 1840 he bad 
visited the continent to make a report la 

Sivomment ou fresco-painting, and while in 
Insgow he was occupied for nearly ten yenra 
under the board of trade in superintending 
the fillingof the windows of Gla^ow Cathe- 
dral with Muuich pictures in coloured glass. 
lie selected the suDJects and wrote a descrip- 
tion ot the work (prefaced by some account of 
the process), which went through many edi- 
tions. In 1864 the board of trade masl^r- 
hhipB were suppressed and Wilson was pen- 
sioned, but continued to live in Glasgow for 
some years longer, doing architectural work. 
In 1869 he and his family finally left Scot- 
land and settled at Florence, where he be- 
came the life and centre of a large lil>erary and 
artistic circle. Much interested in Italian 
art, on which he wrote occasionally, and par- 
ticularly in Michael Angelo, of whom he 
published a life (London and Florence, 1676; 
2nd edit. London, 1881), which, b^in as a 
compilation from Gotti, developed into a 
quite independent work, ' enriched with not 
a few ingenious criticisms,' he had, for these 
and other services, the cross of the 'Corona 
d' Italia' conferred upon him by Victor 




•Ktta twice married: first, on 3 Oct. 

n Edinburgh, to Louisa Orr, daughter 

f HiiTgeon John Orr, E.I.C, with iasua one 

>n and two daughters ; and, secondly, on 

Au^. It<18,alao in Edinburgh, to Johannii 

"uthenne, daughter of William JohnThom- 

, portroit-paint^r, issue a son and a 

' «r. A portrait of Wilson, as a jouiig 

y Sir John Watson Gordon, is in the 

n of his sun, C. A. Wilson. 

■ Century of Paintare, ISflfl; 
JIIM, 17 July IS82 ; Academy, 22 July 1K82 ; 
ni. 16 Julyand 19 Ang. 1882 ; iuforaia- 
. (' A wfi^oo, esq., Qanoa.] J.L.C, 

"WILSON, Mhs-CORNWEIX BARON, 
ivTioae maiden name was AIARGA.BBT IIakbiES 

p797-l&46|, author, bom in Shropshire in 

1707, WB« the only child of Roger llarcieB of 

Canoobuiy Place, Islington, and afterwards 

of Woburn Place, Russell Square, by his 

wifo Sophia, daughter of Matthew Arbouia 

m «f MiociDg Lane (cf. Pabey, Wdsh Melodie», 

LffoL iii.) Iter literary attainments were ver- 

Uile ; she wrote poems, romantic dramas, 

Dmic interludes, tioTels, and biogTBiihies. 

pBur first book of poems, ' Melancholy lloura,' 

F ^as published anonymously in lbl6i her 

Mcond, ■ Aslarte : a Sicilian Tale ; with other 

' Pnems,' to which she prefixed her name, at- 

l_ tracts some altention. It reached a second 

Jition in 1818, a fourth in 1827, and was 

spnbUahed in 1«40. Un 15 April 1819 she 

Tied Comweil Ilaron Wilson of Lincoln's 

n Kelds, a solicitor. In 1829 Mrs. Wilson 

iOt« the words for the third volume of 

ry'» 'Welsh Mplodies.* Mrs. Hemans 

contributed the verses for the first 

^plume. In 1833 she commenced an ephe- 

verftl publication, ' La Kinon, or Leaves for 

Ftfie Album,' which ran to three numbers. A 

fcurth number, entitled 'TheliasBleu'sScrap 

' Sheet, or La Ninon improved,' appeared in 

tlie ume rear. In 18S3 «be also commenced 

to edit ' f he Weekly Belle Assembllc.' In 

I8S4 the title was chnnsed to 'The New 

ifonthly Belle Assemblfe. It continue<l to 

appeu- until 1870. In leSl Mrs. Wilson 

nined a prize for a poem on the Princess 

Victoriai awarded at the CurditT bardic festi- 

tbIj there were two hundred candidates. 

In Jnne 1836 her ' Venus in Arms, or the 
Petticoat Colonel,' a comic interlude in one 
act, adapted from the French, was pe^rformud 
»t thu Strand Theotre, l.ondon, with Sirs. 
Stirling in the title r6Ie(cf. Dukconbk, fn'f. 
^Tkeatrt, vol. xxvi. ; Cuhberlahd, Minor 
^htatre, rol. sit.) Her other dramatic ven- 
'The Maid of Switierland,' a 



romantic drama in one act in prose (1630?) ; 
I, a Vestal,' a mythological drama 
in twoacts(lAlO). 

Her excursions into biography include 
' Memoirsof Harriot, Duchess of St. Alban'e ' 
(3 vols. 12mo, l9Sd: 2ad edit. 1840; 3rd 
edit. 1886). In 1839 also appeared in two 
volumes her ' Life and Correspondence of 
Monk Lewis.' They are useful compilations, 
without much literary merit. 

Mrs. Wihwn died at Wobum Place, Lon- 
Jon, on 12 Jan, 1846. leaving several children. 

Other works byMrs. Wilson are: 1. 'Hours 
at Home : a Collection of Miscellaneous 
Poems,' 1826 i 'laA edit. 1827. 2. 'The 
Cyprees Wreath : a Collection of Original 
Ballads and Toles inverse,' 1828. 3. 'Poems,' 
1831. 4. 'A Volume of Lyrics,' 1840. 
5. ' Chroniclesof Life,' 1840. 3 vols. 6. ' Popu- 
larity: and the Destinies of Woman: Tales of 
the World,' 1842, 3 vob. 7. ' Our Actressos; 
or Glances at Stage Favourites past and 
present,' 1844, 2 vols, 

[AlliboDe'e Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; Osnt. Mag. 
17U1 i. 480. iai!l i. 368. 181S i. GQ2.] G. L. 

"WILSON, DANIEL (1778-1858), fifth 
bishop of CiUcuttft, son of Stephen Wilson 
{d. I8l3), a wealthy London silk mauufac- 
t urer, by Ann Collett (d. 1829), daughter of 
Daniel West, one of Whit^field's trustees, 
was bom at Church Street, SpitalSelds, on 
2 July 1778. He was intended for the silk 
businesa, and apprenticed to his uncle, Wil- 
liam Wilson, but in October 1797 he felt a 
call to the ministry, and, consent having 
been wrung from his ifither, he matriculated 
from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 1 May 
1 798, and graduated B. A. in 1602, and M. A. 
in 1804 (he was created D.D. by diploma on 
12 April 1832). WhUe a graduate ot Oxford 
he won the chancellor's priie in 1803 for an 
essay on ' Common Sense ;' iiwinald Heber 
won a prize for his poem on 'i*alestlne' in 
the same year. Having been ordained, ho 
became curate of Richard Cecil [q. v.] at 
Chobham and Bisley in Surrey, was to a 
large extent moulded by Cecil, and became 
a strong evangelical preacher. He returned 
to Oxford a short while before 1807, when 
he became vice-prtncipal or tutor of St. Ed- 
mund Hall, at the same time taking mini- 
sterial charge of the small parish of Worton, 
Oxfordshire. In 1808 he wits licensed as- 
sistant curote of St. John's Chapel, Bedford 
Itow, Bldorasbur;^ (formerly the chief sphere 
of Cecil's great influence), and in 1812 he 
resigned his college othcea on becoming sole 
minister of that chapel, which during the 
tifelve years of his incumbency was well 
known as the headquarters of the evange- 



I 
I 



Wilson 

lioil party in Ijondon. Among his liearera 
at St. John's were CliBrles Grant (afterwards 
Lord Glenelff), Bishop Hjder, John Thorn- 
ton, Zachary Macaulay, the Wilberforcee, 
uidSirJamesStephen. In June 1824 Wil- 
son was appointed to the vicariige of St. 
Mary's, Islington, t)ie living being in the 
pttlronnge of his fumily. In 1832, mainly 
through the influence of Lord Glenelg and 
his brother, Sir Kobert Grant, Wilson wua 
nomin&tedbiabop of Calcutta, with a diocese 
extending over the entire presidency cf Ben- 
gal, and exercising a quasi-met ropulitan 
lurisdiction over the other sees of iiomhuy 
and Madras. He was apitointed visitor of 
Bishop's College, Calcutta, and insured an 
incomeof5,OO0Aa year. He was consecrated 
at Lambeth by the archbishop (Ilowley), 
assisted by Bishop Blomfield and other pre- 
lates, on 29 April 1832. On 16 May be 
rke at the East India banquet at the Lon- 
1 Tavern, and on 19 Juno he embarked in 
the ship James Sihbald, sailing from Ports- 
mouth, and landing at Calcutta on 6 Nov. 

India bad been thrown open to mis- 
sionaries through tlie influence of Wilber- 
foTce in 1813, and in the following year 
Thomas Fanshaw Middleton [q. v.] bod be«n 
appointed English bishop of Calcutta. lie 
was succeeded in 1823 hy Reginald Ileber 
[q. r.], since whose death in 1826 the see hftd 
twice been vacated by death. Upon his 
arrival in Calcutta Wilson found the juris- 
diction of the bishop ill defined, the reins of 
authority much relaxed owing to the frequent 
vacancies in the see, and the records very 
deficient. Wilson, however, was a strong 
and masterful man, and, after a preliminary 
encounter with the presidency chaplains, he 
lost no time in showing his determination t,o 
establish his authority upon a firm basis. 
He made a large outlay upon the palace and 
of state, and was accused of 
L, as his predecessors Heber and 
Turner had been blamed for neglect in mat- 
ters of etiquette. Eventually, byslrict habits 
of business, in which he took delight, and by 
genuine administrative capacity, Wilson suc- 
ceeded in establishing his own sl^ndnrd of 
episcopal propriety. His relations with the 
govemor-goneml, Lord William Bentincli, 
were excellent, and, having been once ac- 
climatised at Calcutta, be enjoyed robnet 
health. 

The chief events of his epiacopste were the 
sevea visitations, in the first of which, in 
l^^,lieirisited Malacca and Ceylon, white in 
the last he net Dalhousie at Rangoon in 
November ISfiii, and foundud an English 
church there. On U Feb. 18.^3 he visited the 
venerable missionary William Carey (1761- 



1834) [q, v.l and received his blessing. In 
January 1835 the bishop visited the scene of 
Schwartz's labours at Taniore, and took the 
important st«p of altogether excluding the 
caste system from the native churches of 
ioulbem India, in which it bad hitherto 
survived. In March 1839 the idea of build- 
ing a new cathedral for Calcutta first took 
posseasionofhismind. The foundation-stone 
was laid on 8 Oct. 1839, and henceforth the 
bishop dedicated a large portion of his income 
to this object. In 1845, having been attacked 
by jungle fever, he wiw ordered to England, 
and on 19 Match 1846 be woa introduced by 
Peel, and bad a private audience with the 
queen, to whom he submitted plans of the 
cathedral. The queen undertooii lo present 
the communion plate. He collected con- 
siderable sums for the building, and, after a 
farewell sermon at Islington on 31 Aug. 
1846, he sailed for India the same evening. 
The cathedral church, St. Paul's, was finally 
consecrated on 8 Oct. 1847. During his later 
years the bishop spent much of hie time 
at Serampore, and he was there when the 
mutiny broke out in the spring of 1867. His 
last sermon upon 'Humiliation 'was preached 
in the cathedral on 24 July 1867, and was 

fnuttid with a dedication to Lord Canning, 
le died at Calcutta on 2 Jan. 16.^, and an 
extraordinary gazette requested the prindpal 
oSicers of the government to attend at his 
interment in the cathedral on 4 Jan. The 
cotfin WOA home by twelve sailors of tba 
warship Hotspur, and his remains buried at 
the east end of the chancel. A memorial 
was erected in St. Mary's, Islington, while 
four scholarships and a native pastorate fund 
were founded at Calcutta in his memory. A 
' Bishop Wilson Memorial Hall ' was inaugu- 
rated at Islington in Januaiy 1891. 

Wilson married, on 23 ^ov. 1803, at St. 
Lawrence Jewry, Ann, the daughter of hia 
uncle, William Wilson; she died at Isling- 
ton on 10 May 1827. The yrogress of the 
courtship was thus recorded in his Latin 
journal; 'Ap. 1. Rem patriexposuide more. 
25. Literaa ad patrem dedi. Mail 7. Con- 
senait avunculus. 14. Voluit consobrina 
mea. 17 Nov. Londininm perveni. 23. Nup- 
tin celebratiG felicissimis auspiciis.' Of a 
large family two survived him. Of these 
his eldest son, Daniel, bom in November 
1805, graduated B.A. from Wadham College, 
Oiford, on 14 June 1827, and became vicar 
of Islington, in succession to hia father (1832). 
He became rural dean (1860), and prebendary 
of St. Paul's (Chiswick) in 1872, and died 
on 14 July 1886, aged 80. 

Both OS a parish priest and bishop Wilson 
was distiaguished for independence, resolu- 



I 



tion, and caexgy, and be accomplished much 
Tiiluable work both at borne and abroad. 
He was a tealous opponent nf the principles 
Daaiatained in the Oxford tracts, agBinst the 
tendencies nf which be both Bpoke and 
preached with vehemence. His style of 
preaching whs vigorous ; bis short pithy sen- 
tences were meant to have the effect of 
goads, and tbey were often punjient ; but, 



.LO^pl 



I 



jher admits, * things 
Bald m&tiy times that might have better been 
left unsaid. Hut though men might smile, 
thev never slept. India is a sleepy place, 
■nd he e&ectuallj roused it.' As a European 
traveller bin narrowness is often conspicuous, 
uid he is too frequently congratulating his 
fellow counlrymen upon their freedom from 
'gross popish impostures.' In bis spiritual 
egotism and his eminently technical view 
of religion he was a typical evangelical. 
But he did not pride himself upon bis taste 
or his tact; his (qualities were more of the 
primitive apostolic order, and for his pure 
umplicity of mind and artlessness of demea- 
nour h« has been termed ' a Dr. Primrose in 
lawn sleeves.' 

A portrait of Wilson by Claiton, now in 
the Town Hail, Calciittj*, was engmved by 
W, HdII for the ' Life ' by Josiah Bateman, 
-who married one of the bishop's daughters. 

WilBon'smostiraporlantpublicalionswere: 
1. ' Sermons on various Subjects of Christian 
Doctrine and Practice,' London, 1818 and 
1827,8vo. 2.' Letlecsfromanabseut Brother, 
containing some Account of a Tour through 
P«rt«oftheNetharlands,SwitMrland, North- 
em lUly.and France in theSummer of 1823,' 
London, 1825, 2 vols, (several editions). 
S.' The Evidences of Christianity: Lectures,' 
183&-30, 2 vols. 8yo; 4th edit, i860, 12mo 
(ft rfchaufiii of Paley, praised by Mcllvaine 
in his aubscfjuent 'Lectures'). 4. ''rheDi- 
TJne Authority and Perpetual ObliMtion of 
the Lord's Day/ 1831, 1840. 6. 'Sermons 
in India during a Primary Visitation,' 1838, 
8vo. 6, ' Sufficiency of the Scripture as a j 
Bule of Faith; 1841, 8vo. 7. 'Expository 
Xectures on St. Paul's Epistle to the Co- 
, 184.j,8voi New York, 1846; Lon- 
.don,3rdedit. 1853. In these lectures the writer 
protests against the erroneous teaching of 
the Oxford tracts. A similar view was 
Schoed in bis son's 'Our Protestant Faith in , 
Daager' (Ijjndoo, IS'iO). 8. 'The Bishop ' 
ot Calcutta's Farewell lo Engliind,' five ser- I 
ttons, Oiford, 1840, 12mo. | 

[Bateman's LifeoF the Rt. Rev. Or 
D.D , London, I BS<i, aud condcnaod, 

grtrait) ; Biehop Wilion's Journal Letters, mt- 
ated tn his Family during the first nine j«ar!i 
tit his Episcopalo. edited by his son, Daniel 



el Wilson, 



Wilson, London. 1863; Foster's Alumni Oion. 
1716-1886; Oardiner's Wiulhani College Itigi- 
BlfTs; Gent, Mug. 1858, i. o52; Times, 4 Feb. 
IBfiS; Smith's Lifa of William Carey. 1887, p. 
871; Hist, of ChriBtiaDity in India, Hiidras, 
1 8Bfi ; Stock'e History of the Charch MiBsiooary 
Society, 1699, vols. i. and ii. passim ; Allen sod 
McClure'a History of the S.P.C.K. 18D8, pp. 
208 cq, ; Smith's Life ot Aleiander Duff. 1879, 
ii.334; London BerJew. July 18S0; QuHrtarly 
Reriew, October 18B3; QoodWonlB, 1878, pp. 
19B, 371 (an interesting chanctcr sketch by Sir 
John Kaje) ; Illustraled London News, 6 Fob. 
1958 ; Anderson's Culonial Church, ii. 870 ; 
Whenlley and Cunningham's London, iji. 293 ; 
Brit, Mus. Cat.] T. S. 

WILSON, SiH DANIEL (1816-1892), 
archfeologist and educational reformer, was 
the son of Archibald Wilson, wine mei^ 
chant, of Edinburgh, who married, on 2 June 
1812, Janet, daughter of John Aitken of 
Greenock, a land surveyor. He was one of 
eleven children: a younger brother was 
George Wilson (1818-'l859J [a. t.I He was 
bom in Edinburgh on 5 Jan, ISlo, and edu- 
cated first at the High School, then at the 
university of Edinburgh. Embarking on a 
literary career, he went to London in 1837, 
Bndwrote with varying success for the press; 
hut in 1842 he returned to Edinburgh, and 
g;ave special attention to archiBolcgical aub- 
jects, publishing in 1847 his ' Memorials of 
Edinburgh in the Olden Time,' which he 
illustrated with his own sketches ; arevised 
edition anpeared in 1891. In 1846 he was 
appointed honorary secretary of the Scottish 
Society of Antiijuaries, and in 1851 pub- 
lished his great work on the archteology of 
Scotland. 

In 1853 Wilson was appointed professor 
of history and English literature in Toronto 
University. From his arrival in Canada he 
devoted himself with marked success to the 
furtherance of education in the colony. In 
1854 he was olfered, but did not accept, the' 
post of principal of McGiU UnivBrHity, 
Montreal. In 18>4 be became editor of the 
journal of the Canadian Institute, and in 
1859 and 1860 was president of the institute. 
In 1863 he received the first silver medal of 
the Natural History Society for original 
research. In 1881 ne became president of 
Toronto University, in 1882 vice-president 
of the literature section of the Canadian 
Royal Society, and in 183.5 president of that 
section. He was knighted m 1888. 

Wilson's work in Canada is fairly de- 
scribed in his own words; 'I have reso- 
lutely battled for the maintenance of a 
national system of university education in 
opposition to sectarian or denominational 



I 

I 
i 



Wilson s 

__ _. Js OuB I have beon auccesaful, 
IfliitngfaA it as the great work of my 
U(e<' The potition now held by Toronto 
TTniveraity ia largely due lo Wilson. He 
diet! at Toronto on 6 Auff. 1802. He mar- 
ried, ill 1840, Margaret, dnugliter of Hugh 
Mackaj of Glasgow, A daughter survivt»l 

Apart from papers of high philosophic and 
Bcianti fie merit in journals of various learnod 
Bocietios, and articles in ihe ' Encyclopicdia 
liritannica,' Wilson's cliief works were : 
1. 'Oliver Cromwell and Ihe ProUictoratu,* 
Edinburgh, 1848. 2. ' The Archteology and 
Prehistoric Annals of Scotland,' Edinbiirg-h, 
1851 ; 2nd edit. 1863. 3. ' PrebUtoric Mao : 
Researchea into the Origin of Civilisation 
in the Old and New Worlds,' Cambridge, 
1862 [ 3rd edit. London, 1876. 4. ' Ohatter- 
lon ; a Bio^phicol Stud^,' London, 1869. 
B, ' Caliban, the Missing Link," Oiford, 1873. 
6. 'Spring Wild-Flowers: a collection of 
poems,' London, 1875. 7. ' Reminiscences of 
Old EdLnburgh,' Edinbiirffh, 1878. 8. ' An- 
thropologj-,' 1885, 0. ' William Nelson : u 
Memoir '^{privately printed), 1890. 10. 'The 
Right Hand: Left-handedness.' 1891. 

fTimes, Aug. 18112: Montraal Qazi-ttB, 
9 Aag. 1892 ; Rose's CyclopieJia of Caaadiiul 
Biofjr. 2Qd edit.; Appleltin's Cyclap»dU of 
Ain«ricnn Biogr. ; Moruan's Bibl. CitiiadauBis ; 
Proceedings of Jtoyal Society of Oanada, xi. ii. 
S6.1 C. A. H. 

WILSON, EDWARD (d. 1694), ' Beau 
Wilson," WHS the fiftbsouof Thomas Wilson 
(d. 1609) of Keythorpe in Leicestershire, 
by Anne (d. 1723), eldest daughter, by hia 
second wife, of Sir Cbristopher Packe [q. v.] 
The Wilson fnmilv was of old standing at 
Didlingtou in West Norfolk, bul had beconm 
somewhat impoverished (for pedigree, sea 
Nichols, Zeicaifers/iire, iii. 523). About 
1693 Edward, or, as lie was styled, ' Beau' 
Wilson, became thetalkofLondonon accou nt 
of the expensive style in which he lived t the 
younger son of one who had not above 200^. 
a year estate, it was remarked that ' he lived 
in tbe garb and equipage of the richest no- 
bleman for house, furniture, coaches, saddle 
horses, and kept a table and all things ac- 
cordingly, redeemed his father's estate, and 
gave portions to his sisters.' 'The mystery 
IS,' wrote Evelyn, ' how this so young a gen- 
tleman, very sober and of gootl fame, could 
live in such an expensive manner; it could 
not be discovered by all possible industry or 
■Qtreaty of his friend to make him reveal it. 
It did not appear that he was kept by women, 
play, coining, padding, or dealing in che- 
mistry; but ]ie would sometimes say that 
■hould be live ever so long, he hud wliure- 



He V , 

no great force of understanding. This wsa a 
subject of much discourse' (DUtrj/, '22 April 
1094). Some people siud that he was sup- 
plied by the Jews, others that be had dis- 
covered Ibe pbiloGopber's stone, while certain 
good-naturedfolk averred that he bad robbed 
the Holland mail of a quantity of jewellery, 
an exploit for which another man had suffered 

On 9 April 1694 Wilson and his friend. 
Captain Wigbtman, were in the Foiintain 
Inn in the Strand when John Law, after- 
wards the celebrated financier, came in and 
fisedaquarrelupott Wilson. Thejprocepded 
to Bloomsbury Square, where after one pass 
the Beau fell wounded in tbe stomach, and 
died without speaking a single word. The 
quarrel arose, it was said, from Wilson re- 
moving bis sister from a lodging-bouse where 
Law had a mistress (one Mrs. Lawrence). 
Law was arrested and tried at the Old Bailej 
on 18 10 20 April 1694. Tbe prisoner de- 
clared that the meeting was accidental, but 
some threatening letters from him to Wilson 
were produced at the trial, and the jury, be- 
lieving (with Evelyn) that the duel -was 
unfairly conducted, held Law guilty of 
murder, and on 21 April be and ' four other 
criminals only,' says Lutirell, were con- 
demned to death. Law pleadnl benefit of 
clergy, on tbe ground that hia oiTence 
amounted only to manslaughter, and bis 
punisbmentwas commuted to a fine. Against 
this commutation Wilson's family used all 
tbeir iufluence, and on 10 May Law was 
'charged with nn appeal of murtber at the 
king's bench bar ;' be escaped from tbe clut cbes 
of the Wilsons only by filing through the 
bars of the king's bench prison. 'Beau' 
Wilson lefl only a few pounds behind liim, 
and not a scrap of evidence to enlighten 
public curiosity as to the origin of his eitm- 
ordinary resources. An ' Epitaph on Bmu 
Wilson' by Edmund Killingworth appealed 
in the ' Gentleman's Journal' for May 1"' 

In 169(> appeared ' Seme Letters b«ti 
a certain late Nobleman (the Earl of I 
derlaud) and the famous Mr. Wilson, di^' 
covering the True History and Siirpassinr 
Grandeur of that celebrated Beau,' printed 
for A. Moore, near St. Paul's. Tbe work is 
curious, but tbe solution of the mystery is 
only hinted at ill the rumoured scandal of 
the day. 

In 1708, as an appeiidi.\ to the second 
edition of tbe Rnglisb translation of Mme. 
de La Mothe's (D'Aulnoy) ' Memoirs of ibe 
Court of England in tbe Ueign of Charles It,' 
entitled 'The Unknown Lady's Pacquet of 



■eaied |h 

16Uj 

. du- ■ 



I Letters' 

■ Mauley) 

\ 



Wilson 



91 



Wilson 



I 



Mauley), tbi; first letter is described as ' A. 
I)iacovei'y and Account of Beau Wilson's 
eKcret support of liia public maimer of living 
and the occasion of bis Death.' According 
to the improbable story here related at great 
length, th« secret Bnancier of Wilson was 
nu other than Elizabeth VilHers [q. v.], the 
miatress of William III, and afterwards 
Countess of Orbney. Her arranf(emenls for 
assignations with the Beau were made with 
such extreme core, accordiog to this narra- 
tive, OS to reduce the chance of detection to 
It minimum. The lady itupplied Wilson 
Uvishly with money, stipulBting only tlmt 
the ineetingB should always take place in 
darkness, qualified with the light of but one 
candle, uud that be d n y hould be per- 
fectly concealed. Vi hen a leng h Wilson 
became incumlily nqui e he lady ar- 
mnged for his eu hanaa a and fnally sup- 
plied John Law n b he m ana of escaiM 
and a Urge sum of money 

W^hether this sto y was a mere nvention 
by an enemy of Lady Orkne> (as seems most 
probable_), or whether it be founded upon 
lact, it IS impossible to determine. Beau 
Wilson's mysterious life and death are woven 
with considerable skill into the early chap- 
s of Harrison Ainswortli's ' John Law, 
the Projector' (1804). 

[W.Kid'a Mamoire of Joha La*. 1824, p. 6 ; 
Wood's Hist, of Cnmond. I Ti)4, p. 1 S4 : Lundoa 
Juumal, 3 Dec. IT21; NichoU's Leicestershire, 
iii. 487; Cochut's The Financier Law. iHA9; 
ErelypB Diary, ed. Wheiillej; Lnttrell's Kriet 
Hi«t. Belntion, iii. 291,296: Chnmbars'H Book 
of Dara. ii. 6B0 ; Barke's Vicitsituden of Nuble 
Fiunlliea, 3nd ear. p. 3S4 ; Tiiabs's RomaDile of 
Loadoa, i. 4ZI> ; Kates aud Queries, 2nd ser. ii, 
4O0. iv. 96, 219, 3r<J ser. r. 160, 2Si, vi. 4.'i9.] 
T. S. 

WILSON, EDWARD {IftU-lSTS), 
Australian politician, was born al Hampstead 
ill 1814. .\fter completing his education he 
wu employed in the London branch of a 
Mandiester firm. Finding this occupation 
not to his taste, he proceeded to Australia 
in 184:2. His first intention was to settle at 
Sydney, but on arriving at Melbourne he 
bought a small place ugion Merri Creek, and 
lununed there until 1844, when, in cou- 
jnnclion with J. E. Juhnston, he took up a 
cattle station near Dandenong. While thus 
empWed he wrote a series of letters, signed 
* Iota, aeverely criticising tlie administration 
of Charles Joseph Lalrobe [q. v.] Their 
nceptton encouraged him to turn to jour- 
nalism, and in l&ir he and his partner pur- 
chased the' Argus 'from William Kerr, who 
had founded it in the preceding year. In 



1861 t he V also incorporated the Melbourne 
' Daily News ' with the ' Argus,' Notwith- 
standmg the disorganisation of society pro- 
duced in 1853 by the discovery of gold, 
Wilson succeeded in continuing the oaily 
issue of his paper, and its circulation became 
in consequence extremely large. Prior to 
this Wilson took a leading part in opposing 
the inSux of convicts from Tasmania, co- 
operating with tlie Anti-transportation 
League founded in 1851 , and supporting the 
passage of the Ooovicts Prevention Act. 
lie advocated the separation of Port Phillip 
from New South Wales, denounced the con- 
duct of the governor. Sir Charles Holham 
[q. v.], towards the miners, and strongly op- 
posed the tendency of Earl Grey's order m 
council of 1847 to convert the temporary 
licenses of the crown's pastoral tenants into 
the equivalent of an assignable freehold. Hia 
vigorous attacks in the' Argus'on all kinds 
of abuses involved liimiu several libel actions, 
notable being that brought against 



closed Stephen's political career in Victoria, 
and that occasioned by hia exposure of the 
Qarra Bond lunatic asylum. Finding hia 
sight failing, Wilson relumed to England, 
and in 1864 published ' Rambles in the Anti- 
podes.' Iul»Oybe was one of the founders of 
the Colonial Institute, and in the same year 
he settled at Haves in Kent, where he died 
on 10 Jan. 1678. He was butned in the 
Slelbourne cemetery on 7 July. Wilson 
was the founder of the Acclimatisation Bo- 
ciety of Victoria in 1861 ; and while he ia 
credited with having introduced the lark 
and thrush into Australia, and with attempt- 
ing to naturalise the llama, he is also accused 
of having brought over the sparrow. 

[Heaton's Australian DietioDnrj, 1879 ; Hen- 
Dell's Diet, of Austnlian Biogr, 1892 ; Basden'a 
Hist, of Australia, 1S83, ii. A27. SlUi McCombie'a 
Hint, of Victoria, 1659, p. 320 ; Westgarth'a 
Colony of Vii:loria, 1884, pp. 297, 341', 371, 
374, 383.] E. 1. C. 

WILSON, Sib EI! ASMUS (1809-1884), 
surgeon. [See WiLSO.s, SiH. Whliak 
Jdies EBiauiTA.] 

WILSON. FLORENCE C!504?-1547P), 
humanist. [See \'oi.178bsb.] 

WILSON, GEORGE (J. 1607), writer 
on cock-flgliting, was vicar of Wcetton in 
Norfolk. In spite of his profession he took 
a keen interest In the pastime of cock-fight- 
ing, and in 1607 he wrote ' The Coinmeudo- 
tion of Cockes and Cofk-fighling. Wherein 
is shewed that Oocke-tigbting was before the 
Commingof Christ . . . London. Printed for 



I 



Wilson c 

Henrie Tometi, and are Ui be sold at bia Shop, 
ouer agftiusl firaiw lune Gate iu Holburne, 
1607,' 4Co. Iu this work, after descanliDg- 
with Home learning on the antiquity of the 
amuMment, he launches into a eulogy of tlie 
inanl; qualities wliich it fostered, and con- 
cludes with some instances of prowess which 
he himself had witnessed, mentioning with 
especial commendation a gamecock named 
Tarlton aftpr the famous comedian, bei^ause 
before combat it was accustomed lo drum 
loudlywith its wings. The tract was written 
partly with the object of reviving public in- 
terest in the sport. It was dedicated to Sir 
Henry Bedingfleld, and was aeveral times 
reprinted, reaching a third edition in 1631, 
and a tenth in 1655. 

[Wilson's CamiDendation of Coclies: Collier's 
Bibtiogr.CsLii. 529: Uadi It's Handbook 



re of Ore 



; AUibo 



Engl. Lit.; Blackwood's Mug. 1827, xiii. 687.1 
E, 1, C. 
■WILSON, GEORGE (1818-1859), che- 
mist and religious writer, Hon of Archibald 
Wilson, a wine merchant — who came from 
Argvltsbire — and his wife Janet, was born 
at Edinburgh on 21 Feb. 1818 with a twin- 
hrotber, John, who died in 1836. Hia elder 
brother, (Sir) Daniel, is noticed separately, 
Wilson went to school first to a Mr. Knight, 
and, with Philip Maclagan and John Alex- 
ander Smith, founded a 'juvenile society for 
the aflvancement of knowledg'e.' He went 
in 1828 to the high school, which he left in 
1632 to enter the university as a medical 
student. He was apprenticed at the same 
time for four years at the laboratory of the 
Itoval Infirmary. He attended the classes 
of Thomas Charles Hope [q.v.] and Kenneth 
Kempforchemistry, and tnatof(Sir) llobert 
Chriatison [q. v.J for materia medics. In 
September 1837 Le passed the examination 
of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin- 
burgh, ' fell over head and ears in love ' with 
chemistry (A/nnoir, p. 08), and became assis- 
tant to Gliriatison. About this time he con- 
tributed to ' MagB,' a university magazine 



shortly after became unpaid 
masGrabam (1805-1869) [q. v.lat Univer- 
sity College, the other assistants being James 
Young (1811-1883) [q.v.] and Lyon (after- 
wards Baron) I'lajfair. With David Living- 
stone [q. v.], wlio was a student, Wilson 
ionnad a friendship. In Graham's laboratory 
heprepared his doctor's thesis, 'On the Exis- 
tence of Haloid Salts of the Eleetro-nega- 
tive Met«ls' in solution, an ingenious inves- 
tigation of the action of hydrobromic acid 
on ^Id chloride. 



I Wilson 

Somewhat disappointed with his position 
in London, he returned to Edinburgh in 
April 1839, and in the following June pro- 
ceeded M.D. In the autumn be went to the 
Ilritish Association meeting at Birmiagbam, 
and was present at the first ' Red Lion ' 
dinner. He was elected in ibe same year to 
the 'Order'inEdinburghfounded by Forbes, 
which included many of the most brilliant 
students of the university (I'A. pp. 2:15 etseq.) 

For medicine Wilson had no taste what- 
ever, and, after some futile applications for 
other chemical posts and the rejection of a 
chemical leccureehip in one of the smaller 
schools in London, be received iu 1840 a 
license from the Uoyal College of Surgeons 
of Edinburgh to lecture on chemistry, at- 
tendance at these lectures being recognised 
on behalf of candidates for their diploma. 
His lectures were the first chemistry lec- 
tures in what has developed since into the 
' e\Era-muriil ' school. Simultaneously with 
the beginniug of his professional career his 
health began to fail, and be writes of himself 
about this time as ' bankrupt in health, 
bopes, and fortune.' A slight injury to his 
left foot, followed by severe rheumatism, 
led to its amputation at the ankle by James 
Syme [q. v.] in January 1843. In a letter 
to (Sir) James Young Simpson [q. v.] in ad- 
vocacy of the use of anesthetics — then 
strongly combated by some, who regarded 
them as ' needless luxuries '— (Simfson, Ob- 
atelric Memoirs, ii, 706), be speaks of ' the 
block whirlwind of emotion, the horror of 
great darkness, nnd the sense of desertion by 
God and man' that 'swept through' him 
during the operation. A little later he was 
attacked liy phthisis, of which he realised 
the gravity, and the rest of bis life is the 
record of an extraordinary and cheerful tight 
against ill-henlth. He soon won success as 
a lecturer, obtained private work as an 
analyst, and in 1843 was appointed lecturer 
at several Edinburgh institutiona— the Edin- 
burgh Veterinary tiJollege, the School of Arts, 
and the Scottish Institution, a girls' school. 
In 1844 he joined a congregational church 
belonging to \h.e independent section, al- 
though he still considered himself a baptist. 
In 1845 he was elected fellow of the Royal 
Society of Edinburgh. To the Royal Scot- 
tish Society of Arts, of which he became 
president later, among other papers he con- 
tributed in 1845 one ' On the Employment 
of Oxygen as a Means of Resuscitation in 
Asphyxia.* In the same year he b^an m 
long series of researches on the distribution 
of Huorides, which lie showed to be present 
in small quantities in animal nnd vegetablo 
tisanes, in many minerals, and in sea-water. 




Wilson 



I 



In ISTfl he published in the collection of 
the ' Cavendisli Society' a 'Life of Henry 
CftTendish ' [ij. t.J. his most notable per- 
formance in scientilic liislory. which became 
hia favourite pursuit, Wilion fully eata- 
bliahed the priority of Cavendish with re- 
gard to the experimental results on which the 
theory of the composition of water is based ) 
he showed that the advocates of James 
Watl'a chiims, including James Patrick 
MuirheAd and Francis, lord Jeffrey [q.v.], 
had overestimated Watt's merits; but, in 
spite of much knowledge and labour, he 
djd not fully master the mass of material he 
bad accumulated relating to the ' waler con- 
troversy.' Their common interest in this 
matter "had already in 1846 (Life of Caven- 
(iMA,p.Titi)led to awarm friendship between 
Wilaon and Jeffrey. In 1852 Wilson pub- 



lished a 



IS letter addressed to Spencer 



___ 'The Grievance of University Tests,' 
with reference to the chair of chemistiy 
vacant at Glasgow by the death of Thomas 
Thomson (irTS-lSSSi [q.v.] He published 
in the same year the > Life of Dr. John Reid ' 
[q. v.] (a personal friend), which reached a 
aacond edition immediately. In November 
1863 Wilson published in the 'EdinbuTKh 
Monthly Journal of Medical Science ' the 
first of a long series of papers on ' Colour- 
Blindness,' continued in the 'Transactions 
of the lioyal Scottish Society of Arts,' and 
repnhliEhe'd with additions, under the title 
' Kfcsearchee on Colour-Blindness,' in 1855. 
Wilson examined personally 1,164 cases of 
colour-blindness, and was the first in Eng- 
land to point out the extreme importance 
of testing railway-servants end sailors for 
this defect. The researches of the Abb& 
Moigno (1804-1S84), who claimed to have 
preceded Wilson in this, were unknown to 
bim. The Great Northern Railway at once 
ndopted Wilson's recommendations, and 
other bodies followed suit. James Clerk 
Sfaxwell [q.v.], then workinff at liis colour- 
top, contributed an appendix to Wilson's 
booh, of which he thought highly. 

In February ISK Wilson was appointed 
director of the Scottish Industrial Museum 
About to be founded, and, later in the same 
year, regius professor of technology in the 
Edinburirh University. Ilis inaugural lec- 
ture, ' What is Technology ? ' was published 
in extento. In the autumn of 185fi he pre- 
pared for the presa at Melrose his ' Five 
Gateways of Knowledgj," a popular and 

ing lecture for the session of 18-16-7, ' On 
the Physical Sciences which form the Basis of 
Technology,' written about the same time,' 




far more maturethaD Wilson's other popular 
lectures, and shows a real grip of the cor- 
relation of the various sciences, while his 
natural exuberance of imagination and dic- 
tion is chastened. In 1808 William Gre- 
gory (1803-1858) [q. v.], then professor of 
chemistry in the university, died, and Wilson 
became a candidate for the vacant chair; 
but, although assured that he would be 
elected unanimously, he withdrew hia can- 
didature on account of hia iU-bealth (Me- 
moir, p. 4fifl). His salary as director of the 
museum was at the same time increased 
from 300/. to 400/. a year. 

He had weakened steadily from year to 
year; in November 1859 a cold brought on 
by exposure proved fatal, and he died on 
22 Nov. A public funeral was decided on, 
and he was buried in the Old Calton burial- 
ground on 28 Nov. 1859. lie was unmarried ; 
bis mother, his brother Daniel, his sister 
Jessie Aitken Wilson (now Mrs. James Sime), 
Ilia biographer, and another siater, survived 
him. 

Wilson's experimental work, although in- 
genious and solid, contains little of marked 
originality ; it is by his ' Life of Cavendish' 
and his work on ' Colo ur-Blindn ess ' that 
be will be chiefly remembered. From the 
literary point of'^ view his writings, both 

Erose and verse, show a fertile imagination, 
ut little judgment or reserve, although 
here and there the expression is striking, 
lieligion plaved an essential part in Wilson s 
life, and witliout a trace of either pedantry 
or unction he was genuinely anxious to exert 
religious influence over others. He pro- 
tested strongly against the existence of evil 
being' regarded as other than an unsolved 
problem ; but his religious views do not 
otherwiaediffermarkedlyfrom those of ortho- 
doxy. By hb popular lectures and writings, 
and still more by his force and charm of 
character, he exerted considerable influence 
on his Edinburgh contemporaries. 

A steel engraving of Wilson by Lurob 
Stocks, A.R. A., precedes tbe 'Memoir' by 
his sister; and there is another engraved 
portrait prefixed to the ' Counsels of an In- 

Besides the works mentioned Wilaon waa 
the author of: 1. 'Chemistry,' 1st edit. 1850; 
2nd edit, revised by Stevenson Macadam, 
1866; 3rd edit, revised by H. G. Madan, 
1871. 2. 'Electricity and the Electric Tele- 
graph.'lstedit.lSM; 2nd edit. 1869. S.'The 
FiveGatewaysof Knowledge,' Ist edit. 1866; 
Sthedit. 1880. 4.'MemoirofEdw8rdForbea' 
(completed by Sir Archibald Qeikie,F.R.S.), 
1862. 6. * lieligio Chemtci,' essays, chiefly 
scientific, collected posthumously and edited 



Wilson 



94 



Wilson 



by Jewio Wilson, 1862. 6. 'Counsels of an 
Invalid,' letters on reliKioussiibjectH collected 
poBthumauslj and edited by his friend, Dr. 
John Cairnit, 1802. The ' British Museum. 
Catalogue ' also containB a list of single lec- 
tures published separately. Tha Royal So- 
ciely'scatalogiiecontain«alistof fort^r-three 
paper* published by Wilson alone, one in con- 
junction with John Crombie Brown, and one 
with Jobann Oeorg FoFchhammer. Miss 
Aitken's 'Memoir' (original edition 18t(0, 
condensed edition l&fl6) contains a list of 
Wilson'spapersandof his contributions to the 
'British (juarterly Review,' which include 
biographical sketclies of JohnDalton (17116- 
1844) [q.v-l (I84fi), William Hyde Wol- 
laston [q. v.] (1849), Robert Boyle [q. t.] 
(1849),and of his verses piiblUhed in 'Blnck- 
wood's Slniaiine ' and ' Slacmi Han's Maga- 
zine.' William Charles Henry's ' Life of 
Dalton ' (1854) contains an appendix by Wil- 
son on Dalton s ' Colour- Btinda ess.' 

[BoBidra the noureoa qaoiBd, the Memoir of 
Wilson, by Jes«io Aiiken WiUon, 1870 (■hiirh 
*ontnin» roany letifrs To his hrothar Ituniel, his 
frisnd Daniel MncmillsD [q. v.], and others), 
with an appendii by John Henry GlftHftona, 
y.E.S., on WilFfOQ'H sdentiBc work ; Wilson's 
books and scientific (inpers: Brit. Mas. Cat,; Hac- 
millaa j[ Co.'s Bibhugmphy ; Trans, Rot. Soc. 
of Edinburgh, 1BA7, ixi. 069 ; Lord JeSrey's 
art. cm ' Watt or Cavendish ' in Edinbnrgh Ko- 
TJeir, 184S, Iziidi. 67 ; Jubilep of the Chemical 
Booioty, 18B6, pp. 25. 18* ; Nolo by J. 3yme in 
London and Edinburith Journal of Medical 
Science, 1843, iii. 274; North British EeTiow.art. 
by Sir David Breirstfli'(?), INfiS. xxiv. 32fi, nud 
Ohiluary. 186U. mxii. 226; Obitnary by Dr. 
John Cairns in Mnirniillaa's Magaiiiie, 1B60, i. 
IBS; Brown's Hone SnbaecivEe, 2nd ser. p, 
161 ; Kopp's Beitrage znr Oesch. der Chemie. 
dritt«s Stiick, 1876. p. 239 : information kiudly 
given by Mrt. Jainoa Sime,] P. J. H. 

■WTLSON, GEORGE (1808-1870), chair- 
man of the Anli-Cnrnlftw League, born at 
Ilalhersage, Derbyshire, on 34 April 1808, 
was the son of John Wilson, com milter, 
who removed in I8l9 to Manch<»tcr, where 
Le established a com merchant's busineaa. 
George was eiiucaled at the Manchester 
commercial school and in evenior classes, 
and wns ut otie time a pupil of Dr. John 
Dalton [q.v.], the ehemisl. 

He started businesa in the com trade, 
afterwards he becnmo a starch and gum 
manufacturer, but the greater part of his 
life waa taken up with political and railway 
work. He was, when young, president of 
the Manchester Phrenological Society, and 
an occasional wTiter for the preBs. He wna 
secretary to the committee which obtained 
the charter of incorporation for Manchester 



in 183(), and sat as n member of the town 
council from \Sl\ to 1M4. On the founda- 
tion of the Anli-Comlaw Association in 
January 1639, he became a member of the 
executive committee, and in 1841. when the 
title was changed to that of the Anti-Com- 
law League, he was elected chairman, and 
occupied that position until the nrpesl of tba I 
com laws was obtabed in February 1&4C, « 
During those five years Wilson presidedifl 
over larger public meetings than had eror^ 
before been held to agitate constitntionaUr " 
for a change in the law. The tact witi 
which he controlled a gathering of men at a 
time of great political excitement, and the 
patience and good humour with which he 
directed matters from tha chair, earned for 
him the reputation of being the best chair- 
man of the day; and when the league was 
dissolved the council of that body presented 
him with IO,OUO/. in recognition of the great 
ability with which he had organised its 
political action. The origination and orga- 
nisation of the great baiaars in aid of the 
cause in Mnnchester and London were diM I 
to kim. In 16.52, when Lord Derby's gOvV 
vummunt proposed to reimpose a 'raoderata'M 
duty on corn, the league, resuscitated undap^ 
Wilson's guidance, by a short campaign dis- 
posed of the protectionist reaction. Hb 
subsequently turned his attention to pap- 
liament^iry reform, particularly to the fair 
redistribution of seats, without which he 
believed that extension of the franchise 
would be futile. He kept the question in 
the front at the numerous public meetings 
and reform conferences at which he presided, 
and be became chairman of the Lancashire 
Keformera' Union in 1858, and in ]8IU was 
appointed president of the National Reform 
Union. In its operations be took on nctiva 

Cart until the time of his death. Wilaon 
ad many requisitions to become a candidate 
for parliament, aa well as overtures to take 
government office, but he declined alL A» 
a director of the Electric Telegraph Company 
he assisted in developingihe telegraphic sys- 
tem. With Joseph Adshead he established 
llie Manchester Night Asylum. Wilson 
joined in 1647 the board of directors of the 
Manchester and I«eds Railway, of which 
company he was deputy-chairnian in 1848. 
In 18(t0 he became managing director and 
deputy-chairman of the Lancashire and 
Yorkshire Railway Company. In 1867 he 
wns appointed chairman. 

He died suddenly on 29 Dec. 1870 in the 
train, and was interred In Ardwick cemetery, 
Manchester. Wilson attended a Sandem an iati 
chapel, but was mo^t tolerant in his religious 
views, lie married, in 1837, Mary, daugh- 



Wilson 



95 



Wilson 



I 



I 



t«r of John RawsoD, mercliflDt and manii' 
tacturer, of Maoclieetcr, bj whom he had 
Bevea chiJdn^n- 

A portrait and a bust of Wilson, the 
former by Oeor^ Pntlen and the Intter by 
H. S. Leifchild, are preserved at the Mau- 
cheeler town-hall. Another portrait ap- 
prora in J. H. Herbert's picture of the coun- 
cil of the learue, now in Peel Park Mu«eum, 
Solford. Thii picture was engraved by 
IS. Dellin. Another portrait ia in the group 
of notables ennnected with the negotiation 
of the French treaty ofcommerce, which was 
engraved by Du Val. 

[MaDcheatei auardtnn, 3D Dec. 1870, and 
6 Jan. ISTl: Preotii^e'ti History of the Aoii- 
Cornlaw Le«g;ue. 1853; Holjonke's Siity 
Tcwsofun Agitator'* Life ; Sir B.W, Wntkin's 
AldBimsD Cobden; llarloy'a Life of Cobdm; 
Stugg'tBemiii.ofMiDt^hDatrr, IKBI.p. 1U9 ; in- 
formation kindly supplied by T. Bright WilsoD, 
wqO C. W. S. 

WILSON, IlAimiETTE (_/(. 1810- 
1635), woman of fashion, born about 178U, 
wa« tbedaughlerof John James Dubouchet 
or l>e Boucliet, of Swiss origin, who kept a 
small shop in Mayfair. She inherited Rond 
manners and looks from her mother, a lady 
to whose channa she tells us that few men 
(U«r father unhappily among them) were in- 
sensible, and she seems to have been brought 
up to apeak English and Prench, both in- 
differently. The ccmrsis of her early career 
would appear to be indicated in the title 
of a small uhapbook thrown out towards 
the close of her 'public life' as a sample of 
her • Memoirs ; ' it was called ' The Amorous 
Adfantures of llarriette Wilsoii ; ' her first 
introduction into private life as the kept 
mistrT'Ss of Lord Craven, her intrigues with 
the Hon. Frederick Lamb, and how she 
hecamekept mistresBof theUukeof Argyle' 
[18351. 'I think I supped once in her so- 
ciety, wrote Scolt in 1825, 'at Mat. Lewis's 
in Argvle Street, where the company chanced 
to bo fairer than honest. . . . ^he was far 
from beautiful, but a smart, aaucy girl, with 
good oyes and dark hair, and the manners of 
■ wild schoolboy '(LocKHABT, Zi/r, lt*93, p. 
Sa.)). After about 1820 she resided to a large 
extent in Paris, whence by the kindness oi 
Sir Cliorles Stuart she was enabled to des- 
patch her correspondence throughthemedium 
of the foreign office bag. She was occupied 
" ' ' igue with the 



timed pwaimony of the Duke of Beaufort, 
who thought to compound b promised an- 
nuity of 6(X)/. by a single payment of I,:i00;., 
excited in llarriette, whose temper was 



impatient, a lasting sense of ill-treatment. 
Taking Tercsia Conatanlia PhiUips [q. v.] aa 
her model, she announced her inteution of 
publishing her memoirs, and she found a 
sympathetic publisher in John Joseph Stock- 
dale of the Opera Colonnade, Haymarkot 
[see under Stocedale, Joun]. The book 
was avowedly written to extort money. 
' The Hon. fVed. Lamb,' wrote Harriette, 
' has called on Storkdale to threaten us 
with prosecution ; had he opened his purse 
to give me but a few hundreds, there would 
have been no book, to the infinite loss of all 
persons of good taste and genuine morality.' 
The booK duly appeared in four small 
volumes in IS2S as ' Memoirs of Harriette 
Wilson, written by Herself,' andcreated such 
ascnsBlionthRtSlockdale'sdouTwasthronged 
ten deep on the mornings announced for the 

C' "ication of a new volume, and a special 
er had to he erected to direct the passage 
of the applicants. Over thirty editions were 
stated to nave been issued within the year. 
A French version, in six volumes, was pub- 
lished ' ehez L'lluillier, Itue Poup£c, Paris,' 
iu 1835. The translation is stated to have 
been ' corrig6e par I'outeur,' though the 
title 'Mfmoires d'llenrietteWilson ' is some- 
what misleading. A set of coloured plates 
were executed to accompany the test, and 
copies with these illustrations are now scarce 
(one was sold in 1896 for six guineas ; an 
uncoloured copy sold for 3/. 5b. in 1890), The 
work was denounced nsamoet'diBgusting and 
gross prostitution of the press \seeapamphlet 
tailed A t'ammmfan/ an tAe. JJcentiouM 
Liberty uf thf Prfi», Loudon, 18SG), but aa 
a mailer of fact the book is on the whole re- 
markably freefrom lubricity, while in point ol 
coarseness it does not approach the ' Memoirs 
of a LaJv of Quality ' interpolated in ■ Pere- 
grine PicEte.' Thediatogue is often amusing, 
but the loose and slipshod style does no 
credit to the editor, ' Thomas Little' (f Stook- 
dale). Tho pseudonym would seem to have 
been daringly borrowed from Tom Moore, 
and woa also employed for the ' Confessioiw J 
of an Uxoniau,' 1826, and for some pseudo-l 
medical works issued from the Opera Coloit- 
unde. 'Tlia gay world,' wrote Sir Walter 
Scott on !) Dec. \M5, 'has been kept in hot 
water lately by this impudent puhlicatiou... 
the wit is poor, but the style of the interlo- 
cutors exactly imitated, . . . She beat« Con 
I'hilips and Anne Bellamy and all former 
demireps out and out.' Among the well- 
known names that figure promiuentlv in the 
narrative arethose of the Uuke of Wellington, 
IheDukeofLeinster,LordH<.'rlford,MarquiK 
Wellesley, the Eiirl of Fife, Prince Ester- 
hozy. Lord Granville Leveson-Oower, liord 



Wilson 



96 



Wilson 



Ebrinslon, Beau Hrummetl, Henry \,\i 
and 'bis inseparable fat Nugenr, Vi* 
Ponscmby, Itichsrd Meyler, Lord Frederick 
Bentinck, Lord IJyron, and Flenry Brougha.in 
(wbo inattgated the writer, aa she inrarms ub, 
touDdertaKebercampaiKnagaiusttbe 'paltry 
conduct of bis grace of Beaufort'). Actions 
were brought by Mr. Blore, a stonemaaon of 
FlccBdillr, who was awarded 300/. damages, 
and by tlugh Evans Fisher, who received 
heavier daraagta in the court of common 

K" as on 21 May 1826 (Timrt, 23 May), 
rther iuatalmenla of the 'Memoirs' were 

threatened, but their appeaiunce was averted. 

Harriette's former ariBtocratic admirers 

appear to have made her np a purse, upon 

the strength of which she buried her past 

and married a M. Rocbefort or Rocbfort. It 

is doubtful whether she had any shore in 

'Paris Lions and London Tigers' (London, 

1826, Svo, with coloured plates, aereral edi- 
tions), a farcical narrative, dosctibing the 

TJsit of an English family to Paris. Nothing 

further is known of llarriette's career. 

AmongtheaisterswboeiDulatedbertriumpbs, 

and are frequently alluded to bynamein the ._. __ 

' Memoirs,' may bo mentioned Fanny, who I lors', and from 1803 to 1824 woa second 

lived for many years as Mra. Parker, but master. He became curate and lecturer of 

■whose last hours (described by llarriette St. Michael's Bassishaw, and lecturer of St. 

with an appearance of feeling) were soothed Matthias and St. John the Baptist, London, 

by tbe kindness of Lord Hertford (Thacke- 'n 1807, and in 1814 received in addition 

ray's 'Marquis ofSteyne'); Amy, whohaving the Townsund lecturership at St. Michael'a, 

relinquished the protection of Count Pal- ) '^-'-'- ' ■ - " -^ ' "— - ■ 

mella and 'JOOl. a month, 'paid in advance. 

' married' the disreputable musician, Robert 

Nicolas Charles Bochea ; and Sophia, who 

married as a minor, on S Feb. 1812, at St. 

Marylebone, Thoma.a Noel Hill, second baron 

Berwick,anddiedat Leamington, aged 81, on 
29 Aug. 1870 (/WiMfr.iourfonA'rtc?, 11 Sept. 

1875). An engraving of Harriette is in tte 
British Museum print-room (_no name or 
date). 

[MamoiTB a( Harriettr Wilaon in British Mqs. 
Library: tbis is the RO'cnlted sti'oad edition, 
compleiG in faar ralumos, with an appendix. 
Other sets v«re ifsued by Slockdsls in eiglit 
volumes, considerably eipBDiled by tba Dominal 
editor, ' Thoniaa Littla.' and in 1831, as by the 
sams eJitor, wss isiiiied nn ' Index. Analytical, 
Referentinl, and Eiplanatory, of Persona and 
Matter.' which is very acarce. It is doubtful 
whether aoy selt wore issoed by SMwkdale subaf- 
quentlolh>''tbirty-tbird'e>lit)onof 182S, forttie 
proteclion of copyrigbt whb nnt oitended to the 
Tolamea, which Were pirated by T. Douglas and 
nrobably by others. Some of tho sets wers 
JBDed with plates, both plain and coloured, aad 
•ome have lu fnintispieces portraits of the four 
B'stars, ' Hurri ctlc,' ' Vnn ey.' ■ Amy,' and ' Hophy ,' 
with antogrHphs. .Slockilalc M>ught to coniinue 
tha blackmniling canjpsign io a wevkly periodi- 



ca! colled Stockdate's Budget, December 1826- 
.Tnoe 1B2T, which coDtaina several letters attri- 
buted to Harriette Rorhfort. .See also Biogmphio 
des Con temporal OS, Paris, 1831, vol. v. (Snppl.) 
p. B04; Amorous Adventaro* aod Intrigues of 
Tom Johnson, 1870, vol. ii. chap, i.; Cntena Li- 
brornm Tacendorom, 1888: A Commentitry on 
thi> LiceoiiouB Liberty of (he Pre™, London, 
1825. 8vo: Times, 2 July 1829, 12MRylg26; 
British Lion. 3 April tSl.i: Blackwood's Mag. 
November IB29, p. 739; Book Prices Current; 
[Qay's] Bibliographie des OuvroKes relatifs iL 
I'amour, Nice, 1872, v. dl.) T. S. 

WILSON, HARRY BRISTOW (1774- 
1853), divineandantiquarv, bomon23 Aug. 
ir7j „.. . ...„ of w'iui^ Wilson of iho 

He left 



admitted commoner of Lincoln College, Oi- 
ford, on 12 Feb. 1793. Elected scholar 
on the Trappes foundation in the following 
year (30 June), be graduated B.A. on 
10 Oct. 1796, and M.A. on 23 May 1799. 
He proceedeil B.C. on 21 June 1810, and 
D.D. on 14 Jan. 1818. In February 1798 
he became third master at Merchant Tav- 



Crooked Lane. On 3 /iug. L . 

collated by Archbishop Manners-Suiton to 
the united parishes of St. Marv Aldemary 
and St. Thomas the Apostle. There he was 
continually involved m litigation with his 
parishioners. Rut in apile of these dif- 
ferences he established a parochial lending 
library, and abolished fees for baptism. 

Wilson was a learned adherent of the 
evangelical school, with more ot the scholar 
than the divine. His chief theological 
works were a pamphlet ngainst the catholic 
claims ('An Earnest Address respecting the 
Catholics,' 1807, Svo), and a volume of ser- 
mons issued the same year. But he published 
some valuable antiquarian books. The chief 
of these was bJs ' History of Merchant Tav- 
loTs' School,' issued in two quarto parts in 
1812 and 1814 respectively. He received a 
subsidy from the company of 100/. t-owards 
the expenses of publication. The work is 
scholarly, if somewhat diffuse. 

In 1831 Wilson published another quarto 
on ' the History of the Parish of St. Laurence 
Pountney, including four documents unpub- 
lished, an account of Corpus Cbristi or 
Pountney College,' within which Merchant 
Taylors' school was established in l.-,61. The 
work remained unfinished on account of the 



Wilson also publisbed : ' Obaervntions on 
the Lnw and Practice of the Sequeatration 
of Ecclesiastical Benefices,' ISSS. 8v-o; and 
' Brief Notices of the Fabric and Glebe of 
St. Mary Aldermary,' 1640, Svo. The copy 
of the latter work in the British Museum 



» 



Harv Anne, daughter of John Moure(17'12- 
1821 ) [(]. v.], by whom he Imd two sons and 
a dauf^hter. The elder son, Henry Bcistow 
Wilson, is separately noticed. 

[Gent. Miift. 1854. i. fl3.^. 536; Clnrk"> Uint. 
of Lincoln Coll. p. 187: Fo«ttr'H Alnmoi Oion. 
1713-1886 ; Ah Aged Rfctora Valedirtory Ad- 
dresH. ISS3; Allilone's Diet. Enil. Lit.; Brit. 
Mas. Cat.] G. La G. N. 

WILSON, HENRY BRISTOW (1803- 

1888), diviue, horn on 10 June 1803, was 
elder son of Harry Briatow Wilson [o.v.], 
by his wife Mary Aune, daughter of John 



was elected to St. John's College, Oiford, 
in lB-i\. Matriculating on 25 June 1821, 
he graduated B.A. in 1825, M.A. in 1829, 
and B.D. in 1834, and received a fellowship 
in 1825, which he retained until 1850. In 
1S3I he was appointed dean of arts, and he 
acted as tutor from 1833 to 1835. He also 
filled the office of Rawlinsonian professor of 
Anglo-Saxon IroiQ 1839 to 1844. In 1850 
he was prcsunted by St. John's CoUfgu to 
the vicarage of Oreat Staughton in Hunting- 
donshire, which he retained until hia death. 
I Wilson identified himself in theology with 
I tlie school of which Benjamin Jowett (after- 
I wards master of Balliol) and Frederick 
Temple (afterwards archbishop of Canter- 
bury) became the best-known members. In 
the spring of 1841 Wilson joined Archibald 
Campbell Tait [q. v.] in the 'protest of the 
fitnr tutors' against 'Tract XC In the 
Lent Itsrm of l&l he delivered the Bamptou 
Lectures, taking as his subject 'The Uom- 
munion of the Saints; an Attempt to illus- 
trate the True Principles of Christian Union' 
(Oxford, 1851, 8vo), His lectures were re- 
markable for eloquence and power, and stiU 
more as ' the first clear note of a demiind 
for freedom in theological enquiry.' The 
widening of theological opinion and of 
Christian communion was thenceforward the 
main interest of his life. In 1857 be con- 
tributed 'Schemes of Christian Compre- 
hension' to ' Oxford Essays,' and In 1861 he 
published a dissertation on 'The National 
Church' in 'EsaaysandEeviewa.' Passages 



in the latter essay were regarded as inculca- 
ting erroneous doctrine, particularly in regard 
to the inapiralion of scripture and the future 
state of the dead. John William Burgon 
(afterwards denn of Chichester) was especially 
disaatifified with his views, and in 18ti2 
proceedings for heresy were instituted 
against Wilson in the court of arcbes. On 
35 June Wilson, whose case was tried to- 
gether with that of Rowland Williams 
[q. v.], was found guilty on three out of 
eight of the articles brought against him, 
and was sentenced to suspension for a year 
by the judge, Stephen Lushington [q. v.] 
Wilson and Williams both appealed to the 
judicial committee of the privy council, and 
their appeals were heard together in 1863. 
Wilson's defence occupied IS) and 20 June, 
and WAS afterwards published. The appeal 
was successful, and on 8 Feb. 18tJl the 
judicial committee reversed Lushington'a 
decision. Wilson's health, however, was 
broken by the anxieties of hie position, and 
he never completely recovered from the 
strain, During later life he did not resi<Ie 
in his benefice, lie died, unmarried, at 
1 Lawn Villas, EUhamltoad, Lee,on 10 Aug. 
1888. 

Wilson wrote an introduction to ' A Brief 
Examination of prevalent Opinions on the 
Inspiration of (heOldandNewTestamenw' 
(London, 1801, 8vo). 

[Funeml Sermoi) by li. B. Kennard, 18S8; 
Faaler's YorkBhirf Pedigrsoa. 187*. vol. ii., a.r. 
' FouDtayue WtUon ; ' Bohinson's Urg. of Mei^ 
chant Tailors' School, 18B3. ii. 188; Poster's 
Alamni Oxun. 171S-1S86 ; Mrs. Wilson's Life 
and Letters of Itowlaad WilliamB, 1874, vol. it.; 
Abbott and Camplx-ll's Lifs and Letters of Ben- 
jamin Jowett. 1897, i. 200. 273. 300-1. 404; 
BrodHck Hcd Fresmantle's Jud^nneats nf the 
Judicial Commitipe of tbe Privy Council. 1865, 
pp. 317-90 ; Liddon's Lite of Puaey, ii. 187, iv. 
3^-68 ; Pri'thero's Life and Letters of Denn 
Stanley, 1893, ii. 30-«, 157-8; Kannard's 
Ksiays and Reviews, 1S63; Peterboroniih nnd 
Huntingdon ah ire Rtandard, 18 AoE. 1888 ; Men 
of tlie Time, 1887; AlUbooe's Diet, of Engl, 
Lit.] K I. C. 

WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786- 
18(!0), orientalist, was bom in London on 
23 Sept. 1781). Receiving his general edu- 
cation in Soho Square, Lnndon, he com- 
menced medical studies in 1801 at St. Tho- 
mas's Hospital, and in 1808 was nominated 
aesistant-eurgeon on the Bengal establish- 
ment of the East India Company. The 
voyage occupied six months, and during it 
he commenced his oriental studies by learn- 
ing Hindustani. On his arrival he was 
appointed, owing to his proficiency in 



I 



Wilson 

oliemistrv aiul metallurgy, aasistiLnt to John 
Leyden fq. v.] at the CiUcuttii mint, wliere 
in 1816 he becaice agsit;-master. ' Excited 
by the example and biography of Sir Wm. 
Jones' (to use hia own ivords), he 'entered 
on the atudy of Sanskrit with warm interest, 
as Boon after' his 'arrival in India in 1S08 
MS official occupations allowed.' In 1813v-e 
find him publishing hia limt Sanskrit work, an 
annotated text of the ' Mpghaduta of Kilt- 
dasa.' It is still more remarkable to note 
that as early as 1819 he complet^^ the lirst 
' Sanskrit^Knglish Dictionary.' Itwasgreatlv 
improved in the second edition (1831), which 
remained until the completion of the great 
German lexicon in 1875 the slandard refe- 
Tence-book for European scholars. In the 
tame year (1819) he was sent by government . 
to Benares for tUe inspection of the college 
there, a visit which he utilised for the collec- 
tion of materials for bis great work on the 
Indian drama. 

During nearly the whole of hia stay in 
India Wilson held the oltice of Mcretary 
to the Asiatic Society of Bengal (appoint- 
ment dated 2 April 1811), contributmg to 
ita journal some of his most imporUnt 
papvrK. He was also secretary to tbe com- 
mittee of public instruction and visitor to 
the lAtnakrit College of Calcutta. 

In 1832 he was selected to fill the chair 
ofSanakritatOiford, which had been founded 
by Joseph Boden [Q^v.] in IS27, lie resided 
in Oxford from 1833 to 1836. when he suc- 
ceeded ^ir Charles Wilkins [q.v.] as HbraHan 
to the East India Company, and moved to 
London, merely visiting Uiibrd for a part 
of each term, but giving instruction to nil 
who needed hia help. lie became likewise 
examiner at the company's college at Hailey- 
burj, vixiting it twice yearly. In London he 
was an original meml>er of the Royal Asiatic 
Society (1823), in which be held (he office 
of director from 1837 till his death. Wilson 
was elected F.R.S. in 1834, and was member 
of numerous foreign learned societies. 

He died on 8 May 1830 in London at 
Upper Wimpole Street. He married a 
dausbter of George Siddons of the Benj^l 
lervice, who was a son of the ^at actress. 
Several descendants of this marriage survive. 

An engraving, dated 1851, by William 
Walker, gives bis portrait from a painting 
(now at the Royal Asiatic Socielv) by Sir 
John Wataon-Gordon. A portrait by Sir 
George Hayter is in possession of Wilson's 
grandson ai. Brighton, and several other pic- 
tures(including one by KobertTait), sketches, 
and drawintrs are extant. In the National 
IVjrtrait Gallery, IjOndon, is a sketch from 
life by James Atkinson. There is also a 



bust by Chantreyin the Bodleian library.and 
another bust on the fa;ade of the India office. 

Wilson did much to promote a real know- 
ledge of the verv numerous branches of In- 
dian learning wliicb he made hia own. Be- 
neath his writings and leaching tb^rc flowed 
an undercurrent of enthusiaHm which, in 
spite of a certain drniess of maimer and 
boldness of style, often communicated itself 
to pupils or readers. His point of view, 
natural to an early scholar educated in India, 
and the limitations of his scholarship were 
shown in an appreciation b^ Biithlingk and 
Roth, the greatest of Sanskrit lexicographers, 
who, while expressingtbeirsenae of Wilson's 
immense eruuition, lamented that be had 
taken the point of view of native scholars 
rather than advanced in thepalh of European 
students (^Sanshit Worlerlmdi, Bd. I., Vor- 
wort). 

A complete list, mainly compiled by him- 
self, of his separate works, editions, joint pro- 
ductions, and papers in journals, is given with 
Ilia obituarv in the ' Annual Report of tlie 
Royal Aaia'tic Society' for 1S60. Bendes 
the 'Dictionary' (1819, 1832, and ISi4) 
olreadv mentioned, the moat important are: 
1. ' Select Specimena of the Theatre of the 
Hindus,' 182H~7, L' vols, (tbis haa gooe 
through several editions, and was transSited 
into French ; Wilson, himself an accom- 
plished actor, seems to bava entered into 
tblsworkwithspecialenthusiosin). 2. 'Cata- 
logue of the Mackenzie MHS..' Calcutta, 11*38, 
8vo. 3. ' Sjiu-khya-kiiriliii,' London, IS37, 
4to. 4. ■ Vishnupurnna,' London, 1810, 4to. 
b. ' Lectures on the Religious and Philoso- 
phical Systems of the Hindus,' 1840. ti. • Con- 
tinuatiou of Mill's British India, 1805-35,' 
London, 1844-6. 7. 'Translation of ike 
Rig-Yeda ' (according to the native school of 
interpretation), 6 vols. ; voL i. was published 
in 18i)0, and vols. v. and vi. have been com- 
pletedandpublisbedsiacehis death. 8. '(ilos- 
aarv of Judicial and Revenue Terms of . , ■ 
India,' London, I860, 4to. A collected edi- 
tion (IS vola.^ of his works was also pub- 
lished in London (18f!3~7I) under the editor- 
ship of Ueinbold Host jfl-v-], one of his suc- 
cessors at the India office. Wilson was a 
great collector of Sanskrit manuscripts, No 
fewer than fire hundred and forty, compris- 
ing both vedic and classical works, were 
brought together by bim, and form the moct 
important part of the Sanskrit manuscripts 
now in the Bodleian Library. 

[Annual Report of Royal Asiatic Society for 
1860, andoihorrecordsof the Society; Memiiriala 
ot H^leyhury CoIIpRo (biogrBphy by Sir M. 
Slonier-Williiiras, Wilson's pupil and suMvsnr 
at Oiford); English Cydoped'a; Asiatic 3oc. 




Wilson 



99 



Wilson 



I 



I 



Bennl, CeatHitary ml.; mmmiuii rat ions from 
familr and from Profeasur Cowell. his pupil 
WkI fnend.] C. B. 

WILSON. Sir JAMES (1780-1847). 
major-geneml. bom in 1780,recei»ed a com- 
ensign in the 27tb footon 12 Dec. 
17M8. Ilia flirt tier commission a weru diit«d : 
IJeiiMu&Dt, 31 Aug. 1799; captsin, 27 May 
ISOl ; maji)T,20 June 1811 ; brevet lieutenant- 
colonel, -27 April 1812; colonel, 32 J11I7 
1630; tnaior-general, 28 June 1838. He 
eerred with hia reffimeDt iu the erpedition 
to the Helder in 1799, look part in the action 
on landing on 27 Aug',, in Ine actions of 10 
•nd 19 Sept., ia the battle of Alkmaar or 
Bergen on 2 Oct., and the action of Bc- 
verwyk on 6 Oct. In July 1800 he accom- 
umied the expedition under Sir Jamea 
Pulteney to Ferrol, and under Sir Ralph 
Abercromby to Csdii, and in the followinc 
year want with Altercromby to Byypt, took 
pan in the battle on landing in Aboukir Bay 
an 8 March 1801, in the action at NicopoliB 
on the 13th, in the battle of Alexandria oa 

21 March, and in the further operations of 
the campaign. 

Wilson exchanged into the 48th foot on 
July 1803. He served with Sir John 
Moore in Leon during the campaiign of 1808. 
In 1800 he accompanied the 48th to the 
Peninsula, and was at the battle of Talavera 
on^ and :}8 July, and of Bu9acoon37Sept., 
took port in the retreat to Torres Vedraa, 
and in the subsequent advance in 1810 in 
purauit of MasB^na. At tUu battle of Albuera 
OD 16 May 1811 Wilson succeeded, on the 
death of Lieutenant-colonel Duckworth, to 
the command of the 48th, and was twice 
severely wounded. He a^in commanded 
bis regiment at the aiege ot Ciudad Uodrigo 
in January 1812, taking part in the storm. 
He commanded the column of assault on the 
ravelin of Son Roque at the storm of Badajoz 
<m 6 April 1812, when he carried the gorge, 
And.withtheoasistance of Major John Squire 
[q.v.Jofthe royal engineers, established tiira- 
«elf in the work. lie was particularly men- 
tioned in despatches by Sir Thomas Picton 
and by the Duke of Wellington. 

Wilson commanded his regiment in the 
advance to the Donro, in the retreat to Cas- 
tnjon, and in the battle of Salamanca on 

22 July 181J, when he succeeded to the 
command of the fusilier brigade, and was 
mentioned in despatches. He commanded a 
light battalion at the battle of Vittoria on 
21 Jnne 1813, and during the operations in 
the Pyreaera, until he was twice severely 
wounded at the battle of Sauroren on 28 July 
1813. Hewasagainmentinnedindespatchea. 
In 1814 he commanded th\i 4Sth in the 




I advance to the Oaronue, and was present at 
the battle of Toulouse on 10 April, was again 

' wounded.and again mentioned in despatches. 
For his services he was made a knight com- 

: mauder of the order of the Bath, military 

' division, on 2 Jan. 1815, and received the 
gold crosB, with clasp, for Albuera, BadajoK, 
Salamanca, \'ittoria, and Toulouse, and the 

I reward for distinguished service. He was 
also presented with a sword of honour by 
the officers of the 48th foot in memory <rf 
his having bo often led them to victory. 'He 
died at Bath in February 1847. 
[Desputehes ; RoyalMilitarjCal.1820; QBnl. 



Expedition to Egypt.] It. H. V. 

WILSON, JAMES (1795-1666), iroolo- 
giat, the youngest son of John Wilson {d, 
1796), a game manufacturer, and hia wife 
Margaret (bom SymV was bom at Paisley in 
November 1795. 'Coristopber North' (John 
Wilson, 1785-1854 [q.v.J) was his eldest 
brother. The father having died during 
James's first year, the famUy removed to 
Edinburgh, where young Wilson passed his 
school and college days. In 1811 he began 
to study for the law, but bis health did not 
allow of his following this for long. In 1816 
be visited Holland, Oermany, Snitxerland, 
and Paris. He afterwards returned to Paris 
to purchase the Bufresne collection of birds 
for the museum of the Edinburgh University. 
These he arranged in their new home, a con- 
genial employment for one who from boy- 
hood had had a great love for natural his- 
tory. In 1S19 he visited Sweden, soon 
after which symptoms of pulmonary disease 
appeared that compelled him to reside ia 
Italy during 1820-1. In 1824 be married 
and settled down at Woodville, near Edin- 
burgh, devoting himself to scientific and 
literaiy pursuits. Losing his wife in 1837, 
he took a winter residence in George Square, 
Edinburgh. 

In 1841, with Sir Thomas Dick Lauder 
[q, v.], he made a series of excursions round 
the coasts of Scotland, at the request of the 
liaheriea board, to study the natural history 
of the herring, and make other observations 
of interest to the fishing industry, Other 



I 



I 



followed at intervals between 1843 and 



I80O, besides which he took many fishing 
excursions inland. In 1854 he was offered 
but declined the chair of natural history in 
the Edinbiirffb University, then vacant by 
the death of Profeasor Edward Forbes [q. v.] 
He died at Woodville on 18 Mav 1856. 



Wilson 



when only seventeen, and was aUo a, fellow 
of the Royal Sociely of Edinburgh. 

lie wiu author of: 1. 'Illustrations of 



EntoiDologia Ei 

junction with James Duncan, Edinburgh, 
8vo, 1834. 3. ' Treotifie on InsectB,' Edin- 
burgh, 1836, 8to. 4, • Introduction to the 
Natuml History of Quadrupeds and WhalfS.' 
Editiburgh, 1838, 4to. G. ' Introduction to 
the Natural History of Fishes,' Edinburgh, 
1838, 4to. 0, ' tnlroductiou to the Natural 
History of Birds,' Edinburgh, 1839, 4iu. 
7. -The Rod and Gun,' Edinburgh, 1840, 
8vo; new edition, 1844. 8. ' A Voyage round 
the Coasia of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 184^, 
2 vols. Svo. 9, ' Illustrations of Scripture. 
By an Animal Painter, with Notes by a 
Naturalist' [signed 'J. W.'], Edinburgh 
[1855], fot. For the 'Edinburgh Cabinet 
Library' he wrote the Koology of ludia, 
China, Africa, and the northern regions of 
North America; while he contributed thv 

S renter part of the natural history and el 
ife of IVofessor Forbes to the seventh edi- 
tion of the ' Encyclopsdia liritannica.' He 
moreover published many articles in the 
'Quarterly,' in ' Blade wood,' and in other 



o \\"ilson 

cholera in London 1832), a thriving woollen 
manufacturer. His mother's maiden name 
was Elizabeth Richardson, and she died at 
Hawiclf in 1815. WiUon was placed from 
1H16 to 1819 in the school at .^^kwortb 
belonging to the Friends, of which religious 
l)ody his father was a member, and then for 
six months in a similar school at Earl's 
Colne in Essex. His taste at this time 
was for books, and he wished to become a 
sohoolmaster. A desire for a more active life 
next iuspired him, and he wanted to practise 
at the Scottish bur, but the rules of the 
Society of Friends did not permit of this 
occupation. 






', Heski^tta Wilsos (if. 1863>, 
was a daughter of Andrew Wilson of Main 
HouBf. She lost her mother in early life, 
but found a home with her grandmother and 
her uncle, Professor John Wilson (181^- 
3688) [q. v.], in Edinburgh, Subsequently 
■he went to live with her other uncle, 
James Wilson, at W'oodvUle, where, after 
the death of her aunt in 1837, she took 
charge of the house and remained till her 
• -^ "pt. 1863. 



Shu V 



r of: 1, ' 



(anon.), Edinburgh, 1851, 
through two German editions. 2. 'Things 
to he thought of '(anon.), Edinburgh, 185;), 
I'Jrao. 3. ' Homely Hints from the I'ireside ' 
(anon., the first edition of which appeared 
probably about 18-58 or 1859) ; Snd edit. 
Edinburgh, 1860, 12mo; new edit. ]86i. 
4. ' The Chronicles of a (larden : its Pels,' 
London, 1863, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1864. 

[Memoi™ of 3. Wilson (with n poitrsit), by 
tba ReT. J. Hamilton : Encycl. Brit. 8th aiic. 
I»i. 871; Memuirof Hrnrietta Wilson, by tliB 
lUv. J. Hiimiltun. prelliedto her ■ Chroniclei ; ' 
Bill. Mas. fnl. ; AUiboii<i's Did. of Kngl. Lit,] 

■WILSON, JAMES (1 80-J-l 860),pol'it ician 
•nd political economist, bom at Hawick in 
EoxburKlishireon3Junel805,thefourth8oii 
in a family of fifteen children, was the son 
Ot William WiUou (4, at Hawick 1764, d. af 



At the age of siiteen Wilson was ap- 

Ereuticed to a hat nianufacturer at Uawick, 
ut he still pursued far into the night the 
practice of reading and study. Aft«r n short 
time his father purchased the business for 
him and an elder brother named William. 
The two young men prospered in their 
undertaking, and their native town proved 
too small for their energies. In 1824 theji 
removed to London, and commenced busi- 
ness with a partner, the Srm being known 
as Wilson, Irwin, k Wilson. Their pecuniary 
gains were considerable, and James Wllsoo 
acquired a thorough practical knowledge of 
commeTciat life, both at home and in foreign 
countries. The firm was dissolved in 1831, 
but he continued, as James Wilson & Co., 
to carry on the business. On S Jan. 1833 
he married EliEabeth I'reston of Newcastle, 
and voluntarily ceased to be a member of 
the Society of Friends. Ue moved to Dul- 
wioh Place, then a secluded spot, though 
only about four miles from the city. Hera 
be entertained his friends, and was fond 
of conversing with them on politics and 

For twelve years Wilson succeeded in 
business, but about 183(1 be was tempted 
into large speculations in indigo, and within 
three years nearly all his capital had vanished. 
He called his creditors together and made a 
proposition to them, which was accepted. 
aome time afterwards the property which he 
hud assigned to them was realised and did 
not produce the sum which he had antici- 
pated. He thereupon in the most honour- 
able manner, without any ostentation, mad^ 
good the deficiency. The firm was unaffected 
by his private failure, continuing itso^m- 
tions under another name and with Wtlson 
as a partner. In 1844 he retired from buai- 

Three works published before his retire- 
ment made Wilson's name conspicuous in 
financial circles. The first of Ibem, called 
' Influences of the Corn-laws as Bt}*ecling all 




'Wilson 



Wilson 



Classes of the ConuDUoily,' came out in the 
"ig- of 1830, and he third edition was 
sd in the nuit yenr. Its object was to 
show liiBt the duty on com did not beoBlit 
the agricultural interest any more than that 
of the manufacturers. The argutaent was 
rlearlj threshed out, and he fallowed \t up 
by frequent epeeches in the same sense. Hia 
reaeoninghad considerable inHiienoe over the 
mind of Cobden, and, by renjoving from the 
agitation the stigma that its obji-ct was to 
promote the interests of one class nt the ex- 
pense of another, had mucii elTect on the 
■uccesa of the auti-cornlaw movement. 

In the second of these pamphlets, that on 
the ' HuotTiutions of Currency, Commerce, 
and MBDiifactures' (1840), Wilson traced 
their rise and fall to the artificial operation 
of the com laws. The third of them, ' The 
Revenue, or what shall the Chancellor do ^ ' 
1841, was all but written in a 'single night,' 
«iid it contained an outline of the changes 
■absequently introduced by Sir Robert I'eel 
and his follower in finance, Uladstone, lie 
urged the increase of direct taxation through 
the medium of the assessed taxes and the 
TeductioQ of the tnriH' regulating the custom 
and excise duties, as these had largely di- 
miniahed in yield from the decreased re- 
■ourcesof themusBof thepeople. lie showed 
in detail how the consumption of colVee and 
«agBr had been augmented by the diminu- 
tion of the duties thereon. 

Wilson about 1643 wrote the city article 
and occasional leaders for the ' ftlorning 
Chronicle.' I'or several years he contri- 
bnted letters and articles to the 'Examiner,' 
and he was denirous of increasing his papers 
ia its columns, but the space was denied 
iiim. He thereupon, after consultation with 
Cobden and Yilliers, as the spokesmeQ of 
the Anti-Comlaw League (Moni.Er, Qibdrfi, 
i, 291-2), determined on estnbliahing a 
>reekly paper for linsncJal and commercial 
men. He invested in it moat of his capital 
and obtained some help from Lord Radnor, 
An ardent free-trader. ' The Economist,' 
which appeared for the first time on 2 liept. 
184S, at once became a recognised power in 
the newspaper world, and has maintained its 
position ever since. It advocated the repeal 
of the com laws, and strenuously upheld 
the prboijiles of free trade. In the early 
stages of Its existence Wilson wrote nearly 
the whole of the paper. It was as a prac- 
tical nan, writing for those engaged in the 
dailf routine of business life, that he pri- 
marily expounded his Tiews, but the effect 
of his opinions was not limited to any single 
section in society. Under thetille of 'Capital 
Currency and Banlting' he published in 1847 




a volume containing 'his articles ii 
Economist" in 1845 on the Bank Act of 1844, 
and in 1847 on the crisis. With a plan for 
a secure and economical currency.' A. second 
edition came out in 1850; it was issued in 
1857 in the 'Biblioteca dell' Economista' 
(■2nd ser. vi. 455-662) ; and a tronslation 
was publisbedat Rio de Janeiro in I860. It 
embodied his criticisms on the currency acts 
of Peel, with an analysis of the panic of 1847 
and of the railway mania which preceded it- 
He was a strenuous advocate for the sure 
convertibility of the banknote, but ' opposed 
to the technical restrictions of the act of 
1844.' lie also advocated the repeal of the 
navigation laws, regarding them as ' restric- 
tions on our commerce.' A pamphlet by him 
on the ' Cause of the present Commercial 
Distress, and its Bearings on Shipowners,' 
was printed at Liverpool in l!H4-J, sad he 
printed in 1849 ft speech on ' The Navigation 

A chance conversation at Lord Radnor's 
table induced Wilson to become a candidate 
for parliament at the general election of 1847 
for the borough of Westburr in Wiitahire. 
He was returned by 170 voles against 149 

B'ven to his tory opponent, Matthew James 
iggins [q. v.], well known as 'Jacob Om- 
nium.' Hewas re-elected in 1852, when he 
wonby si.tTOtesonly. From 18.^7 until his 
departure for India he represented Devon- 
port. Wilson's first speech in parliament 



I the E 






ihtained consider- 
able influence as a speaker. Within six 
months of the date on which he took hie 
seat office was ofi*ered to him, and from 
16 May 1848 to the dissolulion of Lord John 
Russell's ministry he was one of the joint 
secretaries to the board of control. 

'.)n the formation of the Aberdeen ministry 
Wilson was offered the important post of 
financial secretary to the treasury, and he 
remained in this place, dealing ably with tbo 
vexed questions doily referred to the holder 
of that position, from January 1853 until the 
defeat of Lord Falmerston's administration 
in 1858. During bis tenure of this office he 
was offered, but declined, first the vice-presi- 
dency of the board of trade inl856, secondly 
the chaii^mansbip of inland revenue in 1866. 
This was ' B. good pillow,' he said, ' but ho 
did not wish to lie down.' 

Lord Palmerstan returned to power in 
June 1859, when A\'ilson accepted the vice* 
presidency of the board of trade, coupled 
with that of payma*"ter-gen'-ral, and was 
created a privy councillor. He had scarcely 
beenseated in office when he was offered ths 



I 



Wilson 



Wilson 



fast of SDUDcial member of the council of 
adia, 'whicli bad just been created. He 
hesicated about accepting it, for he Ap- 
preciated his inftueuce iti uxe House of Com- 
inona, recognised the ' ^gnntic difficulties' 
whicli awaited him in India, and was not 
tempted b; the high salary, as through the 
Biiccees of his paper, aided by some prudent 
investments^ he was possessed of atlluence. 
Uu public grounds, however, he determined 
upon going thither, and on 20 Oct. 1659 he 
left Kagknd for bis new position. Through 
n ' fortunate accident' he visited immediately 
after his arrival the upper provinces of Hin- 
dustan. He travelleJ from Calcutta to 
Lahore, and back again, visiting every city 
and town of importance within that urea, 
tind returned much impreseed with the un- 
develoj>ed resources of the country. The 
piinciplea of his budget were explained b^ 
liira on 18 Ftb. ISOO. He found himself 
face to face with a great deficiency of re- 
venue and an enormous increase in public 
debt. He proposed certain increased import 
duties with a tax on home-grown tobacco, 
a small and uniform license duty upon traders 
of every class, and the imposition of an 
income-tax on all incomes above 200 rupees 
a year, but with a reduction for those not 
eiceeding 600 rupees per annum. Tliese 
propositions met with considerable opposi- 
liou.mainly through the action of Sir Charles 
Edward Trevelyaa [q-v.], but that official 
was promptly recalled. Wilson's budget 
and Trevelyan's recall BxciteUmuchcriticisna 
in England. 

Wilson's next act woa to establiiih a paper 
currency. He set up at Calcutta a govern- 
ment commission charged with the functions 
exercised in this country by the issue d^ 
partment of the Bank of England. Brancb 
latablishmenla were erected at Madras and 
ree presidencies were 
) and redemption of 
notes iuto convenient districts called cur- 
rency circles. The notes were to be for 5, 
10, 20, 60, 100, 600, or 1,000 ruwea, and 
they were to be redeemable with ailvor. 
Wilson then commenced a reformation of 
the tnjstem of public accounts. He it wae 
' that first evoked order out of the chaos of 
Indian finance, and rendered it possible for 
ihe future to regulate the outlay by the in- 

For some time after his arrival in India 
Wilson remained in good health, but with 
(he advent of wet weather his phvsical 
Btrength declined. Under the pressure of 
work h.- nei;l<s7t(Hi his condition, but about 
the niL<ldl..-,jf July I860 he went for aweek'a 
Uarrackpore. He returned to 



labour with only a slight improvement ia 
his Slate. The dysentery increased, on 
y AUB. he took to bis bed, and on the even- 
ing o? 11 Aug. ho was dead. Mourning for 
his loss was universal in Calcutta ; he was 
buried in the Circular Road cemetery, where 
a monument was erected to bii memory. 
His widow died in London in 1886, and was 
buried in the churchvard of Curry Rivel, 
Somerset. Tiiey had sis daughters: the 
eldest, Eiimbetli, married Walter Bageliot 
[q. v.] ; the next, Julia, was the second wife 
of WiUiamRalhbooeGr^[q.T.]; the fourth 
daughter, Zenobia, married Mr. Orby Ship- 
ley ; the fifth, Sophia Victoria, married Sir. 
Stirling Halsey of the Indian civil service, 

Erivate secretary to his father-in-law until 
is death, 

Wilson was very active in his tempera- 
ment, fertile in ideas, and lucid in exposi- 
tion. To the last hour of bis life Ue was of 
a sanguine disposition. His memory was 
marvellous, his judgment was remarkably 
even, and an iron constitution enabled him 
to accomplish a vast amount of work. In 
society his vivacity of conversation was 
always conspicuous. He was a foreign asso- 
ciate of the Institute of France. 

A full-length atatue of Wilson, by Sleel" 
of Edinburgh, the cost of which was defrayed 
by the mercantile community of the city, is 
in the Dalhousie Institute at Calcutta. A 
marble bust, by the same sculptor, ia in the 
National Qallery of Edinburgh ; it was 

{ilaced there by the Royal Academy of Scot- 
and, in recognition of his services in ob- 
taining a grant from Ihe treasury for the 
erection of the buildings in its occupation. 
'fhat body presented Mrs. Wilson in I8&9 
with tt portrait of him by Sir John Watson 
Gordon. It is now in Mrs. Bagehot's pos- 
session ; a copy of it was given by Wilson's 
children to the gallery of local worthies in 
Hawick town-hall. A pen-and-ink sketch 
by Richard Doyle of Wilson, together with 
Sir William Moleaworth, is in the print- 
room at the British Museum. They are botli 
drawn with flowing hair, and underneath 
are the words: ' Is that your own hair, or 
is it tt whig?' He is also represented in 
J. R. Herbert's picture of the leading mem- 
bers of the Anti-Cornlaw Iieague, 

[Economist, snpplement by Waller BageUot 
to niunber for 17 Nov. 1B60; it was reprinted 
BBS separate publiealion in 1861. and included in 
his Literury Studios (1679), i. 367-406(1838 
eiiit.), iii. 3<M-67 i Gent. Mng^ 1880, ii. 432; 
VaparoBU, 1868 ed. ; Entyclop. Bril. 8thed..a' 
by Mr. Bagehot ; information from Mrs. Wal 
Bagehot of Henia Hill, Langport, Somerset.] ^ 
W. P. 0. J 




WILSON, JAMES AKTIIUR (1795- 
I 1682), phiBician, son of Jamua Wtlaou, the 
r sni^on and teacher of anatomy at the Uun- 
terian school in Great Windmill Street, waa 
' born in Great Queen Street, Lincola'B Inn 
I f ii^lda, in 1795. His mother was a daugliter 
of Juba Clarke of Wellingborough, and sister 
I to Sir Charles MausSeld Clarke [q. v.] Ue 
f was admit ted a king's scholar at Wu3'minat«r 
[ Kbool in 1808, and was elected to Christ 
Church, Oxford, on 9 May 18la. He gra- 
daat«d B.A. on 6 Dec. 1815, and obtained a 
first class in both classics and mathematics. 
On leaving Oxford temporBrilj-, he entered 
bis father's school in Great Windmill Street, 
and during the winter of 1817 be studied at 
Edinburgh. HeprocoededM,A.atOxfardoD 
13 May 1818, M.B. on 6 Mav 1H19. and M.D. 
on 17 Mbj 1823. Ha was elected a Radcliffe 
tisvelling fellow In June 1831, and, having 
been nominated to a ' faculty studentship,' 
remaineda student of ChristGhurcb. In 1819 
and 1820 he travelled through France and 
8witierland to Italy as physician to Geurge 
Jobn Spencer, second earl tipencer, and 
bis wife, and in the enrly part of 1822 be 
left England for the continent, in compliance 
with Ibe requirements of bis Kadcblfu fi/l- 
lowsbip, and, with occasional intervals, was 
•broad for the five following years. He 
was admitted a candidate of the Cotle;i!e of 
Pbyeicians on 12 April 1824, a fellow on 
|_^_Marcb 182o, and was censor in 1828 and 
" ■ He delivered the materia medico 
X at the college in 1829, 1830, 1831. 
3S2, the Lumleian lectures in 1847 
i 1848 'on Pain,' and Ibe Harveian ora- 
I 1850: the last-named waa one of 
Mt original and noteworthy in matter 
i style of any that have been delivered 
■' 'n the present cfnCury. Ue was elected 
cian to St. Oi^rge's Hospital on 39 May 
I, and held the office until 1867, when 
waa appointed cousulting physician. Wil- 
li died at Holmwood, Surrey, on 29 Uec. 

Wilson was author of: 1. 'On Spasm, 
I J^nguor, Palsy, and other Disorders termed 
' IS of theMviBcular System,' London, 

3mo. 2. ' Oratio Harveiana in Mdt- 
« Collvgii Kegalis Hedicorum babila die 
^_ iiiiiicxix.,iii>ccCL., 'London, 18fjO,8vo. His 
. eoQtribntions to periodical literature were 
valuable and important. Among tbem were 
pBMrs on ' erysipelufl and rheumatic feverc," 
published in the ' Lancet.' Under the signa- 
ture of 'Maxilla' he contributed totbe'Lon- 
j doiiGai«lt«'of 1833aseriesofcbaracteristic 
LiUd interesting letters addressed to his friend 
tVeitibulua <Dr. George Hall of Brighton), 
dThese letters ure memorable in the nistory 



of the College of I'hysiciana, for they struck 
the keynote fur its reform. 

[Mnnk's Coll. of Phv^t. ; Roll of Westminater 
Scliuol; Foster's Alumni Oinn. 17l5-iB8B; Cat. 
Urit. MuB. Libr,} W. W. W. 

WnaON, JOHN (l.'39o-lfi74), musician, 
born at Faversham in Kent on 5 April 
1S95, was distinguished as a lutenist, anil in 
1835 succeeded Alphoneo Bales as musician 
to the kin^. Personal popularity won for 
his compositions something more than a just 
appreciation both at the court of Charles 1, 
when Oxford was the stronghold of the 
royal cause, and among the young men of 
the university. Wilson s intluenco in spread- 
ing the love of music bos been acknowledged 
aa far-reaching. ■ The best at the lute iu 
all England," be sometimes played the lute 
at the music meetings of Oxford, but more 
often presided over 'the consort' (Wood, 
JJ/e, p. xiiv). In 1644-5 Wilson graduated 
Mus. Doc. Oxon.; in 1046, on the surrender 
of the Oxford garrison, be entered the house- 
hold of Sir William Walter of Sarsden. 
On the re-<!8tahlisluuent in 1658 of the Ox- 
ford professorship of music, Wilson was ap- 
pointed choragus, the lectureship having by 
this time been diverted from the intention 
of its founder. In 1661 he resigneii Ibis post, 
for that of chamber musician to Charles II, 
and in 1662 he WHsappointed gentleman of the 
Chapel lioyal in the place of Henry Lawes. 
llelodgedat the Horseferry, Westminster, 
died there — ' aged 78 yeares, 10 months, and 
17 dayes'— on 22 Feb. 1673-4, and was 
buried in the little cloister of Westminster 
Abbev. lie married bis second wife, -^nne 
Peniall.onal Jan. 1(!70-1. 

Wilson's portrait is among others belong- 
ing to the Oxford Music School. An ea- 
rving bv Coldwall (1044) was published 
Hawkins (Hitl. 2nd edit. p. 682; cf, 
Bhoulut, Cat. Eiiyr. Portr. p. loJl). 

The theory has been raised by Dr. liim- 
bault, but baa never been seriously accepted, 
that Dr. John Wilson waa identical with 
Shakespeare's Jack Willson, who sang ' Sigb 
lore, ladies,' and other lyrics. The folio 
i23 gives the stage direction, 'Enter the 
ce, Leonato, Claudio, and Jack Willson ' 
(Much Ado, act ii. sc. 3). That Wilson had 
frequent intercourse with contemporaiy com- 
posers of Shakespearean Ivrics, and himself 
set to music ' Take, ob ! take those lipe 
away,' sra known facts. That he bod a 
humorous nature and a love of practical 
joking, such as would better beseem an act or 
of those days, was commonly reported, and 
he was the Willson who, in company 
with Harry and Will Lawes, raised a tavern 



I 



i 



^ Wilson 104, 

Ijrawl, is jHWaible {Harl. MS. 6395, quoted 
by RfMBAUi-T, Who was Jack IvUivn t 
IBJd). But tlieee coincidences are not of 
BulBcient weight to establish identity. On 
the other hand, there is a letter of SI Oct. 
16^2 from Mandeville to the lord mayor 
and aldermen, soliciting for John Willson 
the place of one of the aerTants of the city for 
music and voice, vacant by the death of 
Richard Kails (lUnKmbram^a, \m. 46, 121 ), 
and a list of musiciane for the ' waytea,' 
17 April 1641, records the same name. It 
is unlikely that Wilson commenced his 
career by these city appointments, which 
may be presumed to have been enjoyed by a 
humbler namesake, John Wilson, actor and 

The Playfords published aire and glees 
hy Wilson in (1) 'Soled Ayres," 1653; 
(2) ' Catch that cat«h can ; ' aud (3) ' Plea- 
sant Musical Companion,' 1667. In Clif- 
ford's 'Collection' (^nd edit. 1604) are the 
words of (4) Wilson's ' Hearken, Uod ;' 
(r>) ■ Psalterium Cujolinum, the devotions uf 
Uia Sacred Msieatie in his solitude and suf- 
fering, rendered in verse bj- T. Stanley, and 
set to musLck for three voices and an organ 
or theorbo," 1667; (6) 'Cheerful Ayre-s or 
Ballads, first composed for one single voice, 
and since for three voices,' Oxford, 1600, 
3 vols. Tills was the first attempt at music 
printing at Oxford. In manuscript there 
are at tne British Museum many of Wilson's 
songs in Additional MS. 29396, most of 
which is said to bo in the handwriting of 
Ed. Lowe; an Evening SerTice in O (vol. v. 
of Tudway's 'Collection') and nine songs 
and part-songs in Additional MStj, 103^7 
and 1KS08; and at the Bodleian Library 
music to several ' Odes ' of Horace and to 
passages in Ausonius, Claudian, Petronius 
Arbiter, and Statius. Among Wilson's com- 
positions was the air 'From the fairLavinian 
shore," from which (and Savile's ' The Waits') 
Sir Heniy Bishop compounded the popular 
glee ' O, by rivera.' 

[Burugy'a Hist, of Mnaic, iii. SSO ; Havliiii 
Hiat. ii. fiS2 ; OravaB Did, iv. 482 : Ch<-ii 
book of tbe Chapi^l Rojnl. p. 13: Abdy Williim 
Degn-aa of Mnaic, pp. 36, 82 ; Davey'a Hiat. 
pp. 279. 284, et tv^. ; Cal. SUie Papers. Dom. 
CUarlw I and Charlra II ; will in WBatmlnatDF 
Act Book, fol.Sfl; Notamnd Queries. 3rd »er. il. 
ITI.viii.4IS.6th ser. i. 465 ; Coll. Tap. st GeD. 
vii. 104; aalhoritiBB cited.] L. M. M. 

WILSON, JOHN (1627P-1090), play- 
wright, tbe son of Aaron Wilson, anatlvt 
of Caermarthen, who has, however, been 
claimed as of Scottish descent, was born ' 
London in 1637. 
Tbe father, Aaboh Wilbos (1589-1643), 



Wilson 



mntriculnted from Queen's College, Oxford, 
on 16 Oct. 1607, as 'cler. til. let. 18.' Ue 
graduated M. A. in IB15, and D.D. on 17 May 
1639. He was collated rwtor of St. Ste- 
phen's, Walbrook, in December 1636, was 
appointed chaplain to Charles I and in- 
stalled archdcacoo of Exeter in January 
IfKU ; in this same year be became vicar of 
Plymouth (St. Andrew's), to which benefice 
be was instituted byCharles I. He and his 
flock quarrelled over temporalities, and he 
took proceedings in the Star-chamber, but 
failed to prove the alleged encroachments. 
The corporation, nevertheless, thought it wise 
to surrender the right of presentation to tha 
king, who regranted it under conditions. 
When the civil war broke out, the vicar 
was sent prisoner by the townsfolk to Ports- 
mouth ; he died at Eieler in July 1&13, be- 
queathing to his son an unswerving faith in 
tlie greatness o f royal preroga ti ve (see WoBTH , 
Plymouth, p. 241; Lamd. MS. 986, f. 31; 
HBiraBssT, Noi-um Sepert. p. cliv). 

John Wilson matriculated from Rxet«r 
CoUege on 5 April 1641, aged 17, but 
did not proceed to a degree; he was admitted 
of Lincoln's Inn on 81 Oct. Ifi46 ( li^i'ter, 
i. 254), and was called to ijie bar from that 
inn about 164!). His plays mads his name 
known to the courtiers, and bis high views 
on the subject of tbe prerogative commended 
him to James, duke of York, who recom- 
mended him for a place to James Butler, 
first duke of Ormonde. He may have ac- 
companied Ormonde to Ireland in 1677; in 
any case, he was appointed about 1681 te 
the office of recorder of Londonderry, and 
in 1682 he issued tvom a Dublin press bla 
' Poem. To his escellenee Richard, Earl 
of Arran, lord deputy of Ireland.' Two 

Bjars later he dedicated to Ormonde 'A 
iscourse of Monarchy, more partlcalarly 
of the Imperial Crowns of England, Scot- 
land, and Ireland . . . as i( relates to ths 
Succession of His Royal Highness James, 
Duke of York,' London, 8vo, Esrly in the 
following year ha was ready with 'A Rn- 
darlque to their Sacred MajeEtifs Jamea U 
and bis Royal Consort Queen Mary, on 
thelrjoyntCoronation at Westminster, April 
23, 1686,' London, folio. James pmbaUy 
mentioned his deserts to Richard Talbot, 
earl of Tvrconnel, and there is a suggestion 
that Wilson was employed by the new 
")y during 1087 in the capacity of secre- 
His loyalty was equal to everv strain, 
a 16B8 be produced his erudite and 
itical 'Jus regiumcorouK, or the King's 
Supream Power in Dispensing with Penal 
Statutes' ([.^ndon, 1688, 4to), which be dedi- 
cated ' to the Honorable Society of Lincoln' 



3--I 



^K Ian.' A sec 



Wilson 



105 



Wilson 



d 



I Inn.' A serond part w&s projocted, butnevur 
appeared. Ileprobablj' returned thu recorder- 
snip until the sie^ of Uerry (April- August 
16h9), during' vhich period^ in the absence 
of mayor and sherilf, the office muEt have 
been a dead lulter. It is evident thatWilaon 
Bhortlyafterwardawent to Dublin with a view 
to j oini nf^ Jamue Chere,BndtbRr.,countingupon 
the uUimate Irlumpb of the Jacobiti.- cauae, 
he stayed there for one or two years. He is 
said to have written his tragi-comedy of 
* Belphegor' in that city during 1690. He 
Dtftj have returned to London to see it pro- 
duced Bt Dorset Garden in the October of 
that year. Langbaine, writing in 16i)9, status 
that he died ' near LeiceBter Fields about three 
-S since.' There is a somewhat obscure 

[reference to John Wilson in (BiickiiiKham 

Land Rochester's?) * The Session of the Poets, 

I to the Tune of Cock Laure!.' 

Wilson was the author of two prose come- ^ 
i^ of merit, besidi^a a five-act trapidy in ( 
blank verse and a tragi-comedy. Lilie the ; 
SUodwells in the next generation, he was a ; 
follower of 'the tribe of Ben.' Ha was a j 
•choUr, and his plays are full of adaptations 
from the antiijue comedy ; but as a delineator j 
of rascality, if rarely original, he is always 
vieorons and often racy, with a strong moa- ' 
euline humour. His plays in order of pro- 
duclionare: l.'TheCheats: aComedy,'Lon- , 
A)n,1664,4to(1671,4tOi 3rd edil. 1684; 4th ' 
«dit. 16fl3, with a new song). This excellent | 
fiircica) comedy was written in 1662 (so we ! 
ftn; told in 'The Author to the Reader,' dated 
Lincoln's Inn, lU Nov. IdtiS), and performed 
with great applause by Killigrew's company 
»tVere Street, Clare Market, in 1663. Lacy 
played Scruple, the nonconformist minister, 
-who in bis fondness for deep potations 'too 
ffocid for the wicked: it may strengthen 
Uiem in their enormities,' strikingly antici- 
pates the Shepherd in ' Pickwick.' Both 
this character and Mopus the astrological 

t Quack are strongly suggestive of Jonson 
thiougboul. The time appears not to huve 
been quite ripe for the breadth of the sntire, 
forinBlettertoJohnBrooke,dat«d28March 
1663, Abraham Hill remarks, ' The new play 
' called " The Cheats '' has been attempted on 

the stage ; but it is so ectuidaluus that it is 
torbiddan ' (Familiar Jitters, p. 103). The 
piece is just mentioned by Downes in bis 
'Roacius Anglicanus.' 2. ' AndronicusCom- 
TOenios: aTragedy,' Lotidon,1064,4to. The 
history is derived from the ' Cosmography ' 

I of Fet«r Heylyn [q. v.l and coincides with 
the narrative given in tne forty-eighth chap- 
tetof Gibbon. An anonymous play of little 
merit upon the same subject, written in 
1643, had been published in 16(J1. The 




passage between Andronicus and Anna, the 
widow of his victim Alesius (act iv. sc. iji.) 
seems to have been inspired by the famous 
scene in ' Richard III.' The play was dedi- 
oated{i6Jan. 1663-4)'To ray fri-nd A.B.' 
3. "Tliu Projectors: a Comedy,' Loudon, 
1665, 4to. This comedy of London life 
was licensed for the press by L'Estrancra 
on 13 Jan. 1664-6, but Genest doubts if it 
were ever acted. U betrays more clearly 
than Moliere's 'L'Avare' its debt to their 
common original, the ' Aulularia'ofPIautus; 
Sir Gudgeon Credulous apain bears consider- 
able re8emt)l8Bce lo Fabian Fitadottrell in 
Jonson's 'The Devil ia an Ass,' while the 
She-Senate scene between Mrs. Godsgood, 
Mrs. Gotam, and Mrs. Snuceai is strongly 
reminiscent of the ' Ecclesiaiusie' of Aristo- 
phanes. The fault of the play remdes, not 
in the characters, which are excellent, espe- 
cially the Miser, Suchdry and his servant 
LeancUoi>s, but in the dearth of incident. 
There appears to be no connection between 
' The Projectors ' and ' L'Avare,' which was 
hastily written in 168iil and ' transplantnd ' 
many years later by Henry Fielding (' The 
Miser,*^ February 17*33). 4. 'Belpbegor, or 
the Marriage of the Devil: a Tragi-comedy,* 
London, 1691, 4t«; the British Mueeumhaa 
a second copy with a slightly variant title- 

fage. Licensed by L'Estrange on 13 Oct. 
690, this play was probably performed at; 
Dorset Garden at the close of 1690. The 
scene is laid In Genoa, and the story, which 
appears in tbe'Notti' of Straparola, was da- 
rived by Wilson from the English version of 
MachiavelU, published in 1QT4 (iJ. 1,65). 

A collected edition of Wilson's dramatio 
works was edited by Maidment and Logan 
for tbeir series of dramatists of the Hestora* 
tion in 1874. 

Besides his four plays and the tracts meit- 
tioned above, Wilson brought out in 1668 
' Moriie Encomium, or the Praise of Folly. 
Written originally in Latin by Des. Erasmus 
of Rotterdam, and translated into Englisb. 
by John Wilson,' London, l!2mo. 

[Wilson's Works. 
oflheBostoration, 
Characters of the Ec 
n. 149: Wntfs Bi . 

nid Englist) Plujs. 18flO : (renent'a Hist, 
of the English Stags, i. 31, 4SS, x. 13S-9: 
Dowuos's HuBoiuB Ansliesiiusi Ward's En^ish 
Dmm-itic Lit., 1898. iii. 337-40; BHker's Bio- 
gruphia DramHtica; Fost«r'a AInmni Oxen. 
lSOII-l7Ur NolBs aadQi 

Hailiit's Bibl. Hnndbook 
idCollirctionsiinil NfllPs: Poems on AtT^i 
Swto, 1716, i. 210-11; Adroootea" Libr. Ci 
Brit. Mus. Cat.] 



rith Memoir, in Dramiitlsta ^B 
H71 1 Langbains's Lives nod 
llish OramfttickPoBtB. 1712, 
I. Britanniea: HalUweU's 
Plujs. 18flO : (renent'a Hist. 

igB, i. Zi. 4S9, X. 13S-9: ^ 

iglicanusi Ward's Endish ^H 

, iii. 337-40; BHkcT's Bio- ^M 

; Fost«r'a AInmni Oxan. ^^| 

ad QaeHp>< ; Haeaon's Mil- ^H 

: Hailiit's Bibl. Hnndbook ^H 

■{fllPs: Poems on AtTnirs of ^H 

U; Adrocatea'Libr. Cikt.; ^H 



Wilson 



Wilson 



WILSON, JOHN (rf, 1761), bolanUt, 
was born nt Lau^leddal, neur Kendal, Wust- 
mocluad, and began lift: as a joumejmiiii 
BLoumnker, or, according to another account, 
M a stocking- maker. Being Dsthmntic, how- 
ever, he required an outdoor life, and acted 
as Bssiatant to Isaac Thompson, a well-known 
land survejor of Nuweastle-on-Tyne, while 
fais wtfu carried on a baker's shop. Probably 
in connection with this last trade he obtained 
the nickuame of ' Black Jack.' He possibly 
learnt his botonvinpart from John Robinson 
or FitiHobertB of the Gill, near Kendal, a 
correspondent of Ray and PstiTcr ; but with 
■ ' uncommon natural parts ' ho made himself 
' one of the most knowing herbalists of his 
time' l^Neweagtle Jountal, 27 July 1761), 
and is said at one time to have earned 00/. 
n year by giving lessons in botany once a 
week at his native place and at Newcastle, 
many pupils coming to him from the soutli 
of Scotland. It ia recorded of him that, 
being anxious to possess Morison's ' ilistoria 
Plantarum,' he determined to sell his cow, 
almost the sole support of his family, but a 
lady in the neighbourhood, hearing of the 
cireumstance, gave him the book. This 
anecdote and the character of his work show 
that Wilson must have acquired a knowledge 
of Latin. In 1744 he published " A Synopsis 
of British Plants,iii Mr, Ray's Method: . . . 
Together with a Botanical Dictionary. Illus- 
tTal«d with several Figures' (Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne, 8vn). This book is based upon, 
but not a mere translation of, DiUenius's 
edition of lijiy's 'Synopsis Stirpium Brilan- 
nicarum' (17^4), but is the first syBtematic 
account of British plants in English, and 
shows considerable original observation and 
thought (I'n.TBHBT, SkelvAei of the Proven 
<^Dutany, ii. a*>l-9). The introduction of 
the artificial Litin*ansystemled to Wilson's 
work being overlooked ; but Robert Brown, 
in his ' I'rodromiis Flora Novte Ilollandire ' 
(p. 490), dedicated the con volvulaceous genus 
Ifi'/jonia'inmemoriamJoh&nniBWilsoDauo- 
toris operis hand spemandi.' The descriptions 
of trees, grasses, and cryptogams, which were 
to have formed a second volume, were left in 
manuscript, whLch,in 1762, it was, according 
to I'ulteneyfop. cit. p.269), proposed topub- 
liah. Wilson (IiedatKeodalonl6Julyl7Gl, 
the last three or four j'ears of his life having 
been spent in so debilitated a state of health 
a» to entirely unlit him for work. 

[Hone"sY««r.Book,p.8a7; NichoUonB Annals 
of Keudal, p. 313.J G. S. B. 

WILSON, JOHN (1720-1789), author 
of 'The CIvdt',' son of William Wilson, 
farmer and blackBmith,wasbomin the parish 



of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, on 30 Jane 
17^. lie was educated at Lanark grammar 
school till the age of fourteen, ^en the 
death of his father and the strwtened cir- 
cumstniices of his family constrained him 
to teach for a living. In 1746 be was 
appointed parish schooltniuter of I^esmaha- 
gow, whence Uo was invited in 1764 to 
superintend the education of certain familiea 
in Kuther^len, near Glasgow. In 1767 be 
was appointed master of the Greenock 
grammar school, a stipulation of his engi^^ 
ment being that he was to forsake 'the 

Srofane and unprofitable art of poem-making.' 
;eferring to tais in 1803 as a survival of 
the puritanical covenanting spirit, Scott 
writes, ' Such an incident is tion as unlikely 
to happen in Greenock as in London' {Min- 
Kfrelty i(f thr Scottish Border, u. 1T6 n.> 
Wilson, burning his manuscripts, faithfully 
observed the conditions of his appointment, 
though conscious of passing ' on obscure 
life, Uie contempt of shopkeepers and brutish 
skippers' (Letter to his son, 21 Jan. 1779). 
He was a diligent and popular teacher, 
retaining office till two years before liia 
death, which took place at Greenock on 
3 June 1789. 

Wilson married, on 14 June 1T51, Agnea 
Brown, by whom he had nine cliildren. 
James, tbeeldeat son, becoming a sailor, wu 
killed in 1776 in an engagement on Lake 
Champlain, his heroism on the occasion 
prompting government to bestow a small 
penaion on his father. A daughter ^'iolet, 
wife of Robert Wilson, a Greenock ship- 
master, supplied matter for Leyden's memoir, 
1803. 

In 1760 Wilson printed 'A Ilramatic 
Sketch,' which he afterwards elaborated into 
' Earl Douglas,' and issued along with ' The 
Clyde' in 1764. From an imperfectly 
amended and enlarged copy Leyden pub- 
lished the final version of ''The Clvde' in 
' Seotish Descriptive Sketches,' IS03. The 
dramatic poem ia important mainly as an 
exercise, exhibiting in its two forms the 
author's skill and copiousness of expression 
and his growing sense of style. ' The Clyde ' 
is distinctly meritorious. Its heroic couplet* 
are dexterously managed, its historical allu- 
sions are relevant and su^stive, and il« 
descriptive passages reveal independent out- 
look and genuine appreciation of natural 
beautv. It ia, in Leyden's worde, ' the first 
Scottish loco-descriptive poem of any merit.' 

[Blograiihicul sketch uf Wilxon preRled to 
Scutish Descriptive Poema. od. Jofiu Leydsn, 
1803; Lives of SBottish PufU by tlift Society 
of Ancient Scots; Grant Wilsou'a Pofu and 
Poetry of ScoUand.] T. B. 



WILSON, Sir JOHN (174l-1793),iudge, 
bom «i Tlie How, Applethwaite, ia Wesi- 
morland, on (> Aug. 1741, wm the sod of 
John Wilson, a niiin of proparty in the parish. 
He was educated at Stave!ey| near Ken'Jal, 
■nd ea I ered feterhoiise ,Cambridge,pn^&Jaii. 
17&B, graduating B.A. in 1761 m bi 
■wrEJigler,BndM.A.in 17fti, and beinz elected 
to a fuilowBhip on 7 July 1764. Wliile still 
ftn undergraduate he is sud to have made 
^^m able repl^ to iLe otlacli on Edward 
^BVPiuinrs ■ Miscellanea Analylicn' bv Wil- 
Bbm ^iamuel Powell [q. v.], muter' of St. 
HKtbo'B College (Nichols, Lit. Anecrl. 
^HlT). He entered the Middle Temple 
^^J»naftry 1763, and. after being called to 1 
b&r in 1766, he joined the northern circ 
in 1767, and noon acquired a considerable 
pnctic«. He was patronised by John Di 

Ining (nfler wards GrsC Baron AGhburtan) 
fg. v.], and in his turn he befriended John 
Kolt (afterwards Lord EldonJ (Twiaa, Life 
^ Lord Eldon, 1846, i. 88). On 7 Nov. 
3786 he was 8p])ointod by Thurlow to fill 
Che vacancy in the court of common pleas 
occasioned by the death of Sir George hares 
Jq. v.], and on \n Nov. he was knighted. On 
toe retirement of Thurlow he waa made a 
eoDunisfioner of the great seal on 15 June 
1792, and held that om^e until 1>8 Jan. 1793, 
-when Lord Loughborough became lord chan- 
eellor. He was elected a fellow of the Royal 
Society on VA March 178:^. He died 
Kendal on 18 Oct. 1793, and wna buried 
tlie church, where a monument was erected 
to hie memory, wilh an inscription by his 
friend, Kichard Watson (1737-1816) fq-v.], 
hiahop of Llandafl". On 7 April 1788 lie 
married a daughter of James Adair [q. v.], 
Beljeant-at-law, By her he had a sod and 
two daughtera. 

[Atkin(ion"B Worlliies of WeslcnorliiQd, 1850, 
il.lUtl-8; Osnt. Miig. ITD2 i. 39, 1793 ii. 9^5. 
1 794 ii. 1051 ; Townwnd'H Cat. of Knighu. 1833 ; 
Fosb'd Jmlgeg of Englsad, 1861 viii. 408-9.] 
KI. C. 
WILSON, JOHN (1800-1849), Scottish 
Tocalist, son of John Wilson, coach-driver, 
was bom in Edinburgh on So Dec. 1800. 
At the age of ten he waa apprenticed lo a 
printing hrm, and was aubsequenClv engaged 
wilh the Ballantynes, where he nelpd to 
•et np the ' Waverley Novels.' During the 
building of Abbotsford he was often chosen 
as one of the armed messengers who had to 
ride weekly to Tweedside wilh money to pay 
the workmen. He conceived an early liking 
for music, studied under John Mather bdo 
Benjamin Gleadhill of Edinburgh, and was 
« member of the choir of Duddingston parish 
church during the ministry of JohuTbomaoa 



(1778-1840) [q.r.], the painter. For soma 
time he was precentor of Roxburgh Plocs 
relief church, where his fine tenor voice 
drew great crowds, and from 1825 to 1830 
ho held the same post at Si. Mary's Church, 
Edinburgh. After this he devoted himself 
entirely tomuaic teaching and concert giving. 
He studied singing in Edinburgh under Fin- 
lay Dun [q. v.], and afterwards in London 
under Geaualdo Lan/a [q, v.] and Crivelli, 
taking harmony and counterpoint lessons 
fromGeorge A^ull [q.v.] In March 1830 
he appeared in Edinburgh as Harry Bertram 
in ' Guy Mannering,' and was subseqiiently 
engages in other operas — notably in Balfe's, 
in some of which he created the principal 

fart— at Covent Garden and Drury I^ane. 
lis acting wua, however, somewhat stiff, 
and he abandoned the stage to become an 
exponent of Scottish song ; in thatcharacter 
he appeared before the queen at Taymouth 
Castle in 1842. Hts Scottish song entertain- 
ments, both in this country and in America, 
were an itnmense success, and brought him 
a large fortune. He died of cholera at 
Quebec on 8 Jul^ 1849. David Kennedy 
[q. v.], the Scottish vocalist, restored his 
tomb there, and made a bequest for its perma- 
nent preservation. Wilson published an edi- 
tion of ' The Son^ of Scotland, as sung by 
him at hi* Entertainments on Scottish Music 
and Song,' London, 1843, 3 vols.; and 'K 
Selection of Psalm Tunes, for the use of tho 
Congregation of St. Mary's Church, Edin- 
burgh '(1825), in which appears the popular 
tune ' Howard,' generally attributed to him, 
although it is anonymous. He composed 
several songs, notably ' Love -wakes and 
sleeps,' and at bis entertainments introduced 
many which, though unclaimed, are under- 
stood to be his own. 

[Love's Scotlish Charch Masic : Baptrs'i 
MuBienlScotlaad; Dibdin's Annnlsof thn Edin- 
burgh Stage; GroTea Diet, of Music. Hodden's 
George Thomson, the Friend of Burn».p. 249; 
BniM'a John Tliomsnn of Dnddingston : Records 
of Canongate Parish. Cdinbunb ; informution 
from the lale Jamea Stillie, Edinburgh.] 

WILSON, JOHN (1785-1854), author, 
the 'Ohrialopher North' of 'Blackwood's,' 
and professor of moral philosophy in the 
university of Edinburgh, was bom at Pais- 
ley on 18' May 1785. His father, John Wil- 
son {d. 1796), was a manufacturer of gauxe, 
who had made a fortune in business; bis 
motlier, Margaret Sym (1763-1825), a lady 
of remarkable diguity of manners and im- 
periou.1 strength of character, was descended 
'~ the female line from the Marquis of Mont- 



I 
I 



Rev 



9 the fourth child but eldest 



Wilson n 

son, being one of & family of ten. Hie 
youngest brother, James Wil90n(179'5-1856), 
IS noticed separately. John recoived bisfirat 
education In the grftramar school of Puisley 
and in tlie manse of Mearns, and in 1797 
proceeded to Glasgow UnivecBily, where he 
was especially influenced by Jardioe, thepro- 
fesioT of logic, and Young, the professor of 
Greek. Ha obtained several prizes in logic, 
&nd Ilia career aa a student was in general 
highly creditable to him, though be was still 
more distinguished as au athlele. 'I con- 
aider Glasgow College as my mother,' he 
wrote, ' aTid I have almost a son's affection 
for her.' From Glasgow he migrated to Ox- 
ford, where he became a gentlemnn commoner 
at Magdalen College, and malriculated on 
2(5 May 1803. llu bad previously, in May 
ISOl'.aflbrded an indication of the direction 
wbicb bis thoughts were taking by addressing 
a long letter, partly reverential, partly ex- 
postulatory, to Wordsworth, who returned 
the boy an elaborate answer, inaerted in his 
own memoir, and re-printed, with Wilson's 
letter, in Professor Knight's editions of his 
works. At Oxford ' he waa considered the 
strongest, the most athletic and most active 
man of Chose days, and created more interest 
among the gownsmen than any of his con- 
temporaries.' He also studied methodically, 
and obtained considerable distinction in the 
achoola, besides winning the Newdigate prize 
in 1806 (with a poem on ■ Tbe Study of Greek 
and Roman Architecture '). He made many 
university friends (among them ReginalH 
Ileber and Henry PLillpotls), bot none 
whose ecqitaintance appears to have been 
especiallv influential upon bis life. During 
the vacations he wandered over Great Britain 
and Ireland, associating with characters of 
all descriptions; buttheatory related by the 
Howitts of bis having actually married a 

S'psy is entirely devoid of foundation. In 
ct his deepest concern during the whole of 
his Oxford residence was his tender atta<?h- 
ment to the lady he celebrates as ' Margaret,' 
' an orphan maid of high talent and mental 
graces, which came to nothing from the 
violent opposition of his mother. Hearts 
broken from sorrow ond disappointment, 
Wilson went up for his B.A. examination 
in the Easter term of 1807, under tbe full 
conviction that be should be plucked, but 
on the contrary passed 'the most illustrious 
examination within the memory of man.' 
He graduated M.A. in 1810. Hohadalreadv 
nurchased a cottage and land at Ellerav on 
Wmdermere, and thilber he betook himself 
to lead the life of a country gentleman, not 
at the lime contemplaliug the pursuit of 
any profeasioi" ^ o r 




The first four TearB of Wilson's life at 
Elleray were diviaed between improrementa 
to bis estate, outdoor recreation, and tbe 



composition of poetry. ' The Isle of Palms' 
and other pieces were written by ISIO, 
and pablished at the beginning of 1613. 
He also contributed letters to Coleridge'* 
' Friend ' under tbe signature of ' Matheies.' 
On II May 1611 he had married Jane Penny, 
the daughter of a Liverpool merchant and 
' the leading belle of the lake country,' who 
had removed to Ambleside to be near her 
married sister. The union was most fortu- 
nate; but four years afterwards a calamity 
overtook A\'il8on by the loss of his property 
(est imatedat 60,000/.) through tbediahonesty 
of an uncle who had acted aa steward of thi 
estate. Wilson, so fearfully excitable when 
the affections were in question, bore the lost 
of fortune with magnanimity, and even con- 
tributed to tbe Bupjiort' of the delinquent 
uncle. The blow was indeed in great measUTB 
broken by the hospitality of hia mother, who 
received bim and his family into her bouse; 
norwas he even obliged torelinquish Ellerav, 
though he removed from it for a tima. He 
WHS called to tbe bar at Edinburgh in 1815, 
but made little progress in a profes«ion 
in which neither taste nor ability qualified 
bim to excel ; of the few briefa which cam* 
to bim he afterwards said, ' I did not know 
what the devil to do with them,' He culti- 
vat^d literature to better purpose, follawioK 
lip ■ The Isle of Palms ' with ' The City o? 
the Plague' and other poems (1816). la 
1S16 ho made a pedestrian highland tour in 
company with his wife, in those days an 
almost unparalleled undertaking for a lady- 
Encouraged by Jeffrey, who hod reviewed 
■ The City of the Plague ' very kindly, Wil- 
son contributed on article on the fourth cant« 
of ' Childe Harold ' to the ' Edinburgh,' but 
was almost immediately afterwords caught 
in the vortex which swept tbelilerarytalent 
of ticottish toryism into the new tory organ, 
'Blackwood's Magazine,' established in April 
1817, Up to this time periodical lileratuTB 
in Scotland had been a whig monopoly : all 
the loaves and fi«bes had been on one aide, 
and all the pen and ink on tbe other. Thit 
was now to be altered, and although Wilson 
was not in reality a fierce, much less a bitter 
or intolerant, partisan, tbe vehemence of bi« 
temperament and the unwonted elrength of 
his language sometimes made bitn appear 
the very incarnation of political ferocity. 

The early management of 'Blackwood' 
was designedly involved in mvsterv, but 
Mrs. Oliphant's 'Annals of the' Publishing 
House of Blackwood ' has recently made it 
clear that the sole editor was William Uiactn- 



Wilson 



Wilson 



■wood [q.T.] himself, BE d that, contrary to the 
Keneralbelirf at the time, neither Wilson nor 
Lockhart was ever entrusted with editorial 
fanctiona. The first six numbers had ap- 
peared as 'The Edinburgh Monthly Magazine,' 
under the nominnlconduct of James Cleg horn 
[q. T.] and Thomas Pringle [q. y.] The en- 
desvoiirs of theje gentlemen lo make them- 
lelTes Bomething tnore than editors by cour- 
nay epeedily^ estranged them from Black' 
irood : they seceded lo the riral publiHher 
Constable, and Blackwood organised a new 
■lall', of which Wilson and John Gibson 
Lockhart [q. v.] were the most conspicuous 
■Dentbcrs. Seluom has so great a sensation 
been produced by a periodical as that which 
atlendpd their first number (October 1817), 
overBowinr with boisterous humour and at 
the same time with party and personal ma- 
lifniity 'oo degree to which Edinburgh so- 
lely wai utterly unused. Beaides attacks 
on Coleridge and Leigh Hunt, able and tell- 
ing, but disgraceful lo the writers, the num- 
ber contained the renowned ' Chaldee Maau- 
•cript ' (afterwardB suppressed), which was in 
fact a satire, in the form of biblical parody. 
upnn the rival publisher and his myrmidons. 
l^e autiiorship was claimed by James Hogg 
^q. v.], tbn 'Ettrick Shepherd;' but Fro- 
leaaor Farrier authentically slates that, al- 
though riogg conceived the original idea, not 
more than forty out of the 18U verses are 
Ktuall^ from hia pen. It may be added that 
the British Museum possesses a proof-sheet 
with numerousadditions suggested in manu- 
•cript by Hogg, not one of which was 
■dopted. 

■Blackwood,' now fairly launched, pur- 
fued a headlong and obstreperous but irrc- 
ttstibla course for mon^ years, Wilson's 
overpowering animal spirits and Lockhart's 
deadly sarcasm were its main supports, but 
'The Leopard' and 'The Scorpion' were 

Cawerfullv assisted hj the ' Eltrick Shep- 
pnl,' bv William Mi^inn [q.v.], and Itobert 
Vaine 'Uilliea [q.v.} No one but BUckwood 
liimaelf, however, can bear a general respon- 
tibilily; liis correspondence with Wilson in 
the latter's life shows how invaluable he was 
to his erratic contributor, and also what fric- 
tion often existed between them. The at- 
tacks on Keats and Leigh Hunt, applauded 
at the lime, were in after days justlv re- 
garded as dark blots on the magazine. "Wil- 
ton luauredly was not responsible, and may 
even be deemed lo have atoned for them by 
the enthusiaslic yet discriminating enco- 
B of Shelley in tbe articles ha wrote at 
Itliia time, undtr the inspiration, us now 
lown, of Be Quineey, an old associate in 
e lake district. These were days of fierce 





exasperation on all sides, and much sllow- 
aneo should be made for the attitude of 
' Blackwood,' which was nevertheless dis- 
approved even in friendly quarters. Jefirey 
was driven to renounce all literary connec- 
tion with Wilson ; and Murray, though the 
publisher of the tory ' Quarterly,' gave up 
hia interest in the magaiine. An unpro- 
voted attack by Lockhart on the venerable 
Professor John Playfair [q.v.] was especially 
resented. Wilson's temperament continually 
carried him beyond bounds. His correspond- 
ence with Blackwood reveals him as at least 
once in a condition of aWect terror at having 
committed himself, not from any fear of per- 
sonal consequences, but from the perception 
that be had spoken in a manner impossible 
to justify of men whom he really revered. 

During 1819 Wilson left his molber'sroof 
and removed with bis wife and family to a 
small house of his own in Ann Street, where 
Watson Gordon was his immediate neigh- 
bour, and where he also enjoyed ihe society 
of Itaebum and Allan. Next year the chair 
of moralphiloBOphvin Edinburgh L'niversity 
fell vncant.and Wilson, who had no obvious 
qualification and many obvious diaqualificoi- 
tions, was elected by the town council over 
the greatest philosopher in Britain, Sir Wil- 
liam Hamilton, by twenty-one volM to nine, 
given him on the one sufficient ground that 
he was a tory [see art. Stew art, BuaALS], 
Having so freely assailed others, his own re- 
putation was not likely to pass unassailed 
through the excitement of the contest. Hia 
wife 'could not give any idea of the mean- 
ness and wickedness of the wliigsif she were 
to write a ream ol paper;' and Wilson found 
it necessary lo get not only his literature but 
ills morals altested by Mrs. Grant of Laggan 
as well as t-ir Walter Scott. Opinion on the 
other side is summed up by James Mill, 
when he says, writing to Macvcy Jiapier, 
' The one to whom you allude makes me sick 
to think of him.' The appointment was 
certainly an improper one, but turned out 
much better than could have been expected, 
' He made,' says Professor Saintsbury, ■ a 
very excellent professor, never perhapa 
attaining to any great scientific knowledn 
in his subject or power of expoundinf ■* 
but acting on generation after generatio._ __ 
aCudenls with a stimulating force that is far 
more valuable than Ihe most eJihaustive 
knowledge of a particular topic' It is only 
to he regretted that his professorship was 
not one of English literature. There he 
would have been entirely at home ; hii 
geniality, magnanimity, and ardent appre- 
ciation of everything which he admired 
would have found an eager response from 



Wilson 

bis young auditon ; while the diffuseness 
and extra vssnnceoF diction which eogreutly 
mar his critical writinf<« would liave passed 
unnoticed in an oral address. 

For some years Wilson's more elsborati' 
efforts in 'Blackwood' beloDgedtotbe di-pitrt- 
inent of prose fiction. M<ml of tlic ' LiEhr^ 
and Shfulows of .Scottish Lit«' ajipeaTed in 
the magazine prior to their ci'llective publi- 
cation in 1822. 'Tlia Trials of Margaret 
Lyndnay'woa puhtished in 18:>3, aad 'The 
Foreatera' in I8:;5, Thew were all works 
of merit, but are little read now, and would 
acarcoly be read at all but for the culebrity 
of their aullior in other gelds. It was not 
until 1822 that Wilson found where his real 
strength lay, and began to delight the public 
with tis ' Soclta Arabrosianoe.' The idea of 
a symposium of coii){enial spirits is as old as 
I'klo, and Wilson's application of it bad 
been in some measure anticipated by Pea- 
cock. Bui Plato's banqueters keep to one 
■abject, while Wilson's range over intermi- 
nable fields of discussion, usualir siif^etitMl 
by the topics of the day. As Plato created 
a Socrates for his own purposes, so WiUon 
embodied his wit and wisdom, and, more 
important than either, his poetry, iu the 
' Ettrick Shepherd,' a character for which 
James Hogg undoubtedly sat in the first 
instance, but which improved immensely 
upon the original in humour, pathos, and 
dramatic force ; while the dialect is by 
common consent one of the finest examples 
extant of the classical Doric of Scotland. 
Wilson himself, as ' Christopher North,' ads 
in a measure as prompter to the Shephei^I ; 
yet many splendid pieces of eloquence are 
put into his mouth, and he frequently enacts 
the chords, conveyin); the broad common- 
sense of a subject. The literary form, or 
rather absence of form, exactly suited WilKon. 
Here at last was a great conversationalist 
writing as he talked, and probably few books 
so ^ell convey the impreasion of actual 
contact with a grand, primitive, and most 
opulent nature. The dramatic skill shown 
in the creation of the ' Shepherd,' though it ' 
has been much e\a^(erated, is by no means 
incouMderable : the othercharocters, Tickler 
(Mr. Robert Sjm, Wilson's maternal uncle), 
'the opium eater,' De Quincev, and Ensign 
O'Dohertv, are comparatively insignificant. 
The original idea of the ' Noctes' seems to 
bnvo been Maginn's, and between 1832 and 
183S they were the work of so many hands 
that Professor Ferrier has declined to include 
these early numbers in Wilson's 'Works.' 
Afterthisdate until their terminationinlfiSu 
they are almost eiitir*ily from bis pen. Their i 
coucluaion was probably thought to be ne- ' 



cesaifated by the death of IIoj^. who could 
no longer appear before the world as a con- 
vivial philosopher. But a blow was impend- 
ing upon Wilson himself which must have 
destroyedhispowerofcontinuinga work the 
first requisite of which was exuberant animal 
spirits. In 1837 he lost his wife, and was 
never the same man again. For nearly 
twenty years he had been enriching ' Black- 
wood, wholly apart from the ' Nocte*,' with 
a torrent of contributions^critical, descrip- 
tive, political— so representative of the gene- 
ral spirit of the periodical as fully to warrant 
the erroneous inference that he was its con- 
ductor. The death of William Blackwood 
in September 1834 was a severe blow to him, 
but he ' stood by the boys,' and bis relations 
with them continued to be much the same 
as they liod been with the father, troubled 
by occasional sugpicions and miHunderstand- 
ings, but on the whole as consistently ami- 
cable as was possible in the case of one so 
wayward and desultory. 'He was,' Mrs. 
Oliphant justly says, ' a man for an eraer- 

Kncy, capable of doing a piece of super- 
man work when his heart was touched,' 
but not to be relied upon for steady support. 
In some years the abundance of his contri- 
butions was amuiing, and in 18^3 he wrote 
no fewer than fifty-four articles for the 
' Magaxine.' Among the most remarkable of 
his contributions before the death of Black- 
wood were a series of mpers on Homer and 
his translators, abounding in eloquent and 
just criticism ; similar series of essays on 
Spenser and British critics, and the memo- 
rable review of Tennyson's early poems, 
bitterly resented by the poet, hut which, in 
foci, allowing for ' Mogn's' characteristic 
horseplay, was both sound and kind. Of 
a later date were some excellent papers en- 
titled the ' Dies Boreales,' his loht literary 
labour of importance, and an edition of 

Wilson's spirits bod greatly waned ofler 
the death of his wife, and hia contribut'ions 
to 'Blackwood' became irregular, but he was 
unremitting io his attention to the duties of 
his professorsliip, and continued to fill tie 
conspicuous place he held in Edinburgh aa- 
oiety until ]8»0, when his constitution gave 
manifest signs of breaking up. In 1651 hs 
resigned his professorship, and a pension of 
SOOL was conferred upon him in the hand- 
soniBBt spirit by Lord John Kusaell, the 
object of ao many bitter attacks ftvim him. 
W ilson eihibit«d the same spirit by record- 
ing bis vote at the Edinburgh election of 
1852 for his old political opponent Alacaulay. 
This was his last public appearance. Chi 
I April 1854 at his house in Gloucester 



Wilson 



PUce, Edinburgh, his home since 1826, be 
had k pkmWtic strolie, which tenniimted hia 
life t-wo days aflerwards. lie was buried in 
tbe Dean cemetery with an imposinK public 
foneral on 7 April, nnd a etmtuB of hun by 
John Steell was e^reuted in I'rinces Street 
la 1866. WilBon left two Bf>ns, John and 
BUir, one a clergyman of tbe church of 
£agland, the other for a time secretivry to 
the university of Edinburgh. lie had tbree 
dmughtersr Margaret Anne, married to l*ro- 

Ifector James Fredt^ric^ Ferrier [q-v.]; Mary, 
hia biographer, married to Mr, J.T. Oordoii, 
^(rilF of Midlotbian ; and Jane Emily, I 
marri^ to William Edmonstoime Avtoun 
fa- H 
%Vi]aon was a man of one piecre. His 
personal and literary characters were tbe 
BABU. Tbe chief uhiiracteristic of both is a 
nuuTclIoualy rich endowment of fine qua- 
lities, marred by want of reislraining jndg- 
Uent and symmetrical proportion. As a 
fnanhe was the soul of generosity and mog- 
nnnimity. Init Bxaggerated in everything, aud 
by recklessness and wilfulness van fre- 
quently itajust where he intemled to he the 
reverse. As an author be must have at- 
tAJned high disltnction if his keen perception 
of and intense delight in natural and moral 
boautji luid b»en accompanied by any re- 
cAgnition of the value of literary form. In 
thu 'Noetea' this is in some measure enforced 
npon him by tbe absolute necessity of main- 
taining consistenKy and propriety among his 
iramatif penona. Elsewhere the perpetual 
freniyof rapture, although pe^ectly genuine 
irith liim, becomes wearisome. Ills style is 
undoublmlly colloquial and sometimes mere- 
tricious. Nassau Senior thought ho badly 
of both ' his dtilcia as well as bis frutia 
titia' t\att 'be would almost as soon try to 
read Carlyle or Coleridge.' Such a, verdict 
has no terrors now. Yet it is true that ibere 
are f»w vrriters of Wilson's calibre who dis- 
course at such length, and from whom so 
little ran be carried away. His descriptions 
both in prone and verso read like improvisa- 
tions, leaving behind n general sense of 
beauty and splendour, hut few definite im- 
pressions, lie will lire nevertheless by his 
ujitf^ imilnted but never rivalled ' Noctes,' 
vai should ever be held in honour for the 
DllinlineM and generosity of his character as 
Bn'Siilbor. The asme qualities characterised 
the mans of his criticism, although at times 
some insupembk prejudice or freak of pep- 
vertity intervened, as when in his old.oge he 
recanted his former sentiments respecting 
•Wordsworth in an essay which fortunately 
Biiver saw the light. Such wijre aberra- 
tions orjiidgmont: he was entirely free from 



malice or vindictiveness, and never cherished 
resentment. His review of his former ad' 
versnry Mocaulay's 'Idiys of Ancient Kome' 
aliect«d Mauaulay 'as generous conduct 
atfecta men not ungenerous.' Irf)ng before 
his death he wus entirelv reconmled to 
Jeffrey, aud he wrote in 18»4 of his bypine 
enmity with Leigh Hunt, 'The animosities 
die, hut the humanities live for ever.' Ilia 
own function.whether'at a painter of nntural 
or an expositor of Jiterarv beauty, moy ho 
truly and tersely summed up in another 
dictum, that it was to teach men to admire. 
Portrnits of Wilson, painted by Haehum 
and Watson Gordon, are in the National 
Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, and in the 
National Portrait Gallery, London, respec- 
tively ; an engraving of the latter is prefixed 
to 'I'Tofessor Wilson: a Memorial and a 
Sketch' [by George Cupples], Edinburgh, 



biography of her father, Thomas Duncan 
painted ' Christopher in his Sporting Jacket ' 
(engraved by Armytage for the collected 
works), and a sketch from a statue Iw 
Macdonald, with a caricatured bal:kground, 
api^eared in tbe Maclisa Gallery in > Fraser'a 
Matntzine.' 

Wilson's works were collected in twelve 
volumes by his son-in-law, ProfesfMir Ferrier, 
185r)-9. Four volumi'S are occupied by the 
' Noctes Ambroaianw ; ' four by ' Esaaya, Cri- 
tical andImaginBtive;'two by 'The Recrea- 
tions of Christopher North,' one by the 
poems, and one by tbe tales. The col- 
lection is not complete, the earlier numbers 
of the 'Noctes' being omitted, as well aa 
tbe papers on Sjienser, 'Dies lioreales,' and 
other matt«T which but for space might well 
have bcrai reprinted. A complete and elabo- 
rate edition of the ' Noctes ' was published 
Rt New Vork by Dr. R. Shelton Mackenii» 
(in five volumes with an excellent index) 
and revised in 1868. 

{Chrigfiphor North: a Memoirof John Wilson 
by his Daughter, Mrs. Gordon, IH62 ; Mrs. Oli- 
phnnt's AiinnlB of the Fiiblishin!{ Hoasn of 
Blarkwoud, William BWJtwoml and Ha Soul, 
1807; CuppWa Fraressor Wilson, a Hemorisl 
Htid EatimnlB by one of his Stiidenta. 18.«i 
BlflchvoDd's Mm;, Hny and Becember IBfi^; 
AtlmnMum, April 1851 and 8 July 1879 <a bril- 
liant but severe estimate of the ' Noctes,' which 
are proooimtad to ba 'dying of dropsy'); 
Quarterlj' Review, vol. ciiii.; Profeswr Forriar'a 
prefaces in Wilson's Works; Lang's Life of John 
Gibson Lockhart, lB97i De Onincey's Portrait 
Oallery and Aulobiograpbic Skslfbea; Oillies'a 
Memoirs uf a Literary Vueran, 18A1 ; DoaglaaTs 
The ' Blackwood ' Group, 1807 ; -Se lections fiom 
tile ComapaQdente ot Macvey Napier; Lock- 



I 



I 



Wilson 



Wilson 



hi* KinBfolk, toI. 1 



ban's PpUt'b Letiara 
Qilfilli 

\a.y'» Peraonnl 
Msclise Portmit 

[DeQuincsy] io the Ediubafgh UtirrarjGuBtte 

of 1829] R. G. 

WILSON, JOHN (1774-1866), set 

paint«^r, son of Jamea Wilson, shipi 



ftther's pTofessiaa, chooaiiig 



llfryof Liierery PorlraiU; Find- I landacupeBndfamiTMdsubiecto withfiiturei. 
R«,,ll«tio..ofD.Qmn«j.l98B; I [oiUon'^ Viaw of the Ar.. of Desiga. 1816; 



R«igrBTe»' Century c 
Unive'B, Bryan's, Bnd Gravea'a 
AmiBtrong's Scottish PaiDtcra, 1888; Brydall's 
Art in Scaclarid, ISSS; Catalogae of Nation&l 
Oollery of Scitland.] J. L. C. 



WILSON, SiRjOHS{178O-l&50),g«ie. 

ml, bora ill 1760, was commissioned as ensign 
the 28th foot on 26 Murch 1794, and be- 



and Eleonora Mnaterton, hia wife, wan bom 
»t Ayr on 20 Aug, 1774 (Aifr ParUk Regii- 

ter). When tbirlMn years of y[e he was . . 

■pprenticed to John Norie of Edinburgh, I camelieutenant on ISAug. 1796. lie went 
who, although by business a houso-paint«r, | wilhpartof the regiment to ihe West Indies 
not infrequently executed landscape panels | in 1796, and was present at the capture of 
of some merit in the rooms ho decorateo. On St, Lucia in May and of St. Vincent in June, 
the completion of his apprenticeship, which > He was made prisoner and taken to Guada- 
■was not without influence upon his future, I loupe in July, and, after he had been ei- 
he had aome lessons in picture-painting from | changed, he was again made prisoner in the 
Alexander Nosmyth [q.v.], and then prac- nritish Channel in \1W7. He rejoined his 
tised as a drawing-master in Montrose fori regimentatQibraltar,andlookpartintheeap- 
two years, at the end of which he went to | lureofltinorcainNovember 1798.0nl8Jaa. 
Lonuun, There he soon found employment ' 1799 he ' 



I scene-painter at Astley's Tne 
IjAmbetb Koad, and his scenery is said tn 
have been good. Ilia name appears for the 
flrat time in the Itoyal Academy catalogut 



„ . _.. a company in the newly 
I formed Slinorca (afterwards the 97th, or 
I queen's German) regiment, lie served with it 
in the expedition to Egypt in 1801, and waa 
present at the battle of Aleiandria on 



of 1807, hnt, although he eihibiled a good 21 March, where the regiment greatly dis- 
manj pictures there, his principal works tinguished itself. He was promoted major 
were sent to the British Institution and the j on 27 May 1802. 

Society of British ArtisU. In 1826 he was ' In 1808 the 97th was sent to Portugal, 
awarded a 100/. premium for a picture of the It landed on 19 Aug,, and two days after- 
battle of Trafalgar (purchased by Lord wards fouiht at Vimiero as part of An- 
Northwick), painted in competition for a struther's brigade. Wilson was severely 
priie offered by the directors of the former , wounded. On 22 Dec. he obtained a lieu- 
society, and in the formation of the latter in tenanl>-colonelcy in the royal York rangeTH. 
1S23-4 he took a leading part. He was also In January 1809 he went back to the PenJn- 
etected an honorary member of the [lioyall ' aula and joined the Luaitanian lenon raised 
Scottish Academy in 1827, and contributed by S'lrBobert Thomas Wilaon[q.v?) Hi 



regularly to its eihibiliona. His later yi 
were spent at Folkestone, where he founu 
congenial subjects for his pictures, which 
usually represent coast scenery and the saa 
with shjnping. His work is fresh and vigo- 
rous, and, if somewhat lacking in delicacy, 
pictorial in motive and arrangement, while 
It is marked by much truth of observation 
and directness of expression. He was n 
prolific painter, and between 1807 and 1856 
showed 0^5 pictures at the three London 
exhibitions already named. There are two 
pictures by him in the National Ciallery of 
Scotland and one at South Kensington Mu- 
seum, On 20 April 18Q2 he died at Folke- 
Btone. Wilson, who was familiarly known 
BS 'Old Jock,' wasof asociabledlsposilion,a 
keen observer, a brilliant converSHlioniat,anii 
his storied of liohen Burns [q. v.] and other 
famous men he hod met were in great request 
among (hose who knew him. 

In 1810 he married a Mias Williams, and 
their son, John W. Wilson, whodied in 1875, 



employed with it in the neighbourhood of 
Ciudad Rodrigo, harassing the French posts, 
one of which he surprised at Barbara de 
Puerco, atthe end of March In 1810 he 
was made chief of the staff of Silveira, who 
commanded the Portuguese troops in the 
northern provinces. In August he saved 
the rear-guard of the corps, ' in circumstances 
of such trying difficulty that he received tha 
public thanks ' of Beresford (Napibb, bk.xi. 
chap, vj. In October orders cameout forhim 
to rejoin his regiment (York rangers), but 
Wellington represented that ' the loss of his 
services will be seriouslv felt ' {DespatiAer, 
vi. 543), and he remained with the Portu- 
guese army, At this time he was harassing 
the rear of Mosafna'a army at Coimbra, in 
concert with Colonel (afterwards 'Sir' Xi- 
cholos) Trant [q. v.] 

In 1811 he was made govemorof the pro- 
vince of Minho, At the head of the Minbo 
militia he had a successful affair at Celorico 
on 22 March, and was actively engaged on 



I 



the fronlier throughout that year and 1813. 
In June 1S13 Le joined \V'ellington's army, 
and commanded an independent Portuguese 
brigade at the »iege of San Sebaatian, the 
paseaee of the Bidassoa, and the battle of 
Hive lie. He was severely wounded on 
18 Nov. during the establishment of the 
outpoats before Bayotiue. He was made 
knight-commander of the Portuguese order 
4lf the Totver and Sword, a distincllon 
which, it Beemti, he would have received two 



4SS). He was made brevet colonel on 4 June 
1B14 and was knighted, and in 1815 he was 
made C.B. He received the gold medal for 
Sbh Sebastian, and afterwards the silver 
medal vith clasps for Vimiero and Nirelle, 

He was placed on half-pay on 3o Dec. 1816, 
thod promoted major-general on 27 March 
1825. He commanded the troops in Ceylon 
from December 1830 till hia promotio 
lieutenant-general on 28 June 183H. 
waa mode K.C.B. on 6 Feb. 1837, and colo- 
nel of the 82nd foot on 6 Dec. 1836, from 
trhJch he was transferred to the llthfoot 
on 10 May 1841. He became general 
11 Nov. 1851, and died at 67 Weathou; 
Terrace, London, on 22 June 1850, aged 70. 

[Annual Register, 18d6, p. 2011 ; Timsa, 2a Juno 

ISoS; eent. Mag. 1856, ii. 267: Narsl and 

Military Oaiette, 23 .luna IGaS; Narrntivo of 

tbs Campaigns of the Loyal LnHitauinu Legion.] 

E. M. L. 

WILSON, JOHN (1804-1875), mis- 
slanary and orientalist, bom at Lauder in 
Berwieksbireonll Dec. 1804, was tbeeldeat 
of Andrew Wilson, for more than forty 
a councillor of the burgh of Lauder, 
his wife Janet, eldest daughter of James 
inter, a farmer of Lauderdale. When 
aboat four years old he was sent to a school 
in Lander taught by George Murray, and 
about a year later be was transferred to the 

eriah school under Alexander Peterson. 
hisfourteenth year he proceeded to Gdln- 
bnrgh Cniveraity with a view to studying 
for the tninislry. In his vacations he was 
employed at first as schoolmaster at Horn- 
dean on the Tweed, and afterwards as tutor 
tOthesonsof.TohnCormack.ministerofStow 
in Midlothian. While at the university he 
became more and more inspired by Christian 
seal, and on 22 Dec. 1825 he founded the 
'Edinburgh Association of Theological Stu- 
dents in aid of the DitTusion of the Gospel.' 
His attention was drawn to the mission 
field, and in the same year he offered him- 
self to the Scottish Missionary Society as a 
miasionsry candidate. In 1828 he published 
anonymoualy ' The Life of John Eliot, the 

TOL. LSII. 



Knnol 

Hn^hif 



I while acting as tutor to Cormack's nephews, 
the sons of (Sir) John Ituse, an Indian sol- 
dier, and by the influence of Brigadier-gene- 
ral Alexander Walker [q.v.J, former resident 
at Baroda ; and to prepnre himself for work 
in that country he studied anatomy, surgery, 
and the practice of physic at Edinburgh in 
1827-8. In 1828 he was licensed to preach 
by the presbytery of Lauder, and on 21 June 
was ordained missionary. In the same year 
be was married, and sailed from Portsmouth 
in the Sesostrls, East Indiamnn. 

On his arrivol at Bombay In 1^*29 Wilson 
devoted himself to the study of Marat hi, and 
made such rapid progress that he was able 
to preach in tlie tongue in six months, de- 
livering his first sermon on 1 Nov. After 
visiting the older stations of the Scottish 
Missionary Society at HarnnI and Bankot, 
Wilson and his wife returned to Bombay on 

26 Nov. 1829. Wilson immediately com- 
menced to labour energetically among the 
native population, and ly 4 Feb. 1831 be 
had formed a native church on presbyterian 

Erinciples. In 1830 he founded the 'Oriental 
hristian Spectator,' the oldest Christian 
periodical In India, which continued to ap- 
pear for thirty years. 

About 1830 an important undertaking 
was begun by Mrs. Wilson with her hus- 
band's ad vice^the establishment of schools 
for native girls, the first of their kind in 
India. The first school was opened on 

27 Dec. 1829, and half a vear later six others 
had been set on foot. These, and some ele- 
mentary schools for boys established by 
Wilson, were supplemented on 29 Marcu 
1832 by the foundation of a more advanced 
college for natives of both aeses, Wilson's 
institution invites comparison with that 
founded almost contemporaneously in Cal- 
cutta by Alexander Duff [q. v.] Wilson 
devoted more attention to female education, 
and gave more prominence to the study of 

langungea. While Duff's instrument 
e English tongue, Wilson employed 
■maculars of a varied population — 
Marathi, Gujarathi, Hindustanf. Hebrew, 
and Portuguese; with Persian, Arabic, and 
Sanskrit for the learned classes. Both sys- 
18, however, wore equally adapted to tlieir 
'ironment: neither could have flourished 
amid the surroundings of the other 



same differences with the Scottish Missionary 
Society, Wilson and bis colleagues in India 
were transferred to the church of Scotland, 
and the school was denominated theScottlsh 



Wilson 

MiMJ on School. In 1888 the arrival of John 
Mumy Mitcliell,B student, of Marlachal Col- 
lege, Aberdeen, nnd the return of the mis- 
Bionsry Robert Nesbit (d. 18ij5l, rt^iidered it 
[lowible to organiBe the school on a more 
extended ba^is, and it became kaown m the 
General Asaembly's Institution. A new 
buildiDg was completed in 1843, but Wilson 
was immediately afterwards oblired to re- 
linquish it on quitting the church of Scot- 
land at the time of the disruption. He cur- 
ried on his school in another buildingwhicb 
was finished in 1865. The present ' Wilson 
CollefTB ' was completed about 1887. 

Wilson did not, nowever, confinehis efforts 



with the Miiharamiidans and Partis, ills 
courtesy and knowledge of oriental litera- 
ture made no less impression than his logic, 
and by familiarisiog the native mind with 
Chrietian modes of thought he prepared the 
way for further progress. In 1837, however, 
a dispute arose which threatened serious 
coneequences. Some of the Pars! pupils at 
the institution having shown an intention, of 
becoming Christians, one of them was carried 
off by his friends, while two others evaded 
capture by taking refuge in Wilson's house. 
After various violent attempts a writ of 
habeas corpus was taken out for one of 
them, and on 6 May 1839 he appeared in 
court and declared hia intention to remain 
with Wilson. The consequence of these 
proceedings was the removal of all but fift^ 
out of :^84 pupils at the institution, and it 
was Bome years before the former numbers 
were regained. 

In the meantime Wilson sought to spread 
the influence of the mission beyond Bombay 
by tours through various parts of the coun- 
try. In 1831 , with Charles Pinhom Farmr, 
the father of Dean Farrar, he proceeded to 
Niisik on the Godavari, through Poona and 
Ahmadnagar. In the following year be 
went eastward to Jalna and the caves of 
Ellora in Jlaidarabad, and in ibe cold season 
of 1833-4 he visited the south Marjithi 
country and the Portuguese settlement at 
Goa. In 1835 he journeyed through Surat, 
Baroda, and Kathi&war; and between 1686 
anil I&12 he visited the Oairsoppa Falls and 
Rajputina, besides returning to E£tliiawar 
and Somnath. These frequent expeditions 
were used by Wilson as opportunities fnr 
spreading religious teaching, while at the 
same time he collected oriental manuscripts, 
and by constant intercourse with tbenatives 
increased his slock of oriental knowledge, 
which hew ^ 

tion. Be w 



bav Literary Society in J 830, and became 
president in 1835. On 18 June 1636 he 
was elected a member of the Itoyal Asiatic 
Society. He was the first to partially de- 
ciphertbe rock inscriptions of Asoka at Gir- 
nar, which had so loug remained an enigma 
to weetern sarants, and on 7 March 1838 
James Prinsep [q.v.] made a full acknowled^' 
ment of his services lo the Itoyal Asiatic 
Society. From I83t? onward he was fre- 
quently consulted by the supreme court and 
by the executive government on qiiestioiu 
of Parsi law and custom. In 1843 he pub- 
lished 'The Parsi lieligion unfolded, refuted, 
and contrasted with Christianil; ' (Bombay, 
8vo), a work which obtained the favourable 
notice of the Asiatic Society of Paris, and 
which on 7 Feb. 1815 procured his election 
as a fellow of the Royal Society. 

In 1843 WUson was compelled by ill- 
health to take a furlough, and visited Egypt, 
^ria, and Palestine, on hia way to Scotland. 
The fruit of his observations was the 'Landa 
of Ibe Bible visited and described' (Edin- 
burgh, 1847, 2 vols. 8vo). He arrived in 
I Edinburgh immediately after the disruption 
j of the church of Scotland, and without oesi- 
I tfttion he joined the free church. After 
addressing the general assembly at Glasgow 
in Uctaber he accompanied liobert Smith 
j Candlish [q. r.] to England, and advocated 
the cause of Indian missions at Oxford and 
I London. The establishment of the Kiigpur 
I mission under Stephen Hislop was largely 
' the result of bis insistence of the need of a 
mission in Central India. 

Wilson returned to India in the autumn 
of 1847, and in 1849 he commenced a tour 
in Sind, in which he was joined bv Alex- 
ander Duff in the following year. The con- 
quest of Sind had just been achieved, and 
Wilson was the first Christian missionary 
to traversethe country. 

From 1846 to 1862 was inteUectually the 
most fruitful period of Wilson's career. 
About 1848 he was nominated president of 
the 'Cave Temple Commission' sppoinled 
by government, chiefly through his instances 
and those of James Pergusson ^1808-1880) 
[q. v.], to examine and record the antiquitieg 
connected with the cave temples of India. 
To this commission he gave hia labour gra- 
tuitously for thirteen years, receiving the 
hearty co-operation of the leadiug orienta- 
lists in India. He published in the ' Journal 
of the Bombay Asiatic Society' (vol. ili.) 
' A Memoir on the Cave Temples and 
Monasteries, and other Buddhist, Brahmn- 
nicul, and Jalna Henjains of Western India,' 
which was reprinted In 1860, and circulated 
by government to all the difltrict and pollti- 



» 



col oificers in ond around the province of 
Bombiij'. With tlifcirBsaistanceliBpubliahed 
ft secoad memoir in 1852, embodying Ihe 
KhuUb of the commissioo'a work on the 
luver C&ves, libe ElephantA. In 1840 lie 
dedined the appointment of permanent presi- 
dent of liio civil and military eiamination 
committee of Bombay, and in 1854 refused 
the post of government translator, fearing 
that acceptance mJKht injure his misaionnry 
usefulness. In 1853 he published hie ' Hia- 
tory of the Suppression of Infanticide in 
■Western India '^(Bombay.Svo), and in 1858 
'India Three Thousand Years Ago' (Bom- 
bay, 8to), a description of the social state of 
the Aryans on the banks of Ihe Indus. At 
the time of the Indian mutiny his know- 
ledge of dialects was of great service to the 
Krummest, for whom he deciphered the 
urgents' secret despatches written to 
oracle detection in various archaic characters 
&nd obecitre local idioma. In 1857, when 
the university of Bombay was constituted, 
he waa oppointed dean of the faculty of arts, 
tt memb^ of the syndicate, and examiner in 
Sanskrit, Persian, Hebrew, MarithI, Ouja- 
rathl, and Hindustani, and he snoa after was 
nude vice-chancellor by Lord Lawreneo, 

In 18(30 Wilson made a second tour in 
Rajpntana, and in 1B64 he was consulted 
by government in regard to the Abyssinian 
expedition. In 1870 he made a second visit 
tJ) Scotland, and was chosen moderator of 
the general assembly. He returned to 
Bombay on 9 Dec. 1873, and laboured un- 
weariedlr until his death at his residence, 
• The aiir,' near Bombay, on 1 Dec. 1S75. 
He was buried in the old Scottish hurial- 

Kund. His portrait, engraved by Joseph 
iwn, is prefixed to his 'Life' by Dr. 
Georgn Smith, CLE. Wilson was twice 
married: first at Edinbu^h, on 12 Aug. 
1828, to Margaret, daughter of Kenneth 
Bavne, minister of Greenock. She died on 
19'April 1835, Uavingaaon Andrew flSSl^ 
1881), who is separately noticed. Wilson 
married, secondly, In September 1846, Isa- 
belLt, second daughter of James Dennistuun 
of Denniatoun. She died in 1807| leaving 
no isKue. 

Wilson's abilities as an orientalist were 
(Treat, and would hnre earned him yet higher 
fame had he not always subordinated his 
■tudies to his mission work. It is not easy 
to overeat imate the importance of his labours 
for Christianity in western India. During 
later life Indian officials, native potentates, 
•nd European travellers alike regarded htm 
with esteem and affection. Lord I^wrence, 
the governor-general, and Lord EJphinatone, 
governor of Bombay, wereamonghis personal 



friends. Through his educational establish^ 
ments and hia wide circle of ocquaiiitancM 
his influence radiated from Eomlmy over the 
greater part of India, and natives of Africa 
I also came to study under his care. Besides 
1 the works already mentioned be was the 
' author of: 1. 'An Exposure of the Hindu 
Religion, in Reply to Mora Bfaatta Dande- 
kara," Bombay, 1832, 8vo. 2. 'A -Second 
Exposure of the Hindu Religion,' Bombay, 
1834, 8vo. 3. ' Memoirs of Mrs. Wilson,* 
Edinburgb,1838,8vo;5thedit. 1868. 4.'The 
Evangelisation of India,' Edinburgh, 1840, 
16mo. 5. ' Indian Caste,' edited by Peter 
Peterson, Bombay, 1877, 2 vols. 8vo ; now 
edit, Edinbut^h, 1878. 

[Wils-iD's Works; Smith's Life of Wilson. 
1878 ; HuDtor'a Hist, of Freo Churrb Missions 
ia India and Africa, 1S73 : Smith's Life of AUi< 
Boder Duff, IBSl ; Marrat's Two Standard 
Bearers in the East, 1882.] E. I. G, 

WILSON, JOHN {181-2. 1888), agricul- 
turixt, was born in London in November 
1812. He was educated at University Col- 
lege, London, and afterwards completed hia 
training in Paris, where he studied medicine 
and chemistry under Paycn, Bousslngault, 
and (lay Lussac. In 1845-3 he was in 
charge of the admiralty coals inveatigation 
under Sir Henry de la Beche. From 184S 
to 1850 be was principal of the Royal 
Agricultural Coll^;e, Cirencester. His term 
of office was distinguished chiefly by an 
attempt to convert the college farm from 
pasture to arable land, which involved much 
expense and met with considerable opposi- 
tion. InlSoOasuggeatioaonthepatt of the 
council for a thorough change of the orga- 
nisation of the college into that of a school 
for farmers' sons led to Wilson's i^gnation. 
He was succeeded by the Rev. J. S. Hay- 
garth, and the colIeEe continued its work 
much on the former lines. 

In 1854 Wilson was. on the death of 
Professor l^ow, elected to the chair of agri- 
culture and rural economy in the university 
of Edinburgh. This professorship had been 
founded in 1790 by Sir William Pulteney, 
but the salary attached to it at this time 
was little more than nominal. In 1868 he 
aiicceeiled Profes.iur Kelland as s( 
the senate of the Edinburgh University, 
and in the course of the same year, chiefly 
owing to the exertions of the Highland and 
Agricultural Society, the endowment of the 
chair of agriculture was increased (Jc 
Soy. Agr. Soe. Engl. 1885, ui, 525). ' 
son's methods as a teacher were severtdy 
criticised, partly no doubt because some of 
the EngHsli systems of farming which he 
advocated ran tioiintertoScotti^ prejudices. 



I 



T 



ii6 



Wilson 



The fact, however, tliKC mnslofthe importaiil 
ehmin of Bftriculture in Scotland &n<l maivr 
elsewhere were filled bjr hU pupils if sutli- 
cient ttatimony lo hia merit aa a teacher. 

In 1883 Wilson resif^ed his chair at 
Edinburgh, and was appointttd emeritus 
pTofessoc. In ths spring of 1886 the hono- 
rarj' dwree of LL.D, was conferred apoo 
him. He died at Snndlield, Tunbridge 
WelU, on 37 March 1888. 

An impoTtant characteristic of Wilson's 
career was his inlercourse and relations with 
forei)^ agricultural authoritieeand societies. 
In 1851 be fillud the position of deputy juror 
at the Internationa! Exhibition j in 1853 be 

States, and in the same year was appointed 
knight of the French Legion of Honour. In 
1855 he acted as commissioner to the British 
agricultural department in the exhibition at 
Paris. At different periods he also rendered 
important services to the agricultural de- 
partments of Canada, Austria, Denmaric, 
and Germany. He waa a corresponding 
member of numerous foreign agricultural 
societies, and in 1885 he was created knight 
commander of the Braxilian order of tbe 
Rose. 

Wilson wrote: 1. 'Catalogue de la col- 
lection des produils agricolea, v£g6taux el 
i. de I'An^leterre . . . enposfs par 



de Paris 

Agriculture of the French Exhibition: an 
Introductory lecture delirered in tbe Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, Session I., 1855-6,' 
Edinburgh, 1855, 8vo. 3. 'Agriculture, 
Past and Present ; being two Introductory 
Lectures delivered in the University of Edin- 
burgh,' Edinburgh, 1856, 2nd edit. 8vo. 
By far the most valuable, however, of his 
writings is 4. ' Our Farm Crops, being a 
popular ScientiSc Description of the Cultiva- 
tion, Chemistry, Diseases, Remedies, ftc, of 
the various Crops cultivated in Groat Britain 
and Ireland,'London, 1860, 3 vols. 8vo, This 
is still a standard work of reference, and 
nothing better of its kind has ever appeared 
in agricultural literature. 

Wilson edited a ' lEejiort on the Present 
State of tbe Agricul ture of Scotland ,'arranged 
under the auspices of the Highland and Agri- 
cultural Society, to be presented at the inter- 
national congress at Paris in June 1^78. 

[Scotsman, 29 March 1888; Tlmos, 2 April 
1888: Agrionltural Oszette, 9 April 188^, 
p. 333.] E. C-B. 

WTLaON, JOHN MACKAV (1801- 
1835), author of the ' Tales of the Borders," 
was the son of a millwright, and was bap- 



tised at Tweedmouth, Berwick-on-Tweed, on 
15 Aii^. 1804. After rpceiving elemeniaiy 
education at Tweedmouth he completed his 
apprenticeship as a printer in Berwick, and 
then settled for a time in London. Here 
be experienced hardship, and is said to have 
paid iiis last two shillings on one occasion to 
see Mrs. Siddons in Covent Garden Theatre. 
X-earing London, he lectured in the pro- 
vinces for a time on literature with in- 
different succ*w. In 163^ he became editor 
of the ' Berwick Advertiser,' workinc- there- 
after steadily in the cultivation of his literary 
talent and Ina advocacv of political reform. 
He died at Berwick on'2 Uet. 1835, and was 
buried in Tweedmoulh churchyard. 

Wilaon wrote various lyric and dramatic 
poems of little consequence. ' The Oowrie 
(.'Onspirscy,' a drama, appeared in 1829. 
There was another drama, ' Mai^sret of 
Anjou,' besides several poetical publications — 
' The Poet's Progress,' 'The Border Patriots,' 
&c.— of smaller account. On 8 Nov. 1834 
\\'i!8on began tbe weekly publication, in 
threehalfpenny numbers, of 'The Tales of 
the Borders,' which speedily attained an 
t Bri- 



simple sentiment and impressive situations, 
these stories made a direct appeal to the 
general reader, and the weekly circulation 
steadily rose from two thousand to sixteen 
or seventeen thousand. Wilson published in 
all forty-eight numbers, comprisiiif seventy- 
three tales. Favourites among ms stories 
are: 'Tlie Poor Scholar' (with manifest auto- 
biographical touches), ' Tibbie Fowler,* ' The 
Vacant Chair,' and ' My Block Coat, or the 
Breaking of the Bride's Chain.' The aeries 
was continued by Wilson's brother, and much 

?rolonged by Alexander Leighton (IJW- 
874) [q. v.] Several collected editions have 
been iiublisned. In 1834 appeared Wilson's 
'Enthusiast; a metrical tale, with other 

[Berwick Advartiser, S Oct- 1835; Border 
Magaiine, 1863; Irving'a Diet, of Eminoal 
Sootsmeu ; informntion from Rev. James Kena, 
Berwick-on-Tiread.] T. B. 

WILSON, JOHN MATTHIAS (181»- 



South Shields, was born at that town on 
24 .Sept. 1813. lie received his eariy edu- 
cation aa a day scholar at the grammar 
school of Newcastle-on-Tyne, under Dr. 
Alortimer, subsequently headmaster of tbe 
City of London school. On 15 June 1832 
be was elected to a scholarship open to 
natives of the bishopric of Durham at Cot- 



raduBted 
B.D. in 

1847, While etiU a bachelor Bcholur he be- 
came tator in 1838, anil succeeded to a 
fellowship on 28 April 1841. la 1846 he 
was elected to While's professorship of 
moral philoBophj, then a terminable office, 
re-elected in 1851, and finallj re-elected in 
1858, after it had been converted into a per- 
manent chair. Hia lectures given in this 
capncitj, and perhaps still more the stimu- 
lating OBsistanca in theirprivate work which 
he ungrudgingly afibrded lo his pupils, pro- 
cured him a considerable reputation in the 
nniveisitj as a teacher. In the fifticH and 
aixtles many of the best men in Oxford 
pasaed under his hands, and he gave a great 
impetus to the inductive study both of 
morals and psychology. This office be con- 
tinued to bold till 1874. Meanwhile, as 
aleading member of the Hebdomadal Coun- 
cil, to which he was elected soon after its first 
institution, he hod taken a proimnent part 
in the business of the university, for which 
his shrewd common eense specially tilted 
him, and, as an ardent university reformer, 
he wae largely instrumental in bringing 
about the abolition of religious tests and in 
procuring the issue of the parliamentary 
eommissioDB of 18&4 and 1877. From 1668 
to 1872 Wilson held the college living of 
BfSeld, North am ptoneh ire, in conjunction 
with his profesaorsliip, but this eceltisiaslical 
preferment be resigned on being elected to 
the presidentship of bis college, 8 May 1872. 
He entered on the duties of this office with 
much zeal and energy, but, unfortunately, 
■con after his election to the presidency his 
liealth ifave way, and during the last few 
years of his life he was largely incapacitated 
from taking part in the administration of 
the college. After a long illness be died on 
lDec.l»81. lie was buried in the Holj-well 
cemetery, Oxford, but ia commemorated by 
kmaral tablet in the college cloisters. 

Though Wilson was a Huent talker and 
an impre«sive lecturer, he was singularly 
■low in composition, a circumstance due 
partly to his fastidiousness, and partly to 
the wont of practice in early life. He did 
not produce any independent book, hut was 
engaged for many years, in conjunction with 
the writer of the present article, on a work 
entitled ' The Principles of Morals,' the first 
part of which appeared in the dftli year after 
bis death, 188B, under their iointnames, and 
the second part in 1887 under the name of 
Dr. Fowler alone, The share taken by Wil- 
son in the first part is indicated in the pre- 
face to the second part, and that taken in 
the second part itself in the adv' 



at the beginning of the volume. The t' 
parts were reissued with additions and ci 
rections, in 1894, under the rniines of Fowler 
and Wilson. 

Wilson was a man of marked personality. 
Physically he was of elrong build and com- 
manding presence, lie had a determined 
will, and possessed (i^at skill in bringing 
overother people to his own opinions. Though 
he did not lay claim to any entonaive erudi- 
tion, he was full of intellectual life and 
interests, a shrewd observer, and an acute 
thinker, who, to use a favourite phrase of 
Iiocke, tried to ' bottom ' everything. These 
qualities, combined with a deep sonorous 
voice, a frank outspokenness, a keen sense 
of humour, the knacu of saying ' good things,' 
and a genial manner, made him highly 
popular among his friends, and, duriug the 
more vigorous period of his life, one of the 
greatpfit powers in the university. He was 
unmarried. Two sisters, who had lived with 
him for many years before his death, sur- 
vived him. 

[Fowkr's History of Corpns Christi Colleae ; 
CoilegB Rrgiaters ; Foster's Aiumai Oiob. I71&- 
18S6; porsonol kUQvledge ; private informatioa.] 
T. F. 

WTL80N, Sir JOHN MORILLTON 
0783-1868), commandant of the Royal Hos- 
pital, Chelsea, son ol John Wilson, rector 
of Whitchurch, Yorkshire, was bom in 1783. 
He entered the royal navy, and served as a 
midshipman on the coast of Ireland during 
the rebellion of 1798, in the expedition to 
the Helder in 1799, and in the Mediterranean 
and E^ypt in 1801. He received a medal 
from the captain-pasha of the Turkish fleet 
cIT Alexandria in 1801 for having saved 
the lives of the boat's crew belongrag to a 
Turkish man-of-war. He was thrice wounded 
during his naval service, the third time so 
severely in the head that it produced total 
deafuesH, in consequence of which he was 
invalided and quitted the navy in 1803. 

After the restoration of his health he en- 
tered the army as an ensign in the let royala 
on 1 Sept. 1804. The dates of his further 
commissions were : lieutenant, ^8 Feb. 1805 j 
captain, 1 Jan. 1807; major, Q July 1614; 
lieutenant-colonel, 27 Nov. 1816; colonel, 
10 Jan. 1837, He served with the third 
battalion of his regiment at Walcheren in 
1809, and was twice wounded at the siese 
of Flushing. He afterwards served in the 
peninsular war, was present at the battle of 
Busaco, the retreat within the lines of Torres 
Vedras, the sctions of Pomlml, Redinha, 
Condeiia, Casal Nova, Fo* d'Aronce, and 
Sabugal, the blockade of Almeida, and the 
battle of Fuentes d'Onor, 



I 
I 



i 



Soon ufter the outbreak of wnr willi the 
United SUtes of America in 1812, Wilson 
joined the iirst battaUoa of the 1st royola in 
Canada. lie HrriTed towards the end of the 
year, «nd on 29 May 1813 na* enffaged in 
the attack under Sir George IVevoet on the 
American depot at Sackette' Harbour, and 
on 17 June on a etronr fort occunied bj the 
Amoricatin at Great Sodua, -where ne received 
a severe bayonet wound. lie took part in 
the expedition against Black Hock on Lake 
ODtario, which was captured and burned on 
12 July, He wM at the capture of Fort 
Niagara on W Dec. and distinguished him- 
self in the action near BulTalo on 29 Dee. 
1818, In the following jear he was engn^ned 
in the fichtin^ on the Ohippcwa under Major- 
^nerall'hineas Itjall on 5 June 1814, and 
iQ the desperate victory of the Chippewa on 
2fi July, when Lieutenant-general Sir Gor- 
don Drummond commanded the British. 
Riall WHS taken prisoner, and Wilson, 
wounded seven times and lefl for dead on 
the field of battle, fell intti the enemy's 
hands, and remained a prisoner until after the 
treaty of Ghent terminated the war in 
December 1814. 

For his distinguished conduct and bravery 
at Buffalo and Chippewa he received two 
brevet steps of promotion. lie was aLto 
awarded the peninsular raedal with clasps 
for Busaco and Fuentes d'Onor. He was for 
some time aide-de-camp to Major-general 
Kiall at Grenada in the West Indies. lie 
went on the half-nay list on 25 July 1822, 
and on 16 Nov. following he was appointed 
adjutant of the Royal Hospital at Chelsea. 
He was gentleman usher of the privychauiber 
to Queen Adelaide for nearly twenty years 
till her death in 18-19. He was mode a'com- 
panion of the order of the Bath and a knight 
of the myal Hanoverian Ouelphic ordar. 
On 14 July 1865 he was appointed major 
and commandant of CheUea Hospital, where 
he died on 8 May 1868. He married, in 
1824, Amelia Elizabeth Bridgman (J. 1864), 
daughter of Ootonel John Iloulton. 

(DespatchM ; Army Lisis ; Chrjatia's War in 
Canada; Gc-nt. Mag. 1868; Royal MililaryCal. 
182U; Alison's Hint, of Eunips ; M-Qudail's 
CatnpaignHuf 1812, 1813, nndlSU; Carmi.-bnel 
amjth's Wan in Canada.] R. H. V. 

WILSON, MARGARET (1667-1685), 
the ' martvr of the Solway,' elder daughter 
of Gilbert Wilson {d. 1704), a yeoman of 
Penninghame, Wigtownshire, was born at 
Qlenvemock in that parish in 1667. Though 
her parents conformed to episcopacy, Mar- 
garet and her younger sister Agnes refused 
to do so. Un 18 April 1685 the eisters, 



together with a much older person, Mar- 
garet MacLachlan (aged 1)3), were tried at 
Wigtown oasize, before the sheriff-depute, 
David Graham (brother of Claverhouee), and 
three other judges, upon a charge of rebel- 
lion and attenifaDce at field conventiclee. 
All three having refused the abjuration oath, 
they were sentenced to be tied to stokes 
fixed within the flood-mark in the water of 
Bladenoch, where the sra flowed at high 
water, so that they should be drowned by 
the incoming tide. The prisoners were con- 
fined in the tower of Wigtown church. 
Agnes, who was but thirteen, was bailed out 
by lier father upon a bond of 100/. (duly 
exacted upon her non-appearance), but on 
the other two sentence was carried out on 
11 May 1685. Major Windram guarded 
them lo the place of execution, whither 
they were attended by a throng of spec- 
tators; Margaret appears to have token rhe 
load throughout. ' The old woman's stoke,' 
says Wodrow, ' was a good way in beyond 
the other, and she was the first despatched 
. . . ' but Margaret ' adhered to her pnnciplee 
with an unshaken steadfastness.' After the 
water bad swept over her, but before she was 
dead, another chance of taking the oath was 
afforded her. ' Most deliberately she refused 
and said, " I will not. 1 am one of Christ's 
children; let mega." Upon which she was 
thrust down again into the water, where shs 
finished her course with joy. She died a 
virgin-martyr, about eighteen years of age.' 
An elaborate efibrt has been made (Napiek, 
Case far the Croien) lo show that the sen- 
tence was never really executed, but that a 
recommendation to pardon, made by the lords 
of the privy council (which appears in the 
council registers), was carried into effect. 
Wodrow himself refers to the signature of a 
letter of repriere, but there is abundant evi- 
dence to prove that the death sentence was 
carried out in all its barbarity — probably 
before the notice of remission hod time to he 
conveyed from Edinburgh to Wigtown. A 
horizontal slab, upon which Margaret's name 
and seven rude couplets were inscribod, wu 
set up in Wigtown cemetery early in the 
eighteenth century, and a monumental 
obelisk was erected on Windy Hill to the 
memory of the martvrs in 1^61. Millais^ 
well-known picture, ''1'he Martyr of the Sol- 
way ' (1871), was purchased by Agnew for 
472 guineas, and was subsequently given by 
Mr, George Hoit to the Walker Art Gallery, 
Liverpool (1896). A statue of Margaret 
Wilson was exhibited at the Royal Academy 
in 1889 by 0. B. Birch, A.R.A. 

[WudroVs SnfTBrings of tbe Church of Scot- 
lanJ, 1S30, ir. 318 ; ^teivart's History vitidi- 



Wilson 



119 



Wilson 



I 



csted in the Ciua of Iha Wigtown Mnityn. 
Edinburgh, 1S6T. 2ad edit. ISSS [aOijrdiQg a 
complete aoswer to] Napier's Cnae for the 
Crown in re the Wigtown Miiftynt. proved to be 
Hjlh, I8S3: Scott's Tales oT a UrBiidfHther, 
18*7. p- 237; Macnulaj's Uietury, chap. iv. ; 
J&mes AudereoD'a Lailies of the Cocenant, ISSI, 
pp. 427-48; Oroome's OnlDance Uautteer of 
Scutknd ».v. ' Wigtown ; ' NoMs Mnd Ouaries, 
4th Bur. V. 640: see alao art. (jH^luu. Joa.v, 
Viscount DnHDEK.] T. S. 

WILSON, MAIIY ANXE (1802-1867), 
vocalist. [See under Wbj-sh, Thomas, 
1781-1848.] 

WILSON, MATTHEW (1582-1056), 
eeuit. [See Ksott, EijwiBD.] 

WILSON, NICHOLAS {d. 1548), Ro- 
man catholic diviue, bom nesr Beverley in 
Holdemeaa,wa£ educated at Obrist'a College, 
Cambridge, grnduatang B.A. in 1508-9, Htid 
commencinjt D D. in 1533. He was related 
to John Witson, prior of Mount Grace in 
YotkB\nTe(LetUr>andPaperto/amryFIII, 
XIT. ii. 748), Before 1527 he was appointed 
chaplain and confesaor to Henrv \ III (ii. 
hr. 2641). On 7 Oct. 1528 he was collated 
art^deacoQ of Oxford, and in the same ;enr 
receired from the king the vicarage of Thaxted 
in £B8ex (lA. iv. 4476, 4521, 4548 ). 'W'ilson 
wu a friend of Sir Thomas More and of 
John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and was a 
aealoos Roman catholic, frenuentlyacting as 
an examiner of heretics (Potb, Actes imd 
Monument), ed. Townsend, iv. 680, 703, 704). 
On 28 March 1531 he waa presented by the 
king to tlie church of St. Thomas the Apostle 
in London (Lellen and Paperi, v. 166), and 
in 1533 he was elected master of Uichael- 
houee at Cambridge. In the latter year, 
however, when the divorce of Catherine of 
Aragon was debated ineonvoeation,hejoined 
the minority in asserting that the pope bad 
power to ^raut a dispenaetion in case of 
nuuriagowith a deceased brother's widow. 
About that time he was employed by the 
papal party as an itinerant preacher in York- 
ahire, Lancafihire, and Cheshire. He also 
visited Bristol, where he encountered Lati- 
ner, and threatened him with burning unless 
he mended his wuys (Strife, EtxUf. Mem. 
1822, I. i. 245; Letteri and Papers of 
JJmiy nil, vi. 247. 41 1, 433, Sii. li. 9.i2). 
His opposition to the king soon involvol 
him in peril, and on 10 April 1534, a week 
before the arrest of Fisher and More, he was 
committed to the Tower for refusing to take 
the oath relative to the succession to the 
Cii.Tu. 483, 603, rj7rj,viii. 666, 1001 ; 
FoXB, V. 08). He was attainted of misprision 
of treason by act of parliament, deprived of . 




all his preferments, and condemned to pa^ 
petual imprisonment. Confinement soon 
caused his resolution to falter. Before bia 
own execution More wrote him two kindly 
letters, telling him that he heard that he 
was going to take the oath, and that he for 
his own part should never counsel any man 
to do otherwise (Mobb, English Works, i. 
443). Wilson, however, hesitated for many 
months lonifer.and on 17 Feb. 1635-6Euslace 
Chapuys, the imperial ambassador, wrote to 
Granvelle that it was reported that Uenry 
intended putting him to death (Lutttra and 
Papers, x. 308). In 1537 he took the oath, 
and on 29 May he received a pardon ijb. xil. 
i. 1315, 1330, ii. 181). On 7 June 1537 he 
was presented to the deanery in the col- 
legiate church of Wimborne Minster in Dor- 
set, receiving a secnnd grant of the same 
office on 'MS May 1538, and retaining the 
office until the dissolution of the deanery in 
1547 0*6. XII. ii. 191, uu. i. 1116). a)on 
after his release, however, he incurred the 
suspicion of communicating with recusants, 
and on 25 Aug. 1537 he wrote a submissive 
letter to Cromwell, professing his desire to 
conform to the king's wishes (ift. xii, ii 679). 
In September he and Nicholas Heath [q. v.] 
were appointed to confer with Cardinal Pole 
in the Netherlands, and to endeavour to per- 
suade hira to acknowledffe the king's eccle- 
siastical supremacy in England. 'They re- 
ceived written instructions, in which they 
were ordered to address the cardinal only as 
• Mr. Pole ; ' but Pole's sudden return to Italy 
prevented the mission, and Wilson was abfo 
to appertr at Hampton Court on 15 Oct., at 
Prince Edward's christening (ift, xii. ii, 619, 
620,635,911). On 20 Dec. he was admitted 
rector of St. Martin Outwich in London, 
and earlier in the same year he was elected 
master of St, John's College, Cambridge, in 
opposition to the king's nominee, Qeorgo 
Day [q. rf], an event which nearly proved 
fatal to the college. Wilson did not venture 
to accept the ofGce, and in a letter to Thomaa 
Wriothesley, now in the record office, he 




joined the majority of the lower house of 
convocation in declaring his intention to 
accept the determination of the king and 
bishops in regard to points of doctrine and 
discipline similar to those contained in the 
six articles (ft. Xlv. i. 1065). 

Although Wilson professed to act only in 
complete submission to the king, yet accord- 
ing to Charles de Marillac, the French am- 
bassador, he was suspected of secret commu- 
nicutiona with Rome (ib. xv. 736). In May 
1540 he was arrested for being privy to the 



I 

I 
i 



^m Wilson 

flight of Kichard llilliard, Tunstall's chsp 
lain, to Scotland, Biid for ' relieviDD; certi — 
traitorous penons which denied tue kin 
supremacy (Hall, Chron. 1548, p. 6^ 
On 4 Junu he wrote an entreaty to Cromwell 
Ut intercede for him ( Letters and Fapen, 
747), but he remained in the Tower until 
1641, when, although excepted from the 
general pardon of the previous year, he was 
released bj the king (i*. xvi. 678; Hall, p. 
841). On 20 July 1542 he wae collated to 
the prebend of IJolton in York Cathedral, 
and on 1 4 Dec. to that of Hoxton in St. Paurs. 
He died before » June 1548, his will being 
proved in the same year (P. C. C. 14 Popul- 
well), Ha wrote a prefatory epiatle, dated 
1 Jan. 1521, to a sermon preached by F"iaher 
on the burning of Luther's books, which was 
printed iu the Latin edition of Fisher's 
'Works,' published at Wiiraburg in lGfl7. 
He was also the author of s book printed at 
Paris before 1636 against Hen^s divorce 
{Letters and Paperx, viii. 859). ^veral ma- 
nuscript treatises bv him of a theological 
nature are preserved in the record office, and 
■were probably seiied at the time of his first 
arrest (I'fi. viii. 162, vol. ix. index, a. v. ' \Vi3- 
Bon '). John Leland hftx some lines to Wil- 
Bon in his ' Encomia ' (1589, p. 51). 

[Letters and Piipfrsof HBury VIII, ed. Brewer 
and Qnirdner ; Cnoper'e Athene Cantnhr. i. 91 ; 
Tanosr'B BiUiolh. Brit.-Hib.; Le Neves Fasti 
Ecclw. AngL od Hardy; Buker'. Hist, ot S*. 
John's Coll. Cambr. ed. Mayor, i. 70, 110-12, 
301; Nowconrt's BeperL Ecelos. Londin. 1710 
i. 164. 419, ii. £82; Works of Hugh Latitupr 
(Parker Soc-), ii. 36a ; Bale's Select Works 
(Parkar Soc.). p. AIQ; HenoeBa/i Noram Re- 
pert. Londin. 1697; Foie's Actcs and Monu- 
tnente. ed. Tnwnaend. v. 430, fiBB, rii. 466, 476, 
490, 605. 116-, Fiildes's Life of Wolsey, 172*. 
pp. IBS, 203; Ziirlch LetCem (Parker Soc). 
1848. pp, 20H, 211 ; Burnet's Hist, nftheRofoi^ 
matioD, IsaS ; Halcbins's Dorset, 1S68, iii. 186, 
ISO; DemauB's Life of Latimer, 1881, p. 13j.] 
E. I. C. 

"WILSON. mCRARD (1714-1782), 
landscape-painter, was horn at Penegoea in 
MonlgomerysUire, of which hU father held 
the living, on 1 Aug. 1714. Ilia mother 
■was one of the Wynnes of Leeawold. His ' 
fatberwaa collated to Mold after Wilson's 
birth, and gave his son, who does not seem 
to have gone to achool, an excellent classi- 
cal education. With the asaiatonce of Sir 
George Wynne, Wilson was sent to London 
in 172^, and placed with Thomas Wright, a 
portrait-pointer, of whom little is known. 
Wilson began bis artistic career as a portrait- 
painter, find attained some position in that 
orancb of the profession. A portrait by him 



!o Wilson ^B 

of John Hamilton Mortimer was valned by 
John Britton [q. v.] at l.W guineas in Iftl^. 
There are several portraita by him at the 
Oarrick Club, and he painted (about I74r') 
a grroup of the young Prince of Wales 
(George III), his brother Edward Augustus, 
duke of York, and their tutor Dr. Ayacough. 
Tbia picture is now in the National Portrait 
Gallery (London), as well as nnolber of the 
two pnncea by themselves, evidently taken 
for or from thelargerpicturc. In 1749 Wil- 
aon went to Italy, and there he painted a 
landscape which excited the admiration of 
Francesco Zuccarelli [q.v.], who advised him 
to take to landaeape-painting. Tliis was at 
Venice, and either there or at Rome Horace 
Vemet encouraged him to do the aBm<*. The 
French painter also exchanged landscapes 
with him and showed Wilson's in bis own 
studio with generous praise to all comers. 
Wilson aoongained a considerable repu tat ion 
iu Italy aa a landscape-painter, and Raphael 
Mengs painted his portrait in exchange for 
one of hia landscapes. When at \'eniee he 
made the acquaintance of William ly>cke of 
Korbury [l.v.l (the patron of George Barret 
the elder [q. v.l Wilson's rival), for whom he 
painted some sketches and laudscapes. Wil- 
son was six ^ears in Italy (principally at 
Rome) painting and giving leasone. He 
seeme to have mixed with the best society. 
In 1 764 he sketched Mrecenas Villa in com- 
pany with the Earls of Pembroke, Thanet, 
and Essex, and Viscount Bolingbroke. He 
travelled from Rome to Naples with Lord 
Dartmouth, for whom he painted some land- 
scapes, and reached England again in 1766. 
His reputation had preceded him to England, 
and bis return excited much interest amonf^ 
hia brother artists, but it is said tliat his 
merit was not at once appreciated even by 
them. Paul Sandby[q.v.] is noted aa an 
exception. He recommended ^\'ilson to the 
Duke of Cumberland, for whom W'ilson 
painted hia celebrated picture of 'Niobe,' 
which wasexbibitedat the Society of Artist* 
in 1760, and engraved by WooUett in 1781. 
Wilaon painted the subject three times: his 
earliest painting of it belonged to Sir George 
Beaumont, and was engraved by S. Smith 
(%ure8 by William Sharp), and is now in 
the National Gallery ; another was bought 
by the Marquia of Stafford. Hia picture of 
a ' View of Rome from the ViUa Madama ' 
(exhibited 1T66) was bought by tbe'Mai^uis 
of Tavistock. These and other works brought 
him the reputation of the greatest landscape- 
paiuter of the day, but bis fame guned bun 
scantv emploTmenl. 

Between 1^60 and 1708 Waaon exhibited 
over thirty pictures at the Society of British 



i_». 



Wilson 



I 



AniHts, including some of his best known 
pictures. Besides the works already men- 
tioned there were 'Temple of Clilumuus' and 
'The Lake nf N'emi' (171)1) i a landBcapo 
with bennita (17U2) (possibly that engraved 
under the title of ' The White Monk*) ; ' A 
Urge landscape with Phaeton's petition to 
ApoUo,' exhibited in 1(63 aJid afterwards 
repeated ; 'A Summer Storm, with the Story 
of the two Lovers from Thomson (Celadon 
and Amelia)'(1765),ftnd 'ASlormnt Day- 
break, with the Story of Ceyx and Aluioue 
— CIvid's Metam.'(thepicture,port of which 
ivis B&id to have been painted from a pot of 
porter and a Stilton cheese), Many of his 
jncturee of this period were engraved by 
Woollett, William Byrne, J. Roberts, and 
Others, most of them for Boydell. Although 
the subjects were principally Italian, he ex- 
hibited a few English and Welsh scenes, 
including ' View near Cheater,' 'Camurvon 
Caatle,' and ' Snowdon,' and ' A View of a 
Ruin in Her Royal Highness the Princess of 
Wales's Garden at Kew.' 

Wilson was one of the first members of 
the Royal Academy who were nominated by 
George III at its institution in 17<>8, and 
be contributed regularly to its exhibitions 
till 1780. During this period there was 
little change in his art. In 1770 he sent his 
picture of 'Cicero and his two friends ATticus 
mndQaintus at his vIIIb at Arpinum' (en- 
Krared by Woollett for Boydell). In 1771 
he sent 'A View near Winstay, the seat of 
Sir WalkinsW.Wynn, Bart./ one of Crow 
Castle, near Llangollen ; and another of 
}Iougbton, the seat of the late Marquis of 
Tavistock. In 1774 hu painted a lai^e 
picture, six feet by five, of the * Cataract 
(rf Niagara, from a drawing by Lieutenant, 
ISerie of the Royal Artillery ' (engraved by 
William Byrne), and a view of Cader Idris, 
perhaps the picture taken from the summit 
of this mountain which was engraved hy 
£. and M. Hooker. In 1776 he eihibiled 
' Passage of the Alps at Mount Oenia ' and 
tliree others, including a ' Lake of Xemi,' 
ft favourite subject with bim and his few 
Giulamera. In 177G he sent 'A View of 
Sion House from RichmondQardenSg'possibly 
the picture which at this date or before is 
said to have been the cause of the loss of 
eaurt patronage. He asked sixty guineas for 
it, to which l.^rd Bute objected as too much, 
Dpon which the artist replied that if the king 
conid not pay the sum at once, he would take 
it in instalments. Thisstoir is generally told 
of a date previous to the mstitution of the 
Rdjal Academy, but there is no trace of the 
picture before 1776, Afterthis the only pic- 
ture of importance by him which appeared at 




the academy was 'Apollo and the Sei 
exhibited iu 1779; but another celebrated 
picture, ' Meleager and Atalants,' which waa 
not exhibited, was engraved by Woollett 
and Pouncey and published in this year. 
The figures in this picture were supplied by 
Mortimer. A meuotint by Earlom from 
the same picture, or a replica of it, appeared 
in 1771. In 1780 he sent a ' View of Tabley, 
Cheshire, the seat of Sir F. Iieicester,' bia 
last contribution to the exhibitions. 

This waa probably one of his commissions, 
and thej were very few ; for in spite of his 
reputation, which waa always high, he had 
to suffer from almost continuous neglect— a 
neglect increasing with hia years. At last 
the pawnbrokers were his principal custo- 
mers, but he found it difficult to sell even 
to them. While lie could get scarcely suf- 
ficient employment to live, other inferior 
nrtiats, like George Barret the elder, Qeorga 
SDiithofCbicbester,andZuccarelli,flounshed 
exceedingly. Moreover, he had to suffer 
special mortifications. In a contest for fame 
with Smith of Chichester before the Royal 
Society that au^st body decided against 
Wilson. His picture of Kew Gardens waa 
returned to him hy the king, and, worst of 
all perhaps, he bad to listen to a deputation 
of artists headed by Edward Penny [q. v.], 
who recommended bim to adopt the ughter 
style of Zuccarelli. He is said to liave 
offended them by thewarmth of his remarks 



I 
I 



For many years Wilson lived in the Great 
Piaiia of Covent Garden, and from 1771-3 
hewasst 36 Charlotte StreetjFitzroy Square, 
from which he was able to enjoy the view 
of ihecountryaway toHampstead and High- 
cate. During 1777-8 he was al 24 Norton 
Street,andin 1779 in Great Titchfield Street, 
hut as he grew poorer he had to seek more 
modest quarters, until at length be lived in 
a wretched lodging In Tottenham Street, 
Tottenham Court Road. He was reduced to 
such straits that when one day a young friend 
introduced a lady who gave him a commia- 
sioii for two iiictures he had not money to 
buy paints and brushes to execute them. On 
another occasion he asked Barry [see BlBBT, 
Jahbb, 1741-1806] if he knew any one mad 
enough to employ a landacape-painier. 

In 1776, on the death of Francis Uayman 

&. v.], he applied for and obtained the post 
librarian to the lioyal Academy, for which 
be was well fitted by his education and taste, 
and its slender stipend was a welcome addi- 
tion to his resources. A few years after this 
he inherited from hia brother a amall estate 
at LIunheris, which enabled him 
comfort for the short remtiant of hia days. 



I 



i 



Wilson 



^\"ilson 



He retired into WhIbh in 1781, and died 
niddenlj at Colomondie, the residence of bis 
reUtire, Mrs. Jonea, near Llanberia, on 
IS May 1782. He wiu buried in llie church- J 
yard at St. Mary-at-Mold. \ 

Wilson ii now acknowledged to be one of 
the greatest of English landscape-pa inters. 
Hid art was based upon that of balvator 
Rosa, Gaepar Pouuin, and Claude. Il was 
inspired by the scenery of Italy, and espe- 
cially of tbe C'ampaf^a, with its clear brio'ht 
skies and ancient ruins. It was Mtmewhat 
formal and careteas of detail, but in grandeur 
of design, in breadth of trsalment, in the 
barmonv of its rich but quiet colour, and in 
the rendering of space and air, WiUon bas 
fewrivala. His pictures of his own country, 
like the noble 'Snowdon from Nantlle,' lent 
b^ Mr. F. Worsley-Taylor to the 1899 exhi- 
bition in tbe corporation of London art gal- 
lery,are amongbis finest works ; and, though 
they have a strong resemblance to his pio- 
turvs of Italy, they contain much local truth 
of form and atmosphere. He used a very re- 
stricted palette, and painted with one brush. , 

In person Wilson was slout and robust, . 
and above the middle eize. In later vears j 
his face was blotchy and his nose reti, the 
result possibly of large potations of port«r, 
which IS said to have been his only luxury. I 
His fondness for this beverage was so well I 
known that Zoflany introduced him with a 
pot of it at Lis elbow into his picture of the 
royal ncnderaicians (1773), but painted it < 
out when Wilson threatened to thrash him. 
He was shy of society, especially when years j 
of neglect and poTertf bud emoittered him. 
He lived in and for his art, confident in hts | 
own genius and scornful of the opinions of : 
othera. His spirit never broke; his faith 
never fa)t«red ; he made no concession to 
popular opinion, but fought for his own 
ideals to the last. Even among artists he , 
seems to have had few friends except Sir Wil- 
liam Beechey, Paul Sandby, James Barry, I 
and J. H. Mortimer. With Bir Joshua 
Reynolds he was not on cordial terms, but 
there seems to be no suflicient ^rounds for 
Cunningham's charges of hostility on the 

Eirt of Reynolds. They seem principally 
aaed on llie story of Wilson's retort to | 
Reynolds when, ignoring Wilson's presence ' 
at a social gathering of academicians at 
the Turk's Head in Gerrard Street, Sir 
Joshua proposed tbe health of Gainsborough 
as ' Che best landscape-painter,' on which 
Wilson added aloud, ' and the hest portrait- 
pointer too." On the other hand, Reynolds 
obtained commissions for two pictures by 
Wilson when tbe latter was in sore straits. 
Of his manner and character CuaniDgham 



teils UB 'he loved truth and detested flattery; 
he C'uld endure a joke, but not contradio- 
tion. He was deficient in courtesy of speech. 
His conversation abounded with iofomation 
and humour, and his manners, which were 
at first repulsive, gradually smoothed down 
as he grew animated. Those who enjoyed 
the pleasure of his friendship agree in pnv 
Douncing him a man of strong sense, intelli- 
gence, and refinement.' 

Mengs's portrait of Wilson was engraved 
by W.Bond for John Britton's 'The Fine 
Arts of the British School,' and appears as 
a frontispiece to Wrights 'Life of the 
artisi. A caricature profile of him with a 
red nose, and a maulstick on his shoulder, 
was drawn bj Sir Qeor^ Beaumont, and 
etched for the title-page of Thomas Hnst- 
ings's ' Notes from Etchings from the Works 
of R. Wilson,' 162.5. 

It must have been when Wilson was dead 
or dyinp that Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar) 
wrote his celebrated lines about ' Red-nosed 
Wilson,' which were published in his fiiat 
volume of ' Lyric Odes to tbe Royal Am 

■ (1783), and conclude as follow»H 



t, hone 



: Wile 



Ifnmartal praises tliQU sbalt God, 

And fur s dioaer hare no cause ta fear. 
Thoti Bturt'st at my prophetic rhymes ; 
Don't be impatient for those times; 

Wnit till thou host been dead a hundred year. 
This prophecy has been more than justified. 
In lebti a ' Nlobe ' (belonging to tbe I>uke of 
Gloucester) was sold to Sir F. Baring for 
830/. In 1814 the Exhibition of Deceased 
Masters at the British Institution contained 
over eighty of Wilson's paintings. In 1827, 
at Lorf de Tabley's sale, 'On the Amo' 
fetched 493<. IOj, These prices have been 
exceeded since, especially during tbe last 
five-and-twenty years, during which many 
of his finest pictures have been exhibited at 
tbe Royal Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery, 
and other exhibitions all over the country. 
Ac the Duke of Hamilton's sale in 1882 a 
'View of Rome— Sunset' fetched 1,050/, 
Besides the ' Niobe' there are several small 
works by Wilson in the National Gallery, 
and two tine pictures in the South Kensing- 
ton Museum. At the British Museum are 
a large number of AVilson's sketches in Italy. 
The^ are very slight— mere intimations irf 
subjects for pictures. There is also the fine 
early drawing of a large head referred to Jn 
Edwards's ' Anecdoles.' 

Wilson had several pupils, the most im- 
portant of whom were Joseph Earingtoa 
[q.v.] and William Hodges [q.v.] 

[Some Aeomni of the Life of Itichai^l Wilson, 
bj T. Wright of Norwood, 1824; Hastings'* 




Notes from Elehlngs from Works of R. Wilson ; 
CuDninghnm's Lives, ed. Hmton ; EdwnrdBs 
Aoecdutis: Smith'* NollrkenB and hia Times; 
Red^Tftres' Cenlnry; Ksdunre's Diet.; Laslis 
and THvlur's Life of Sir Joshm RejnoldB ; Hen- 
ton's Conoise HiBtory of Puint.ing. ed. Monk- 
bouBe : Cucalogues of the Society of ArtiaiB, 
RoT&t Aoademy, nnd BciLish Institution.] 

C. M. 

WILSON, ROBERT, the elder (rf. IflOO), 

act4]rand plsvwrighl, was one of tho players 

who joined the Earl of Leicester's company 

on its eeUblishmcnt in 1674. He at once 

equal to ttiat of Richard Tarltou [q. v.] 
Gabriel Harvey wrote in 1579 to the poet 
Spenser, complaining that his friends were 
(Dgtimtirely speakin?) thrusting him ' on. tiie 
stBRetomaketTyallorhieextuniporall faculty 
and to play \\'yUoii'9 or Tarleton's parla' 

SIlABVEt, JToritt, ed, Qrosarl, i. \'2(i). In 
663 Wilson was chosen to beone of twelve 
octorswho were formed into the Queen Eliza- 
beth's company. With the queen's company 
he WM connec'ted till 1688. Stow remarked 
that among the twelve players of the queen's 
original compitDy the most efBcient were 
the 'two rare men' Wilson and Tarlton. 
Stow credited Wilson (to whom he erro- 
□eoiulygave the christian name of Tbomfts) 
with a 'quick, delicate, refined, extemporal 
wit' (Stow, Chronicle, ed. Howes, London, 
1631, p. 698, sub anno 1683). Aher 1.^88 
"Wilson seems to have transfercwi his ser- 
vices to Lord Strange's company of actors, 
"which EUbacquently passed to the patronage 
of the lord chnmberlain, and was joined by 
BbAkespeare. Wilson maintained his repu- 
tation tor extemporising until tho end of the 
century. In 1598 Francis Meres, after re- 
calling the triumphs of Tarlton, whn died 
in 16^, noted that his place had since been 
filled by 'our witty Wilson, who for learning 
d extemporal wit in this faculty is with- 
t compitre or compeer; as to his great 
and eternal commendations, he manifested 
n hia chBllengo at the Swan, on the Bonk 
Kde.' No other reference is known to 
Wilson's ' challenge ' at the Swan Theatre. 
Merea also mentions ' Wilson ' among ' the 
best poets for comedy,' but there he pro- 
bably refers to a younger liobert Wilson (see 
below). Thomas Hey wood, in his ' ApologiQ 
I ibr Actors,' 1612, numbers the elder ' Wil- 
P son' omongEnglishplavers of distinction who 
I flourished conspicuousiy 'before his time.' 
Wilson also made a reputatiou as a 
r of plays. In 1680 Thomas Lodge 
replied in a 'Defence of Poetry, Muaiii, 
nnd Stage Pluys' to Stephen Go9«on's 
'Schoole of Abuse.' Lodge incidentally 




charged Gosaon with plagiarism in a lost 
play on the subject of ' Cat i lines Con- 
spiracy,' and declared that he preferred 
to Oosaon's effort ' Wilson's shorta and ' 
sweete [drama on the identical topic], a 
peece surely worthy prayse, the practise 
of a good scholler' (Hunterian Club edition, 
I«(9, p. 43). No play by Wilson dealing 
with Catiline ia extant, but on 21 Aug. lOw 
the theatrical manager Philip Henalowe 
advanced to ' Robert Wilson ' ten shillings 
on security of hia play of ■ Catiline,' which 
he wa« writing in coiyunction with Henty 
Chettle (Hbnslowb, Dian/, p, 132). This 
piece, like its forerunners, is lost, but it was 
poMibly n version of Wilson's earlier play, 
revised by the younger Robert, who regu- 
larfy worked for Henalowe. 

Tha four extant plays which may be 
assigned to tbe oomic actor with some 
conHdence are loosely constructed moralities 
in which personified vices and virtues 
play the leading parts. The chancten 
are very numerous. There is hardly any 
plot. The metre employed ia various, 
and includes ballad doggerel, short rhyming 
lines, rhyming heroics and blank verse, 
beside.s occasional passages in prose. The 
earliest of the ejtiant pieces for which 
Wilson may be held responsible bears tbe i 
title, ' A right excellent and famous 
Comedy called the Three Ladica of London. 
Wherein is Notablie declared and setfootth, 
hnw by the mttanes of Lucar, Loue and 
Conscience is so corrupted, that the one is 
married to Dissimulation, the other fraught 
with all abhomination, A Perfect Fat t*>rne 
for all Estates to loolce into, and a works 
right wortliie to be marked. Written by 
R. W,, as it hath been publiquely played. 
At London [by Roger Warde]!" 1584, black 
letter, 4to. A second edition, with soma 
variations, followed in 1692. Of the 15H4 
edition copies are in the British Museum, 
the Bodleian, and the Pepysian (Magdalene 
College, Cambridge) libraries. Of ihe 
second edition a perfect copy is at Bridg- 
water House, and an Imperfect copy at thJa 
British Museum. At the end of both im- 

S-essions appear the words. ' Fiuis I'aul 
ucke.' Bucke was probably the copyist 
employed by the acting company which fint 

Sroduced the piece ; he seems to have been 
imself an actor. 'The Three Ladies' of 
tbe play ere Lucre, Love, and Conscience. 
Love end Conscience are perverted by the 
machinations of Lucre and Dissimnlalion. 
A few concrete personages appear with the 
allegorical ubstractioos. One episode deals 
with the effort of a Jewish creditor, Geron- 
tus, to recover a debt from an Italian mei^ 



I 



i 



* > --ri-il 



^Vilson 



djuii: Ai-rr-jiinr-, Ana*' •j:nTPe»*£-m- a :it^«* 

uui t-ii'ii»iiii II ~it- Ai'frimxzr n" "^--1:11^. 

"wu' luni.iui' ▼! i ^ ij^iH t I'lrm-Tu. it ~-iis 

m*^''* ■ -li^ •:ii^vi if '.If. iiK*:v if a-lfc-t 
fexnu'ijt:!"' uiit "Uir -h*- nu" ui't i*:-n 
lUiti'r^'.uii-n IV -Xit isir.ii:r. 
li . 'i\*. Mi^-* wm vuuMitfi n rTir-niufc- 



!?*ijt Jr*i*s«*i;i; uiit r«'*iu>:'* jii.n.1 ir "Oi- 



y* :■ I Ml? irvir .'.«T toiL ? ;nin»r. r«:i«nxnia-: 

▼ ::i n.utn. u.ntt**?: jiL:r_i- 3ir iit-us>uTT laiL 
Tv.r-'-L.'.t.ti. i;iij:n;r 1111.17 JL.trul in^tr'^- 
'U.nit uii: .r.u-^r jini.rr*:ir mu— -rt :r tut 
J^-in-r:. 2-7 ^- "*» - l-:niD.n. ttji:-: 17 !• 

lil*fl:t--l ■■.r 'JUt -rvr* .a I_ »l^J IT::*.. A 

• • ■ * - 

hiZjt* Lt Ji '.lit }'r^.«-^^ ;:ir*:*:^ lt* 1 

•.-,* »- .- *-" 

to "1- :^r.-f -'-il-r L.-.T -u-lvc. 

'. - . - .••-r'- -• .— T «».I. — J.— T '_ - - - — 
J ...•-. •^- -1. / ^^- w^-— A j^ . .ii^ r- ». _» 

O,.. r. i'.-,::.r-r. Wr.:-T= It i::l^r: 

fcl^y.r.'il. *.r.'j :r-:. .;:- i-:rs-.n:r:?a::.r.f -:: 
C>i :. * «r ::. y . N •: » r\ r. t'l -^I nr ^^ - . F : '. I v. a r. i the 
J i k - . */ . ♦ r:- 4 r. v '.f • h e i.' ■ -c * & r. d zckI ies^-s of 
vAst^'.f.h] Ti.yti'/.^-iry h.^'j t:2''ir>=r in the dra- 
yntfl'iP jtfTfon^f-. ^^'-y^t of T}i:« rare q^jarto 
ar«r ;r. t/j.: i,r^.-;ir;«-- '/f the I'rirUh Mu^e'xni, 
til" ii'Al'.nu. Hrl'i^.f'.vat'rr Ho'j.«*. an-i the 
lVj,vs.ifiri O/il'T'ti'/ij ht Mai"jal»-ne College, 
Chru\in*i'^t'. John i'ayn'r Collier rleacril>rd 
a coiiv in wlji':}j a ftr*' lirif-s had Uren sup- 
pi i'-a in rfjftiiijr/:ri[;l by d^'Or/f: Cliapman 
(NoffM and Qu^rifff 'ird s'T. ii. 4i'lM. A 
flimilar pr^iduction, licenf^^yi for the press 



Ti TTunnittf Cn'i^at dl jf> Mar lliS4, and 
imiJiHU^L ini(ixr"ZDnufiL*T nex; T«ar imder the 
"in** & Tirt J'-diffl* JVrrjmeFT." mar on 
nri-^niu *^'\iksus^. ih anzitixnied t^ Wilson. 
. Trn>^ u*^ n "Uis ZirmBL Unsemn and Bod- 
jh*2ui iimiTie!: 

iLT Fif-c^ inr Tausnoif tiat ai* not con- 
^msmi ir«un4f ti 'W'lifinii TaH- TpiT of • Fair 
♦Lax- lilt jLIlHTf Ifuurii-.flr nf Jianchest^fr; 
■^r.i -_i*? jpfTr, tif TTlliiiat thf Conqneror,' 
iT "V'liiia. "Uit ii?w 131 rwx I m^ ' j ' jafei on ap- 
iftic^-L n. I ^*J _ Tu* pKsssft- ira* in exift^nce 
i«tii;rt \'-\r .. vLiEL it "ira* Ofscvanced by 
iAiOi-r- r-m-nif. n. iuf ' Fa^fwell to FollyV 
i.T ^h-.tiiir :n. U3n«*«j: ci S^CTSoy. School 

Tii-j?? i? l~-uci £i:iLii; tJxtt Wilson the 

ur-iT Liii^iiik-^^-rririr, wu iteitacal with 

Zm : u**!— w liS TI. y -miiiT k lutyer I.* vho was 

"inr-»-L l: fr .- J«* K Ci^iTTiut^rk:*. on 20 Nov. 

>-nrr.itfr L.in^ Wnsc-y "1579-1610), 
mi* rt "Lit? "iiii!"j:-'wr:Tfc« T^apiliriT employed 
t7 "It* Ti«t~*irAl niLXih^E? H^enslowe from 
ITir*?' *: 1:MI^ -vl* Tr.-rtifciLT the ccvmedian*s 
>fi ««:ii. LUi -r-L* tiLTtrjies at St- Botolphs 
rr- ?iizr::'r- ro*iii •!}»««:+, .tc fifj Sepi 1579. 
Z'lK ■ "S^lrfca ' nrriij :iD*«£ W Meres among* 
-iit ■ :tftp; wT-'-jr? .-'f cocne^y of the day 
irLT:* -i iC-tr***'? -f: ir ci»e conjunction 
w-i ritTij^- latiliwiT. Mnnday, and 
icIt^? :;f iiTi.fJ.-w*'* Li^i-writ^rp. The 
rt>:rT-.:*r wl* 5'-'.tItt» *iri«?ed by the 
fri=.t".": '•".•■ri £:■-* ry :be yotuurer Wilson 
iz ^1 T -Kr : T- "* j^r^oe. L^nly one of t he pieces 
1=. -vi^i- K;>i=r: 'W"-*:-::- Henslowe's drudge, 
Lli 4 la=.i f irr.Tts. azl that—' The First 



Fir: : : S-r J ;>- «y.ic*5tle ' — has no resem- 
clir.-^ :- 5ty*.T :■;■ -.i* m^ral interludes 
:Li: LTV iA?ir=A*' '.r t : the c^r^mic actor. The 
Irst a.-£ *e^:=:i pir:* of 'Sir John Old- 
ca.rlr * were c-mrleted for llenslowe on 
!•$ '.^rt. l.Vy tv X\"':'.>?n in collaboration 
with DriT^ri:. llathawav, and Mundav. It 

• • « 

wi? s-rrv-^t'Ti by the puritan protest raised 
ariiiist Shake^phear?'* plays oi • Henry IV,' 
in which the character Falstaff originally 
b?re the apperation of Sir John Oldcastle. 
The nrst rar: — an historical drama — is alone 
extant. It was published in two editions 
by T]h- -mas] P'avirr" in IGOO, and was im- 
pudently described on the title-page of one 
edi:ion as the work of Shakespeare. * Cati- 
line's Conspiracy .'which Wilson and Chettle 
prepared for Ili^nslowe in August 1599, may 
be based on the earlier effort by the elder 
Robert Wilson, of which Lodge makes 
mention. In many other productions the 
vounger man's collaborator? were Chettle, 
bekker. and Dravton : but his contributions 
seem to have been the smallest of the four. 



Wilson 



Wilson 



Lost pieces for which Robert Wilson and 
lbe«e three eoUeag-iieB were pnid by Ilfme- 
lowe were called ' The first part of Godwin 
Mid his three Bona ' (2h and SO March 11)98) ; 
' Piers of Eiton ' (28 March 1698) ; ' Black 
Batman of the North ' (22 May 1508) ; and 
the second part of 'Godwin' (May-June 
lASS). Wilson's coikborators in ' Richard 
CcBur de Lion's Funeral' were Chetlle, 
Drayton, and Mimdav (June 1698); in the 
second part of 'Black Balmau/ Chettle 
(June-July 1698) ; in the 'Madman's Morris,' 
in * Hannibal and Hermes, or one Worse 
Feared than Hurt,' and in ' Piers of Win- 
chester,' Dekker and Drayton (June-July 
1596); in 'Chance Medley,' Dekker and 
Mundsy (19-21 Auk. 1598)-, and in 'Owen 
Tudor,' Drayton, Uathawsy, and Monday 
(10 Jan. 1599-1000). OnSNov. 1699 Ilens- 
lowe paid Wilson for a piece called < Henry 
Richmond,' which he seems to have produced 
■inglfr-handed (cf. Wabnbe, Dulwich Cata- 
bffUe, p. 16). Wilson was usually in pecu- 
niary distress. He owed Henalowe money 
in June 1698, and borrowed ten shitHngs of 
him on I Nov. 1590; a receipt for this loan 
in his autograph is QEtanl at Dulwich (Hens- 
I.OWB, Diajy, ed. J. P. Collier, pHMim). He 
•ppears to bare married Mary Eaton at St. 
Sotolph's Church, Biahopsgate, on 24 June 
1606, and to have died on 22 Oct. 1610, 
being buried in the church of St. Bartholo- 
mew the Leas. 

[Collier'i IntfMductioa U) Fire Old Plays 
Ofosbat^ Club), 18S1, reprinted in Dodsley's 
Old Plays, ed. Hulitt, pp. 3 aeq. ; Collier's Me- 
nuHis of the Principal Actors, p. iviii ; Cnllier'g 
BJstory of Dramatic Portry : Ward's Gn^liah 
Bmmalif Lileralurp, 1S98; FlsBy's ChronicU 
of the Eoglisli Dnnnu ; Lea's Life of Shnke- 
■peare.] S, L. 

WILSON, ROBERT (1803-1882), engi- 
neer, was bom in 1803 at Dunbar, Had- 
dingtonshire, where his father, a Haherman, 
was drowned in 1810. When quit« a child 
fae became an expert sculler, and he con- 
ceived the idea of making a propeller to be 
fixed to the stern of vessels. After a meagre 
education, he removed from Dunbar on 
being apprenticed to a joiner. The problem 
of his propeller continued to occupy his 
attention, and in 1837 his model was brought 
by James IIunt«r under the notice of the 
^Bit of Lauderdale, who, after satisfying 
himself as to the feasibility of the invention, 
promised to introduce it to the admiralty. 
In the following year a committee of the 
Highland Society proved the succees of the 
I plan, and granted Wilson 10/. on condition 
I frf receiving the model. In 1832 he was 
IswRtded a silver medal by the Scottish. 



Society of Arts, and the invention was 
brought by them before Ihe admiralty. 
It was discussed by the ollicials with scant 
courtesy, though they afterwards, in 1840, 
adopted the similar invention of Sir Francis 
Pettit Smith [q, v,] Wilson, after spend- 
ing a few years in Edinburgh as an 
e'ngineer, removed to Manchester, and in 
1838 was manager of James Naamyth's 
Bridgwater foundry at Patricroft, near that 
city, He had an important share in per- 
fucting the steam-hammer invented by James 
Nasmyth [q. v.] Wilson's nbare in the tool 
was its sell-actingmotion, which waspaten ted 
by Nasmyth in July 1843. The first ham- 
mer was in use at the Low Jloor ironworks, 
near Bradford, Yorkshire, from August 184S 
to 1853, when Wilson, who was then en- 
gineer of that establishment, added to it ths 
' circular balanced valve.' In 1856, on tho 
retirement of Nasmyth, he left Low Moor 
and became managing partner of the firm of 
Nasmyth, Wilson, & Co, He afterwards 
constructed the CTcat double-aoling hammer 
at the Woolwich Royal Arsenal, this Im- 

f roved action being patented in 1861, In 
880 the war department made him a grant 
of 600/. for the use of his double-action 
screw-propeller as applied to the fish tor- 
pedo.^ The history of his first great inven- 
tion is contained in a pamphlet which he 
published in 1860, and republished in 1880, 
entitled 'The Screw Propeller: who in- 
venteditP' Between 1842 and 1880 he look 
out twenty-four patents for valves, pistons, 
propellers, and hydraulic and other ma- 
chinery, His first patent for an hydraulic 
packii^-presB was taken out in conjunction 
with Nasmyth in 1856, and he subsequently 
made many improvements in this successful 
machine. 

He was elect«d a fellow of the Royal 
Society of Edinburgh in 1873, and was a 
member of the Royal Scottiah Society of 
Arts. He died at Matlock, Derbyshire, on 
28 July 1882, and was buried at St. Cathe- 
rine's, Barton-on-Irweli, not far from his 
residence, Elleemere House, PalrJcroft;. He 
was twice married, and left four sons and 
four daughters. 

He is to be distinguished from another 
Robert Wilson, inspector for the Manchester 
Steam Users' Association, and author of a 
'Treatise on St«am Boilers,' 1873, and 
' Boiler and Factory Chimneys,' 1877. 

[Maneho»tarGuacdian,l Aug. 1882; Enginerr, 
4 Aug. 1883 I Aion's LaEcoshirs Qleaninga. 1883, 
p.297; RowlaiidanD'a History of thoSleam Ham- 
mer, E^Ibs, 1884; ClinmljerH's Encyclopadin 
1892, ii. 7U6; Specifications of Patents; Mm- 
chester City Newe. IS Jan. 1898.] C. W. 8. 



I 



I 



Wilson i: 

WIMON. ROBERT ARTHtri{(lR20P- 

p ■ " ■ ' '''* fatlier, 

Arthur Wibon, vos a coMtgimrdsmati, about 
ISai). HU mother, whow maiden name was 
Catheriue tlunler, a native of Islandmante, 
CO. Antrim, contrived to give him a fairly 
good education st honiL' bnt'ore sending him 
to RayiDuntcrdoney nthool. He became a 
teacher at BuUycastle, Antrim, atler leaving 
Bchool, but only for a iihort period. About 
1810 he emigrated to America, where he re- 
mained some jvan, working as a journalist. 
On hie return to Ireland he joined the stuiF 
of a paper in Enniikilbu, whence be pro- 
ceeded to Dublin to take up the position of 
sub-editor of the * Nation, under Charles 
Gavan UuSy. Ilia knowledge of the teoaiit- 
right question was found particularlv useful 
in his new employment. But his restlesanesa 
prevented him from remaining long in Dub- 
lin, and be went hack to Euniakillen, editing 
there gucceeaively ' The Impartial Reporter ' 
and ' The Fermanagh .Mail.' In 1865 he 
went to [telfiiat, where he became the lead- 
ing writer on the ' Morning News.' In a 
ahurt time he waa recognised aa the most 
popular of Ulster writers. His' Letters to 
my Cousin in Ameriky,' which appeared ia 
the paper under the «ignature of ' Barney 
Hoglone,' made the fortune of the ^aper, and 
were read with dtlight, not only in Ulster, 
but OTBr the rest of Ireland. The circulation 
of the ' Morning News' was enormously in. 
creased, and for some years Wilson's clever 

firose satires on local celebrities and humorous 
yrics proved the most popular literature in 
the north. To the ' Ulster Weekly News' 
and other journals, under ihe signatures of 
'Young Ireland,' ' Erin Oge,'and 'Jonathan 
AUman,' he contributed racy poems in 
northern dialect, many of which are still 
familiar to Ulster men. His eccentricities 
and irregularities, however, prevpnted him 
from doing any enduring work, and his ten- 
dency to drink became more and more pro- 
nounced as he grew older, and finally led to 
his death. W'hile on a visit to Dublin during 
the ffConnell centenary celebrations in 18T5, 
he drank more than usual, and on 10 Aug. 
was found dead in his mom. His body was 
removed to Belfast, and buriul, in the 
presence of a vast number of people, in 
the Borough cemetery, where a monument 
lias been erected to bis memory by public 
subscription. Some of his poems are admi- 
rable — all are racy of Ulster. A small se- 
lection from them was published in Dublin 
and Belfast, lrt94, under the title of ' Reliques 
of Barney Maglone.' The volume, which 
was edited by F. J. Bigger and J. S. Crone, 



Wilson 



portrait and ■ biag:^hical intro- 

ducrion by tbepresentwriter. Theonlywork 
issued by Wil»oa himself was a hosDorous 
'Almeynack Cir all Ireland, an' whoever else 
wants it,' London, 1*71. 

[O'Donnghut's Poels at Irf Und : BolfaM 
Mnroin); News, ll-IA Ang. 187a; infarmutjan 
from Mr. John WilkiQwiii, Fulftragh. en. Dnat- 
eal.] D. J. OD. 

WILSON. Sir ROBERT THOMAS 

(1777-1849), general and governor of Gi- 
braltar, fourth child and tliinJ son of the por- 
trait painter Benjamin Wilson [q-v.], wag 
bom in Great linssell Street, Bloomsbnry, 
London, on 17 Aug. 1777. Ha was educated 
at Westminster school, and also under Dr. 
Joseph Warton at Winchester. After the 
deatli of his father and mother, bis elder 
sister, Frances, married early in 1793 Colonel 
Bosville of the Coldstream guards, who was 
killed on 15 Aug. 1793 at l£e battle of Lin- 
celles ; with her assistance Wilson joined 
the Duke of York in the foUowing year at 
Courtra^, furnished with a letter of recom- 
mendation from the king, lie was at once 
enrolled asacornet of the ISthlighldrogoons. 
He took part in the storm and capture of 
Prfmont on 17 April 1791 and the action 
of the 18th. Oq the 24th he was one of eight 
officers with the two squadrons of the 16th 
light dragoons who, with two squadrons of 
Leoiiold'a hussars, mustering altogether 
under three hundred sabres, attacked and 
routed a very superior French force at Vil- 
liers-en-Couche. This action prevented the 
capture of the emperor Francis II, whom the 
French were endeavouring to intercept on 
his journey from Valenciennes to Catillon, 
and had already cut off by their patrols. The 
resultsof ihis magnificent charge, undertaken 
with thefullknowiedgeofthe'danger incurred 
and of the obieet to be attained, were twelve 
hundred of the enemy killed and wounded, 
three pieces of cannon captured, and the with- 
drawal of all French posts from the Setle, 
with the consequent safety of the empwror. 
Wilson's horse was wounded under him. 
Four years later the emperor caused nine 
commemorative gold medals to be struck— 
the only impressions — one to be depowted in 
the imperial cabinet, and the others to be 
bestowed upon the eight British officere of 
the 15th light dragoons. George III gaye 

Carmission for them t* be worn 'as an 
onorary badge of their bravery in the field* 
{London Gaj^tfc, 9 June 1798). In 1800 the 
emperor conferred upon the same officers the 
cross of the order of Maria Theresa, which 
George III on '2 June 1801 permitted them 
to accept, with the rank of baron of ihe holy 
Roman cm]>ire and of knighthood attached. 



Two dBTS after tlie affair of VillierB-en- 
Cuucli^, Wilson was en^foged niCh hie reei- 
ment inthe action atCateau(26 April). He 
also tooh part in the battle of Toumaj, or 
the Marque, on 10 May; in the capture of 
Lsnno7,lloubaix,andMoufeauxon the 17th; 
in the disaetroua retreat on the 18tL to 
Templeuve, when he commanded the rear- 
suaril, and when the light carftlrr. accord- 
lag to an eje-witne*", ' jierformed wonders 
of valour ' (Bbovn, •/ouraa/); at the battle 
of Pout h Chin on 22 May ; and at the action 
of DutTel on 16 July. lie greatly Uiatin- 
guifibed himself in September at Boitel-on- 
the-Dommel, when, with Captain Calcraft 
and the patrol, hu penetrated to the French 
beadquart^rs, captured an aide-de-camp of 
General Vaudamme and two gendarmes, 
mounted them on the general's horses, and, 
notwithstanding that a regiment of red 
huesara and a regiment of dragoons pursued 
for iix milea by Beparale roads to cut him 
off, mode good his retreat with the captivusj 
and on the game evening fulling in with a 

f»rtT of French infantry cut it to pieces, 
be British army having retreated into Ger- 
many, Wilson returned to England at the 
end of 17B5, and joined the depot at Croydon 
in February ITOti. 

He waa promoted to be lieutenant, by 

furchase, on 31 Uct. 1794, and on 21 Sept. 
796 he purchased bi« troop. He married 
in 1797, and in Afav 1798 accompanied 
HAJor-general St. John to Irelanil, and 
a«rved aa brigade-major on his staff, and 
•A«rwards as aide-de-camp during the re- 
bellion of 1798, He rejoined his regiment 
in 179d, and accompanied it to the Helder; 
in tliia campaign the Ifith light dragoons 
weregTBatlydiatin^iishedat Egmont-op-Zee 
on 3 Oct. Wilson alao took part in the 
netiema of 6 and 10 Oct., and returned with 
the regiment to England in November. 

On 38 June 1800 he purchased a majority 
in Hompesch's mounted riflemen, then serv- 
mder Sir Ralph Abercromhy 




Mediterranean, a 



a the 



n travelled 



to Lord ALinto, by whom he was sent to the 
Aiutrian army in Italy. Having communi- 
cated with General Jlelle^arde and Lord 
William B«ntinck, he proceeded to join 
Abercroiaby. He landed at Aboukir Bay 
on 7 March 1801 , and took part in the actiou 
of The 13th and in the batt/le of Alexandria 
on the 21n. when Abercromhy fell and was 
succeeded by Moj or-genera l(afterwardaLord) 
Hutchinson; the Inl tor employed Wilann on 
several missions. In July be entered Cairo 
with Hutchinson, was at the siege of Ale<c- 
andria in August, and its capitulation on the 



25tli. Wilson left Eg:vpt on 11 Sept. and 
returned to England by Malta and Toulon, 
arriving at the end of December. He waa 
made a kuigbt of the order of the Crescent 
of Turkey for his services in Egypt. 

In 1803 Wilson published 'The History 
of the British Expedition to Egypt ' (l.p. 4to), 
which went through several editionii, waa 
translated into French in 1803 from an oc- 
tavo edition in two volumes published that 
Year, and also appeared in an abridged form. 
The fourth edition iu 1803 contained ' A 
Sketch of the Present State of the Country 
and its Means of Defence,' with a portrait of 
Sir Ralph Abercromhy. Lord Nelson wrote 
a characteristic letter to Wilson, on receipt 
of a presentation copy, which is printed in 
llandoipb'a ' Life of ^lelaon.' The work de- 
rived especial popularity from the charges 
of cruelty which it brought against Buona- 
parte, both towards his prisoners at Jaffa 
and his own soldiers at Cairo. Of these 
charges the emperor complained to iha 
British government, but, receiving no satis- 
faction, caused a counter report to be issued 
by Colonel Sebastian!. Wilson was ap- 
pointed insoecting tield-olficer in Somerset 
and Devonshire under General Simcoe. 

In 1804 Wilson published an ' Inquiry 
into the Present State of the Kilitary Force 
of the Britiflh Empire with a View to its 
Ileoi^Buixation,' 8vo, in which he made his 
first public protest against corporal punish- 
ment in the iirmy, and was compUmentcd 
by Sir Francia Burdett in a letter dated 
1^ Aug. 1804 for the service thus rendered 
to humanity. 

Wilson purchased a lieutenant-colonelcy 
in the 19th light dragoons in this month, 
and on 7 March 1805 exchanged into the 
SOth light dragoons. Be sailed with 230 . 
of them in the e.tpeditiou under Sir David 
Baird and Sir Home Popliara on 27 Aug, 
from Cork harbour for the Cape of Good 
Hope, and after a voyage to Branil, where 
he purchased horses for the cavalry, and a 



Saldanha Bay, Cape of Good Hope, as an ad- 
vanced guard. After the battle of Blaauw- 
berg, which took place just before his at- 
rivu, Wilson was employed in command of 
the cavalry on outpost duly until the terms of 
the capitulation were settled, and in receiv- 
ing arms, colours, guns, and horses at Simon'a 
Bay until Oeuerai Janaaen and the Dutch 
troops were deported in February. In June 
he obtained leave of absence and returned 
to England in the Adamant, but was nearly 
lost at sea in pa.isiug from one ship to an- 
other of the fleet. 



I 
I 



I 



On 3 Nov. ISO! Wilson havinp been 
t«ched to the BtnlTof l^rdHiitclimf^on. then 
going on a, Bpecial mission 1o ihe Pvusgi 
court, embarked with him at Yarmouth 
the frigate Aatrca, and was nearly wrecked 
in the CaCtegat on the Anhslt shore, ihe 
guns havins to be thrown overboard. IJe 
accompanies Lord Hutchinson and the king 
of Prusaia to Memel in Janiiarj 1)WT, and in 
February joined General Beningsen at the 
Russian headquarters of the armv at Jnrnovs. 
He wan present at the battle of Eylau on tlie 
7th and 8th, and accompanied Ihe headq^uar- 
lers to HeiUberg in March, and in April to 
BartenBlein, where on the 36th the emperor 
of RiiBsia bestowed upon him the cross of 
St. George for hia servicei at Eyiau. Wil- 
son took part in the cnmnaign of June, wb« 
S resent at the action of the I'ltssarge on the 
th, at the battle of Heilsberg on the lOtb, 
»nd the battle of Friedland on the Uth. after 
which he retreated with Ihe army to Tilait. 
On the conclusion of the peace of Tilsit 
lia went to St. Petersburg, and thence to 
England with despatches, arrivingon 19 Sept. 
On 2 Oct. he left England with a confiden- 
tial communication from Canning to the 
emperor of Hussia, arriving at St, Peters- 
burg on the SOth. He left again on 8 Not. 
wilh despatches from J^ord Granville to 
Canning, containing intelligence which Wil- 
son had himself been the tirat to procure, 
that the emperor of Russia wns about to 
invade Swedish-Finland and declare war 
against England. Notwithstanding the fact 
that a Russian courier had preceded him by 
thirty-sii hours (Wihon's passport having 
been expressly withheld to give the courier 
the advantage), Wilson pushed from Abo 
across the Gulf of Bothnia, in very bad 
weather, reached Stockholm before the 
courier, arranged that the courier should be 
delayed, sailed for England, landed in the 
Tees on the eveninir of the !29lh, posted lo 
London, and saw Canning in bed at four 
c'clock in the morning of 2 Dec. lie waa 
directed to keep quiet until Canning's ordi^rs 
to the naval authorities at Portsmouth had 
been executed ; and an his return to break- 
fast with Canning the following morning be 
was complimented upon his activity, which 
had resulted in the seizure of the 'Russian 
&igat« Sperknoi, with money to pay the 
Raasian fleet, while a fast vessel had been 
despatched to Sir Sidney Smith to intercept 
the Russian fleet. 

In 1H08 Wilson was given the command 
of the Inyal Lusitanlan legion, a body raised 
out of Portuguese refugees in England under 
British oflicors, and in August went to Por- 
tiwml as a brigadier- genera I m the Portu- 



guese army. He w«a engs^ in rarion* 
encounters with the enemy in Caetille and 
Estramadura during the retreat of the British 
to Coruna in 1808-9; sod after the batlleof 
Coruna on 16 Jan. 1809, acting in conjunc- 
tion with the Spaniards beyond the .\gueda, 
by a aeries of spirited and judicious move- 
ments, he kept open the commiuii cat ions 
withCiudad Rodrigoand Almeida, and held 
the enemy in check. He had a goml deal 
of desultory fighting, took part in the pur- 
suit of Soult, and with the Lusitanian l^on 
and three thousand Spaniards advanced to 
within nine miles of Madrid. After the 
battle of Talavera on 27 and 28 Julv Wilson 
found himself at Escatona, cut off bv the 
enemy from Anobispo; crossing the fietar, 
he scrambled over the mountains, and with 
diHiculty gained the pass of Baoos on 8 Aug., 
as Key's corps was approaching on ite march 
from Placentia to tue north. Wilson en- 
deavoured to stay its advance, and defended 
the pass with spirit for some hours, but whs 
eventually dislodged, and retreated to Cas- 
tello Branco. 

When the British army went intfl winter 
quarters, Wilson returned home, and, as the 
Lusitanian legion was absorbed in the new 
organisation of the PorlugueBe army, offered 
himself to Lord Wellesley for special aer- 
viee on 6 May 1810. For his services in the 
Peninsula he was promoted on ^5 July to 
be colonel in the army, and appointed aide- 
de-camp to the king, and in 1811 received 
the Portuguese medal, end was made a 
knight-commander of the Portuguese order 
of the Tower and Sword. In this vear 
Wilson pnbtished, in quarto form, ' Brief' Re- 
marks on the Character and Composition of 
the Russian Army; and a Sketch of the 
Campaign in Poland in 1806 and 1807." In 
"' autumn of 181 1 his offer of service was 
ipted, and on 26 March 1612 he was given 
Ihe local rank of brigodier-geneml in the 
British army, and accompanied Sir Robert 
Li8ton[q. v.], the newly appointed ambassador 
to the Porte, to Constantinople, with instruc- 
tions to assist in the conduct of negoliationa 
for peace between Turkey and Russia (see 
Wilson's diary of the journey in Addtt. MS. 
3D1<!0). He arrived at Constantinople on 
1 July, and on 27 July went on a mission 
from LiatoQ to the grand viiier at Shumla, 
to the Russian admiral Tchichogoff, com- 
manding the Danube army corps at Bu- 
charest, and finally to the emperor of Russia 
at St. Petersburg. He reocned the heod- 

3 Darters of the Russian army under Barclay 
e Tolly in time to take part in the ballle of 
Smolensk on 16 Aug,, arrived in St. Peters- 
burg on the 27th, and had an audience with 



Wilson 



i2g 



Wilson 






theempeK>ron4Sept. HavingrBatisfactoriiy 
eompleled all the afiairs entrusted to him, and 
Teoeived the thanks of I.iston and of Lnrd 
Cathcut, British nmbnssador at St. Pelers- 
bius, he proceedi^d on the 15th, accompanied 
bj niB aide-de-camp, Baron Brinken, and by 
Lord Tyrconnel, to Join the HusHian army ' 
Krasnoi Pakra, near Moscow, as British cor 
misaioner, with instructions to keep both 
Lord Cathcart and Liston informed of the 
proeKSS of events. 

Wilson took part in the Biiccessful attnck 
OD Murat at W iiikowo on 18 Oct., in the 
battles of Malo^aroHlawitz on the !24th, of 
WiaAma on 3 Nov., of Krasnoi on 17 Nov., 
«ad in all the affaire to the cesuition of the 
pumiit of the French. Jle exchanged into 
the 32nd light dragoons on 10 Dec. 1812. 
Earl; in 1813 be marched across Poland to 
Kalisb, and thence to Berlin, where he ar- 
rived on SI March. On 8 April Le proceeded 
hy Dessau and Leipiig to Dresden. On 
S May he took a prominent part in the battle 
of Liitien, where, aided by Colonel Camp- 
bell, he rallied th« Prussians, carried ttie t3- 
bige of Gtos Gorachen, which he held until 
night, and Buhjequenlly drove the enemy 
back on LUtzen. He further distinguished 
himself at the battle of Bautzen on 20 and 
SI May, and at the action of Reichenbach 
on the 22nd, During a review of the troops 
near Jauer on the 27th the emperor of 
Russia decorated Wilson in front otthe im- 
perial guard with the cross of the third class 
or knight commander of the order of St. 
George, taking it from his own neck and 
making a most complimentary Sffeech, in 
which he stated his desire to mark hjs esteem 
fin* Wilson's courage, zcat, talent, and fidelity 
tilTOUKhout the war. 

Wilson was promoted lo be major-general 
<m4JDne 1813. During the armistice he 
travelled about the country inspecting the 
fortreases. When Austria joined the alliance 
Buonaparte and liostilitiee were re- 
imed, Wilson was conspicuous in the 
tack upon Dresden on 26 Aug., when he 
part in storming the grand redoubt, and 
toe Slat to mount the parapet, followed 
._, CapUin Charles. On this occasion he 
lost his cross of the order of Maria Tlieresa 



him with a complimentary letter IVom Count 
M«temich (dated Ti)pIiti!,24Sept. 1813). In 
the battle of 27 Aug. Wilson was with the 
emperor of Russia and General Morenu when 
tbclatter was mortally wounded. He wosalso 
present nt the battles of Eiilm and Kraupen 
on the 20th and SOtli, and charged repeatedly 
with the Austrian cavalry on the 30th. 



On 7 Sept. Wilaon joined the Austrian 
arm^ at Leitmerit^ as British commiaaioner, 
having been transferred from the Russian 
army. On the 27th he received from the 
king of Prussia the grand cross of the order 
of the lied Eagle, of wh ich order he had re- 
ceived the fourth class in the last war. lie 
WAS with the stafT of Marshal Prince 
Schwarti^nberg, commanding the allied 
armies, at the battles of Leipzig on 16 and 
18 Oct., and at the capture ot the city oaths 
19th. Schwartrenberg wrote to Lord Aber- 
deen, the British ambassador, attributing 
the success at Leipzig on the Itith chiefly to 
Wilson's intelligence and able dispositions. 

Shortly after the battles of Leipzig Lord 
Castlereogh appointed Lord Burghereh to be 
British commissioner ivich Schwart^euberg, 
and transferred Wilson to the Austrian 
army in Italy. Both the emperors and also 
the king of Prussia desired to retain Wilson 
with them. Mettemich wrote to Aberdeen 
that he was commanded by the emperor to 
eipresa his sense of Wilson's great services, 
and his wish that he should remain with the 
army, and Schwartienberg told him that 
conspicuous as were Wilson's services in the 
field, they fell short of those he had rendered 
out of the field. Aberdeen wrote to Castle- 
reagh (Despatch, 11 Nov. 1813) ; ' From his 
intimate knowledge of the Russian and 
Prussian armies, and the great resjiect in- 
variably shown him by the emperor of Itussia 
and the king of Prussia, he is able to do a 
thousand things which no one else could do. 
He was the means of making up a diSerBnce 
between the king and Schwartzenberg which 
was of tbe utmost importance.' Castlereagh 
was, however, firm ; he deemed the appli- 
cations of the foreign sovereigns an unwar- 
rantable interference, and observed that if 
Wilson had Iheconfidence of all other govern- 
ments he lacked that of his own. Party 
politics alone account for the fact that, 
although loaded with distinctions by allied 
foreign sovereigns, he received none from 
his own. In November the emg 
Russia bestowed upon him the . 
medal for the campaign of 1813. 

On 23 Dec. 1813 Wilson went lo Basle 
by Aberdeen's direction to join the allied 
commission, but on the 25th his instructions 
arrived from Castlereagh to join the Aus- 
trian army in Italy, and to report direct lo 
him, keeping the British ambassador to 
Austria informed. Before leavir 
peror of Russia presented him with the first 
class or grand cross of the order of St. Anne 
at Freiburg on 24 Dec, and the emperor of 
Austria promoted him to be knight com- 
mander of the order of Maria Theresa on 



I 



Wilsoa r^c Wilson 

4 Jin. 1 *1 k H-* ■•■.iiu»'i Konhiil B»*il»»ir*rir- ina irsc <mnmL»inix. he Lobc & Iar2» sam of 

ar V.niTriiiza 'n 1:1 Tux.. ii:&ntnpazuefi 'iim in ousn^r. inti i -<u:ii>C7:Dr:oii ^aru ruei to c^m- 

rhi* v^r.iipAr.on *.t* V-nna ■»Jir'-7 ^rx F-^brxary. oen^art* jnai ror 'iie L^sa. <I»?i 13 F«»b. l*i?J 

ami "wij" ?r^^:*enc -n "hi=! -rii ir -iw narrii* 'it ia jjj puurti .a parlioznenr Wil^oa zored lor 

ViliVj-xii*. "▼iier's in* ir^azir iisnz^uih»tti paper«. laii .n & li;ixtf imi Able 5p»i«ch i ae^ 

hiartKi:' laii ▼'w a**ar'.7 !apr.ir«i 17 :!ie '£Li:ij»ft.-i rmiiicazeii aU ictioxi. an^i called 

Fr«*Tu:h- 'Jii "iii^ l'>ii ixt^ "vu prr^ra"" ir riie La rxeir.im 'it* pr»neaciT* .:t rlie crown to 

ar.r.i.n .ii 'iii* r^p" nan a ;f "iie Mlaci-. '.'ti i:dm:» aaj ii&CKr T-.rai:ii* cao^e. The r^>- 

2?? \r.im:i ill* x-nr Vj Et:ii".irM. ■arher^ iie 31»»t: vemmrtn:. ■:':iinniixir :ienx3elT.is to cie aaefr- 

I-nri W J,l^ai R*»at»nr.i£ laii M irrir. T-.th. rii.iLj :l 3r*nirir:T^. -iaailT de:Va:«=d :h* 

whi-.Tx he 'ir,mnir-ru>ii a»»^ir.Jir.-.n2». Via 3it:r:i:ii, fa I?:::! WII*ja w'm.z to Spain to 

ahflifVirif'.n -t" Bu'^mipar:^ piit in -Miii *: hid Mkrf parr La 'he ▼irirK La Galiciaani thra 



mL.4Hi«:a. in-i La J i.ie he 'er I-oIt :";r Pin*, it Citiiz. H-* ttm uoia r^r-am.*ii to perlia- 

*)n 10 Jin, Irl'J W.ji-.n wu La*tri- aienr :or '*i:i;-hTir!c La i?:2»?. when "Lt ptjll 

raer.-A*, La '.cnj ia«!r"«:n ^Lrh 3(l(!hjel Brice laar^i six far*, aaii he de£earis«i Edwari 

aziri Cipr-iin J: an Pf-rLr-FI :ri:aLa.'<a izvr- P:'uiiiL H-r zLiiie 1 ipeeca in the Ho a?* of 

wiri.H •hiri Earl -.f I>;n.-.iijhmor* . :a 'he il".:nia:i:na :a I:i I«ec. -ra the pclLcTof aiding 

e*H:ap#- ^r-^m Pir.* r.c '>.«in* Lat i>crr». ▼ho. P:r'.ijil'3rhen Lnndiid bv Spaia-'which wis 

haT.r*7h»rt*n ''ir.n.-:eaini»*i~o irarh. ha«i-*aoap^i pnhL^iieii wpanrelT. £l^ was aa actire 

frini pri^-.n. bj -:hanx-nj' irrs.«* -^-.r'li h--* w:5*. pi^LirioLda. aaii t.'ok a promlaen*: part in the 

WL j«",a pa.aaed "he harrier? in a -?abrL- let :':raLit.i:a :c "he Caoain^ miaist rr i <«« 

w ; • h f ji 7 iLer r .5 iliiTx '..^» l* i B rl: i*h *: r£t:»»r . W ; Lff4: y. Ci?i .7/ iy ' « ^ /« iniAtmti'j .1 .• ' ^ a r- 

ani oonT-j-»<i h;3i tafelr ^i M jI13. H* *»nt r^ti:t ./ Fjrmatinn^ rit\ Corrfjfc^jn^inu^, 

a r.amt.7^ -<,f rhe adT-*n:ar» Vi EarL »>r»y jrr., '^V*. •?iLr*i by the Rev.* Herbert 



I'r-rprln'rd ia fr-nf. .Ifi*;. 1^L»5 . whLch -wu fLia«i:Lph. l??-. ?rO'. He was a^aia re- 
in r..rr:i-p'"'*<x. If-i wta arr«*sr<ii La Pirlj -a * irari'i to par .im eat for >3athw.-irk in 1S30. 



13 J in. Thi "iir^e EnjilAh2i»*n Trrr» tr-ri «l»n "he a^ctr*ai-a cc WiHIaai IV W'il«n 

in PirLi on i* -\prli and »enTrni»i :n "he "wu rrinirjtrrd La the arsiT with rhe rank 

:i4':h :■■> 'riree m'vnrh*' imprlv/nment . r^te :t '.L-'reaiat-renenl. :o Jk^e froni -7 Mav 

A.'>nu/tl R^Jit^r, ItsI^;.. «'jn lo >lajr a irj-i Ln d..n O-ts^rt^^irl JiiLj I'KX^y. Th^ 

sr-n-nl ordt-r wm iinird bv rh-i L»^ike of Ke::mi B.I1 wii LaTrdaced fatheHouse of 

\'tr\i, r.-.-^inianier-Ln-chL-f. rTpT»««inz 'h-r C-jtamorj ra I March 1S31. Wilkin re- 

prL.r.r.*: r-jr-r.''? hirh ■iL.-pl-a.Tir'^ 1: "he ci;n- rariei Lt a.* * rhe laLtLatorv mea*-are of a 

d;:", f W;i4,-jn 1- i If ;*o'..:n«.r.. rvp I'l^caatrra: :: rrvrramen:.' and in con- 

Ir. l*'.r WLli-.n p :hlL4h-ii ■ .V >"A-r".:h :f smj irn'W. La spLre of ^7«at pr««iir»r, refii«^d 

Th- M.LiMrj ar.i P-.lL"::aI Vy^rT 'i ilrissLa.' to vre wL'h :Li-» c>"-rraiaent and resyrn*-.! 

w:.;j:i T^rn" thr- ;rh — v-rni - il-L-.n.-. a-i hi* *r:i*. IsLnr for a tL=:e rhecjl^nelcvof a 

w^- -:•- -r-> a""a.?k-ni hy th- • Qiir-rLj li— r*^,r=:e=.t and ill :rp.:rt .laitira of aiefal em- 

v.r^" 'T-,.. x:x.. .'v-r^ rmr.^-r Ir.- . In i?.^ p. vm-nt. 

\V.>. r. -•-i.ir-: irr.*^ i-zi-m-^-T -i.iTLiin-rnt « '- iV D.:<r. Is^* W-l-soa wa? app-Vinted 

fo- - ;:..-:«r4rk. ir:-:i*Lr.r'.":-.irl * Uir ! 17. :h- ocl :r.-l -f hL* li rfjiment. thtr l'»:h hu.sear>. 

Kr-'-vT. i.-.i '-iTi •hi* 'O;^*: r: h- r-p'..ri "■■ r»n -^J N:r. 1-^1 h-e wa< pr^>moted to bf 

t:.- \":\::'< r,: 'h-r * i^ :.ir-rrl7 li-v.-'R' * Ln r-n-rril. and in l'?4-* he was app-»inteil 

*A [^■■•••r Vj hL- r'.r.-r>i;- r.r- ir. Kr-r*:M*L n .rjv-emor ani o.-nxmander-in-ohief at Gi- 

r: \* : :. i -/-r f I .- '! - - pi' *-r.:r.z i Fa ! i - 1 1 rp- ; rt bral tar. 1 1 - ha i nlv rw^irntl v ret umed hon;e 

f.f H. V . - ' ■ . r.- t > ^ h r r' '.^[1 T..1 r. Ir r- : r.- ■ h ! - 1 <"' f wh r n h -r d : ei I S'^d d-al v on Mav 1 <i9 at 

t'i : I;- '.-r.'A-mT in t!..- !*•::.>. -:li ir. I'?*''.*.' Marshall Tt:onipi?.in's hotel, Oxford Street, 

Jn irJ'j :.-: "wv- arilr* r-.* .rr.-l for ??oi-h- Lonlon. H- was buried on 15 May beside 

wM-zi. -i-'ri'.Lr.^ r'ir Th -niii T :rr'»n. his wif- in th-* north aisle near the western 

t/ ."T. Car j! r.«r ■ 17''"'-1 ^L'l > ij. v.', who entrance "f W-stminsrer Abbev. and a fine 

).j : V- ■:. fr;-r: lly :o \V:I--..n ;ini ♦ 1 wh -m mrmorial brass, n-.-xt to the frrave of John 

). - •!:•■■* -'jTi wv- «r-j i-rr;.-. di- i on 7 Auj. H ;i::»rr. mark* the vault vfiVr his will cf. 

l-j). \V.;i,n &'*«;nd-'l rh- f:n-ril on the I'll est EB, Weftifiiniti^r Abbey He^^ister, y, 

I >••.. •'. . -. '.n Tr.^iiTi'-r ro-Jic pl.ioe b-twr^n ol3». 

rhv }. > i- ;.'/'! '^■fiv^lrv arid th*.- mob at I'um- Wils-n married Jemima (1777-1>23^, 

l>'r;ftr.'! 'f -.r-, Ifvd : Park", ."^hot* '.vr re tired, daujhtrr of Colonel AVilliam IWforJ of 

ari'l \\';.- /fj in'rry/ii-d to pr^rv-nt blxnlih-d. Ilarbledown, Kent, eldest son of General 

II*: "■■■■'. por'-rnpr-cily di-mji-ed from thv William Belford "n. v.] of the royal artil- 

armv m. ].', .S-p*. wlrho-it any r».as m 1^- ler\-. She was coheiress with her sister, 

in;? ft" :';:'d, ^r .':ny oyip>rtnn.*y of ^-xpla- Mr*. Christopher Carleton, of their uncle, 

naii'iii a;riri-'J. Jlavi:i^' puruhav.-d all but .*?Lr Adam Williamson ^q. v.] Both Wilson 



W'ilsi 



Wilson 



and MiM Belford were w&rds of chancerf 
and under age, and the marriage ceremony, 
with the consent of bolh families, took place 
on 8 Julj 1797 at Gretna Green and again 
on 10 March 1796 at St. Geoi^re's, Hanover 
Square, London. They had a family of seven 
sons andsli daugtiturB. Of the latter, Jemima 
married, as his second wife, Admiral Sir 
Prove WUiiam Parry Wallis fq. v.] 

There are several engraved portraits of 
Wilson ; one hy Ward, from a paintinfc by 
PicVera^l, represents him in uniform with 
all Ilia order* ; another is by Cooper after 
Wivell. A miniature wm painted hy Cos- 
way and engraved hy William Uoll, and ia 
reproduced for the frontispiece of Randolph's 
'Life.' He also figures in the well-known 
painting of the death of Abercromby. 

The following aro works by Wilson not 
mentioned above: I. 'An Account of the 
Campaign in 1801 between the French -\nny 
of the East and the English and Turkisn 
Forces in Egypt," tranalaled by Wilson from 
the French of General Regnier, with obser- 
TBtions, London, 1803, 8vo. 2. ' Narrative 
of Events during the Invasion of Russia hy 
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Retreat of the 
French Army,' 1&12, edited hy Wilson's 
nephew and son-in-law the Rev. Herbert 
Bsndolph, London, 18<10, 8vo. The intro- 
duction gives a brief memoir of Wilson up 
to 1814 : 2nd edit, the aame year. 3. ' Pri- 
TftteDiary of Travels, Personal Services, and 
Public Events during Missions and Employ- 
ment with the European Armies in theCam- 
nigna of 1612, 1613, and 1614, from the 
_. InvHsion of Russia to the Captun? of Paris,' 
L«d]tedby the same, London, 1861, 2 vols. 
" — . 4, 'Life from Autobiographical Me- 
. IS, Journals, Narratives, Correspondence,' 

C, edited hy the same, London. 18fl3, 2 vols. 

8vo. This work was never completed, and 
•tops at the end of 1807. 

[BeiidB tbe maiotinls for a biography «np- 
pli*d by Wilton himaelF ia his works, nii'l in 
election and other pamphlets, see especially A 
Latter in reply to Wilson's Enqnirj, J 804 ; 
Foi^ea's Ouerre de Rasais m IS12, 1H61 ; 
Dnpin'a Proems drs trois Anglais, IS16 : Night- 
iDgslft'a Trial of Sir R. Wilson, fzc. IB16 ; a«a 
alao War Office Records ; Despntchc*; Alison's 
History of Europe (frequent alltuiioDs} ; Aliaou's 
IdTM of Loid Caatlereagh and Sir Charles 
Stswait (frequent allusions) ; Quarterly Re- 
view, vols. V. niii. ivi. irii. and lix. ; Gent. 
Hag. ISie. 1812, and 1819^ Ana. Reg. ISI6, 
1832, 1830, IS49 : Blackwood's Mng. vols. viii. 
xiv. ivi, ni. iiii. nnd Etviii.; Hall's Allnatic 
Monthly, April 18(15: Mayne'slfarraliveoflhe 
Canpaians of the Loynl Lusitsnian Lc^nn under 
Sir R. Wilson, Ac. 1312, 8to : Public Cliaraclers. 
180S-7, vol. ii, ; Barke's Colebrnlcd Navnl and 



L. 



Military Trials ; Royal M tli tary Calendar, 1 820 ; 

Royal MiliMry Cbronicla, vols. iii. and v.; 
Notes and Queries, 4th aar. vols, viii. and ix. 
6th ser. vols. i. ii, iii. and v.; Tait's Edinburgh 
Mag. 1849 (obituary notice); Lavalette's Mi- 
moires et SoQvenim; Loudon Times, 10 May 
1849; Cathcart's Commentaries on the War in 
Russia and Oerninny, 18)2-13; Londoarleny's 
Narrati.ve of the War in Germany aud Francs. 
1S13-U; Odie ban's Campaign in Saxony, 1813, 
translaied by Kempe ; Phillippart's Koithera 
Campaign, 1813-13; Porter's Campaign in 
Rnsain in 1812; Walsh's Camiwign in Efeypt, 
I«OI ; Andoraon's JournnI of Iha Kipgdition to 
Egypt, 1801 ; Gleig'a Leipsie Campuign.] 

R. H. T. 

WILSON, ROttXAXD (IfilS-lflfiO), 

Sarliamentarian, bom in 1(113, aud descended 
■om a family established at Qresegart.h in 
the parish of Kendal, Westmorland, was son 
of Rowland Wilson {d. 16 May 1654) of 
Gresegatth and I.*ndon, bv Mary, daughter 
of John Tiffin of London ( Figitatian q/io«- 
<?on,1633^;SiiTTH, Oiituary, p.37). The 
elder Wilson was a wealthy merchant, 
elected sheriff in 163^), but excused on pay- 
ment of a fine of KK)/. {Semembrancia, 
p. 18), The younger Wilson was lieutenant- 
colonel of the orange regiment of the Lon- 
don trained bands, and commanded it ia 
October 1643, joining the army of the Earl 
of Essei after the first battle of Newbury, 
and taking part in the occupation of New- 

fiort Pagnell. ' This gentleman,' aavsWhite- 
Dcke, 'wastheonlysonofhiswealthyfather, 
heir to a large estate of 2,000/. per annum 
in land, and partuerwith his father in ngreat 
personal estate employed in merchandise ; 
yet in conscience he held himself obliged to 
undertake this journey, as persuaded that 
the honour and service of God, and the 
flourishing of the gospel of Christ and the 
true proteataut religion, might in soma 
measure he promoted by this service, and 
that bis example in the city might be a 
means the more to persuade othera not to 
decline it. Upon these grounds he cheer- 
fully marched forth" (Whitelocie, JUe- 
monnfr, 18o3,i. 323; DiiLON.iu(o/ O^rs 
of the London Trained Sandt). 

Wilson was colonel of the orange regiment 

ia 1646, and in June of that ;Fear be 

elected member for Calne. Bemg an i. 
pendent, he was left out of the committee of 
the militiafoT the city of London when that 
bodv was renewed in April 1647 (Wuith- 
LOCIE, ii. 136). On 28 Nov. 1648 Wilson, 
who was a member of the Vintners' Com- 
pany, was elected alderman of Bridge Within 
(JltmMnhraHcia, p. 18n.) A month later he 
was nominated one of the coniinissianer 
the trial of Charles I, but refused to 



I 



Wilson 



132 



Wilson 



( Whitelocke, ii. 495). Nevertheless he con- 
sented to take part in the proclamation of 
the act for the abolition of monarchy in 
London, and was elected a member 01 the 
council of state in February 1649, and 
a^in in February 1650 (Commons^ Journals^ 
vi. 141, 361 ; NoBLE, Lives of the RegicideB, 
ii. 333). In July 1649 he was elected sheriff 
of London, and the House of Ck>mmons in 
giving him leave to serve declared that they 
would regard it as ' an acceptable service to 
the Commonwealth if he took the office' 
{Common^ Journals, vL 259). 

Wilson died on 19 Feb. 1650, and was 
buried on 5 March (Smtth, Obituary, p. 28). 
' lie was a gentleman of excellent parts and 
great piety, of a solid sober t-emper and judg- 
ment, and very honest and just in all his 
actions. He was beloved both in the house, 
city, and army' (Whitblockb, iii. 158). 

Wilson married, in January 1634, Mary, 
daughter of Bigley Carleton of London, grocer 
(Chester, London Marriage Licences, col. 
1484). In the contemporary notes appended 
to the ' List of Officers of the London rrained 
Bands ' he is erroneously described as son- 
in-law to Alderman Wright. His widow 
became the third wife of Bulstrode Wliite- 
locke [q.v.l (R. Whitelocxe, Memoirs of 
Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1860, p. 284). 

[Noble's Lives of the Regicides, ii. 332 ; 
W hi telocke*8 Memorials, 1853; other authori- 
ties mentioned in the article.] C. H. F. 

WILSON, THOMAS (1525 .»-l 581), 
secretary of state and scholar, bom about 
1525, was son of Thomas W^ilson of Strubby, 
Lincolnshire, by his wife Anne, daughter 
and heiress of Roger Cumberworth of Cum- 
berworth in the same county (cf. Ilarl. MS, 
6164, f. 42 b). He was educated at Eton, 
whence in 1541 he was elected scholar of 
King's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. 
in 1(345-6 and M. A. in 1549. Sir John Cheke 

Sq.v.] was elected provost of King's on 1 April 
548, and Wilson came under the influence 
of the revival of the study of Greek led by 
Cheke, Sir Thomas Smith (1513-1577) 
[q. v.], and others, through whom he be- 
came intimate with Roger Ascham. His 
Ijincolnshire neighbours Katherine Wil- 
loughbv, ducht'ss of Suffolk, Sir Edward 
Dymock, and Cecil also furthered his ad- 
vance, and the Duchess of Suffolk appointed 
him tutor to her two sons, Henry and 
(^harles Brandon (successivelv dukes of 
Suffolk), who divided their time between 
Cambridge and Ilolbeach's episcopal palace 
atBugden (Afldit. MS. 5815. f. 41). On 
their death Wilson collaborated with Walter 
Haddon [({, v.], another Etonian, in produc- 



ing ' Vita et Obitus Duoram Fratrum Suf- 
folciensium, Henrici et Carol! Brandoni . . . 
duabus epistolis explicata,' London, 1551, 
4to. Wilson wrote the dedication to Henry 
Grey, created Duke of Suffolk on 11 Oct. in 
that year, the first epistle, and several of 
the copies of verses at the end of the 
volume. It was published bv Richard Graf- 
ton [q. v.], who had helped Wilson at Cam- 
bridge, and suggested to him his treatise 
' The Rule of Reason, conteinynge the Artd 
of Logique set forth in EngUshe . . . ' which 
was also published by Grafton in the sam^ 
year (London, 8vo) and dedicated to Ed-, 
ward VI. The first edition is very rare, and 
the copy in the British Museum has manu- 
script notes by Sir Thomas Smith ; a 
second edition appeared in 1652, a third in 
1653, and others m 1667 and 1580 ; it con- 
tains a passage from Nicholas Udaira ' Ralph 
Roister Doister,' which is reprinted in 
Wood's *Athen»' (ed. Bliss, 1. 213-14). 
W^ilson also wrote in 1662 a dedication to 
Warwick, the Duke of Northumberland's 
eldest son, of Haddon*s ^Exhortatio ad 
Literas.' 

According to John Gough Nichols, Wil- 
son's * Arte of Rhetorique ' was published at 
the same time as, and uniform w^ith, the 
' Rule of Reason,' but the earliest edition of 
which any copy is known to be extant is 
dated ' mense Januarii 1663.' It is entitled 
' The Arte of Rhetorique, for the use of all 
suche as are studious of eloquence, sette 
forthe in Englishe by Thomas Wilson,' 
London, 4to; it bears no printer's name. 
Wilson describes it as being written when 
he was 'having in my country this last 
summer a quiet time of vacation with Sir 
Edward Dymock.' The copy of the first 
edition in the British Museum was given to 
George Steevens [q.v.] by Dr. Johnson. A 
second edition appeared in 1662 (London, 
4to ; prologue dated 7 Dec. 1660), and sub- 
sequent editions in 1667,1680, 1684, and 1685, 
all in quarto. Warton describes it as ' the 
first system of criticism in our language/ 
though in the common use of the word it is 
not criticism at all, but a system of rhetoric 
without much claim to originality, the rules 
being mainly drawn from Aristotle, Cicero, 
and Quint ilian. Wilson, however, did good 
service by his denunciation of pedantry, 
'strange inkhorn terms,' and the use of 
French and * Italianated' idiom, which * coun- 
terfeited the kinges Englishe ' (Hallah, Lit, 
of Europe^ ii. 193, 209; Bbtdges, Censura 
Lit. i. 339, ii. 2). In this way Wilson may 
have stimulated the development of English 
prose, and it has been maintained that Shake- 
speare himself owes something, including 



Wilson 



Wilson 



bints for Diigberry's ch»raeter, to a study of 
Wilson's book (DR.tKB, fSkakempeare and hi* 
TinK,\. WO A, i72-i). 

The ' Arte of RheCoriqite ' was dedicftted 
toNortbutaberland'aeldest son, John Dudley, 
earl of Warwick, and from this time WiUoD 
bec»mt! H staunch adherent of the Uudlej 
family. Ills especial patron in later veara 
being the Earl of Leicester. On Northiim- 
. bertand's fell he sought safety on the con- 
tinent ; in l<>65be was with Chekuat Padua, 
where on 21 Sept. 1566 ha delivered, in 
St. Anthony's Church, an oration on the 
death of Edward Courtenay, earl of Devoii, 
which is printed in Strype'a 'Memorials' 
(toI. iii. App. p. Ivii), Thence he seems to 
have proceedsd to Kome before December 
lfi57, when be was implicated in some in- 
trigue at the papul court against Cardinal 
Pole (Cat. State Paperi. For. 1553-8, pp. 
a46. 374, 880), On 17 March 1557-8 Philip 
and Mary wrote commanding him to return 
Iiome and appear before the privy council 
before lo June following (ifi. Dom. 15-17-80, 
p. 100). The English ambassador, Sir Ed- 
ward Came, delivered liim this letter in 
April, but Wilson paid no attention; and 
it was possibly at Mary'ii instigalion that 
be was arrested and charged before the in- 
flaiaition with haviog written the books on 
logic and rhetoric, and with being a here- 
tic. He is said to have been put to torture, 
1 he owed liis escape to a riot which 
ike ont on the news of Paul IV's death 
ii 18 Aug. 1559, when the nob, enraged at 
"ties of the inquisition, broke open 
IB and released suspected heretics 
1558-9, No. 1287; WltsOH, The 
L^|lrl« </ Hhttorique, ed. 1562, pref.) He 
Ljuw t«ok refuge at Ferrara, where he re- 
^^Tod hia diploma ns LL.D. on 29 Nov. 
"8 ittitt. MSB. Comm. 5th Itep. App. p. . 

■■ ■" s incorporated in this degree at i 

Sept. 1586, and at Cambridge ' 
I 30 Aug. 1671 iLamd. MS. 982, f. 2; 
Ses- Unie. Oxort. i. 204 j Addit. MH. 5815, 
f. 41). 

In 1-560 Wilson returned to London, 
irhence on 7 Dec. he dated the preface to 
die second edition of bis ' Arte of Hheto- 
rique;' he was admitted advocate in the 
court of arches by a commission from Arcb- 
biabop Parker dated 38 Feb. 1560-1 (LaHsd. 
MS. 982, f. 3); and Parker also seems to 
have appointed him dean of the college he 
founded at Stoke Clare, Sullblk (Addit. MS. 
S816, f. 42). In January 1560-1 he spoke 
of being ■ summoned to serve abro«d'(Ca/. 
Slatt Papers, For. 1560-1, No. 930), but no 
trtce of the nature of this mission has been 
found. In the same year he became master 




of St. Catherine's Hospital in the Ti 
and also master of requests (Lg\da.h, Court 
nf Reqaeitt, 18S7, pp. ilv, cvii, cix, 
In the former capacity he incurred 
odium by taking down the choir of St. 
Catherine's, sstd by Stow to have bnen as 
large as that of St. Paul's, and apparently 
it was only Cecil's intervention that pre- 
vented his selling the franchises of the hos- 
pital. Ue was returned for Michael Borough 
m Cornwall to the parliament summoned 
to meet on U Jan. 1662-3 and dissolved 
on 2 Jan. 1666-7. In April 1664 be was 
commissioned with Dr. Valentine Dale [q.T.] 



his book advocating the claims oi 
rinu Grey to the succession {Hatfield MBS. 
vol. i. passim). On newyear's day 1566-7 ho 
presented to the queen an ' Oretio de Cle- 
mentia,' now extant in the British Museum 
{Royal MS. 12 A. 1). 

In 16U3 Sir Thomas Chaloner had urged 
Wilson's appointment as ambassador to the 
court of Spain, but Wilson's liret diplomatic 
employment of any note was hia mission to 
Portugal in 1507; it dealt mainly with 
commercial matters, and Wilson's energies 
were largely devoted to furthering in Portu- 
gal the mercantile interests of his brotlieivin- 
r,iw. Sir William Winter [q.v.] His com- 
mission was apparently dated 6 May 1667 
{Cat. Clarendon Papert, i, 494), but it was 
October before be bad his first interview at 
Lisbon (G,(ton. MS.Jien B. i. 112). While 
there he entered into relations with Osorio da 
Foiiseca,thewell-knownbishopofSilve8, and 
on his return in 1608 Wilson brought with 
him the bishop's reply to Haddon (cf. 
Hitt. MSS. CoTHvi. 5th Kep. App, p, 363, and 
art. H4DD0N, Waltrr), In July he addressed 
some Latin verses to Cecil on his recovery 
from illness. On 13 May 1569 he vainly 
requested to be again sent as agent to Por- 
tugal {Lantii. MS. xii., art. 3), and he gene- 
rally acted as intermediary between Portu- 
guese envoys in London and the English 
government. As a thoroughgoing adherent 
of Leicester he also participated in the earl's 
secret negotiations with the Spanish am- 
baa8&doi{Cal. Siiaancat Papert,16ii^-7&,-pp, 
01 «iq.^ 

In the intervals of these occupatloi 
his duties as master of requests Wilson 
busied himself with his translation of ■ The 
Tbree Orations of Demosthenes, chiefe orator 
among the Grecians in favour of the Olyn- 
thians . , , with those his four Orations . . . 
against King Philip of Macedonia ; most 
nudeful to be redde in these daungerous dayes 
of all them that loue their countries libertie 
and desire to take warning for their better 



Wilson 134 Wilson 



auaylo . . . After those Orations ended, 
Demosthenes lyfe is set foorth ; ' it also con- 
tains a description of Athens and various 



received a warrant to put two of Norfolk's 
servants to the rack (Elus, Orig, Letters, i. 
ii. -61), and so engrossing was this oocupa- 



paneuryrics on Demosthenes. The transla- tion that he took up his residence, and wrote 
tion uad been begun at Padua in 1556 with j letters 'from prison in the Bloody Tower' 
Choke, and Wilsvm seems to have resumed ! (Co«<m. MS, Calig. C. iii. f. 2oO; Hat^ 
it in November 15t)9 {^Lansd. MS. xiii. art. Jieid MSS, i. 571 sqq.) He also conducted 
15 ; Letters 0/ Eminent Lit. Men, pp. -5^9), ; many of the examinations in connection with 
but the preface was not dated till 10 June | the liidolfi plot, and in June 1572 was sent 
1570, in which voar the lHX)k was published 1 with Sir lialph Sadler [q. v.] to Mary Queen 
with a deilication to Cecil (London, 4to). ] of Scots * to exp|OStulate witli her by way of 
The preface contains * a remarkable compari- , accusation ' (t6. ii. 19; instructions in her- 
eon of England with Athens in the time of ton MS. 2124, f. 4). lie was returned for 
Demosthenes/ the part of Philip of Macedon Lincoln city to tne parliament that was 
being tilled by Philip of Spain (Scelet, | summoned to meet on 8 May 1572 and was 
Jiritish iV/iVy, 18iU, i. 156) ; it is similar to ; not dissolved till after his death, and on 
the ' Latin trvatiso on the Dangerous State of : 8 July he was commissioned to provide for 
England/ on which Wilson speaks of being the better regulation of commerce (Lansd. 
engaged on 13 Aug. 1569 {^Lansd. MS. xiii. MS. xiv. art. 21). In the summer of 1573 
art.l)), and which is now extant in the Record ' he had many conferences with the Portu- 
OlUco instate Prt/xr,*, Dom. Eliz. cxxiii. 17), guese ambassadors (Harl. MS. 6991, arts. 24, 
btnng dated 2 April 1578, and entitled * A , 26, and 27). 

Discourse touchiniif the Kingdom*s Perils with I In the autumn of 1574 Wilson was sent 
thoir Uomoilies.* To this is to beattributtnlthe on the first of his important embassies to the 
curious storv cmitributi^d probably by Dr. Netherlands ; he left London on 7 Nov. 
Johnson to the * Litorarv Magazine '\l758, p. (Walsixghaji's Diary K^.Camden Soc. Muac. 
151 ), to the effect that \Vilson was employed iv. 22; his instructions, abstracted in Cat. 
by the government to translate Demosthenes State Papers, For. 1572-4, No. 1587, are 
with a view to rousing a national rt^sistance printed in full in Relations Politiques des 
to Spanish invasion {Addit. MS 5815, f. 42). jRays^Bas et <JC Angleterre, vii. 349-52 ; there 
Apart irom itsiH>litioal signiticanco. Wilson's are others in Cotton. MS. Galba C. v. ff. 51- 
translation is notablo as the earliest Eng- 216, and Hart. MS. 6991). While at Brus- 
lish version of Domost hones, and attains a sels he is said to have insti^ted a plot for 
high lovol of scholarship ; no second edition, seizing Don John and handing him over to 
however, appi^ars to have bet»n called for, the insurgents {Cal. Simancas MSS. 1568- 
though a Latin \'ersion by Nicholas Carr 1579, pp. 543-4). lie remained in the Low 

iq. v.i, who died in 15(v8, was published in Countries until 27 March 1575, when he 
.o71. At the same :inio Wilson was en- sailed from Dunkirk (Act P. C. 1571-5, p. 
gngi>d upon his * Disi'ourso uj»p«.m usurye by 361). His second embassy to the Nether- 
WAvo ot Dialogue and Oracions,' which he lands followed in the autumn of 1576 ; he 
dtHlioattHl to Loicostor. The pn^face is dated left London on 25 Oct. (Camden Soc. Misc. 
20 July 156l>, but the book was not pub- iv. 28), and spent nearly nine months in 
lishod until 1572 (London, 8vo; 2nd edit. Flanders, mainly at Brussels, Bruges, Ant- 
1584). It was one of the numerous six- werp, or Ghent. His despatches are printed 
toonth-century attacks up^m interest based in *Kelat ions Politiques* (ix. 1-414; see also 
mainly on biblical texts which proved abso- Cat. State Papers, For. 1575-77 ; Hatfield 
lutoly unavailing against the ea>nomie ten- MSS. vol. ii. passim; Cotton. MS. Gralba C. 
doncios of the time, but it is of some value v. ff. 272-358; Harl. MSS 36 art, 34, and 
as illustrating various phases of contempo- 6992 arts. 36, 37 ; and Lansd. MSS. civ. art. 
rary opinion on the subject (^Ashley, Econ. 67). The ostensible purpose of his mission 
Hist. li. 467-9) ; Jewel bt^stowed up^m it his was to negotiate some modus vivendihet'ween 
warm commendation, and on Jewel's death Don John, with whom he had various inter- 
WiUou contributtxl a v.\>py of verses to the views (e.g. on 1 May 1577, Cotton. MS GUbn 
collection published in his memory (^London, C. v. f. 306), and the Dutch insurgents; but 
157;^ 4to). " he soon came to the conclusion that such 

Loss congenial work occupieil Wilson schemes were impracticable, and urged a 
during the autumn of 1571; on 7 Sept. he complete understanding between England 
convoyed tho Duke of Norfolk to the Tower, and William of Orange (Hatfield MSS. ii. 
and for the next few weeks he did * nothing 150-4 ; cf. PnyAM, William tKe Silent, ii. 
else but examine prisoners' (Cal. Siman- 172-212). He also took part in the negotia- 
cas MSS. 1568-79, p. 339). On the 15th he tions for a marriage between Elizabeth and 




During his absence Wilson 
S3 April lo77 nominated a commit 
ft special nBitalion of Oiford University, but 
he VM d-iBtined for more itnportftut work. 
In September the Spanieb ambaaeador 



■, and Matthew 






Wilson w»s one (Cal. Sinanea» MSS. 1568- 

tSTO, p. MO). WiUoD does not, however, 

" privy council I ur until 13 Nov., 



|Taacce«»ion to ^ir Thomaa Smith (AcU P. C 
ed. Duent, iri77-8, p. S5). From thretdat^ 
lie wu conatant in atteodance on thu coun- 
cil, but he was somewhat overshadowed by 
tbe superior ability of hia colleague in the 
secretariate. Sir Francis Walsin^Lam Iq. v. J, 
ojid the nature of his political inSuence is 
not easy to distinffuish, more particularly as 
he tempered kia adherence to Leicester with 
'^m* firm desire to stand well with Ilur^hley. 
^KBe was, however, the principal authority on 
^^VonugueEe afTairs, and was the main eup- 
Hnorter of Don Antonio's ambassadors in Lon- 
■■loii (Cal. S.'monws MSH. l-^SO-fi, p. 183). 
In 1560 he became one of Eliinbuth s lay 
deoas, beinff installed dean of Durham un 
6 Feb. 1679-80, a prsferment for which he 
■was a candidate in 1503, when William 
Whittinj^ham [q. v.] waa appointed (Lb 
Nbvk, Fiut!, iii. 29it>. Ralph Lever [q.v.l 
protested against Wilson's election (Cal. 
StaU Paper; Dom. 1547-80, p. 644), and 
~'' lamination of a layman to the deanery 
a rude assertion of the royal suprBroaey 
it those who had cavilled at Wilaon'a 
«ssor on the (rround of his invalid or- 
ation (cf, Add. MS. 23235, f. 5). 
I Wilson's last attendance nt the council 
' Ud was on 3 May 1681. Ho died at St. 
therine's Hnapit^ on 16 June followine, 
I buried there on the 17th. He 
in his will that he should be buried 
'vilhoat charge or pomp,' and no trace of 
Us monument, if there was one, remains. 
A poitrwt of Wilson, dated 1575 but re- 
L J*!**^ in 1777, representing him in a black 
t'ttro and dark furred dress, belonged in 1806 
Od Sir Thomas Maryou Wilson, bart. (OK, 
gJVrH Loan Krm. ^o. 2)4, where Wilson is 
Roneoualy styled ' Sir Thomas^). Another, 
n old copy of an anonymous painting, was 
K 1879 transferred from the British Museum 
..O the National Portrait Gallery, London. 
tAcopy of his will, dated 19 Mav 1581, is 
t'^vserwed at Hatlield (,Cal. HatfUtd MSS. 
pjd. 391). He left hia housu at Edmonton to 
" 9 overseers of hb will. Sir Francis Wal- 



siiigbam 
Smith, t 

dred marks to his daughter Mary o 
marriage or coming of Bge, and a like sum t< 
liis daughter Lucrece ; his son Nicholas wa 
to be sole executor. No successor was ap 
pointed to Wilson, Walsinghom acting ua 
sole secretary until Davison's eelection on 
30 Sept. 15b6. His death waa the occasion 
nf various poetical laments (cf. Uitt. MSS. 
C'omm. 2nd Kep. App. p. 97, ith Rep. App. 
pp. a.i2^). 

Wilson was twice married : first, to Jane, 
daughter of Sir Richard Empson [u. v.l, and 
widow of John Pinchou of Writtle, Essex 
{Baker, Norihamptotuhire, ii. 141). By her 
Wilson appears to have had no issue ; and he 
married, secondly, Agnes, daughter of John 
Winter of Lidney, (Jlouceatersbire, sister 
of Sir William Winter, the admiral, and 
widow of William Brooke ( Vitit. GloucetUr- 
shire, 1823, p. 374); of her three children, 
the only son, Nicholas, settled at Sheepwash, 
Lincolnshire (see pedigree in Coll. of Amu 
MS. U. 23); Mary married, first, llobert Bur- 
dett (d. 1603) of Bramcole, by whom she 
was mother of Sir Tbomaa Burdett, first 
baronet.ancestor of Sir Francis Burdett[q. v.] 
and of the nnroacss Burdelt-Ooutls ; and, 
Christopher Lowther of Low- 
ther, Westmorland. She was buried in the 
ciioir of Penrith parish church {Lantd. MS. 
"'"'"' f. 2), Wilson's second daughter, Lu- 
, married Sir George Belgrave of Bel- 
grave, Leiceaterehire. 

Wilson has generally been confused with 
e or more cont^mporariea of the same 
me ; a confusion of him with Sir Thomaa 
Wil»oni'lSflOP-1629)[a.T.]h»a led to his 
beiug frequently styleii a knight. Other 
contemporaries were Thomas Wilson {d. 
158ti), a fellow of St. John's College, Cam- 
bridge, who took refuge at Frankfurt during 
Mary's reign, was elected dean of Worcester 
in 1571, and died on 20 July 1580 (Coopek, 
Athena Cantabr. ii. 5~ti) ; Thomas Wilson 
(d. 1616), canon of Wind8or(Bee£oJMd. AfS. 
983, f. 147); and Thomas Wilson (1508- 
1622)[q,v.j 

[A miiHB of Wilson's correspondence remains 
in the Record Oliicci, prinnpnllj amung the 
foreigD state pupers, and in the British Musfam; 
the portions tlmt hnve lieen primed or caleo- 
dured are indiistcd in tli« t«2t. Ree also Cat. 
Cotton., Harleian, Liuiaduwne. and Add. MSS. ; 
Cut, State PuporSi Dum., Forrign, and Spanish 
tarion; Acta of the Privy ConQcil, od. DaaHDt; 
Hnyaes and Murdin's Burghley Stats Papers ; 
Cal. HatSell MSS. voU. i. and ii. ; Collins's 
Letters Slid Memorials of StnU; UigKBa'a Com- 
pleat AmbiiBsador, 18SS; Kervyn da Lelten- 



J 



Wilson 



136 



Wilson 



hora'e Rel. F0I. dee Puts-Bos at d'Angleterre, 
1882-1801. vols. xi-x. : WrishtV Quaen Eliw- 
'belli and hcF Timet; Kam's Lifu of Burghley, 
3 toIb.. Hume's Qrpal Lord Burghtrj. 1898 ; 
f roodd'a Hist, of Enflliiad ; CuIb'b Atheiue 
<Bnt. Mu*. Add. MS. agio. tt. iO-6); Fuller'a 
Uiat. of Cambrid)!;e, p. 75, and Wartliies, sd. 
1836 ; Tinnafe Bibl. Brit.-Uil). ; Ritsoo'i Bibl. 
Angto-Pootiloi ; Stripe's Works (Gunemt Index, 
1827) ; OourIi's Qenoml Index to Parker See. 
Pub!. ; Daoitei and Nichnla'i Uiat. of St. Cathe- 
line'a Hospital; Oeat. Mag. 1833, i. leS-Tfi; 
£)1)b's OHginnl Liters; Lodfte'a 111 uat rations, 
ii. I91-fi: LiL Remains of Elvard VI (Roi- 
barghe Club) : Atchom'a EplBtolea, pp. 42S, 426 ; 
Otl)riel Harrey's Worka, od. Grosart, i. 18'.!, ii. 
84 : Q'Rwes's JoacnnU ; Burgan'a Lift< and Times 
of Greabam : Cooprr's Atlienir Cantabr. i. 431-7, 
«6B ; Foster's Alnmm OiOD. U00-17U ; OlBml 
Bet. Members of Pari. ; Natra nail Qaeriea, 
2nd ser. vi. 243 ; Wilaon's Works in Brit. Mua. 
Libr.] A. F. P. 

WILSON, TnOMAS(1563-1023),divine, 
born iu the couutr of Durham in IMS, ma- 
triculated from (Jueen's Colle^, Oxford, 
CD 1: Nov. IMl, aged 18, graduated B..^ 
on 7 Feb. 1583-4, and was licensed M..X. 
on 7 Julv 1&66 (Clike, Indexes, ii. 103, iii. 
119). lie was elected chaplain of the col- 
lege, apparently before he was ordained, on 
S4 April I58r>. In July lr>86 he was 
appointed rector of ISt. Oeore^ the .Xartyr at 
Canti'rburj' through the influence of Henry 
Robinson (155SP-1C16) [q. v.], provost of 
Queen's College and afterwards bishop of 
Carlisle, to whom WiUon also owed his col- 
lege education (cf. the epistle dedicatory 10 
the Christian Dictionarie). He remained at 
Canterbury for tUe rest of his life, preaching 
three or four sermons every week, and win- 
ning the affections of the puritan section of 
his people, although more than once com- 
ploiiied of by others to Archbishop Abbot for 
nonconformity. He was acting as chaplain 
to Thomas, second lord Wotton, in 1611. 

Wilson died at Canlerbury in January 
1621-'2, and was buried in his own church- 

J'ard, outside the chancel, on the 35th. A 
uneral sermon was preached ( London, 1 Q2'2, 
4to) by William Swift of St. Andrew's, Can- 
terbury, great -grandfather of Dean Sivift. 
His portrait, engraved by Cross, prefixed to 
the ' Commcntnrie,' shows him to lie a lean, 
sbarp-visaged man ; he was married and left 
a large family. 

Wilson's chief work was liis 'Chrislinn 
Dictiouarie ' (London, 1612, 4lo), one of the 
earliest attempts made at a concordance of 
the Bible in English. Its usefulness was 
soon recognised, an<l it ran through many 
edilions. The fourth was much enlargell 
by John Bagwell (n.d., London) ; the fifth 



appeared in 1&17 ; the sixth <165£, foL) was 
still further augmented by Andrew Synwon. 
Over bis * Commentarie ' on Romans, a work 
written in the form of a dialogue between 
Timothens and Silas, Wilson spent seven 
years. It was reprinted in 1627 (fol.), and 
reached a third edition in 1653 (4to). In 
leil hepublUhed in octavo a volume con- 
taining (a) 'Jacob's Ladder; or, a short 
Treatise laying forth the severall D^rees 
of Gods Kiemall PuTpoae,' (6) ' A Dialogue 
about JvstiEcation by Faith,' (c) 'A lieceit 
against lleresie,' and two sermons. Besides 
some further sermons and other worka ap- 
parently lost, he wrote ' Saints by Calling ; 
or, Called to be Saints,' X/)ndon, 1620, 4to, 
[Drook'sLiTesoflheParitani. ii. 282; Oran- 
ger's Biogr. Hist. i. 3S9 ; Huated'a Eeut. iii. 
471 ; Cbalmars's Biogr. Diet. ; Registers of St. 
Gforgo the Mnrlyr, Canterbury, ed. Coirper, 
1391,pp. iii. vii, 19, 20. 21, 23, 182; informa- 
tion from the Provost of Queen's College. Ox- 
ford.] C. F. S. 

WILSON, Sir THOMAS n560?-1629-i. 
keeper of the records and author, born pro- 
bably about 1560, is described in the admis- 
sion register of St. John's College, Cam- 
bridge, as ' Norfolciensis,' and is said to hare 
been ' nephew ' of Dr. Thomas Wilson ( 1 62.5 .'■- 
1561) [q. v.], Eliiabeth's secretary of stale 
(Caf. State Papers, Ireland, 160:1-6, p. ix>. 
No confirmation of thb relationship has been 
traced, and the younger Wilson la not men- 
tioned in the elder's will. Possiblv he was 
the ■ Thomas Wilson of Willey, Ilertford- 
shire, son and heir of Wilson of the same, 

Snt.,' who was admitted Etudent of Oray's 
n on 11 Feb. I59i-5. He was educated 
apparently at Stamford grammar school, 
and matriculated from St. John's College, 
Cambridge, on 26 Nov. 157fi. In 1583 he 
waa elected on BuT^hley's nomination to a 
scholarship on the foundress's foundation at 
St. John's (Burghley in Lansd. AfS. 77, f. 20; 
St. John's Coll. Begister, per Mr. U. F. Scott). 
He graduated B.A. in 1583 from St. John's 
College, but migrated to Trinity Hall, whence 
he graduated M.A. in 1667. For fifteen 
years, according to his own account, he 
studied civil law at Cambridge. In 16SU 
he procured a letter from Burghley r 



and Wilson betook himself to foreign travel. 
In 1596, while sojourning in Italy and Ger- 
many, Wilson translated from the Spanish 
Gorge de Montemayor's ' Diana,' a romance, 
from which the story of 'Two Gentlemen of 
Verona' was partly drawn (Lgb, Shale- 
tpeare,^. 63); it was dedicated to Shake- 



I 



L'q>ean;'s frieiii), t!io Karl of SoutlmmptoD, 
' 'then upon ihu Spanish vaiage vrith mj Lord 
of Ee»ex.' Tho origin&l translation does not 
appear to be eitont, but about 1617 Wilson 
nitide A <^'^PT< extant in British Museum Ad- 
ditional MS. 18038, which he dedicated to 
Fulke Orei-ille, cLancellor of the exch(<quer, 
«nd afterwards Lord Brooke [q, v.j ; he re- 
marhs that Brooke's friend Sir Philip Sidney 
[q. v.] 'did much afiect and imitate' 'Diana,' 
ftDd possibly Wilson took part in publish- 
ing some of Sidney's works, for on 12 April 
16U7 he asked Sir Thomas Lake to further 
hiB petition for the privilege of printing 
'cerUtin books [by Sianey] wherein myself 
Uid my late dear friend Mr, QoIdinR have 
taken pains ' (Cal. State Papert, Dom., Ad~ 
denda, 1680-1626, p. 496 ; of. art. GoLDlNo, 
Akthitb). He is possibly also the Thomas 
"Wilson whose name appears at the foot of 
the first page of the manuscriDt ' Booke on 
the State of Ireland,' addressed to Essex by 

* II. C (? Heiiry Cuffe [q. vj) in 1599 (Co;. 
State Fapiri, Ireland. 1599-0. p. fia5) ; 
owing to Its being-a dialogue ' between Fere- 
frryn and Silvyn,' the namps of Kdraund 
Spenser's two sons, it has been iTonsidered 
the work of the poet himself [cf. art. Sfen- 
a£B, EDtlUKtl}. 

Ill spite of these indications of a connec- 
tion with Southampton and Qsaox, Wilson, 
fortunately for himself, remained faithful to 
the Cecils, and during the later years of 
Eliaabeth's reign he was constantly em- 

tloyed as foreign intelli);encer, On '21 Feb. 
600-1 Sir Robert Cecil wrote to him ;' I 
tike so well many of your letters and dis- 
coDFses to the lord treasurer [Buckhurst] 
l\uA I wish you not only to continue the 
Mme couise of writing to him. but uino to 
me ' {Cal. Slate Paper*, Dom. 159&-1(X)1. p. 
,<00). Among these discourses was one 
" an on 1 31arch following ' on the state of 
jlond i.D. 1600,' giving the claims of 
|t»relve competitors for the crown, ' with a 

* sription of this country and of Ireland, 
conduct of the people, state of the re- 
tie and expenses, and the military and 

rs4Tal forces; it is extaut In the Iteeord 
Office {Stale Papei-i, Dom., Elizabeth, vol. 
oclxxx.) In December he was at Florence, 
and he speaks of being employed on various 
negotiations with the Dulie of Ferrara, the 
Venetians, and other Italian states (Ui. 
James I, cxxiv. 1 J ; for details of his move- 
ments, see bis diary in ib. xi. 45). He was 
obriously a thorough Italian scholar (cf, 
Addit. its. 11676, tf. 2sqq.), and the main 
abject of bis residence in Italy during 1601- 
1B02 was to ascertain the nature and extant 
of the Spanish and papa! designs against 



England (ffl/. State Papen.Tiota. 1601-S, i 
pp. 127, 234). Ue returned to England ' 
during the winter, and was at. Greenwich on 
13 June 1603 (Co(Coti. MS. Calig. E. x. 360; 
Ellis, Orig. Letten, u. iii. 201-2), but 
early in 1604 he was sent to reside as consul 
in Spain {Cal. Stale Papert, Dom. Jamea I, 
flnxv, 14; WiswooD, iMei7i.ii.45; Nichols, 
Frogr. Jama I, i. 475}. He was at Bayonne 
in February 1603-4 {Cotton. MS. Cafiy, E, 
zi. 78^9), and remained in Spain until the 
arrival of the Eurl of Nottingham and Sir 
Charles Oomwullis [q. v.] us ambassadors in 
1606. 

On bis return to England Wilson defi- 
nitely entered the service of Sir Robert 
Cecil, who teased to him a house adjoining 
liis own, called ' Britain's Burse,' in Durham 
I'Uoe, Strand (see sketch in SttiU Paperi, 
Dom.. Charles I, xxi. Ui). He look a con- 
siderable part in supervising the building of 
Salisbury s house in Durham Place and also 
Bt HatUeld, in the neighbourhood of which 
lie received from Lord SalLibury the manor 
of Iloddesdon. In 1606 he is said to have 
been returned to psrliament for Newton 
(P Newtown, Isle of Wight); the official 
return does not mention this bv-election, 
but that Wilson fat in this parliament is 
probable from the frequent notes of its pro- 
ceeding with regani to such matters oa 
Bcutases and the ' post-natl ' with which he 
supplied the government. He also kept the 



made a collection of the objections likely ti 
be urged against the union in parliament. 
About 1606, on the surrender of Sir Thomas 
Lake [q, v.], Salisbury procured for Wilson 
the post of keeper of the records at White- 
ball, with a salary of 30^ ; he also obtained 
the clerkship of imports, worth 40/. a year, 
but lost it when Suffolk became treasurer in 
1614. 

Wilson was a zealous and energetic keeper 
of the records, and made many euggestiona 
with regard to them, which, if they had 
been adopted, would have saved subsequent 
students an infinity of trouble. One of these 
waa the creation of an oHice in which char- 
tularies of dissolved abbeys and moQasteries 
should be transcribed and kept for the use 
of 'searchers,' and to prevent needless liti- 
gation for want of access to title-deeds 
(Cal. Slate Papers, Dom. 1611-18, p. 608). 
Another, inspired more by self-inl^rest, was 
the creation of an office of 'register of 
honour,' to be filled by himself, so as to 
obviate froqiii^nt disputes for precedence 
among knights and their ladies. He also sug- 
gested the publication of a gasette of n 



i 



Wilson 



138 



Wilson 



'as is already done in Germany, France, 
Italy, and Spain,' and the grant of a patent 
to himself for printing it. His main diffi- 
culty was with secretaries of state and other 
officials, who refused to deliver to him public 
documents to which he considered the state 
entitled, and with highly placed borrowers 
who neglected to return the documents they 
borrowed. Among the latter was Sir Robert 
Bruce Cotton [q. v.], and in 1015 Wilson pro- 
tested against Cotton's appointment as keeper 
of the excheauer records, complaining that 
Cotton already injured the keepers of the 
state papers enough by * having such things 
as he nath coningly scraped together,' and 
fearing that many exchequer records would 
find tneir way into Cotton's private collec- 
tion. Similarly, when Ralph Starkey [^.v.] 
acquired the papers of Secretary Davison, 
Wilson procured a warrant for their seizure, 
and on 14 Aug. 1619 secured a sackful, con- 
taining forty-five bundles of manuscripts 
{Harl. MS, 286, f. 286). He rendered valu- 
able service in arranging and preserving 
such documents as he did succeed in ac- 
quiring (cf. Cat, State Papers, Ireland, 1603- 
1606, pref. pp. xx, xxii, xxxv, xli ; Edwards, 
Founders of the British Museunif p. 149). 

Wilson's interests were not, however, con- 
fined to the state paper office. He was an 
original subscriber to the Virginia Company 
(Browx, Genesis, i\. 1054), and kept a Keen 
watch on discoveries in the East Indies, 
maintaining a correspondence with persons 
in most quarters of the globe (see Pubchas, 
Pilf/rimes, i. 408-13 ; CaL State Papers,EtiSt 
Indies, vols. i. and ii. passim). He petitioned 
for a grant of two thousand acres in Ulster 
in 1618, and drew up a scheme for the mili- 
tary government of Ireland ( Cat. State Papers, 
Ireland, 1015-25, p. 202 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 
4th Rep. App. p. 284). He thought he 
' could do better service than in being always 
buried amongst the state papers ; ' his especial 
ambition was to be made master of requests, 
an office for which he repeatedly and vainly 
petitioned the king. He also procured royal 
letters to the fellows of Trinity Hall and of 
Gonville and Caius Colleges in favour of his 
election as master of their respective societies 
at the next vacancy; but the letters seem 
never to have been sent, and Wilson re- 
mained keeper of the records till his death. 

He was, however, knighted at WTiitehall 
on 20 July 1618 (Nichols, Progr. of James I, 
iii. 487), and in September following was 
selected for the dishonourable task of worm- 
ing out of Ralegh sufficient admissions to con- 
demn him. lie took up his residence with 
Ralegh in the Tower on 14 Sept., and was 
relieved of his charge on 15 Oct. He ap- 



pears to have entered on his duties with 
some zest, styling his prisoner the 'arch- 
hypocrite' and * arch-impostor/ and ad- 
mitting in his reports that he had held out 
the hope of mercy as a bait ; there is, how- 
ever, no ground for the suggestion thrown 
out by one of Ralegh's biographers that the 
real object of Wilson's employment was 
Ralegh s assassination (Wilson's reports are 
among the Domestic State Papers, see CaL 
1611-18, pp. 669-92; some are printed in 
Speddinq 8 Bacon, xiii. 425-7). On lialegh's 
death Wilson urged the transference of his 
manuscripts to the state paper office, and 
actually seized his * mathematical and sea- 
instruments' for the navy board, and drew up 
a catalogue of his books, which he presented 
to the king. 

Wilson died some time before 31 July 
1629, when letters of administration were 
granted to his widow Margaret, possibly 
sister of the Peter Mewtys or Mewys whom 
Wilson succeeded in 1605 as member for 
Newtown. His only child, a daughter, mar- 
ried, about 1614, Ambrose Randolph, younger 
son of Thomas Randolph (1523-1590) [q.v.l, 
who was joint-keeper of the records with 
Wilson from 1614. 

Besides the works already mentioned, 
Wilson compiled a * Collection of Divers 
Matters concerning the Marriages of Princes' 
Children,' which he presented on 4 Oct. 1617 
to James I ; the original is now in British 
Museum Additional MS. 11576. On 10 Aug. 
1616 he sent to EUesmere a 'collection of 
treaties regulating commercial intercourse 
with the Netherlands ' {Egerton Papers, Cam- 
den Soc. p. 476) ; he drew up a digest of the 
arrangement of documents in nis office 
{StoweMS.6^,K 2sqq.),and left unfinished 
a history of the revenues of the chief powers 
in Europe (Cal, State Papers, Dom. 1623-5, 
p. 557). Much of his correspondence is pre- 
served among the foreign state papers in the 
Record Office, and among the yet uncalen- 
dared documents at Hatfield. 

[Wilson gives an acconiit of his services in his 
petitions in State Papers, Dora., James I, xciiL 
131, and czxxv. 14, and of his movements io 
160U4, if), xi. 45. See also Cal. State Papers, 
Dom. 1600-28, passim, Ireland, 1603-25; 
Cotton. MS. Calig. E. xi. 81 ; Lansd. MS. 77> 
f. 20 ; Harl. MS. 7000, f. 34 ; Hist. MSS, Comm. 
2nd Rep. App. pp. 55, 283, 284, 9th Rep. App. 
ii. 373 ; Winwood's Memorials, ii. 45 ; Nichols's 
Prrgr. of James I, i. 188, 246, 475, iii. 487; 
Brewer's Court and Times of James I ; Sped- 
ding's Bacon ; St. John, Edwards, Oayley, Steb- 
hing, and Humes Li ves of Ralegh ; Gardiner's 
Hist, of England, ii. 143; authorities cited in 
text] A. F. P. 




I 



I 



I 



Wilson 

)N, THOMAS (16ti;i-175.i), bishop 
and Mun, Eixth of seven childrea 
of Nalhaniel [d. 29 May 1702) 
and Alice (d. 16 Aug. 1708) WilBon, was 
bora at Burton. Cheshire, on 20 Dec. 1663. 
Jlta mother was a sister of Richard Sherlock 
[q. v.] From the King's school, Chester, 
under Francis Harpur tCRinrWBiL ; hut a 
local tradition identifies his master witli 
Edward Unipiir of the grammar school, 
Frodsham) he entered Trinity College, Dub- 
lin, as a sizar on i'9 Mny ISS3, his tutor 
being John Barton, afterwards dean of Ar- 
dagh. Swift entered in the previous month ; 
other contemporariea were Peter Browne 

S.V.] and Edward Chandler fq. v.] He was 
ectedscho!aron4Junel683. InFebruary 
1686 he graduated B.A. The inQuence of 
Uichael Ilewetson Id. 1709} turned his 
thoughts from medicine to the church. 
was ordained deacon before attaining the 
canonical age by William Moreton [n. v.], 
bishopofliildare.on St. Peter's day (29 Ji ' 
1686, He left Irelnnd to become cui 
(10 Feb. 1687) to his uncle Sherlock, in 
obapelryof NewchurchKenyon,nowa sepa- 
rate parish, then in the parish of Winwick, 
Lancashire. He was ordained priest by 
Nicholas Stratford [q. v,] on 20 Oct. 1689, 
and remained in ctiarge of Newchurcb till 
the end of August 1692. He was then ep- 

Kiintod domestic chaplain to William George 
ichanl Stanley, ninth earl of Derby {d. 
1702), and tutor to his only son, James, lord 
Strange (1680-1699), with a salary of 30/. 
Eftrly in 1693 he was appointed master of 
the almshouse at Latham, yielding 201. more. 
At Eaater he mnde a vow to set apart n fifth 
of his slender income for pious uses. especiiiUy 
for the poor. In .June he was offered by 
Lord Derby the valuable rectory of Bads- 
worth, West Hiding of Yorkshire, but re- 
fused it, having made a resolution against 
non-renidence. He graduated M.A, in 1696 
(Cat. tif Graduates Unit: of DubUrx, 1669; 
Btubbs says 1693). 

On 27 Nov. 169? Lord Derby offered him 
the bishopric of .Sodor and Man, vacant since 
the death of Baptist Leviuz [q. v.], and in- 
sisted on his taking it, On lU Jan. 1698 he 
was created LL.D. by Archbishop Teniaon 
{his own statement ; Foster aava the entry 
is of ' John' Wilson). On 16 Jan. 1698 he 
was cflDsecrated at the Savoy (Lb Neve, 
Fatti, ed. Ilardv, 1864, iii. '328 ; Stubbs, 
ltegi*trvmSaerumAnglicanum.\^7,'p.VM). 
On 26 Jan. the rectory of Badsworth was 
again offered to him in eommendam, and 
again refused, though the see of Man was 
vorth no more than SOO/. a year. His first 
business was to recover the arrears of royal 



139 



Wil: 



son 




bounty (an annuity of HXll. granted 1675). 
On 6 April he landed at Derby Haven in 
ihe Isle of Man, and wosetulledon 11 April 
in the ruins of St, German's Cathedral, Peel, 
and at once took up his residence at Bishop's 
Court, Kirk Michael. He found it also in a 
ruinous condition, and set about rebuilding 
tlie greater part of it, at a coat of 1,400/.. irf 
which all but 200/. came from hisown pocket. 
He soon became 'a very energetic planter' 
of fruit and forest trees, turning ' the bare 
slopes' into ' a richly wooded glen.' He was 
on equally zealous farmer and miller, doing 
much by his example to develop the re- 
sources of the island. For some time he was 
' the only physician in the island ; ' he set up 
a drug-shop, giving advice and medicine 

Sraiis to the poor (UEUTTWEtL. p. ici), He 
ad not been two months in the island when 
he had before him the petition of Christopher 
Hampton of Kirk Braddon, whose wife had 
been condemned to eeven years' penal servi- 
tude for lamb stealing, and who asked the 
bishop's license for a second marriage in 
consideration of his ' motherless children.' 
Wilson gave him (26 May 1098) ' liberty to 
make such a choice as may be most for yo' 
support and comfort.' Yet his views of 
marriage were usually strii^t { marriage witli 
a deceased wife's sister be regarded as incest. 
The building of new churches (beginning 
with the Castletown chapel, 1698) was one 
of his earliest cares, and in 1699 he took up 
the scheme of Thomas Bray (1656-1T30) 
[q. v.], and began the eatabtisument of paro- 
chial libraries in his diocese. This led to 
provision in the Manx language for the neada 
of his people. The printing of 'prayers for 
the poor families' is projected in a memo- 
randum of Whil-Sunday 1699, but was not 
carried out till 30 May 1707, the date of 
issue of bis ' Principles and Duties of Chris- 
tianity ... in EngHsh and blanks . , . with 
short and plain directions and prayers,' 1707, 
2 parts, Hvo. This was the first book pub- 
li8liedinMani,ftnd is often styled the 'Manx 
Catechism ' It was followed by ' A Further 
Instruction;' 'A Short, and Plain Instruc- 
tion. , .for the Lord's Supper,' 1733; and 
' The Gospel of St, Matthew,' 1748 (trans- 
lated, with the help of his vicars-general, ia 
1722). The remaining Gosiiels and the Acts 
were also translated into Manx under hii 
supervision, but not published (MoOKE, p. 
218). lie freely issued occasional ordersfor 
special services, with new prayers, the Uni- 
formity Act not specifying the Isle of Man. 
A public library was established by him at 
Castletown in 1706, and from that jrear, by 
help of the trustees of the ' academic fund.' 
and by benefactions from Lady Elizabeth 



1 



Wilson 



140 



Wilson 



Hastings [q. v.], he did much to increase the 
efficiency ot the gprammar schools and parish 
schools in the island. He was createa D.D. 
at Oxford on 3 April 1707, and incorporated 
at Cambridge on 11 June. In 1724 he 
founded, and in 1732 endowed, a school at 
Burton, his birthplace. 

The restoration of ecclesiastical discipline 
was, from the first, an object which Wilson 
had at heart. Scandalous cases, frequently 
involving the morals of the clergy, gave him 
much trouble. The 'spiritual statutes' of 
the island (valid, where not superseded by 
the Anglican canons of 1603) were of native 
growth, and often uncouth in their pro- 
visions. Without attempting to disturb these 
(with the single exception oi abolishing com- 
mutation of penance by fine), Wilson drew 
up his famous ' Ecclesiastical Constitutions,' 
ten in number, .which were subscribed by 
the clergy in a convocation at Bishop's Court 
on 3 Feb. 1704, ratified by the governor and 
council on 4 Feb., confirmed by James Stanley, 
tenth earl of Derby (d, 1736), and publicly 
proclaimed on the Tinwald Hill on 6 June. 
Of these constitutions it was said by Sir 
Peter King, first lord King [q. v.], that * if 
the ancient discipline of the church were 
lost, it might be found in all its purity in 
the Isle of Man.' 

The discipline worked smoothly till 1713, 
* when it came into collision with the official 
class' (MooRE, p. 192), owing to an appre- 
hended reduction of revenue through Wil- 
son's practice of mitigating fines in the spi- 
ritual court. Robert Mawdesley {d. 1732), 
governor from 1 703, had been in harmony 
with Wilson; his successor in 1713, Alex- 
ander Home, became Wilson's determined 
opponent. The first direct conflict began in 
1716. Mary Henricks, a married woman, 
was excommunicated {22 Oct.) for adultery, 
and condemned to penance and prison. She 
appealed (20 Dec.) to the lord of the isle, and 
Home allowed the appeal; Wilson, rightly 
maintaining that there was no appeal except 
to the archbishop of York, did not appear 
at the hearing (23 Dec. 1717, in London), 
and was fined (19 Feb. 1719) in 10/.; the 
fine was remitted (20 Aug.) The episcopal 
registrar, John Woods of Kirk Malew, was 
twice imprisoned (1720 and 1721) for re- 
fusing to act without the bishop's direction. 
The governor's wife (Jane Home) was or- 
dered (19 Dec. 1721) to ask forgiveness (in 
mitigation of penance) for slanderous state- 
ments. For admitting her to communion 
and for false doctrine Archdeacon Robert 
Horrobin, the governor's chaplain, was sus- 
]>ended (17 May 1722). Retusing to recall 
* ' ^s, Wilson was fined (26 June) 



50/., and his vicars-general 20/. apiece, 
and in default were imprisoned in Castle 
Rushen (29 June). Wilson appealed to the 
crown (19 July); they were released on 
31 Aug., but the fines were paid through 
Thomas Corlett. The dampness of the prison 
had so affected Wilson's right hand that he 
was henceforth unable to movd his fingers 
in writing. In 1724 the bishopric of Exeter 
was offered to Wilson as a means of reim- 
bursement. On his declining, G^rge I pro- 
mised to meet his expenses from the privy 
purse, a pledge which the king's death leit 
unfulfilled. 

Part of Horrobin's false doctrine was his 
approval of a book which Wilsoij had cen- 
sured. On 19 Jan. 1722 John Stevenson, a 
layman of Balladoole, forwarded to Wilson 
a copy of the 'Independent W^hig,' 1721, 
8vo [see Gordon, Thomas, d. 1750, and 
Trenchard, John, 1602-1723], which had 
been circulated in the island and sent to 
Stevenson by Richard W^orthington for the 
public library. Wilson issued (27 Jan.) a 
pastoral letter to his clergy, bidding them 
excommunicate the * agents and abettors' of 
' such-like blasphemous books.* For sup- 
pressing the book Stevenson was imprisoned 
in Castle Rushen by Home, who required 
Wilson to deliver up the volume as a con- 
dition of Stevenson s release. This he did 
(21 Feb.) under protest. When the book 
reached William Ross, the librarian, he said 
' he would as soon take poison as receive that 
book into the library upon any other terms 
or conditions than immediately to bum it.' 
Horrobin, on the other hand, affirmed (De- 
cember 1722) that the work 'had rules and 
directions in it sufficient to bring us to heaven, 
if we could observe them ' (cf. Letter to the 
publisher, by W^[alter] A[wbery], prefixed to 
Independent Whig, 6th edit. li^32). 

Home was superseded in 1723. Floyd, 
his successor, was generally unpopular. W' ith 
the appointment of Thomas Ilorton in 1725, 
began a new conflict between civil and eccle- 
siastical authority. Lord Derby now claimed 
(5 Oct. 1725) that the act of Henry VHI, 
placing Man in the province of York, abro- 
gated all insular laws in matters spiritual. 
The immediate result was that Horton re- 
fused to carry out a recent decision of the 
House of Keys, granting soldiers to execute 
orders of the ecclesiastical court. A revision 
of the 'spiritual statutes' was proposed by 
the House of Keys, with Wilson's concur- 
rence. Horton took the step of suspending 
the whole code till * amended and revised.' 
He further deprived the sumner-general and 
appointed another. Unavailing petitions for 
rearess were sent to Lord Derby ; the House of 




Wilson I- 

Keys appenled (6 Nov. 1728) to tlie king in 
eouocU, but nothing came of it. 

On the death ll F^b. 1T36) of the t«ntb 
lord Derby, the lordship of Man passed to 
Jnmes Murray, second duke of Atholl (_d. 
1764). The revision of statutes proposed 
in IT25 was at once carried through, with 
the result of ' a marked absence of disputes 
between the civil and eccleaiaatical courts' 
(MooRB, p. 207). The intricate suit about 
impropriations (to all of which Atholl had a 
legal claim) jeopardised for a time the tem^ 
poralitiea of the church, and was not finally 
settled till {7 July 17o7) after Wilson'H 
death ; but with the aid of Sir Joseph Jekyll 
[q. v.] Wilson and his son were able to 
recover (1737) certain deeds securing to the 
clentv au eaulvalenl for their tithe. Between 
d Atholl (and thegovemorsof his 
appoiDtment)there seems nevertohsTebeen 
any personal friction, lender the reviBed 
ecclesiastical law presentments for moral 
offences were less frequent, procedure being 
less Hummary. But, while health lasted, 
Wilson was sedulous in administering the 
discipline through the spiritual courts, and 
there WOE an incruuse of clerical cases(MoosE:, 
p. 207). Tbee.Ttreme difficulty of obtaining 
suitable candidates for the miserably poor 
benefices led Wilson to get leave from the 
orchbishop of Vork to ordain before the 
canonical age. 

W'ilson was not by nature an intolerant 
nan, nor were his sympathies limited to 
the Ai^Iican fold. It is said that Cardinal 
Fleuiy (d. 23 Jan. 1743) wrote to liim, ' as 
they were the two oldest bishops, and, he 
believed, the poorest in Europe,' invited him 
o France, and was so pleased with his reply 
that he got an order prohibiting French 
privateers from ravaging the Isle of Man. 
Roman cathoLcs ' not unfrequently at- 
tended ' his services. He allowed dissenters 
'to Bit or stand' at the communion; not 
being compelled to kneel, they did so. The 
qiukers ' loved and respected him' (Crfit- 
WBLL,p.xcii). Int73dhemet JamesEdwtird 
Oglethorpe |q.v.] in London, and this was the 
banning ofnis practical interest in foreign 
missions, though he was an early advo- 

< cst« of the Society for the Propagation 
j of the GoHpel, and still earlier of the So- 

< ciety for promoting Christian Knowledge. 
His ' Essay towards an Instructioa for the 
Indians. . . in . . . Dialof^ues,' 1740, 8vo, 
wos begun at Oglethorpe's infltance,and dedi- 
cated to the Georgia trustees. Wilson's son 
was entrusted witli its revision for the press, 

I and he submitted the manuscript to Issdc 
B Watts. It must he remembered that most 
I of theOeorgiii trustees were dissenters. Since 



Wilson 



I 

I 
I 



I 




1738 Wilson had been interested In Zinten- 
dorf, through friends who had met him at 
Oxford and London in 1787. Ha corre- 
sponded ( 1 739) with Henry Cossart, author of 
a ' Short Account of the Moravian Churches,' 
and received from Zinzendorf and his coad- 
jutors a copy of the Moravian catechism, 
with a latter (28 July 1740). Zinzendorf 
was again in London in 1749, holding there 
a synod (11 to 30 Sept.) News come of the 
death (23 Sept.) of Cochius of Berlin, 'ar- 
tistes' of the 'reformed tropus' (one of three) 
in the Moravian church. The vacant and 
somewhat sLadowy office was tendered to 
Wilson (with liberty to employ his son as 
substitute), Zinzendorf sending him a seal- 
ring, On 18 Dec. Wilson wrote bis ac- 
ceptance. 

From 1760, his eighty-aixth year, Wilson 
wasburduned with gout. He died at Bishop's 
Court on 7 March 1765, the fiftieth anni- 
versary of his wife's death. His cofBn was 
made from an elm tree planted by himself, 
and made into planks for that purpose some 
years before hia death (ib. p. ici). He had a 
strong objection, mentioned in his will, to 
interments within churches, and was buried 
(II March) at the east end of Kirk Michael 
ch urchyard .whereasquaremarble monum ent 
marks his grave, Philip Moore preached 
the funerol sermon. Hia will (21 Dec. 1740 ; 
codicil, 1 June 1748^ is printed by Keble. 

Ti . — . , :_..,j ... '■'«"'=" „as engraved 

^d, 1819, by 
black skull-cap and 
hair flowing and silvery.' For his shoes ho 
used 'leathern thongs inntead of buckles' 
(HojfE, p. 240). On 27 Oct. 1898 he waa 
married at W"inwick to Mary (6. 16 July 
1674 ; d. 7 March 1705), daughter of Thomas 
Patten. By her he had four children, of 
whom Thomas (see below) survived him. 

Wilson's rare unselfishness gives lustre to 
a life of fearless devotion to duty and wise 
and thrifty beneficence. The fame of his 
ecclesiastical discipline is rather due to ths 
singularity of its exercise by an Anglican 
diocesan than to anything special either in 
its character or its fruits. "The details fur- 
nished by Keble, with nauseous particu- 
larity from year to year, may be paralleled 
from the contemporary records of many a 

?resbyterian court or anabaptist meeting. 
hat W'ilson acted with the single aim of 
the moral and religious improvement of hit 
peoplewasrecoenised by them, and his strict- 
ness, joined with his transparent purity, his 
uniform sweetness of temper, anu his self- 
denying charities, drew to him ihe affectionate 
veneration of those to whom he dedicated 
his life. 



Hisportrait (painted in I7.^2P) was 
(17a5) by Vertue (reproduced, : 
Sievier). It shows his black skul 



I 
I 

I 

ll 
I 



Wilson 

Wilson's 'Works' were collectad (under 
hil Mn's direction) by Clement Cruttwell 
[q. v.l, 1781, '2 vols. 4to, includior a 'Life' 
(repnnted 1786, 3 vols. 8to), and bv John 
Kebla [q.v.], wiib additions, in tlie 'Librarj 
ofAnglo^atliolicTheolofty/lftl7-63, 7vol«, 
8vo, preceded by a ' Life,' 18C3, 2 vols, 
8vo (ot partt"), to which Keble had de- 
voted sixteen jeare' labour. Besides warkc 
noted above, many sermons and devotional 
pieces, he pnhlished: 1. ' I^re,' prefixed to 
the "Practical Christian,' 1713. 8vo, by 
Richard Sherlock. S. ' History of the Isla 
of Man' in Gibsons (3ndl edit, of Camden's 
' Britannia,' 1722, fol. vol, ii. 3. ' Observa- 
tions' included in ' Abatracloftbe Elistorical 
Part of the Old Testament,' 1735, 8vo (his 
' Notes' are in an edition of the Bible, 178.>. 
4lo). PosthnmouB were : 4, 'Sacra PrJvata,' 
first published in Cruttwell, 1781, vol. i. 
(the Oxford edition, 1838, has a preface by 
Cardinal Newman; the original manuscript 
of the 'Sacra Privata' waa exhibited, by 
the president and fellows of Sion College, 
in the loan collectiou at the liondon church 
congress, 1890). 5. 'Afaxims of Piety and 
Christianity ' (ditto). Many devotional 
manuals have been framed, by extraction 
and adaplalion. from Wilson's worts. Of 
his writing Cardinal Newman says (1838) ; 
'There is nolbinR in him but what is plain, 
direct, homely, for the most port prosaic ; 
all is sober, unstrained, rational, severely 
chastened in style and language.' 

His son, Thomas Wilsos (17ft*J-1784>, 
divine, was bom at Bishop's Court on 
24 Aug. 1703. He was the second son of 
the name, a previoiia Thomas having died an 
infant in 1701. His father taught him till 
he waa sixteen, when he was placed with 
Clerk at tlie grammar school of Kirk Leathoin , 
North Bidmg of Yorkshire. He matricu- 
lated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 20 April 
1721, was elected student on 8 Julv 1734, 
and graduated B.A.on 17 Dec. 1724 (Keblb, 
p. 660); M.A. 16 Dec. 1727, B.D. and D.D. 
10 May 1739. He waa ordained deacon 
(1729), and priest (1731) by John Potter 
(1674?-1747) [q.v.], then bishop of Oxford. 
From Christmas 1739 to September 1731 he 
assisted his father in the Isle of Man, and is 
etid to have suggested the ' cle^y, widow, 
and orphans' fund ' (Cruttwell), One re*- 
aon Bssiffntd for his leaving the island is 
that he did not know Mam (Keblb, |i. 739), 
He declined (November 1732) an invitation 
to the Georgia mission. In June 1737 he 
was made one of the king's chaplains. Oa 
6 Dec. 1737 he was presented lo the rectoiy 
of St. Stephen's, Walbrock, and held this 
preferment till death. He was made pre- 



bendary of Westmins:er on 11 April 1743, 
and held the rectory of St. Margaret's, 
Westminster, from 17o3. During the Manx 
famineand pestilence (1739-43) be petitioned 
the kii^for a grant of breadcomfor the island. 
In 1743 and 1750 he visited his father in the 
IsIeofMon. With John Leland (1091-1766) 
[q.T.] he correisponded from 1742, inviting his 
criticisms on his father's manuals of religion. 
He suggested to Leland that he should 
answer Dodwell (as he did in 1744), and 
Bolin^broke(l7S3); and Letand'schief work, 
'A View of the principal DeisUcal Writers' 
(1754-6), was written as letters to Wilson, 
and published at his expense. He rebuilt 
(1776) the chancel of Kirk Michael churiji. 
Till her second marria0^ (1778') he was a 
great admirer of Cathsnne Hacaulay fq. v.], 
having placed (1774) his residence, Alfred 
House, Bath, at her disposal, and having 
erected (8 Sept. 1777) a marble statue of 
her, by J. F. Moore, within the altar-rails of 
St, Stephen's, Walbrook.which he afterwards 
boarded up. He wosa man of much benevo- 
lence, a considerable book collector, in poli- 
tics a follower of ^^'ilkes, and in religion 
anxious for the union of ' jl proteisianis.' 
He died at Alfred House, Bath, on 15 April 
1784; his bady was brought to London 'in 

Cnd funeral procession, with ' near two 
idred fiambeaux,' and buried (37 April) 
in St. Slephen'fi, Walbrook. He married 
(4 Feb. 1734) his cousin Marv, daughter of 
WilliamPatteu,aud widow of William Hay- 
ward, of Stoke Nevringlon, and had one son, 
who died in infancy. He left his property 
to bis relative, Thomas Patten, father of John 
Wilson-Patlen, baron Winmarleigh [q. v.] 
He wrote ' A Beview of the Project for . . , 
a new Square at Westminster ... By a Suf- 
ferer,' 1757, 8vo J and an introduction to ' The 
Ornaments of Churches . . . with a . . , view 
to the late decoration of St. Margaret, West- 
minster," 1761,4to(by William Hole). 

[Life by CmtiweU. 'iTSI; Lifa by Stnvell, 
1B19; Lifa by Hone, in Lives of EmiDent Chm- 
tiana,1833,p. 161; Life by Keble. 1863, very fall 
and ciinrt, and Bmbodyiog a large qaaDlitvof 
previously UDpnblished material; tienl. ^ng. 
1784, i. .117, S79 ; Butler's Memoin of Hitdesley, 
1799 : Sinbbs's Hil^ of Univ. of Dnblia, 1889. 
pp.143. 347; Foster's Alamni Oiod.; Moan's 
Sodor and Man, 1893. pp. 1S6 sq.] A. O. 

WILSON, THOMAS (1747-1813), 
master of Clitheroe grammar school, son of 
William and Isabella Wilson, was bom at 
Priest Hutton, in the parish of Warton, near 
Lancaster, on 3 Dec. 1747. and educated at 
the grammar schools of Warton and Sed- 
bergh. At the latter school he was an 
assistant under Dr, Wynne Batemen from 



1768 to 1771. He WM ordainud di 
"Westminster on 13 Jnn. 1771, and priest at 
Chester on 2 Xa^. 177'2. In the following 
June he was licensed as headmaster of 
Slaidbum grammar school, and in June 1775 
became master of the Clitheroe pprammar 
school, Lancashire, and incumbent of the 
parochial chapel of ihe town. In 1779 ha 
entered himself of Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge, and looli the degree of B.D. there in 
1794, under a statute now abolished, In 
1807 he was appointed rector of Claughton, 
near Lancaster. Towarda the end of the 
eighteenth century he formed an intimat« 
■oquaintanee with' Thomas Dunham Whita- 
Iter [q. t.], and joined a literary club formed 
by him. He was a successful schoolmaster, 
a ready TersiHer, and a social favourite on 
account of his amiability, genial wit, and 
copious fund of anecdote. His besettiug 
wt^aknesa was punning. 

He died on 3 March 1813, and was buried 
in ihechaneel of Boiton-bj-Howland church, 
where a tablet was afterwards erected with 
a Latin inscription by W'hitaker, copied 
from a monument erected by Wilson's pupils 
•in Clithetoe church. He married, on 29 April 
17i5, Susannah Tetlow of Skirden, widow 
of Ilenn' N'owell, rector of Bolton-by-Bow- 
lAnd. She was forty-four, and he only 
twenty-eiffht. A portraitof Wilson. painted 
by J. Alien, is engraved in the Chelham 
Society's volume. Another portrait bji the 
aam<) artist was engraved by W', Ward in 
Wilson's lifetime : and a third poitrait. came 
out as a Utbograph. 

His onlv literarr publication, in addition 
to two assiie sermons {1789 and 1804), was 
an ' Archieoloaical Dictionary, or Classical 
Antiquities of Jews. Greeks, and Romans,' 
1783,6vo, dedicated to Dr. Samuel Johnson ; 
but his ' Lancashire Bouquet ' and other oc- 
casional verses were circulated in manu- 
script, and were collected and printed, along 
with his correspondence, bjr Canon F, U. 
Haines for the Clietham Society iu 1857. 

[Haines's Memoir, profiled to Wilson 'i- Mia- 
celianiss; Gent. Mag. 18IB, i. 391.] C. W. H. 

WILSON, THOMAS (I764-18-W1. non- 
conformist benefactor, seventh child of 
Thomas Wilson (i, 3 Jan, 1731 ; d. 31 March 
1794) by Mary (1729-1816), daughter of 
John Remington of Coventry, was bom in 
Wood Street, Cheapside, London, on 11 Nov. 
1704, and baptised on 3 Dec, by Thomas 
Gibbons [q. v.] His mother was a dissenter; 
his fatlier became one on his marriage, and 

ibsequently built a chapel at Derby (1784), 
beeidea assisting in opening several closed 

bapels iu the Midlands. He was at school 



ington Green under Cock bum, but bad 
classical education, and never acquired any 
literary tastes. In 1778 he was apprenticed 
lo hia father, a manufacturer of ribbons and 
gnuies, and in 1760 was taken into partner- 
ship. He left busino^ at Michnelmns 1798, 
having attained a moderate fortune, to which 
he received a considerable accession on the 
death (26 March 1813; of his mother's only 
brother, John Itemington. In 1794 he huc- 
ceeded his father as treasurer of Hoston 
Academy, and held this post till bis death; 
when the academy was removed to High- 
bury he kid the first stone (28 June 1825) 
of the college building. His first experiment 
in chapel building was in 1799, when he 
erected a new chapel at Hoxton (opened 
24 April 1800). From this time he devoted 
himself for some years to the repairing or re- 
buildin^t of dilapidated anc^ closed chapels, 
e.g. at Brentwood, Harwich, Iteigate, Lynn, 
Guildford, Dartmouth, Liakeard, and else- 
where. Most of these buildings had for- 
merly ranked as presbyterian ; Wilson's 
llbrts introduced into their management 
the congregational system. From 1804 he 
occasionally acted as a lay preacher. To 
meet the needs of a growing population he 
aet himself to procure the erection of new 
chapels in the outskirts of London, among 
others at Kentiah Town (1807), Tonbridge 
Place, Euston Road (1810), Maryleboue 
Ruad, Paddington (18l3),Claremont Chapel, 
Pentonville (1819). Craven Chapel, Regent 
Street (1822), the last three built at bis sole 
cost. Ilesides giving largely towards the 
purchase or building of chapels in all parts 
of the country, he erected at his own ex- 
pense chapels at Ipswich (1829), Northamp- 
ton (1829), Richmond, Surrey (1830). and 
Dover (1838). In Januory 1837 he was 
chairman of a meeting which formed tlia 
' Metropolis Chapel Fimd Association ' for 
the provision of further buildings. His 
inumflcence went also in other directions; 
there were few, if any, aocietiea connect«d 
with his own body, or with the cause of 
evangelical religion generally, which did not 
benefit by his aid. He was one of the first 
directors (23 Sept, 1795) of the London 
Missionary Society. He was also one of the 
originators of the London University (now 
University College), and was elected(19 Dec. 
1826) a member oflta first council. In the 
HewW case [see Hewlby, Saiuh] he was 
one of the relators in the action (begun 
18 June 1830) against the unitarian trustees, 
He died at Highbury Place on 17 June 1843, 
and was buried in Abney Park cemeteir, 
where is a monument to UJs memory. He 



I 



I 

1 



Wilson 



144 



Wilson 



married (31 March 1701) ElUabeth, voiin^er ' and made himself actjaaiated with eveiy 
daughter oCArthur Clegg, timber merchant, aspect of mJainK life and chancier. ' The 
of Manchester, who survived him with Pitnisn's Pay,' his chief lit«rary work, ap 
aeveral children. Daniel W ikon (ir7tJ-lf*58) peared on^nsUv in Mitchell's • Newcastl 
[q.TJ, bishop of Calcutta, was his firstcousin. Maguine ' in the yean 1826, 1828, and 183a 
His eon, Joshpa Wilso.v (179.5-1874), It was reprinted by G.Wat«.n of Gateshead, 
barrister of the Inner Temple, was bom in but this mconvct edition wvi soon out of 
London on 27 Oct. 1795,anddiedat4XeTill print. Other poems ware contributed to 
Park, TunbridKe Wells, on 14 Aug. 1874. the 'TjTie Mercury," and some of them 
He married (18;i71 Mary W.iod.onlydaugh- were reissued with notes by John Sykes, 
ter of Thomas BuUey of Teignmouth, and compiler of ' Local Records.' A. collective 
left sons, Thomas and John Kemlngton. In edition of Wilson's works, entitled * Ths 
connection with the litigation of which the Pitman's Par, and other Poems,' was issued 
Hewleycnse wasaBample.hedevotedmiich in 1843, and reprinted in lei72. Thesecond 
time to the investigation of early dissenting edition contains some additional poems and 
history. His fine collection of puritan divi- notes by the author, with a portrait and me- 
nity uid biography is at the Memorial Hall, moir. ' The Pitman's Pay ' is a metrical 
Forringdon btreet, London. He published, description, much of it in mining patois, of 
besidessome religious tractates (one of them the incidents and conversations of the colliers 
■igned ' Biblicus ) : 1. 'An Historical In- on their fortnightly Friday pay nights. The 

J mry concerning , . . English Presbyterians,' poem enjoys a wide popularity in the north 
835, 8vo; 3nded. 1836, 8vo. 2. 'English of England. Some of Wilson's compositions 
Presbyterian Chapels ... Orthodoi Founda- show him to have made a clow study of 
tions, 1814, 8vo. 3. ' Calumnies confuted Bums, and the poem entitled ' On seeing a 
, , , in Answer to the Quarterly Keview mouse run across the road in January ia 
on the Bicentenary Celebration,' 1863, 8vo. 1 a highly creditable Imitation. In the 
4. 'AMemoirof . . . Thomas Wilson,' 1846, I 'Tippling Dominie' Wilson is perhaps seen 
8vo. at his best. 

[Leifchild'i Faoersi Sermon Tor Thomas Wil- Wilson died at his home, Fell-house, 
BOD, 1813; WiUoa'i Memoir of Tbomas Wiison, j Gateshead, on 9 May 1858. lie was buried 
IMS {portrait) ; MoOree's Thomas Wilson ths . in the family vault at Si. John's, Glateshead 



Silkman, 1879; ComwaU's Funeral Sernion for 
Joshua Wilwra, 1874; Timai'.aiAog. i87<.90ct. 
187*;Halley,iBCongregiilioiialist, 1875, p. 9^9 ; 
information froni T. Wilson, esq., Harpenden.] 
A. Q. 
WILSDN, THOMAS (1773-1858), 
Tyneside poet, was bom at Gateshead Low 
Fell on 14 Nov. 1773, the eldest son of 
George and Mary Wilson. The father was 
a miner, and both parents were devout Wes- 
leyans. He received very little education, 
and was early sent to work in the mines. 
After devoting his scanty leisure to study, 
and making two efforts t« establish hlmsulf 
as a schoolmaster, he was from 1799 to 1803 
employed in the office of John Head. aNew- 
castle merchant and underwriter. In 1803 
he entered the counting-house of Losh, Lub- 
bin, & Co. (afterwards Losh, Wilson, & Bell) 
of Newcastle. Within two years he becaine 
a partner, and remained in the business till 
near the end of his life. In 183o he was 
elected one of the first town councillors of 
Gateshead, to which he returned after a resi- 
dence of some years in Newcastle. Through- 
out his life W'ilson devoted as much time as 
he could spare to intellectual pursuits, and 
collected an excellent library, which was 
especially rich in chapbooks. He contri- 
buted to the local ' Diaries ' for sixty years, 



Fell, the mayor and town council attending 
his funeral. He married, in 1810, Mrs. 
Mary Fell, who died in 1839. 

A bust by Dunbar is in the large room 
of the Gateshead Fell public rooms. 

IGenl. Mag. 1838, i. 887-9 ; Ann. Beg. App, 
to Chron. p. 410; Mamoir preSiol to ths 
Pitman's Pay, 1872.] G. La Q. S. 

WIiaON, WALTER (1781-1847), non- 
conformist biographer, was bom about 1781. 
Originally intended for the law, he became 
a bookseller, with Maiwell of Bell Yard, 
Temple Bar, l»ndon. In 18CKI he t«ak tho 
bookshop at the Mewegate, Charing Ctoss, 



vacated by Thomas Payne the younger [q. v.] 
llie perusal of the ' Memoira' of Daniel Neol 
[q.v.], prefixed by Joshua Toulmin [q.v.] to 
ins edition (1793-7) of Neal'a 'History of 
the Puritans,' had led 'fl'iUon to coUect 
notices of dissenting divines, and examine 
manuscript sources of information. He pro- 
jected a biographical account of the dissent- 
ing conBTegations of London and the vicinity. 
Soon after beginning the work he became 
possessed of a considerable income, and en- 
tered at the Inner Temple, but does not 
appear to have practised at the bar. For 
his projected worlt he obtained scarcely three 
hundred subscribers. He published an in- 



i 
I 



AtalmeDt of ' The History and Aotiqalties o 



eluding' the Lives of their Ministi 
S voIb. 8vo. He wb9 then living at Camden 
Town, from which he removed to Dorset, nnd 
again to Burnet, near Bath, where he did 
some fannioK- Here he had a congenial 
neighbour in Joseph Hunter [q.v.]; they ei- 
«liBitged copies of collections relative to dis- 
•enting antiqiiitieB. A third volume of hia 
'Dissenting Churches' appeared in 1810; a 
■iburthinlSU.with a preface (1 May 18 U) 
Lflliowing his personal interest in the older 
ie of nonconformity. The later volumes 
is work exhibit a more softened attitude 
towards the free-thinkers of dissent than is 
ftppBrent in the earlier ones; his facta are 
always given with scrupulous fairness. By 
1SI8 be WM readv to publish a. fifth and com- 
pleting volume if Hve hundred subscribers 
«Ould have been obtained; but it never ap- 



d a life of Daniel 
Defoe [q. r-], of whose publications he had 
made a much larger collection than had pre- 
viously been brought together. His ■ Me- 
moirs of the Life and Times of Daniel Defoe,' 
1830, 3 vols. 8to, is heavy, but allowed by 
Hacaulay to be 'eieelleut' {Edinb. Ret: 
October 1&15). He had projected a supple- 
roentiuy work dealing with Defoe's literary 
Antagonists. About 1834 be moved from 
Burnet to Pulteney Street, Bath. During 
the progre«s of the Hewley suit [see Hew- 
tBT, Sabah], Wilson's judgment went en- 
tirely with the defendants, and his religious 
views, probably under Hunter's influence, 
underwent a considerable change in the uni- 
tarian direction. 

Wilson died on 21 Fob. 1847. At the 
time of bis death he was one of the eight 
registered proprietors of the ' Times.' He 
■was twice married, and left a non, Henry 
Walter Wilson of the Inner Temple, and 
A daughter, married to ^'orman Oarstin, 
colonial chaplain at Ceylon. His library 
-wu sold {5-17 July) bv Leigh, Sothebv, 
ii Wilkinson; the 3,438 lots reallsi^ 
1,993/. 3f. 6d., the Defoe collection going to 
America for oOl. His coins and jirints (sold 
2« July) produced S70;. 15». and 19/. 14jr. 6d. 
IMDectirely. He bequeathed his manuscript 
collections for the history of dissent to Dr. 
Williams's Library (now in Gordon Square, 
London). A complete list of these, by the 
then librarian, Ricbard Cogan, is printed in 
the 'Christian I(eformer'^(lB4r, p. 758). 
The most important articles are the notes in 
an interleaved copy of Iiia ' Dissenting 
Churches,' and (separately) a complete topo- 




g:raphical index to the i 
lating to dissenting churches; a folio of 
dissenting records; two folios and six quartos 
of biographical collections. Several of his, 
manuscripts are transcripts from originals 
also preserved in Dr. Williams's Library. 

[Gent. Mag. 1847, ii. 438; Christlin Re- 
former, 1847. pp. 371, oOB, 758,] A. G, 

WILSON, WILLtAM (1090-1741), 

Scots divine, born at Glasgow on 19 Nov. 
1090, was the son of Gilbert W'iUon (rf. 
1 June 1711), proprietor of a small estate 
near East Kilbride, who underwent religious 
persecution and the loss of his lands during 
the reign of Charles II. His mother, Jm- 
bella id. 1705), daughter of llamsay of 
Shielhill in Forfarshire, was disowned by 
her father for becoming a iiresbyterian. 
William, wbo was named after William III, 
was educated at Glasgow University. He 
was laureated on 27 June 1707, and was 
licensed to preach by the preshvtary of 
Dunfermline on 33 Sept. 1713. On 21 Aug. 

1716 lie was unanimously called to the new 
or west church at Perth, and on 1 Nov. be 
was ordained. He soon obtained great in- 
fluence in the town by the disini crested nesa 
of bis conduct, refusing to contest at lawhis 
claim to his grandfather's estate, and declin- 
ing to receive bis stipend because the town 
council desired to pay it out of money placed 
in their hands for charitable purposes. On 
the commencement of the ' marrow contro- 
versy ' [see B08T0!f, Thomas, 1077-1732] in 

1717 he sympathised with the ultra-Cal- 
viniatic views of Boston and Ebeneier 
Erskine [o. v.], concurring with these mini- 
sters on 11 May 1721 in the 'rcOTesentation' 

T.inst the condemnation of 'The Marrow 
Modem Divinitie ' by the general aaeem- 
bly. In 1733 a further cause of difference 
ftioae. The general assembly passed an act 
ordaining that when the right of pres( 
was not exercised bythe patron, tnei 
should be elected by the heritors and elders, 
and not by the congregation. This displeased 
Erskine, Wilson, and others, who regarded 
the congregational right as sauretl, and 
Erskine preached a vehement si 
subject, lor which he was censured by the 
synod of Perth and Stirling, The censure 
was confirmed by the general assembly, and 
on 14 May 17.^1 Wilson joined with Alexan- 
der Moncrieff and James Fisher [q. v.^ ' 
protest. The assembly, indignant i 
terms of the protest, required a retractation, 
and failing to obtain it, the standing com- 
mission suspended ^\'ilson and his three 
associates on B Aug. 1733, refused to hear a 
representation offered by Wilson and Mon- 



crieff juBtifving thfir conduct, and 
12 Kov. declared them no longer mi iiisterH 
of the Scottisli church. On 16 Nov. Ihe four 
mlnUters put their namea to a formal act of 
seceHBion, and on 6 Dec. they constiluted 
themselves an ' associate presbytery.' 

14 May 1734, however, the assembly, re- 
penting their action, empowered the syaods 
to reinstate the four ministers. Wilson was 
anxioufl for reconciliation, but further dif- 
ferencea had arisen, especially through the 
support afforded by the assembly to patrons 
against the congregational veto. On S Nov. 
1736 the associate presbytery appointed 
Wilson their professor of divinity, and on 

15 May 1740 the secedera, now eight in 
number, were finally deposed. Wilson en- 
joyed the support of a large part of the people 
of Perch, who built a church for him &Dd 
thronged to hear him. He was, however, 
deeply affected by the controversy and broken 
in health by his labours. He died at Penh 
on 8 Nov. 1741, and was buried at Perth, 
in tireyfriars' cemetery, where a monument 
was erecled to his memo^ with an epitaph 
byRalphEr8kine[q. v.] Wilson mamed, on 
aO Juno 1721, Margaret (i. 1742), daughter 
of George Alexander {d. l7IS), an advocate, 
of Pepper Mill, Edinburgh. By her he had 
a son John, and two daughters, Isabella and 
Mary, who reached maturity. 

Besides single sermona, Williams nuh- 
liahed 'A Defence of the Reformation Prin- 
riples of the Church of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 
1739, 6vo i new ed. Glasgow, 17B9. 8vo, and 
several collections of sermons: 1. 'The Day 
of the Sinner's believing in Christ a most 
remarkable Day,' Edinburgh, 1742, 12mo. 
3. 'The Father's Promise to the Son, a clear 
bow in the Church's darkest Cloud,' Edin- 
burgh, 1747, 8vo. 3. 'The Lamb's retinue 
attending him whithersoever he govth,' 
Edinburgh, 1747, 8vo ; 2 and 3, with a few 
single sermons, were rebound in a iargft 
collection, (4). ' Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1748, 
flvo. 

[Wilson's Works; Scott's Fasti Ecc\ea. Scoti- 
eanie, ii. 11. 617.18; Mutes and Queries, 2ad asr. 
xiL 233; New Stat. Act. of Scotland,!. Ill; 
FeirierB Meiaoira of Wiiaon, 1830; Endia's 
Lite of Wilson in United Presbyterian Fathers, 
1840; Wilsons Presbytery of Perth. 1860, pp. 
211-14; Brown's Hiat. Account ot the RiBO and 
Progress of the Secession, 17Q3; The Ri^pre- 
EBD tat ions of Ebencaer Rrskine and Jan« 
jribher HPd of WillMm Wilson and AUiartder 
MoDoriefflo the Commission of the late Reaeral 
AMembly, 1733; A Reviow of the Narmlivo 
and Stats of the Proceedinizs of the JuJifntories 
agiuDst Erskiae. Wilson. MoucriefT, and Pishep. I 
I'8* ; Piliilic Spleneticle : or, a IJiugh from a 
true blue Presbyterian, 1738 ; X. Y.'s Obsorva- | 



tions apon Church Aflaira, 1734; Uuuimenla 
OlaBguoD. (Mnitland Club), iii. 43; S[rullter''s 
Hint, of Seolland fnun [heCnion to 17*8; Gib's 
Present Truth : a Display of the SeeessioQ 
Teslimony, 177*-] E. I. C. 

W1I.30N, WILLIAM (1801-1860), 
poet and publisher, bom in Perthshire on 
25 Dec. 1801 . WB* the son of Thomas WUson, 
by hiawife, Agneslloss. Atoneorlyage he 
was imbued with a passionate love of poetiy 
derived from his mother, who sang with 
great beauty the Jacobite songs and ballads 
of Scotland. While a schoolboy he lost his 
father, so that WiUon'e early life was accom- 
panied by many privations, including the 
completion of hia education. At twenty- 
two he became the editor of the Dundee 
'Literary Olio,' a large proportion of which, 
both in prose ond verse, was from his pen. 
In I83tt he removed to Edinburgh, where he 
established himself in buainese. flis con- 
tributions were welcomed in tbe' Edinburgh 
Literary Journal,' thirty-two of his poems 
appearing in its columns in the course of 
three years. At this period the young poet 
was well known to the leadiug literary men 
of the day, including his kinsman Professor 
John Wilson (' Christopher North '), and he 
was a constant visitor at the bouse of Mrs. 
Grant of Lftggan, who possessed his portrait 
by Sir John Watson Gordon, now owned 
by his son, General Wilson. In 1833 he re- 
moved to the United States and settled at 
Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson, where he en- 
gaged in bookselling and publishing, which 
he continued till his death. Wilson was the 
lifelong friend and correspondent of Bobert 
Chambers (1802-1871) [q. v.], and he was one 
of the few persons in the secret of the au- 
thorship of the ' Vestiges of Creation.' lie 
died on 25 Aug. 1860. He was twice mar- 
ried : first, to Jane Mackenzie, and, secondlv, 
in 1830, to the uiece of James Sibbald (1745- 
1803) Tq. V.J 

In the hew World W ilsoa occasionally 
contributfd in prose and ve«e to American 
periodicala, and sometimes sent a contribu- 
tion lo ' Blackwood's,' 'Chambers'sJoumal,' 
and ' Eraser's Magazine.' Selections of hia 
poems appeared in the 'Cabinet,' 'Modem 
Scotliah Minstrel,' Longfellow's 'Poems 
of Places,' and hia eon's ' Poets and Poetty 
ofScotlnnd ; ' but he never issued them in a 
volume nor even collected them, and it was 
nntil 1809 that a portion of his poetical 
tings was published, with a memoir by 
Benson J. Loseing. A second edition wiib 
additional poems and a portrait appeared in 
1875, and a third in 18S1. Willis pro- 



L Bt^Ie that be bad ever met with ;' and Bryant 
I. Mud that ' the song in wbieb tlie writer per- 
I sonHtes Richard t.lie Lion-hearted during 
y Lis impriaonnient is more spirited than «nj- 
I of tbe Dallsds of Ajtoiin.' 

[Bogen's Modern Scottish Minxlrsl ; Wilson's 
I PmM and Poetry of Scotland, vol. ii. ; MBiaoira 
I of Wiltiam and Itobort Cbnmben ; Appletoc's 
[ Cyelojwdis of American Biogmphy.] 

J. G. W. 
WILSON, WILLIAM (1799-18n), 
botanist, second eon of Thomas Wilson, 
■ drugfrisf, was bom at Warrington or 
7 June 1790. He was educated at Prest- 
buiy gRunmar »:hDot and under Dr. Rej- 
noIoB at the Disaeutera' Academy, I.eaf 
Square, Mancbester, and was then articled 
to a firm of solicitors in Mancheater; but 
intenee application to the study of con- 
T^fancins brought on headaches which were 
followed by serious illness. This led to hia 
taking much outdoor exercise, in the coarse 
of which he acquired hia love of botany, and 
nltimatelv, when he was about five-and- 
twenty, his mother gave him a small 
allowance so that he could devote himself 
entirely to this pursuit. As early ae 1621 
tie had discovered the CotoAeatter on Qn>Bt 
Orme's Head. This brought him into cor- 
respondence with Sir Jaraes Edward Smith 
[q. V,], who encouraged bim to devote him- 
self to botany. In 1827 Professor John 
Stevens Ilensiow [n. vj introduced bim to 
PnofeBBor (afterww^s Sir William Jsckson) 
Hooker [a. v.], and at the invitation of 
the latter ha joined a five days' excursion 
of tJie Glasgow botanical students in the 
Breadalbane IUIIh. lie afterwards spent 
nearly two years in Ireland, where, no doubt 
under HooKer's influence, be attai^hed bim- 
•elf to the study of mosses, which from 1830 
L'ttigroased his whole attention. From 1839 
Annward he is frequently quoted in Hooker's 
B^British Flora ; ' and, becoming well known 
I a bryologist, he entered into corre- 
Mndsnce with such specialists as Lindberg 
I Helsingfors and Schimper of Strnabitffr, 
i entrusted with the description of 
sses collected in the voyages of the 
rebus and Terror and the Herald, before 
tno publication of his mngniimoptiJi. This 
orfc, Ihs 'Bryologia Britannica,' intended 
» a third edition of the ' Muscologia Bri- 
a ' (first isaued in 1918) of (Sir) W. J. 
Mker and Thomas Taylor {d. 1848) [q. v.], 
Hbut Rubetantially a new work of the highest 
^Derit ' (JACSfioif, Oidde to the Literature of 
jBoftwyiP. 241), was published in 1855 (Lon- 
■don, 8vo), and was pronounced by Lindl>erg 
ifone of the most exact works in botany.' 
Jleverthelees over a hundred new species of 



Britieh mosses were adde'l to the list be- 
tween its publication and his death, and he 
is reporied to have said that 'the only 
thing he wished to live for was to bring out 
a revised edition,' which, however, he was 
unable to do. 

Wilson died at Paddinpton, two miles 
from Warrington, on 3 April 1871, and was 
buried In (be nonconformist burial-ground, 
Hill Cliff. Warrington. Ha married in 1838 
a widowed cousin, Mrs. Lane. 

Besides the Cotoneatter, Wilson added a 
new species of rose, a fern, and many mosses 
to tbe British list, the rose Boaa Wittora 
being named after him by William Borrer, 
and theKillarney filmy fern named .flyniFno- 
phyllum Jf.*/mnibjSirW. J.Hooker. Wil- 
son described many new species of exotic 
mosses in the ' Journal of Botany,' his papers 
being enumerated in the Royal Societv's 
'Catalogue' (vi. 389, viii. 1249). and his 
herbarium and botanical correspondence pre- 
served at the Natural History Museum. 

[Cash's Where there's a Will there's a Way, 
1873, p. 145.] G. S. B. 

WILSON, WILLL\M (1783P-1873), 
canon of Winchester, bom in 1782 or 1783, 
was the son of John Wilson of Kendal 
in Westmorland. He matriculated from 
Queen's College, Oxford, on 15 July 1801, 
and graduated B.A. on 30 May 1805, M.A. 
on 17 Dec, 1808, B.D. in 1820, ond U.D, in 
1824. He was a fellow of the college from 
11 May 1816 to 162C, and filled the offices 
ofdean and bursar in 1823. In 1829 be was 
senior proctor. He was ordained deacon in 
1805 and priest in 1800, and in 1608 was 
curatp of Colne Engaine in EsseK. He was 
appointed headmaster of St. Bees ^ammar 
school on 5 Jan, 1811, and during hi8l«niire 
of this ollice discovered grave abuses in the 
affairs of (he school, especially in regard 
to the lease of the coat royalty in 1742. 
His efforts to obtain redress rendered his 
position untenable, and he was driven by 
the persecution of the governors !o resign 
bis i)oeton20May 1816; but he had a large 
share in calling Lord Brougham's attention 
to tbe mismauagemeut of educational cliuri- 
ties, and thus in bringingabout their reform. 
lu regard to the miningroyalty. Sir William 
Lowther, second earl of Lonsdale, the repre- 
sentative of the original grantee, was ordered 
■ 1827, by a decree of the lord chancellor, 
to pay into court fi.OOOi. for the benefit of 
the school. 

On 38 July 1824 Wilson was instituted, 
on the presentation of Queen's College, I o 
the vicarage of Holy Rood, Southampton, a 
benefice which he retained till bis death. 



I 



On 3 Feb. IR32 he was collated To this 
BBCoaJ Htatl in Winchester CBthedr»l. As 
canon liu gave very effectual aBsiatanee to 
John Bird Sumner fq. v.] in tho work of the 
diocese. In IBSO hu published ■ The Bible 
Student's Guide to the more correct under- 
BtAnding of the Old Testament bj reference to 
the Original Hebrew '(London, 4to), a second 
edition of which anpeared in 18f)6 under the 
title 'An Engliah, Hebrew, and Chaldeo 
Lexicon and Concordance tothemore correct 



\ 



was a considerable llebrew schoUr, and hi 
'work luu not yet been superseded. He 
died on 22 Aug. 1873 in The Close, Win- 
chester, and WHS buried on 27 Aug. at 
Preston Candover. In February 1830, at 
Godftlming, Surrey, he married Maria (1794- 
1834), daughter of Robert Sumner, near of 
Kenil worth, and sister of John Bird Sumner, 
archbishop of Canterbury, and Charles Ri- 
chard Sumner [q. v.], bishop of Winchesler 
(ffCT!(. Mag. 1830, i. 266), By her he had a 
son, Sumner Wilson, now vicar of I'rcston 
Candover. 

Besides the work mentioned he published ; 

1. ' D. J. Juvenalis Satiroj, cum notis 
Anglicis, expurgatiF,' London, 1815, 12mo. 

2. ' The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church 
of Enffland, illuBtraled hy copious Extracts 
horn the Liturgy, Homilies, Nowell'a Cate- 
chism, and Jewell's Apology, and confirmed 
by numerous Passages of Scripture,' Oxford, 
1821, 8to; enlarged ed, Oxford, 1840, 8vo. 
S. ' Parochial Sermons,' Oxford, 1826, 8vo. 
4. 'The Attributes of God,' selections from 
Ohamock, Goodwin, Bates, and Wishatt, 
London, 1835, 8vo; republished 1836 in 
'The Christian Family Library,' vol. xv. 
B. ' The Book of Psalms, with an Exposition 
Erangelical, Typical, and I'rophetical of the 
Christian Dispensation,' London, 1860,2 vols. 
8vo. He edited the 'Christianffi Pielatis 
Institutio' of Alexander Nowell, London, 
1817, 12mo. 

ppformation kindly given by the Prorost of 
Queen's College, Oxford; Jacksun's Papers itad 
FiuligroeB mainly rotating to Cambertand and 
Westnioiland, 1892. ii. 217-21; Gonrdiati. 
27 Aug. 1BT3; HampBliiro CbwniclB, 23 and 
30 Aug. 1873; Sumner's Life of Cbarlai Richnrd 
Biimner, ie76.p. I : Foster's Alumni Oion.lTlfi- 
1886; Fonter'ti Indei Eceles.; Allibono's Diet. 
of Engl. Lit,] E. I. 0. 

WILSON, W'lLLIAM (1808-1888), 
Scots divine, was bom in ISOSat Blawearie, 
Bossendean, in Berwickshire. He was edu- 
cated at the parish school, and in 1825 en- 
tered the university of Edinburgh, where he 



took the arts and theolofpcal closeas, study- 
ing under Chalmers, David Welsh [q.T.], and 
Alexander Brunton. Licensed by the pms- 
bytery of Dumfries on 2 March 1830, Wilson 
was early recognised as a powerful preacher. 
Till 1837 he acted as a parochial missionary 
in Olasgow, and from 1836 to 1837 he was 
editor of the ' Scottish Guardian.' On 
22 Sept. 1837 he was ordained minister of 
Carmyllie, Forfarshire. In the conflict which 
ended in the disruption, Wilson tookan active 
part. Ilejoined the freechurch and preached 
in a wooden building till 1848, when he was 
called to the mariners' church, Dundee, where 
heofflciated till 1877. He was elected mode- 
rator of the free^hurch assembly on 24 May 
1866, junior principal clerk of assembly in 
1868, and senior clerk in 1883. On 20 April 
1870 he received the decree of D.D. from 
Edinburgh University. In 1877 he was ap- 
pointed secretary of the sustentation fund 
committee. He also held the oBieeof Chal- 
mers lecturer. Hediedonl4.Tan.l688,sur' 
vived by one son and live daughters. Hia 
remains were accorded a public funeral in 
Dundee. In 1840 Wilson married Eliia, 
daught er of A le xander WhiteofDrimmieter- 
mont, near Forfar. She died in February 
1860. 

Wilson wrote: 1. 'Statement of the 
Scriptural Argument against Patronage,' 
Edinburgh, 1842, 8vo. 2. 'The Kingdom 
of our Lord Jesus Christ,' Edinburgh, 1859, 
Svo. 3. ' Christ setting his Face towards 
Jerusalem,' Dundee, 1878, 8vo. 4. ' Me- 
morials of R. S. Candlish, D.D.,' Edinburgh, 
1880, 8vo. Wilson also edited with a pre- 
face and notes Daniel Defoe's 'Memoirs of 
the Church of Scotland,' 1844, and contri- 
buted a preface to Sir James Stewart and 
James Stirlinft's'Surveyof Naphtnly,' 1845. 
He wrote the history ofthe parish o f Carmy Ilia 
for the 'New Statistical Account of Scot- 
land,' and contributed to the ' Free Church 
I'ulpit." 

[Scott's Fosli, in. ii. I&i; .T. M. McBnin'g 
Eminent ArbroaCbians, 1897 : Scalsmnn, 16 JttU. 
188B; Smilh'sSi.'al. Clergy, vol. iii.; Brit. Uu. 
Cat.] O. S-B. 

WILSON, Sib WILLIAM JAMES 
ERASMUS (1809-1884). surgeon, generally 
known as Sir Erasmus Wilson, was son of 
William Wilson, a native of Aberdeen, wLo 
had been a naval surgeon, and afterwarda 
settled as a parish surgeon at Dartford and 
Greenhithe in Kent. Erasmus was born on 
25 Nov. 1809 in High Street, Marylebone, at 
the house of his maternal grand&ther, Eras- 
mus Branadotph, a Norwegian. He was edu- 
cated at Dartford grammar school, and after- 
wards at Swonscombe in Kent, but he wu 



Wilson I. 

. won called upon to help in tUo practice of 
bis father. At the age of sixteen he Lccame 
a resident pupil with George Langstaif, sur- 
geoa to the Cripple<Bte dispensarj, and he 
tAen began to attend the anatomicallecturea 
given by John Ahemethy [i^. v.] at St. Bar- 
tbolomew's Uoe^itul. Athis master's house 
hebecameacquaintedwithJoneaQuainrq.v.] 
and Sir William Lawrence [q. t.], while his 
akill a» a draughtaman and the nualneas of 
his dissection soon attracted general atten- 
tion. Un the establisbment of the Aldersgate 
Street school of medicine, under the leader- 
thip of Willism l^wrence, Wilson became 
one of the first pupils, gaining the pmes for 
■nrgeiy and midwifery in the session 16^9-30. 
t Be teas admitted a licentiate of the Society of 
' Apothecaries on h is twenty-firstbirthdav, and 
iiithefoUowingyear(S.5Nov. 183nbebecaroe 
m member of the Royal CoUese of Surgeons of 
England. In thesameyear Wilsonwasaslied 
by Jones Quein, then professor of anatomy 
and physiology at University College, to be- 
come ma assistant. He accepted the post, 
and was soon afti^rwards appointed demon- 
strator of anatomy to Kichard Quain q. v.] 
Tbia office he filled until Jones Quato re- 
tired from University College in \S36, when 
"Wilson established a school of anatomy, 
called Sydenham College, which eventually 
proved unsuccessful. In 1640 be lectured 
upon anatomy and physiology at the Middle- 
sex Hospital, and in the name year he began 
to act aa sub-editor of the ' Lancet.' lie was 
also consulting surgeon to the St. Pancras in- 
firmary, and on 20 Feb. 1846 he was elected 
a fellow of the Royal Society. 

At the suggestion of Thomas Wahley 
[q. \.], the editor of the ' lancet,' 'Wilson be- 
g« 

the treatmentof di 
1S40 almost to the end of his long life the 
cares of an extensive practice occupied most 

At the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- 
land he was elected a feUow in 1843, and in 
1869 be founded, at his own expense, a pro- 
fessorsbip of dermatology, endowing it with 
a cum of 5,000/. This chair he held from 
ISeS lo 1S77, and when he resigned it the 
conditions of the trust were so modified as 
to include the whole domain of pathology. 
In 1809 and again in 1883 Wilson made 
large and valuable presents tn the museum 
of the College of Surgeons, He was elected 
a member of the council in 1870, and held 
Qiffice until 1884. He was vice-presidpnt in 
1879-80, and president in I88I. In 1884 he 
was awarded the honorary gold medal of the 
cvllegn. 

Wilson was particularly fond of foreign 



Wilson 



iddle life he travelled much in the east. 
He became particularly interested in the 
study of Egyptian antiquities, and in 1877-8 
he defrayed the expenses (about \Q,000l.) 
connecled with the transport of ' Cleopatra's 
needle ' to London. In 1881 he received 
the honour of knighthood. He also tilled 
the oifice of master of tlia Cloth woriiera' 
Company, and he was president of the Bibli- 
cal ArcbiEological Society. 

He died on 7 Aug. 1884, after two years' 
ill-health, at Westgate-on-Sea, Kent. He 
married Miss Doberty in 1S41, who sur- 
vived him, but he left no children. 

Wilson ranks ae one of the first and beat of 
the specialists in»bin diseases. He found tbe- 
field of dermatology almost unworl(ed,aud he 
toiled with such assiduity, and obtained such 
rewards, ikS soon induced a host of fi-llow 
Inlwurers to follow in his footsteps. To Wil- 
son's teaching we owe in great measure the 
use of the bath, which is so conspicuous a 
feature in our national life, and to bis advo- 
cacy is to be attributed the spread of the 
Turkish bath in England. Skilful invest- 
ments in the shares of gas and railway com- 
panies made bim a wealthy man, and be de- 
voted his riches to various charitable objects, 
fur be was a distinguished freemason. He 
restored Swanscombe church, and he founded 
a scholarship at the Royal College of Music. 
H e was a I arge Bubscri bertotheUoyalMedical 
Benevolent College at Epsom, where he built 
at his own cost a house for the head-master. 
At on expense of nearly 30,000/. he built a 
new wing and chapel at the sea-bathing in- 
firmary, Mar^te, where diseases of the skin 
are e-Vtensively treated, and in 1881 he esta- 
blished a cbair of pathology in the university 
of Aberdeen, where the degree of LL.D. had 
been conferred upon him. 

After the death of Lady Wilson the bulk 
of his property, amounting to upwards of 
200,000/., reverted to the Royal College of 
SuTgeouB of England. 

A bust of Wilson, executed by Tbomaa 
Brock, R,A., stands in the new library of the 
Royal College of Surgeons in Lincoln's Inn 
Fields. A three-quarter length in oils in 
the robea of a lecturer at the Uojal College 
of Surgeons of England, painted by Stephen 
Pearce, hangs in the ball of the Medical 
Society's Rooms in Chandos Street, W. 

Wilson's more important works were : 
I. 'Practical and Surgical Anatomy,' Lon- 
don, 1838, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1853; issued in 
America, 1844 and 1866. 3. 'The Anatomist's 
Vade Mecum/ London, 1840, 12mo ; 2nd edit. 



I 



1842; lUh L'dit. 1892. 3. ' A rractical and 
Theoretical Treatise ... on Diseases of the 
Skin,' London, 1842, &vo; 2nd edit. 1847 ; 
tr«tuJatedintoGMman,Leipiig,lB50. i.'The 
Enetern or Turkish Bath : its History,' &c., 
London, 1861, 16mD, 5. 'The Vessels of the 
Humni) Body, in a Series of Plates ' (with 
Jonas QuiJn), London, 1837, fol. Wilson 
edited the * Journal of Cutaneoas Medicine 
and Diseases of the Skin,' Lundon, 16<i~'70. 

[Brit. Mod. Journal. 1SB4. ij. 3*7; Trans' 
Medico-Chir. Sue. ISSS, linii. 20-2.1 

D'A. P. 

WILSON. WILLI.iM R.IE (1772- 
1849), author of • Travels," wna a member of 
A Haddington family nuned Roc, and was 
boniinr*i»le^onrJunel772, Ha learned 
law under his uncle, John Wilson, toirn 
clerkof Glasgow, and for a time practised 
as a solicitor before the supreme courts of 
Scotland, His uncle, who died in 1806, left 
him his fortune, and he then, by letters 
patent, added Wilson to Lis name, and re- 



stimulated at the moment by his wife's ^ 
mature death. He travelled in Egypt and 
Palestine, and through most of Europe, pre- 
paring as he went minute and interesting 
records of his experience. As he was in some 
respects a pioneer, Iiis publications had an 
immediate popularity, and they retain a cer- 
tain historical interest, He became a fellow 
of the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1844 
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from 
the university of Glasgow. In recognition 
of this academical distinction he bequeathed 
to the unireraity 300/. to provide an annual 
prixe for an essay on Christ and the benefits 
of Christianity. An upright man, a writer 
and a distributor of tracts, he was not of a 
specially tolerant spirit. One haplees stric- 
ture provoked Hood's discursive andpiingent 
' Ode to Rae Wilson, Esquire,' published in 
1837 with characteristic prefatory note ad- 
dressed to tlio editor of the 'Athenssuni' 
(Hood, Pum*, edit. 1867, i. 61), Rae WiL 
son di«d in London, in South Crescent, Bed- 
ford Square, on 2 June 1849, and was buried 
in Glasgow necropolis, where his grave is 
marked by a conspicuous monument of ori- 
ental design. 

In 1811 Rae Wilson married Frances 
Hiillipn, daugiiter of a Glasgow merchant. 
Her death, eighteen months later, prompted 
Bi privately circulated memorial 'tribute, 
afterwards published in Gisborne's ' Christian 
Female Biography.' He married, a second 
time, Miss Oates, who accompanied lii"i in 
his travels and survived him. 

Roe Wilson's publications include : 
1. ' Travels in Egypt and the Holy Land,' 



I8ii3. 2. ' A Journey through Turkey, 
Greece, the Ionian Isles, SIcilv, Spain,' 1824. 

3. ' Travels in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
Hanover, Germany, Xetherlonds,' ISSG. 

4. 'TravelsinRussia,'18-28,3vDls. 5. 'Re- 
cords of o Route through France and Italy; 
with Sketches of Catholicism,' 183S. The 
work on Egvpt and the Holy Land waa very 
popular, anil ran through se^-eral editions. 

[Chambers's Blogr. Diet, of EmiDoat Seots- 
meB ; Andersun'a Scolliah Xalion - Ining'B Itict. 
of EmiaeDt Sooleman ; tiltagoir Unlrorintj 
Ciilondar; Addison's ItoU of Glasgow Gmdnalee, 
18B8.] T. B. 

WILSON, SiB WrLTSHIRE (1763- 
1842), lieutenant-general, colonel-comman- 
dant royal artillery, bom in 1762, was se- 
cond sonof Mwor Wiltshire Wilson of Wol- 
lock Grange, Northumberland, formerly of 
the 1st droooons, by a daughter of Ralph 
Phillips of Col cheater. After passing tlmiugh 
tlie Royal Military Apademy at Woolwich 
be receiveda commission assecond lieutenant 
in the royal artillery on 9 July 1779. The 
dates of his further commissiana were : lien- 
tenant, 28 Feb. 1782; captain -lieutenant, 
1 Nov. 1793; captain, 1 July 1796; brevet 
major, 29 Aug. 1802; regimental inajor, 
20 July 1804 ; Ueutenant-eolonel, 10 March 
1806; brevet colonel, 4 July 1813; regi- 
mental colonel, 20 Dec. 1814 ; major-general, 
12 Aug. 1819 ; colonel-commaridant of royal 
ariillery, 21 Jan. 1828; lieut«nant-general, 
10 Jon. 1837. 

Wilson went to the West Indies in 1780, 
whence in 1780 he took a detachment of 
artillery to Canada, and in 1790 returned to 
England. He served with the Duke of 
York's army in Flanders in 1793, and was 
for some time attached with two S-pou&der 
jfuns to the 53rd foot. He was employed 
in Mov, June, and July at the siege of 
Volenc^iennea, which place capitulated on 
28 July. He was dangerously wounded at 
the attack on Dunkirk on 24 Aug, In 
October he was thrown into Nieuport witk 
his two guns in company with the S3rd foot 
and two Hessian battalions, where they 
were attacked by the whole French army 
under General Vandamme. Vandamme met 
with an obstinate resistance, the sluices 
were opened, and bis siege balteriea inim- 
datcd, and wht.'n, abandoning the regular 
Bttack, he attempted a niffbt assault on 
25 Oct., hia front was so Imiited between 
the river and the inundation that '\^'iIson, 
with his two guns placed to command the 
enemy's approach, was nhlo, by firing rapidly 
into the advancing foe over one nundred 
rounds of gmiK! and round shot, to create 
such fearful havoc that the French with- 



Wilson 



Wilson-Patten 



^ 



drew just at. thecriticaJ time wheu enlarged 
giiii'Vents Hnd distorted muzzles were 
derin^ WiUon's guns useless. The ar 
of liniieh forces oa the 29th caused Vaa- 
damme to raise the siege on the following 
dnj, leaving his battering guns behind. The 
succt^saful defence was ascribed by all 
cenied to the urtillery and the 63rcl i 
ment. Wilson's services were rewardei 
promotion to the rank of captain-lie utei 
In consequence of the gallantry displayed 
bj the flaherrnen of Nieuport the Uuke of 
Vopk incorporSited them into a company of 
artillery, and gave the command of it to 
Wilson iu June 1794. 

Wilson took part ta the battle of Tournaj 
on '2A May 1794. Ho commanded the 
artillery at the defence of Nieuport thia 
year, when General Diepenbcook with 1,500 
men held the French army of 40,000 men 
under Geuernl Moreaii at bay for nineteen 
daye. On the capitulation Wilson became 
a prisoner of war, and was not CKchaaged 
for nine inonths. Jle commanded the royal 
artillery in the eroedition under Major* 
ijeneral Welbore Ellis Uovle to Qoiberon 
Bay in l"9fi; shortly after the capture of 
Isle Dieu he returned to England. lu 179(1 
he went to the Cape of Good Hope with a 
company of artillery, but returned home 
the following year. In May 1798 he went 
to Ostend in the expedition under Mujor- 
general Sir Eyre Coote, where he was again 
taken prisoner and sent to LiUe. He was 
exchanged in 1799. In 1800 he was sent 
to tlM West Indies, where he remained for 
five years, in the lust three of which he 
commanded the artillery. He commanded 
big- arm at the capture of St, Lucia on 
23 June 1803, of Tobaro on 30 June 1803, 
and of Surinam on 6 May 1604. 

On hia return to England in 1306 WlIsod 
commanded the royal artillery in the northern 
district until It<10, when he went to Ceylon 
to command hia regiment there. lie re- 
tnmed home in 181o, and two years after- 
mrda went to Canada, where he commanded 
the royal artillery until W-20. Hia services 
were rewarded in 1838 b^ the dbtinction 
of a knight pommanderthip of the Hoyal 
Hanoverian Guelphic order. He died on 
-8 Hay 1812 at Cheltenham. WiUon was 
twice married; first, in 1789, to a daughter 
of John Lees ; and, secondly, in 1S35, to a 
daughter of Jacob Glen of Chambly, near 
UontreaL There was no iesae of either 
marriage. There is s black-and-white por- 
trait en Wilson in the Royal Artillery Insti- 
tution at Woolwich. 

[War Office Recoids; Itoyal Artillery Itenirds; 
3}Mpatehe8 ; Slcmoin in the Boyal Military 



Calendar, 1820, Gent. Mag. 1B12, United Serri<^e 
Mag. 1843; Militjiry Annual, 1811; Times, 
II May I84S; Costs Annuls of the Wars of 
tilt Kightecuth CL-ntury ; Carmichacl Smyth's 
Wars in the Low Countries ; Journal and Corra- 
Bpondflnce of General Sir Harry Caliert; Can- 
ron's Uistorical Rreords of the 53rd Foot.] 
R. H. V. 
WILSON-PATTEN, JOHN, Babojt 
WiNMAELEiGH(l80a-lH92),boruon 26 April 
1802, was eldest son of Thomas Wilson-Pat- 
len of Bank Hall, Wiirrington, Lancashire. 
His father had in 18U0 assumed the addi- 
tional name of Wilson at the request of Tho- 
mas Wilson (1063-1755) [q. vTj, bUhop of 
.Sudor and Man, to whose estates Patten 
succeeded by the testamenlarv djspositii 



tlie bishop'i 



, Thomas VVilson. John'« 



mother, Elizabeth, was eldest daughte 
Nathan Hyde of Urdwick. Ilia »:hooldays 
were passed ut Eton, and he went thenca 
to Magdalen College, Oitbrd. Here he be- 
came intimate with many men who after- 
words rose to great eminence, among others 
Lord Stanley, afterwards fourteenth earl of 
Derby. After leaving Oiford he travelled 
forsomeyears on the continent, but returned 
in 1830, and in August entered parliament 
as representative, with his friend Lord Stan- 
ley, of his native county of Lancaster. He 
voted for the second reading of the Keform 
Bill, end did not seek re-election in 1831, 
giving place to (Sir) Benjamin Heywood 
[g. v.], but at the first election under that 
bill in 1832 he re-entered parliament as ool- 
league again of his friend Lord Stanley for 
the ncivly creati-d division of North Lan- 
cashire. This constituency he continued to 
represent till, on the return of Disraeli to 
office in 1874, he was created Baron Win- 
marleigh. His long career in the House 
of Commons was remarkable for the fact 
that, though a strong conservative, he was 
an advocate of reforms that would afi'ect 
the operatives, and could always be relied 
upon to rote for measures for the benefit of 
the industrial population, whichever party 
brought them iorward. He support^ an 
eurly bill for dealing with the evila of the 
truck system, and look a most important 
part in obtuining the removal of tne lax 
printed calicoes, which led to great deve- 
, mentB in the manufacturing trade of 
South Lancashire. In 1»33 he opposed Lord 
Ashley's bill to limit the hours of the em- 
ployment of women and children in fac- 
tories, carrying by a majority of one his 
motion for a royal commission to inquire 
fully into the question [see Cooper, ANTOur 
AsBLiit, seventh Eakl of SHAiTESBirEr]. 
He held for a fow months in 18.52 the ap- 



I 

I 

\ 
I 



Wilton 



IS* 



Wilton 



pointment of chairman of committees of the 
whole house during the short administration 
of his old colleague, who had become Earl of 
Derby. As colonel ( 1842-72) of the 3rd royal 
Lancashire militia, he went in command of 
his regiment on the outbreak of the Crimean 
war in 1854 to Gibraltar, and on his re- 
turn was appointed an aide-de-camp to her 
majesty. On the cotton famine relief com- 
mittee formed in Manchester to cope with 
the terrible distress caused by the war in 
America, he took an active and important 

Eart, inducing the president of the poor-law 
oard to accept a resolution of the House of 
Commons enabling boards of guardians to 
raise loans on the security of the rates. 

In Lord Derby's government of 1867 Wil- 
son-l'atten was appointed chancellor of the 
duchy of Lancaster, and was made a privy 
councillor. In the year following he became 
chief secretary for Ireland, a post he held 
till the resignation of Lord Derby, three 
months later. After liis elevation' to the 
upper house as llaron Winmarleigh in 1874 
he seldom took part in its debates, but in 
1882 he appeared there to deliver what was 
his last speech, in warm advocacy of the bill 
for the construction of the Manchester Ship 
Canal. lie died at his seat near Garstang, 
Lancashire, on 12 July 1892. lie married, 
in 1828, Anna Maria, daughter and coheiress 
of his paternal uncle, Peter Patten-Bold of 
Bold. By her he had a son, Eustace John, 
who became a captain in the lifeguards, but 
died in 1873, leaving an only son, John 
Alfred, who died in 1889. The barony thus 
became extinct on Winmarleigh's death. In 
the museum at Warrington there is a bust 
of Winmarleigh in marble, by G. Bromlield 
Adams, which is a good likeness. There is 
also a life-sized recumbent figure in marble 
in the parish church of Warrington, and at 
Lancaster there ia a portrait in oil in the 
lloyal Albert Asylum. | 

[Annual Register, 1892, p. 179; G. E. C[o- '■ 
kaync]8 Complete Peenige, viii. 189; Times, 
July 1892.1 A. N. I 

WILTON, JOSEPH (1722-1803), sculp- 
tor and royal academician, born in liOndon 
on 10 July 1722, was son of a worker in 
ornamental plaster, who carried on a large 
manufacture of plaster decorations in the 
French style at Iiedge Lane, Charing Cross, 
his extensive workshops being in Edward 
Street, Cavendish Square. Here Wilton was 
grounded in that skill for decorative sculp- 
ture which was the strongest feature of his art 
in after life. He was, howt^vcr, first educated 
at Iloddesdon, Hertfordshire, for the pro- 
fession of a civil engineer, but showed an 



early taate for the sculptor^a art. His father 
therefore placed him under Laurent Del- 
vaux [q. vT], the sculptor, who had returned 
to hia native country, and resided at Nivelles 
in Brabant. In 1744 Wilton left Delvaux 
to go and study in the French Academy 
at Paris under the French sculptor, Jean 
Baptiste Pigalle. Here he made great pro- 
gress, ^ined a silver medal, and learnt to 
work in marble. In 1747 Wilton went, in 
company with his fellow-sculptor, Louis 
Francois Roubillac [q.v.], to Rome, and three 
years later gained the gold medal given to 
sculpture by Benedict XlV on the occasion 
of his jubilee. He found many patrons in 
Home, among the most generous and in- 
fluential of vvhom was William Locke [q.v. J 
of Norbury Park. After visiting Naples, 
Wilton went to Florence in 1751, where he 
resided for about four years. He received 
many commissions for copies from the an- 
tique and for completing mutilated statues. 
In May 1755 he returned to England in 
company with his lifelong friends Sir Wil- 
liam Chambers [q. v.], the eminent architect, 
and Giovanni Iwttista Cipriani [q. v.], the 
decorative painter. He settled in his father's 
house at Charing Cross, and his talents were 
soon in spreat requisition. In 1758, when 
Charles Lennox, third duke of Richmond 
and Lennox [q. v.], opened his gallery of 

Eainting and sculpture in his house at White- 
all for gratuitous instruction to students^ 
Wilton and Cipriani were chosen by the 
duke to be directors of the gallery. Wilton 
was also appointed state-coach carver to the 
king, and in consequence of his increase of 
business he erected extensive workshops in 
what was after\i'ard8 Foley Place, occupy- 
ing himself a large house at the corner of 
Portland Street close by. The state coach 
used by George III at his coronation was 
constructed from Wilton's designs. Wilton 
was appointed sculptor to his majesty. He 
contributed a marble bust to the first exhi- 
bition of the Society of Artists in 1760, and 
in the following year sent busts of Roubillac 
and Oliver Cromwell. He continued to ex- 
hibit busts and bas-reliefs with them up to 
176(3, in which year ho sent another bust 
of Oliver Cromwell, * from the noted cast of 
his face preserved in the Great Duke s gal- 
lerv at Florence.* Wilton was one of the 
original foundation members of the Royal 
Academy, and contributed to its first ex- 
hibition in 1769. Succeeding to a large for- 
tune at the death of his father, Wilton ceased 
to be dependent on his profession, and was 
but an occasional exhibitor at the Royal Aca- 
demy. His work, too, became more and 
more confined to the modelling alone. He 



>, however, miicli Bought ofler for bust« 
1 monuments, tUougli by fur his best work 

■nlky in the chimney pieces and decorative 
Msolpture which ha executed, in conjunctiun 
witJi Cipriani, to adorn the architectural 
isof Sir Williftm Chambers. Among 
it penoDB of whom he modelled 
busts were Lord-chancellor Bacon, Lord 
Camden, Admiral Holmes, Sir Isaac New- 
ton, Dean i^wift, the Earl of Chesterfield, 
Qeueral Wolfe, and the Earl of Chatham. 
The much~criticised moniuDsnt to General 
Wolfe in Westminster Abbey was designed 
and modelled by Wilton, and there are other 
monumente by him in the some building. 
Wilton WB9 less succeasful with the statues 
modelled by him, and two in London — those 
or George 111 at the Royal Exchange and of 
ibe same king in Berkeley Sqtiare, executed 
under Wilton h direction — had subsequently 
to he removed and superseded. After thirty 
jears, as the taste for ornamental and monu- 
mental Bculpturu began to decline, Wilton 
■old his premises and property by auction 
in 1766, and retired into private life. He 
accepted, however, the poet of keeper of the 
Boyal Academy, and held it from 1790 until 
hie death, which look place in bis apartments 
as beeper on 2i> Nov. 1803. He was buried 
at Wanstead in Essex. Wilton tvae a noted 
and popular h^re in artistic and intellectual 
society, and his large private means enabled 
tumUiplay aleadingpartinsociety. Among 
bis personal friends was John Francis lli- 
gand [q. v.l, who executed a. tine portrait 
ffioup ol Wilton, Sir W. Chambers, and Hir 
Joahua Reynolds, which is now in the Na- 
tional Portrait Gallery. Wilton had an 
only daughter of great personal charm, who 
in 1774 married Sir Robert CbDmbers [q. v.], 
chief justice of Bengal. A bust of Wilton 
by Roubillac was presented by Lady Cham- 
faen to the Royal Academy. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Smith's Kolle- 

_ ten and his Times ; Sandbj-'aHist. of tlio Rojnl 
, ; Genl. Miig. 1803, ii. 1099 ; CulaloguoB 
fftbe Society of Alti«lsaud the Royal Aoudemy.] 
LC. 

WILTON, WILLL4.M de (d. 1264), 
ge, had tines levied before him in 1247, 
sct«d as justice itinerant in 1348, 1249, and 
1350, again in 1253, 1255, and 1259-61. In 
the intervals his name does not appear in 
the lists of justices. He seems to have been 
chief justice on II Dee. 1^61, as be received 
tha pay of that otiice, lOOl. He was pro- 
bably chief justice of the king's bench. He 
*n be tracea tn the execution of the functions 
i the office till November 1263 (Bxceryt. e 
Sot. .ffoi. ii. 407). 
[ According to Kishanger (p. 28) he was 





slain at the battle of Lewes on the king's 
side (14 May 1264). 

[Foss's Judges of EogUud, and authorities 
cited in text.] W. E. R. 

WILTSHrRE, Earlb of. [See Scbope, 
William le, 1351 'r'-lSUO; Bdtlbk, Jambs, 
1420-1461.] 

WIMBLEDON, Viscocirr. [See Cecil, 
Sir Edwahd, 1572-1638.] 

WINCH, SiK HUMPHREY (1556?- 
1625), judge, bom in 1554 or 15^, was the 
younger son of John Winch (d. 1682) of 
Northill in Bedfordshire. He entered Lin- 
coln's Inn on 19 July 1673 {lUcordi of 
Lincoln' B Inn, Ifi'M, i. 80), and was called 
to Ihe bar on 26 July 15S1. In 1506 he 
became a bencher, and in August 1598 
acted as autumn reader. lu 1593 he repre- 
sented the borough of Bedford in parlia- 
ment, retaining his seat until his appoint- 
ment to the office of chief boron of the 
exchequer in Ireland on 8 Nov. 1806. To 
qualify him for this appointment he was in 
liie same year made a Beneanl>at-lBw, and 
on 10 Nov. be was knighted {Cnl. State 
i'oyera,Dom,1603-10,p.334), On8Dec.l608 
he succeeded Sir James Ley (afterwards 
first Earl of Marlborough) [c], v.] as lord 
chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland, 
with a salary of SOOi. a year. While fol- 
lowing this office he earned the commenda- 
tion of Bacon by his ' quickness, industrv, 
and despatch ' (Bacok, Workt, ed. Spea- 
ding, Ellis, and Heath, xiii. 205). On 
7 Nov. 1611 be was transferred to England 
and appointed a judge of the common pleas, 
a post which ha held till his death. In 
August 1613 he and three others were 
nominated on a commission to examine 
into the popular complaints in Ireland. 
In 1616 he and Sir Randolph Crewe Fq. t.] 
fell into deserved disgrace for conaemn- 
ing and executing nine women as witchea 
at Ihe Bummer assizes at Leicester, on 
the evidence of a boy who pretended that 
he bad been tormented by them. The 
king, while visiting the town a month 
later, examined the boy and detected th» 
imposture (Nichols, Progrma of Janieg Z, 
iii. 192; Cal. State FaperK, 1610-18, p. 
398). In 1616, on the death of Sir Augus- 
tine Nicolls [q. T.], he was appointed a 
referee of the patent for innkeepers' licenses, 
and on 6 Aug. 1623 he was appointed a 
member of the council of Wales, the hing 
judging it 'fit that the justices of the four 
shires should belong thereto ' (ib. 1623-5, 
p. 46). He was seised with apoplexy while 
in his robes, and died in Chancery Lane on 



^m Winch 154 

6 Feb, 1624-5. He was buried in the 
'8 of Pembroke Ilnll, Cambridge, and 
aaenX wiib erectc-d to his memor; at 
Evurton in Bedfordshire, where hia fiimilv 
resided forsereral eenerationa. Bj bis wita 
Cicely, daughter of Kiehsrd Onslow (1538- , 
1571) [q. v.], be left a son Onslow and a , 
dBU);bter Dorotbj. married to Oeoree Scott 
of Hawkhurst in Kent. His msle Une t^r- ' 
minaCed about 1701! on the death of Sir 
Humphrej Winch, created a baronet ia 
1660. 

Two legal compilations b_v Winch were 
published after bis death. The first, which 
appeared in 1657, was ' The Keporta of Sir 
lluraphrv "Winch, sometimes one of the 
Judges of the Court of Common I'teas, con- 

taining many choice cases in the foure 

last jears of King James, faithfully trans- 
lated out of an exact french Oople,' Lon- ' 
dcm, 4to. The orlgianl manuscript is iu ' 
the Cambridge Universitv Library {Cat. i 
Cambr. MSS. Hi. 491). The second and 
more voluminous treatise appeared in 1680. j 
entitled ' Le Beaii-l'ledeur. A Book of 
Eatrius, containing Declarations, Informa- 
tions, and other Select and Approved Plead- 
ings,' London, 4to. 

[Fom's Judges of Enaland, 1867, ti. 21)1-2; 
Harl. Sdp. Pabl. lii. ISB; Smyth'i lavOffieira 
of Irelnod, 1839, pp. 8S. 140; BedfonUhiro 
Notes uad QuariaB, i. i>6. 3ie, 243, 2G6, iii. 
26S-7 ; Baoju's Works, ed. Spedding, Ellis, and 
Heath, tiii. 8S, xir. 187, BlnydM's Qeneol. 
Bedford, 1S9U. pp. 3UB, 350, 360. 420, 439; , 
Hist. MSS. Caiani, (Bep, on Buw!aurh MS.S. I, i 
250); O'Byrue's IteprescutDtire History. 184B, , 
p. 7*; Hatl, MS. 6121. f 65,] E. I. C, 

WINCH, NATHANIEL JOHN (1T69?- 
183S), botatilal, was bom about 1763, \ 
He was throughout his life devoted to ' 
the study of plants, especially those of 
North umberlana, Cumberland, and Durham, 
and was one of the earliest writers to take 
philosophical views of geographical distribu- 
tion. He studied cryptogams, especially 
mosses, as well as flowering planla, and 
accumalated an berberium of some twelve 
thousand epeciea. He was elected a fellow 
of the Linne an Society in 1^03 and an asso- 
ciate in 1821. For more than twenty years 
he acted as secretary to the Newcastle In- 
firmary. He died at his residence, Ridley 
Haoe,Newca8tle-upon-Tyne,on SMay 1838, 
aged 68. His manuscripts, library, and 
herbarium were bequeathed to the Linneon 
Society, but the greater part of them was 
TObaequently handed over to the Natural 
History Rociety of Northumberland and 
Durham. Ills name was commemorated 



principal publications were: I. 'The Bola- 
niat's Guide through . . . North umberland 
and Durham,' lfl05-7, 3 vols. 8vo, written 
in conjunction with John Thomhill and 
Itichard Waugh, arranged according to (he 
Linneaa Bvetem and including cryptogams. 
2, 'Observations on the Geology of North- 
umberland and Durham,' 1814, 4to. S. ' Es- 
say on the Geographical Distribution of 
Plants through . . . Northumberland, Cum- 
berland, and Durham,' 1819, 8vo; 2nd ed. 
1825. 4, ' Remarks on the Flora of Cumber- 
land,' 1825, 8vo, contributed to the ' New- 
castle Magasine ' during the preceding year, 
and reprinted as 'Contributions to the Flora 
of Cumberland,' 1833, 4to, 5. • Flora of 
Northumberland and Durham,' 1831, 4tO{ 
reprinted from the ' TmnBRCtiona ' of the 
Natural History Sociely of Northiunbei^ 
land, Durham, and Newcastle, to which 
addenda were issued in 1836. ^ 



G. a B. I 

WINCHOOMBE, aliat Snalwoodg, 
JOHN ((f. 1520), clothier, popularly known 
as Jacs of Newacbt, describes himself ia 
his will as 'John Smalewoode the elder, 
aiiai John Wynchcombe, of the i>arishe of 
Seynt Nicholas in Newberry.' He is said by 
Herbert to have been descended from a 
Simon de Wincbcombe, a rich drapi 

Candlawyk Street, London, who ' 

of London in 1379 {Livery 
894, 401 ; Man. Francucana, ii. 157). 
was, however, associated with Newbury 
his earliest years, was there apprenticed 



lio was Bheri£^^_ 

157). E^^l 

prenticed to i^^H 



De CandoUe i 



the genus HVncAin. Winchs 



clothier, and subsequently acquired great 
wealth through bis successlul pursuit of that 
trade. The chapbook stories of his having 
led 100 or 2ii0 men, equipped at his own 
expense, to the battle of Flodden Field; of 
his having entertained Henry Vlll and 
Catherine of Aragon and refused a knight- 
hood; of the doings of William Sommers[q.T.] 
and other courtiers at Winchcombe'a house, 
are unsupported by contemporary evident, 
and are probably as apiicryphal as the 
logendswhichgalWed round Richard Whit- 
tington [q. v.] There is, however, no doubt 
that WinchEombo was a pioneer of tha 
clothing manufacture, and possibly h« was, 
as Fuller stales, the ' most considerabU 
clothier England ever beheld.' He ia said 
to have kept five hundred men at work, and 
' Winchcombe's kerseys' were long con- 
sidered the finest of their kind (BtrBia.GT, 
Jfut. of It'ool and Wool-combing, p. 69). 
He is said in an ejutaph in Newbury pariui 
church, for tha ' edification ' of which he left 
a large bequest, to have died on IQ Feb. 



nchcombe 



15s 



Winchelsea 



t 



1619-[30]. He was buried in the chuticel of 
tlie chorcb with bis lirst vriiv, Alice, and a 
bnu effigy with luscriptian is fiied to the 
east wall of the north lisle. lie wa^ sur- 
Tired ly his eecoQil wife, Joan, and apparently 
on only eon. His will, dat«d 4 Jan., was 
proved on 24 March 1519-r:i0] {Brit. M>u. 
Aiidit.MS.mS3, f.i6; Hittoryuf Newbury, 
liS3J>, p. 78). 

His son, John Wischcombb (1489 P- 
150S ?), carried un his father's trade, but 
took more part in politics. In October 1 536 
he was onu of those to whom littters were 
Addressed for aid in view of the northern 
rebellions. In February 1538-9 Miles Co- 
verdale [q. v.], when at Newbury, employed 
lum Its B means of communication with 
Cromwell, who in the sume month gave 
Winehcombe an order for a thousand kerseys 
(CovBsniLB, lUmaim, Parker Soc. pp. COO, 
602; Letters and Paperi of Henrii VIII, 
xrr.t.396). In December following he was 
ODS of the ' squires ' appointed to receive 
Anne of Clevea, and on 12 Feb. 1539-10 be 
-was granted Buchlebury and Tbatcham, be- 
sides some lands in Reading, all previously 
the property of St. Mary's Abbey there ; 
on 4 Feb. 1540-1 he was placed on tlie com- 
mission of the peace for Berkshire. In March 
1541 he was leader of a movement among 
dotbiers to protest against the provisions of 
tbestatnte of 1535 dealing: with the manu- 
fccti«eofoblh('27Henrjr\lII,c.lL»). The 
couocil stayed the execution of the statute. 
and directed Sir Thomas Dresham and others 
who had procured it to prepare far its tle- 
teoee (Nicosia, Actt P. C. vii, 158 ; Letters 
and i%«-», xvi. 625). On 20 Jan. 1544-5 
' John Winehcombe, gent., of Newbury,' was 
returned to parliament for West Bedwin, 
Wiltshire. In 1 549 he was granted a coat 
of arms, and on S Feb. 1552-3 was returned 
to parliament for Reading. Three portraits 
of the younger John Winehcombe, all dated 
1550,were exhibited at the Tudor Exhibition 
io 1^7. An original portrait, erroneously 
ascribed to Uolbein, belongs to Mrs. Webley 
Parry, a copy to Mrs. Dent of Sudeley, and 
•notoer original portrait to Mr. Walter 
Money (,Cat. Tudor Kchib. Nog. «8, 201, 
218). 

It was probably his son who, as ' John 
Wiochcombe, jun.,' represented Ludgersball 
in 155S-^ and 15.S5 with Dr. John Story 
[q. v.], was directed in the latter year to 
maintain order at Iteading fair {Acta P. C. 
1554-6, p. ItiS), and in Elixahelh's relgu 
wu suggested by Parker as a commiEisioner 
in Berl^fiire to prevent the scarcity of com 
(Stbtfb, i^ntcr, iii. 121). Ills descendant, 
Sr Henry Winohcotube, was created a baro- 



net in IG61, and died in 1867, leaving a son 
Henry, on whose death in 1703 the baro- 
netcy became Kxtiuct, The estates passed 
to his eldest daughter, Frances, who was 
married in 1700 to Henry St. John, the 
great viscount Bolingbroko [q. v.] 

The cult of the legendary ' Jack of New- 
bury' began before that of Whitiington. 
Wood mentions {Addit. MS. 603a, f. 46 i) 
having bought from a pedlar in Warwick- 
shire the ' Life and Tihests of Jack of New- 
bury ' printed in black letter, of which no 
copy now appears to be extant. Late in the 
siiteenth century Thomas Deloney [q. v.] 
published his ' Pleasant History of John 
Wincbcomb, in his younger yeares called 
Jacks of Newberie, the famous and worthy 
clothier of England.' The earliest edition 
extant appears to be the eighth, published 
in 1630 : a copy in the Douce collection 
in the Bodleian Library contains a note by 
Douce to the effect tlint the first edition 
was published about 1697, and on his flyleaf 
ia ' a sketch of Jack of Newbury's house 
from recollection, made by Flaxman for F. 
Douce.' A ninth edition appeared in 1633 
(London, 4to), a fourteenth about lfi80, and 
a fifteenth about 1700 (both London, 4 to). 
A shortened version of the story, ornamented 
with rough woodcuts and entitled ' The 
History of Jack of Newbury,' was published 
about 1760 (Loudon, 12mo; another edit. 
London, 1775? 13mo), and another version, 
entitled 'The History of Mr. J. W.,' ap-^ 
peured at Newbury (1780? 8vo). 

[Letters and Ripera of Henry VIII. ed. Gaird- 
ner ; Acta of ths Privy Council, cd. Nicolsa and 
Uaai-nt; Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. SSSO; Official 
Returns of Members of Parliament; Celooey's 
and other Hisluriea ia Brit. Has. Libr, ; Fuller's 
Worthies, ed. IBll. i. 66; Barry's Berkshire 
Genealogies, p. UB; AshmoU'e Antiquities of 
IterkHhtre, ii. 289, iii. SOU; Lysona's Hsgna 
Britaania, 1S06, i. 329; tliat. and Antig. of 
Kewbury, 1639, pp. 77-SO ; Burke's Extinct 
Baronetciea : Kirby'a Winchester 3ah(ilan, p. 
136 i Ashley's Economic History, i. 229, 236, 
25A 1 Conninghani'a Growth of English Indastry 
and Commoroc, 1896, i. filfi. 533; Notes and 
Quelle, 2nd Eer. viii. 31)4 ; authorities cited.] 
A. F. P. 

WINCHELSEA, ROBERT pb (rf. 
1313), archbishop of Canterbury, derived 
bis name from Old Winchelsea in Kent, 
where be was probably bom. He studied 
arts at Paris, where he look bis master's 
de(free, becoming rector of tlie university 
before 7 July 1367 {Dbkiflg and Ckatb- 
i,AIN, Cartii/rtrium Unu-ereitatui ParmeniU, 
i. -168). He afterwards studied theology 
Oxford, where he proceeded D.D., and w 



I 

I 

I 
I 
J 



Win Chelsea 



is6 



chwjcellor in 1288 (Wood, Fatti Oxon. 
p. 16, ed. Gutch). A confuBioa of him 
with & namesAke, John Winclielaea, has led 
to the improbabla Rssertion that he w&g a 
fellow of Merton Colle^ (Beodeick, Me- 
morialt of Merton Coll. pp. 197-8, Oxford 
Hist. Soc.) He enjoyed a great reputation 
as scholar and administrator both at Paris 
and Oxford (BiBCHiRaTON in Anglia Sacra, 
i. 12). He was appointed prubundary of 
Leighton Manor in Lincoln Cathedral, but 
hii rights there were contested by the 
litigious Almeric of Montfort [q. v.] {Feck- 
fiam't Letters, \. 90). Winchelaea gained 
the Buit, and held the prebend until he be- 
came archbishop (Lb Nbtb, Fa>li Feel. 
Angl. ii. 170, ed. Hardy). About 1283 Win- 
chelsea was appointed archdeacon of Essex 
and prebendary of Uxgate in St. Paul's {ib. 
ii. 333-4, 420; Nbwcodkt, ii-yertonum 
Eeeheituticum Londin. i. 71, 190). He 
resided constantly and diligently visited hia 
archdeaconry. He preached frequently and 
resumed the delivei^ of thuological lecturer 
in St, Paul's (BiECtitnoTOir, p. 12). 

PeckhamdiadonBDec. 1292. Thepapacy 
was vacant, and for once there wu a chance 
of a canonical election to Canlerburv. On 
22 Dec. Henry (rf. 1331 )[q,v.] of Eaatr^, prior 
of Christ Church, sought license to elect, and 
tvo of his tnonks visited Edward at New- 
castle, whence they were sent back on 6 Jan. 
1203 with the necessary permission. The 
election took place on 13 Feb., and was 'per 
vinm compromissi,' a committee of seven 
being entrusted with making the appoint- 
ment on behalf of the whole chapter ( vVlI.- 
Kl»9, Concilia, ii. 189-90). Throi^h Eaatn^'s 
influence, and probably with Edward I's 
goodwill, Winchelsea was unanimouslv 
elected. The king gave hia consent aflsr 
three dnrs (Bircrihoidv, p. 12), whereupon 
Winchelsea at once prepared to start off 
for Home (cf, Cat. Pat. Soils. 1292-1301, 

f. 7). He reached Rome on ^Tiit-Sunday, 
7 May. The papacy being still vacant, be 
was delayed at the curia more than a year 
before he could obtain confirmation and ci 
secmtion. He made bo good an impress! 
on the cardinals that it was believed — "■ 
land that he was thought of 
pope (BiRcHraoTOK, p. 12). At 
election of Celestine V terminated the long 
vacancy on fi July 1294. The new pope 
thought BO well of Winchelfica that he offered 
htm a cardiualale, which Winchelsea refused. 
Despite the opposition of the Franciscans 
(Wonfgtfr Ann. p.518),Celpstineconfim>ed 
Winchelsea's election. On 12 Sept. he 
GOnwcrated bishop at Aquila, where the papal 
' — Tt then was (Wilkimb, Concilia, ii. " ~' 



a possible 
t last thi 






ing. 

i 



He left Rome on 5 Oct,, and travelled home 
by way of Germany, Brabant, and Holland, 
(o avoid Ihe terrilories of Philip the Fair, 
with whom Edward I was thi^n at war. 
He reached Yarmouth on 1 Jan. 129i5 
{ Wnnvtler Ann. p. 618). Besides the sura 
ofU2i. 19#. expended in England, his out- 
lay at Rome hod amouolcd to the huge 
Bum cf2,5U0 marks (BovSEB, .^ii/iy. of Cant. 
Appendix M Supplement, pp. 18-19). The 

troctors of the chapter had spent 
fllf as much besides. 
Edward I waa in North Wales suppi 
ing the revolt of Modog ab Llywelvn .^ 
Madoq], Winchelsea at once repaired to 
royal camp at Conway, where on 4 Feb. 
order for the restoration of Ins temporalitii 
was issued (Cat. Pat. BoiU, 1292-1301, p. 
129). On 6 Feb. Winchelsea excommunicated 
Madog (OiNci/iR, ii. 20S), and on 18 March he 
made nissoleninentryintoCauterbury, where 
he received the pallium. He was enthroned 
on Sunday, 2 Oct., in the presence of the king, 
Edward's brother and son, and a ercat gaihi 
ing of clerks and mapnatea, Thedetailsoff 
ceremony were carefully recorded ('Fonnftl. 
thronizationis archiepiscopi Yl Non. Oct., 
Henrico priore,' kc, in Somneb, J, 57-8). 

A secular priest, canonically elected by an 
English chapter, Winchelsea was anxious 
from the beginning not to fall short of his 
two mendicant predec6ssors(Ki!wardbyand 
Peckham), whom the papacy had forced upon 
the English king and courch. In personal 
holiness he was in no wise inferior to them, 
and he was probably their superior in ability. 
He continued to be assiduous in preaching. 
He attended the canonical hours as recutarty 
as a monk. lie freijuently shut himself up for 
prayer and meditation, and, as his intimates 
suspected, for severe corporal discipline. His 
charity atid almsgiving were magnificent. 
Many poor scholars partook of hia bounty, 
and he was careful to reserve many of his 
best benefices for needy masters and bachelors 
of divinity. Hewasbountiful to the mendi- 
cant friars, though be sought to restrain them 
from exercising paBtoral functions without 
the consent of the local cler^ ^ Worcester 
Ann. p. 540; cf. however Condlia, ii. 257-84). 
He constantly distributed his rich garments 
to the poor, and never kept more than two 
robes for himself. He partook sparingly or 
not at all of the costly meats set before bim, 
and habitually gave them away to the poor 
and sick, much to the disgust of bis servants, 
who tliought that coarser food would have 
sulticed for pauper needs. Vet he seldom 
gave way to the escesses of asceticism. He 
was cheerful in temperament, corpulent in 
body, a hard worker, and a good man of 



Win Chelsea 



157 



Winchelsea 



I 



faoaineM. He was tenocioua of bis precedence 
and ]>ersonal dignity on public occwions, but 
associated on ttirms of friendly equality with 
hia clergy. He was affable, kind, and jocular. 
He hated flatterers, traitors, and prodigals. 
He rarely spoke to ■women save in conf'ea- 
eion (BiBCHisoTOH, pp. 12-14 collects, per- 
haps with too much desire for edilication, his 
personal characteristics ; cf. also Florn Hist. 
lii. 1.55, CAron. de MeUa, ii. 338; Monk of 
Malmeabury in Chron. Edv). I and Edir. II, 
ii. l9L'-3). 

WincheUea was an uncompromising 
cliurchmao and a zealous upholder of the 
papal authority. Yet his love of power and 
loniience was so great that it brought bim 
into conflict with his clergy, his eunrogans, 
many of the nobles, the king, and sometimes 
«Ten wilh the pope. With longer English 
experience than Peckham, and the wider 
outlook of a secular priest, Winchelsea did 
not limit his interests so strictly to the 
ecclesiastical side of things as his predecessor. 
He thought it his business to protect nation 
and church alike. The growing dil&culties 
in which Edward I's too arabiiious policy 
bad involved him enabled '\^'inchel8ea lo 
combine with the purely ecclesiastical an- 
tBgoniam inherited Dy him from I'eckham a 
atrong political opposition to the king's 
policy. 

Even before his enthronement Winchelsea 
hadtokenuphisline. He summoned a council 
of his suffragans to meet on 15 July 1295 at 
theNewTemple(CoTTOS,pp.293-4ift)iJciVJa, 
ii. 215), and the proceedings of this body 
seemed to be a menace to the king. At the 
autumn parliament in London Edward on 
38 Nov. personally pleaded with the clergy 
for a large war subsidy. Winchelsea offered 
him a tenth, which Edward rejected SB inade- 
onate. Strong pressure was brought to bear, 
out the archbiBliop made a merit of offering 
the tenth for a second year if the war still 
continued ( Woretitfr Ann, p. 534). Neit 
jear Edward's embarrassments grew worse, 
while Winehelsea's posit ion was strengthened 
by Boniface VIII issuing the bull clrridt 
laieoi, on 24 Feb. 1396, by which the clergy 
ime forbidden to pay taxes to the secular 
authority. In November parliument met 
Bury St. EWmund's, and tfie laily ([ranted 
litMral subsidy. Next day VVinchelaea 
luurangued the clerical estate in the chapter- 
house of the abbey. Admitting the realitv 
ofthedanger from France, he urged the pupal 
prohibition and the impoverishment ot the 
clergy through former exactionif, and denied 
that the clei^ bad promised any fresh tax 
(COTTOir.pp. 314-1.^). At last he persuaded 
Edwaid to wait until January 1297 for the 



final answer, tfeanwhile parlii 
up, and Winchelsea summoned 
convocation for 13 Jan. at St. I'aiiVs, which 
took up the business that the clerical estate 
had evaded. Before this met on 5 Jan. Win- 
chelsea by papal order published the bull 
clericis laicos in every deanery in England 
{C<mcilia.ii.222; CorrON, p. 316). 

Winchelsea opened convocation by a scr* 
non. ' We have two lords over us,' Le sud, 
the king and the pope, and, though ' 
obedience to both, we owe greater obedience 

the spiritual than to the temporal lord ' 
(Heminqbukoh, ii. 116). The clergy there- 
must And, if possible, a way inter- 
mediate between the subversion of the realm 
and disobedience to the pope. The clergy, 
though much divided, refused a general sub- 
aidy, and Edward threatened them with 
outlawry. ThoUKh individual clerks made 
personal gifts lo the king, who announced his 
willingness to accept a fifth, Winchelsea 
remained firm, and kept the clergy aa a body 
on his side. On SO Jan. the sentence of out- 
lawry was formally promulgated against the 
clergy by John of Metingham, the chief 
justice, in Westminster Hall. On 10 Feb. 
Winchelsea, who bad gone lo Canterbury for 
the consecration of John of Monmouth aa 
bishop of Llandaff, preached to the people in 
the cathedral after the consecration, anu then 
solemnly pronounced excommunicate all 
who in any wise trangreesed the papal hull 
(Cotton, p. 320). On la Feb. Edward 
answered by ordering the sheriffs to take 
possession of the lay fees of all the clerev of 
the province of Canterbury. But within a 
fortnight the resistance of the baronage under 
Norfolk and Hereford at Salisbury further 
strengthened Winchelsea's position. 

The strain was too great to last. Winchel- 
sea, who had all through admitted the neces- 
' y of the war and the leg: timacy of the king's 

imands for help, found it judicious not to 



of the edict conliscating their lay fees. 
summoned another con vocation lor 24 March, 
but on its assembling the king sent to it aix 
commissioners, who warned it not to attempt 
anything against his authority. TwoBomi- 
nicans upheld the king's rights to raise war 
taxes (F/<.iv»-ff£r(.iii. 100), and Winchelsea 
himself abandoned bis heroic attitude. He 
kept the council from coming to any formal 
decision, but before it separated said, ' I leave 
each and all of you to your own consciences. 
But my conscience does not allow me 
offer money for the king's protection 
any other pretext ' ( H''ortvster Ann. p. 361 j 
cf. Flores Silt. iii. 101, ' UDUsquisque 



I 



sell S 

1 



Winchelsea 



iS8 



Winchelsea 



;'). It waa subslnntially 
I to each clerk to make hi9 
own terms of submission. 

Winchelses'sestateB remained in tlie king's 
Hands for more than five monthB (Anfflia 
Sacra, i. 51), during which he depended 
on cbaritj for Bubsistaace. RotbI agents 
seized liis horees at MsideCone and compelled 
him to travel on foot i_FIoret Biit. iii. 293). 
On 27 Feb. the king seized Christ Church 
and sealed up it« storehouses to prevent the 
monks giving him any help (BiECHittoTOK, 
i. li-lQj Sixt. MSS. Comm. 5th Bep. i. 
453). But even the clerical partisans who 
hailed Winchelsea as a second St. Thomas 
admitted that bis worst sufferinga resulted 
not from Edward's direct orders but from 
the officious xeal of the royal underlings. 
The king's self-restraint made ureconcilialion 
the more easy, and Edward'a wrath was over 
'when most individual clerks had made their 
Toluntary offering, and the baronage hud 
agreed to fight tor him beyond sea. On 
14 July the reconciliation of church and 
State waa publicly brought home to Lon- 
doners in the afmctiiig scene of farewell 
enacted outside Westminster Hall. Win- 
chelaeo burst into tears at the king's appeal 
to the emotions of his subjects, and pro- 
mised that he would be faithful to him in 
future {Floret Rht. iii. 296). Two days 
(14 July) afterwards WittcheUea summoned 
another convocation to deliberate as to the 
means of obtaining the pope's permission to 
pay the king a grant. On 19 July his lands 
and goods were restored. 

Winchelsea now exerted himself to per- 
suade the earls of Norfolk and Hereford to 
make terms with the king. On 27 July he 
had personal colloquy with the earla' agents 
at Waltliaui, and next day took them with 
him to see the king at St. Albans. It was 
no fault of his if the two earls held aloof. 
On 31 July Edward received the elergv hack 
to his protection, and before his embarkation 
wrote to the archbishop begging his prayers 
for the success of the army. 

On 10 Aug. Winchelsea opened convoca- 
tion at London by informing it that the king 
had promised to confirm the charters if tliu 
clergy would make an adequate grant for the 
French war. The assembly agreed, however, 
that no grant could be made without obtain- 
ing the pope's leave, but promised the king 
t« apply to Boniface at once. Curioualy 
enough the bull of 28 Feb. 1297, by which 
the pope excepted &om his prohibition all 
Toluntory gifts and sums raised for national 
defence, was referred to by neither partv 
in the discussion. But on 20 Aug. Edward, 
without waiting for a grant, ordered the 



immediate collection of a third of the cleri- 
cal temporalities. On 23 Aug. be sailed for 
Flanders. The reconciliation, ader alt, was 

Despite Edward's prohibition, Winchelsea 
excommunicated the infringers of the liber- 
ties of the church. Meanwhile the baronial 



nchelsea, who was present at the 
tumultuous parliament which preceded the 
baronial triumph, was in full sympathy with 
their action, though not taking a leading 

Siart in it himself. A devastating Scottish 
bray now made odious the unpatriotic atti- 
tude of the clergT. On 38 Nov. a new con- 
vocation granted a tenth, raised by each 
diocesan through clerical machinery. As 
Edward had not asked for a tax, and a« the 
money was for occasions recc^nised by the 
bull of explanation, Winchelsea felt himself 
secure both from the king and the pope. 
On the same day the charters, which Edward 
had confirmed in London, were recited pub- 
licly and handed over to the custody of Win- 
chelsea. Thus peace waa nt last restored. 

Wincheisea'a vigorous and successful re- 
sistance to Edward gave him a great repu- 
tation among all lovers of high clerical 
authorily. Boniface VIII called him 
' solus ecclesiie Anglicanro pugil invlncibilis, 
inflexibiliEC|ue columna' (Birchihoton, i. 
101. Despite hia preoccupation in politics, 
Winchelsea had found time for plenty of 
other work. He had numerous qnorrels on 
his hands. A dispute with Gilbert de Clare, 
ninth earl of Gloucester [q, v.], which broke 
out before the archbishop's enthronement, 
could not be settled by arbitration, and was 
ultimatelj- referred to the bishop of Durham 
{Cal. Pat. ItolU, 1297-1301, p. 152). He 
bad a fierce controversy with the abbot and 
convent of St. Augustine's, Canterbury. In 
the course of it he was cited to Rome in 
1299, and in 1300 Boniface VIH issued a 
bull exempting the abbey from all episcopal 
iurisdicliou (Co/. Papal Lettfrt, i. 585-.6). 
But Winchelseo's atreniious remonstrances 
led the pope to issue in 1303 a further hull 
that minimised the privileges that he had 
ioiisly granted {Literir Cantuar. I. Lti- 
; Thorn in TwfeDEii,I>«wHiScn»(or(w, 
u. 2004-5, who is bitterly hostile to Winchel- 
sea). The pope played Winchelsea even a 
worse trick when in 1297 he exempted the 
bishop of Winchester for life from all his 
archiepiscopal jurisdiction (Cat, Papal Let- 
ten, i. 569). Winchelsea strove to increase 
the number of monks and improve the dis- 
cipline even in the faithful convent of Christ 
Church {Uut. MSS. Comm. 5th liep. i. 446). 



m 




Winchelsea 



159 



Winchelsea 



1 episcopal oleeiionB, 
lot always aiiBtaincd 



He frequently objected 
but his obJectioDSwere 
on appeal toKome. U 
holder of the melropolitnn'a rights of 
tion. He began in 1299 
of the diiicese of ChichcBter, and in 1300 
™*8odontothQtofWorce8ter. In 1300 he 
and an unseemly dispute with St. Albans 
Abbey (Oata Abbatum S. Albani, ii. 47-8, 
Rolls Ser.) In tho same year he extracted a 
tax of 4r^. in the mark from all his clergy to 
ueiet the execution of his numerous plans 
of refomifttion ( Woneaier Ann. p. 547). On 
8 Sept. l:2&9 Winchelsea officiated in his 
own cathedral at the king's second marriage 
(is. p. bii). He was in 1300 entrusted by 
■ Boniface VIII with the delivery of the 
* npoatolic mandate to withdraw from attack- 
I Ing the Scots, whotn the pope bad taken 
under his protection. A letter of Winchel- 
sea to Boniface (Ann. Landin. pp. 104-8) 
relates in detail his long journey to Carlisle, 
bis diiGculty in reaching the king, his perils 
from the sea and the Scots, and bis final 
interriew with Edward at Sweetheart 
Abbey on 27 Aug. The king refused the 
pops any final answer until he had consulted 
the magnates. Butitseemedtobeinobedience 
to the mandate that he now withdrew from 
Bcotland. Winchelsea returned southward. 
He traversed slowly the province of York, 
ostentatiously bearing his cross erect before 
him even when close by the city of York. 
In September he was in Lincolnshire. In 
October be was back at Otford in bis own 

At the parliament of Lincoln of January 
1301 the troubles between Winchelsea and 
Edward were renewed in a more violent 
form. On Winehelsea's adTice the barons 
presented through Henry of Keigliley, 
knight of the shire for Lancashire, a bill of 
twelve articles, demanding an immediate 
•ettlement of the forests question and certain 
other outstandicig grievances. The in- 
fluence of the primate is almost certainly to 
be traced in the bishops' fresh declaration, 
with the assent of the barons, tliut ihoy 
could not agree to any clerical ta.i eon- 
trarv to ihe pope's prohibition, and in the de- 
mand for the removal of Winehelsea's enemy, 
Walter Langton [q. v.], bishop of Lich- 
field, from the treasury. Edward yielded 
to tho pressure, but never forgave Win- 
chelsea, whom he looked upon as the real 
instigator of the movement. Even in this 
porlinment he managed to isolate the arch- 
bishop from his baronial allies. The barons' 
famous letter of protest addressed to Boni- 
face was a repudiation of WincheUca as 
well as of the pope. Edward made the 



split more emphatic by rejecting Winehel- 
sea's addition to the articles of the borons 
limiting clerical taxation without papal con- 
sent. Another cause of quarrel soon arose 
between Winchelsea and Edward. Burinr 
the vacancy ut Canterbury the king had 
presented Theobald, brotherof Edward s own 
son-in-law, the count of Bar, to the Itving 
of Pagham in Sussex, of which the orcU- 
bishop was patron. lu 1298 Winchelsea de- 
prived Theobald on Ihe ground of an infoi^ 
malily, and conferred Pagham on Itolph of 
Mailing. Before this, in 1^97, Edward had 
induced Boniface to reappoint Theobald by 
papal provision (Cat. Papal Lftteii, i. 572), 
VVincuelsea paid no heed to the papal action, 
whereupon Boniface on 15 Jan. 1300 renewed 
the grant of Pagham {Cal. Papnt Zettert, 
p. 591). The abbot of St. Michael's, in the 
diocese of Verdun, was sent to England to 
secure for Theobald the eiectition of tho 
papal provision. As Winchelsea still resisted 
(he appointment of a non-residenl pluralist 
in sutMleaeon'a orders, he was on 15 Oct. 
solemnly excommunicated by tbe abbot. 
Unly after Winehelsea's submission was tho 
sentence removed, in 1S02. 

During this lime Winchelsea revenge- 
fully continued his attack on Langton. Hig 
Kome supported the monstrous 



I 



February i: . _ 
Boniface put Winchelsea in a difficult posi- 
tion by associating him with the provincials 
of the Franciscans and Dominicans on a 
commissionappointedtoinvestigate the accu- 
sations. Winchelsea was forced to report 
to Rome that Langton was innocent, and in 
June 1303 Boniface formally acquitted the 
archbishop'sgreat enemy (C(i/.Pi/^(i;l^«?r», 
i. 810). The collapaa of the papacy after tho 
fall of Boniface VIII removed Winehelsea's 
best support against his sovereign, for Boni- 
face, if sometimes hostile, might be relied 
upon to uphold all who maintained the cleri- 
cal against the civil power. Sleanwhila 
Winclielseo was busy visiting his province 
and constantly giving fresh causes of irrita- 
lion. Uo olfended Edward once more by 
exercising through an unworthy stratagem 
tbe right of visiting the king's free chapel 
within Hastings Castle, and by visiting 
almost by force the king's hospital of St. 
Gi I es-with out- London {Oil. Patent Ralls, 

1301-7, pp. 189. 397). 

widespread 

slant claim, ... _ 

Canterbury mob broke open his palace while 
he was residing there, and brutally ma1< 
treated the dean of Oepringe at Selling fop 
no other offence than serving the orcbbishop'i 



astle, and by visiting 
I king's hospital of St. 
m (Oil. Patent Ralh. 

IT). He liad incurred ^H 

nrity through his con- ^^| 

uliction. In 1S03 th« ^H 

[e open his palace while ^H 

ere, and brutally ma1< ^H 

Ospriuge at Selling for ^H 

serving the orcbbishop'a ^H 



Winchelsea 



1 60 



Winchelsea 



citations {ii. p. 1D7). He was ouarrelling 
with the archbishop of York on tUc oncifnt 
question of therij^ht of the northern primate 
to have hia cross home erect hefore him in 
the Bouthem province, and it is signiticant 
that Edward wrote to the curia upholding 
the archbishop of York's claim. Bnt Win* 
cheUea still controlled the clerical estate, 
and won his Inst triumph when he induced 
the clergy to reject, the law proposed by Ed- 
ward in the parliament of April 1305 for- 
biddingtheexportofspeciefromalieDpriories. 

In Sovetober 1305 the election of Kd- 
Tcard's vassal and dependent, Bertrand de 
Ooth, fts Clement V, gave the signal fnr 
Edward's long-deferred att-ack on Winchel- 
Bea. Among the special ambassadors sent 
to the new pope's coronation on 14 Nov, 
1305 wBre Bishop Langt«n and the Earl of 
Lincoln, who very effectively poisoned the 
pope's mind against Winehelaea. By ab- 
solving Edward from his oath to the forest 
charters Clement destroyed the result of 
Winclielsea's most bard-won victory, while 
by decreeing that Edward should not be 
excommunicated or censured without papal 
permi^ion he deprived Winchelsea of hia 
most effective weapon. In Januair 1306 
W'iachelsea sent Walter Thorp, dean of 
arches, to Lyons to counteract Langton's 
machinations (^iin. Xontli'n. p.l44). But on 
12 Feb. Clement suspended Winchelsea from 
his spiritual and temporal functions, and 
cited bim to the curia within two months. 
On 24 Feb. the envoys came back to London. 
Neit day Winchelsea also arrived, having 
terminated a visitation of the diocese of 
Winchester that he had eagerly undertaken 
on the death ofthe exempt biBbop. lie was 
now unable to resist Archbishop Greenfield 
bearing hiscrosB erect through London streets 
(Ann. Londin. p. 144; cf. Lit. Cantmr. i. 
30-31). 

Winchelsea received intelligence of his 
deprivation on 25 March, and at once visited 
the king to beg for his intercession. A 
stormy scene ensued. Winchelsea showed 
some confusion and craved the king's beno- 
diction, just as if bis sovereign were his 
«cclesiaaticiil superior, Edward overwhelmed 
him with reproaches, accusing bim of pride, 
treason, and pitilessness, and declaring that 
either he or the archbishop must leave the 
realm. On d April Edwud declared to tlie 
pope that Winclielsea's presence threatened 
the peace of the land. Winchelsea went 
idown to Dover priory, where on 18 May the 
citation to the curia wns delivered to bim 
(Ann. Lnndin. pp. 144-5). Early next day 
ue took ship for the continent. lie remained 
in exile for the rest of Edward's life. 



Winchelsea found the papa! court esta- 
blished at Bordeaux, ao that even in his 
banishment he did not iiuit Edward's domi- 
nions. The worry and fatigues in which he 
had been involved culminated in a stroke of 
paralysis, from which lie never wholly re- 
covered. He scornfully rejected the pro- 
posal to resign his archbishopric or to accept 
translation to another see. He felt that be 
wag hut treadingmore completely in the 
footsteps of St, Thomas (Birchikbton', i. 
16). His reputation for sanctity became 
greater, and it was believed that the death 
of bis enemy, Edward 1, was revealed to 
bim at Bordeaux in a vision IFloret But. 
iii. 328). 

Winchelses's suspension was so much & 
political measure that, the accession of Ed- 
ward II and the disgrace of his arch enemy 
Langton removed the only obslBcles to liis 
reinstatement. On 16 Dec. 1307 the new 
king urged Clement to restore Winchelsea, 
and on 22 Jan. 1306 the pope issued from 
Poitiers letters removing his suspension (iiV. 
Canttiar. iii. 386-6 ; Cal. Papal Letten, ii. 
33). On the same day Clement, at Win- 
cbelsea's request, revoked a former nomina- 
tion of a commission of English bishops to 
crown Edward, on the ground thai the right 
of coronation belonged exclusively to Can- 
terbury. On 28 Jan. Winchelsea appointed 
the bishop of Winchester to act on his behalf, 
as he was unable through ill-health to be 
back in time to olficiate in person. This 
punctiliousness necessitated the postpone- 
ment of the coronation from 18 Feb. to 
25 Feb. The archbishop returned to Eng- 
land inMarchor April (CtsuN OP BRiDLiKa- 
TOiT,p.33; Ann. Paul. p. 263). On 14 Ajiril 
he made a long-deferred composition with 
the Count of Boulogne, who hsd been irri- 
tated by not obtaining his usual dues from 
a new archbishop, through Winchelsea not 
having passed through bis territories on bis 
earlier journeys to the continent (Lit. Can- 
luar. ii'i. 388). 

Within a few weeks of Winchelses's re- 
turn Piers GBveaton [q. v.] was hnnisbed. 
The archbishop headed his suffragans in 
threatening excommunication to the fa- 
vourite if he disobeyed the baronial edict 
(Ann. Londin. p. 156). He thus renewed 
from the first his relations with the opposi- 
tion, and was soon more hostile to Ed- 
ward II than to his father. His goods were 
not restored until November, but during hia 
absence William Testa, tlie papal admini- 
strator, had taken such care of his estates 
that he was now 'a richer man than ever 
he had been before ' (MpKiimTH, p. 13 ; cf. 
Anglia Sacra, \. 61). At the parbanent of 



Winchelsea 



i6i 



Winchester 



April 1309 be refused to attend until the 
KTclibisbop of York, disguBled at not being 
kilowed to bear bis cross, went back to the 
north. In his teal for clerical privile)^ 
WinchelBea had even taken up the cause of 
his old enemy Langton, who was still im- 

?irisoned bj royal authority alone. He re- 
useil to have any dealings with the king as 
long' OS Langton was uulawfully detained 
(MtTKlMiTH, p. 14). In March 1310 Wiu- 
cbeleea was on« of the lords ordninera, 
though in April Edward was still lupnc 
him to persuade convocation to make tresh 
grants iroin its spiritualities. After the first 
dnftof the ordinances was issued in August 
1310, Winchelsea on 1 Nov. published in St. 
Paul's a solemn excommunication of all who 
ahould itapede their execution or publish to 
the world the secrets of the ordainers. When 
Edward broke the ordinances by recalling 
Gaveston in January 1312, Winchelsea at 
once eicommunicaieu Piers and his abettors. 
Langton was released and restored to the 
treasury in March, despite Winchelsea's 
strenuous opposition. But in April the or- 
dainers turned him out of bis post, and Win- 
chelsea eicommuninatedhim for toking office 
against the provisions of the ordinances. On 
umgton going to the papal court to remon- 
strate against the sentence, Winchelsea des- 
patched thither his clerk, Adam Murimutb, 
the chronicler, to represent his interests 
against the bishop (Muriudth, p. 16). 

Winchelsea'a weak health makes hin poli- 
tical activity the more remarkable. He did 
not, however, neglect the more spiritual 
tide of lua office during these years. He 
was much involved in the proceeding for 
the suppreesion of the templars (Cnl. Papal 
Lettrm, ii, 48, 49), though he took no per- 
sonal part in the council that he summoned 
for 2» Nov. 130B to St. Paul's. He was 
associated with the papal commissioners 
Knt to investigate the charges affainst them, 
but again he did not act. ifowevcr, on 
29 Dec. 1809 he opened anothersynod at St. 
Paul's by preaching a sermon. Ill-health 
preventea him from attending its later pro- 
ceeding. He showed himself anxious to 
check toe exceSBive leal of the enemies of the 
order, and absolved by commission all the 
templars who profcassd penitence and ac- 
cepted the declaration mamlnininB' their oi^ 
IhodoKV {Flores HUt. iii. 14o). He died at 
Otford on II May 1313. and was buried on 
16 May at Canterbury, in the south part of 
the choir, near the sltar of St. Gregory, 
a^iost the south wall. The tomb has noW 
diBftppaared, 

In his will Winchelsea left his books and 
nan; rich vestmeuts to the monks of bia 

\0L. LXU. 



cathedral and some legacies to 
\BJi\& {Ilitt. MSS. CWm. 5thli 
There was, however, much delay in carrying 
out his testament, and in 1325 Prior Easlry 
urgently entreated Archbishop Reynolds to 
suUer (he administration to be completed on 
account of the scandal caused by the delay 
{Lit. Cantuar, i.44, 64, 134). 'fhis si ' ' 
WBB all the greater since popular veneration 
had already made Winchelsea an object of 
worship. The wounds discovered on his body 
had been attributed to self 
(BiRCHiNOTON, p. 13). Many n 
been worked at his tomb, and hi 
the ordainers, pressed strongly for bia ei 
sation. In 1319Thoma8of Lancaatersent a 
report of his miracles to Avignon, and Rey- 
nolds ordered the bishops of London and 
CLichester to investigate their authenticity. 



John XXII a 






the deliberate nature of the procedure 
such matters, and nothing 



rthe 



have been done in Thomas, 
lifetime. After the fall of Edward II the 
agitation was renewed, and in March 1327 
FCeynolds sent the pope a long schedule of 
miracles worked by him (Lit. Cantuar. 
iii. 3(W-40i, gives the correspondence ; cf. 
SoHKBR, App. i. 56; Cal. JPapal Letteri, 
1 306-42, p. ii2). Nothing, however, came 
of the elibrt to make him a saint. 

[Wharton's Anglia Sacra, espeoiallv Birch- 
ington in i. 11~1T. Annalea Monoalici (Osney, 
Wykea, Dunstaple. sod Worcester], Chron. 
Edw. I and Edr. II (Ann. Londin. and St. 
Paul's, null Canon of Bridlington), Cont. Osrross 
of Canterbury, nortbnlamvw Cotton, Risbanger, 
Lmgtoft. Murimath, Flares Hist., Chrua. da 
Mtilsa. LiteriE Cantuarienses (all in Bolls 8»r.) ; 
Hemingburgh (Engl. Hist. Soc,) ; Thorn in 
Twjsden's Dscem Scriptores; Chron. delAner> 
cost(BaDnotyiieC!ub); Rymer's Fiedera; Hist. 
MSS. Comm, fitb and Bth R»p.; Pari. Writs; 
Rolls of Pari. vol. i. ; Cal. of Fnpol Letters. 
vols. i. and ii. ; Cal. of Patent and Close Bulls, 
Edw. I and Ed«. II ; La Nave's Fasti Eccl. Angl. 
ad. Hard^: Godwin. DePrsaulibus, 1743 : Son 
ner's Antiqoities of Canterbury. The best mod er 
accoaniB are in Stnbbs's Const. Hist. voL ii. and 
prefaces to the ChroD. of Edw. 1 and Edv. II 
(Bolls Ser,); Hook'sLifo in ArohbiBhope of Can- 
terbury (iii. 309-454), though elaborate, is care- 
leas in details and onhtslorlcal in tone; many 
eitrncts from Winchelsea's register, stIU at 
Lambeth, are given in Wilhins's Concilia, ii. 
185^23 : tbe whole nelldeservasralendanngoi 
publishing.] T. F. T. 

WINCHESrER, Katwimses op. [See 
PiCLBT, WiLLiiM, I485P-1573, first Mab- 
qitih; PiCLET, William, 1536 P-150S, third 
Marqdis ; Paclct, John, 1598-1675, fifth 
MABaciH.I 



Winchester 



WIHOBBSTEB, Eablb i>p. [See 
DE, d. 1219; Dbspessek, 
M, 12^-1326.] 

WINCHESTER. GODFREY of id. 

1107), Lnlia poet. [See Godfrey.] 

WINCHESTER, GREGOKY op {Jt. 
1270), hiatorian. [See Gbegoki.] 

WINCHESTER, JOHN, or Johs of 
(rf. 1460 'f), bishop of MorBj, la said to hsTS 
be«n an EngliehmaD who came into Scot- 
land in the retinue of James I on his return 
from Eagland in 1424. His name (ihougb 
there are contemporary instances of it as a 
Bumame in Scotland) suggests that he ma; 
have been spriest of the household of Cardi- 
nal Beaufort^bifiliopof Winchester, who was 
the UDcie of James's queen and eolemnised 
their marriage. From the beginning of James's 
actual reign Winchester appears ae his trustud 
friend, and ia constantly in attendance at 
court. In the church he is chaplain to tho 
king, prebendary of Dunkeid, canon of Gl««- 

Kw (1428),and provost of Lincluden(14So). 
the same year he ia bishop-elect of 
Horaj, and receives certain pavmente for 
^omoting the king's affairs at tho court of 
Rome. His eleclioo wai confirmed by the 
pope in 1436, and next year he was con- 
secrated at Cambuskennetli. He held the 
aee for twenty-three years (not thirteen, as 
Spottiswoode nays), and obtained for it 
certain valuable privileges. His men were 
not to be distrained for ' wapinschaw or 
hosting ' by either of his powerful neigh- 
bours, the eaHs of Moray and Huntly, but 
were to rise and pass with bis own Wlies, 
as other barons' men (1445). His town of 
Spvniu was erected Into a burgh of barony, 
and the churcb-lands of his diocese (which 
were in six coimties — Elgin, BanH', .Aber- 
deen, Inverness, Ross, and Sutherland) 
were erected into one regality (1451), the 
latter being given him (says James II) in 
(tratitude for ' a multitude of services ren- 
dered to our late father, of cherished 
memorv, and faithfully continued to our- 
selves.'' 

The records teem with notices of these 
services, rendered in the household, the ex- 
chequer, as lord-register, and as lord-trea- 
aurer,and ranging from payments ' pr«£ucure 
I gingibero ad usum regis' to ' ' ' 



(which he visited along with James I 
1434). Stirling (1434). Urquhart (on Loch 
Ness), and Inverness (1458); andinthede- 
molishing of the Douglases' island fortress of 
Lochiudorb (14oS) his deputy at the latter 



place, Calder of that Ilk, carried the gre&t 
iron door of Lochindorb to his seat, Cawdor 
Castle, where it may tttiU be seen. The 
8t nsngt li I' ning and demolishing of tt)e«e casti es 
respectively formed part of the policy of 
James I and James II, and Winchester was 
their adiiser in regard ta that policy, as well 
as ia the acts by which it was carried out. 
From July 1457 to April 1468 Jamw II spent 
his time mostly in the bishop's diocese, and 
Winchester entertained him at his palace of 
Spynie. On the king's return to the south, 
Winchester complained that the Earl of 
Huntly had aeiied his lands and was draw- 
ing his rents. 

Winchester died on 1 April 14o9 or 1460, 
and was buried in his csthedisl at El^in, 
in St. Mary's Isle, where his effigy renuuns. 
There are still in the north of Scotland 
families of the name who claim descent &Dni 
him ; thev spring more probably from mem- 
bers of his household, who, following a 
northern custom, had, as his 'baron's men,' 
assumed his surname. He is said to have 
been a bachelor of the canon law. Spottis- 
woode, who, like Shaw and Keith, is in 
error in regard to the dates of his life, 
describes him as ' a man of good parts.' 

[ExeheqDcr RoIU : Oront Seal Rr^st^: 
Hegistmin UorsrieDS« ; Eeitfa'i Cataloipie of 
Srultish Bishops; Q rub's Ecclesiastical History: 
Shaw's Hiftory of Moray ; Yonng's Aanili rf 
Elgin.] J. C. 

WTNCHHjSEA. EiBW OF. [SeeFiNOH, 
Hexbaue, d. 1689, second Eabl; Fiscii, 
DisiEL, I&i7-1730, siith Eakl; Fisob- 
HiTTON, Gbohoe Willuk, 1791-1868, 
EvRt OF WiscttiLsEi ASD NomsattAM.] 

WINCHILSEA. CocKTESs oy. [See 
F1.VCFI, AssF-,rf. 17i'0.] 

WINDEBANK, SiE FRANCIS (1582- 
1646), secretary of stale, bom in 1563, was 
the only son of Sir Thomas Wlndehank and 
his wile Frances, younger datighler of Sir 
Edward Dymoko of Scrivelsny, Lincoln- 
shire (METCiiFK, Vint, of Lincolnihirt, p. 
42; Lome, ScnrfUbv, 1893. p. 71). His 
grandfather. Sir Richard Windebank, was 
aen-ing at Calais in 1533 (CSren. qf Calaii, 
p. 137; Lfitfri and Paprn, sv. 750), at 
Guisnes in 1541, and was knighted in 1644. 
He acquired lands at Hougham, Lincolnshire 
{A. XV. 831 [IS]), and in 1547 was one of tho 
council at Boulogne ; he was deputy of Guisnes 
at the end of Edward's reign, and procUmad 
Mary on 24 July icr,3. He was in 1656 

GHnted an annuity of a hundred marks foe 
9' age and long service,' but was still acting 
as deputy of Ouisnes in 1660. His wife Mar- 
garet, daughter of Griffith ap Henry, was 



Windebank 



163 



Windebank 



buried in St. Edmund's, Lombard Street, on 
10 Dec. 1558 (Steype, Eccl. Mem. in. i. 22, 
jL 174, AitnaU, i. 4fl ; CoU<m MS. Titus B. 
_ii. f. 206 ; Cat 8taU Papers, For. 1547-63, 
■5. 294 ; Aett P. C. 1564-6, p. 3S3 ; Notet and 
■■ "^ "M, 8th ser. i. 23, 150). His son Sir 
la owed his fortanes largely to bis Lin- 
■e neighbour. Sir William CecH, who 
(cured bU sppointmeDt to the fourth Etall 
i Worceatec Csthedral ia 1559, and sent 
L as travelling companion to his eon 
imas (afterwards Marquis of Exeter). 
Manj of WindebanVs lelters, describing his 
Tain efforts to keep his chai^ stroi^t aud 
teach him French, and their travels in France 
lUidOennany during 1561 and 1662, are ex- 
tant ia the Record Otnco. lie also took every 
opportunity of sending his patron lemon 
trees, myrue trees, and tracta on canon and 
Kada.\'dhiyr((^t.StaUPaper«,Tiom.1U7- 
1580, pp. 177-202). After his return he 
wai made clerk of the signet, and occasion- 
ally acted aa clerk of the privy council. He 
Dontinued his ftiendly relations and corre- 
spondence with Burghlej until the latter's 
at^lh, and afterwards with Bir Robert Oecil 
(c£ ITari. JlfS. 6995, arts. 31 , 39, 47, 49, letters 
wrongly ascribed to Sir Francis Windehiuk), 
He was knighted by James 1 on 23 July 1603, 
settled at Haines HBll,Berkshire,anddiedon 
24 Oct. 1607. He left one eon, Francis, and 
three daughters, of whom Mildred (d. 1630) 
iDArned Robert Read of Linkenholt, Hamp- 
shin, and was mother of Thomas Read or 
Reade [q. v.] the royalist (Inq. poaf morfeni, 
e James I, pt. ii. No. 200; Harl. MS. 1551, 
t 6Tb; Egerlim Paperi, pp. 134-6; BVR- 
MHT, Oretkam, i. 422 sqq. ; Court and Tintet 
o^Jam**/, i.175; VaLSlnte PapeT»,lrA7- 
1610, passim ; Cal. Hatfield MSS. vols, i- 
nl. passim). 

Francis was baptised at St. Mortin's-in- 
the-Fielde, London, on 21 Aug. \bm{Bfgiii- 
Ur, Harl. Soc.. p. 15), and on 18 May IWVi 
nsiriculated from St. John's College, Ox- 
ford. He gmdiiated B.A. on 20 Jan. 
1601-3, and in the same year was entered 
a Student in the Middle Temple. While 
at St. John's Windebank came much into 
contact with Laud, who exercised great 
inHuence upon his views and subsequent 
eareer. On 21 Feb. 1604-6 his father pro- 
cured for him a grant of a clerkship of tlie 
Bignet, in reversion after Levinus Munck 
and Francis Qage, who themselves held only 
ft rever«onaTy interest in the otTice,- and 
this somewhat distant prospect was no bar 
to a few years' sojourn on the continent. 
In the autumn of 1606 Windebank was at 
Paris, which be proposed to leave on 29Jaa. 
1605-6 'to avoid the profligate English;' 



spent in Germany, and the 
foilowing winter in Italy; he was at Lucca 
in July 1607, and at Piacecia in October, re- 
turning to England in February 1607-ti, 
Though the clericahlp of the signet did not 
fall to him for some years, he was almost at 
once employed in that office. In 1629 ha 
spoke of having served ' nigh three appren- 
ticeslups' (probably nearly twenty-one years) 
in the clerkship, and having passed through 
' the active and strict times of Lord Salis- 
bury without check ' {Cat. State Paptrt, 
Dom. 1628-9, p. 252), and he first got access 
to the king in 1011 (ib. 1611-18, p. 71). Ha 
was placed on the commission of the peace 
for Berkshire, and became clerk of the signet 
before 1021, He also served on various 
other commissionB, in one of which Deurge 
Wither [q. v.] was a colleague (12 Feb, 
1627-8; rl 1627-8,p.557),and wnsableto 
befriend John Florio [q^ '■] ""d Laud, who 
aftervrurds spoke of Windebank's ' great 
love and care ' during his ' great extremity,' 
probablv in 1614 (ib. 1619-23 p, 101, 1629- 
1631 p.'397). 

Windebank's political importance had, 
however, been very slight, and the court 
was c-onsiderably surprised when, on 12 June 
1632, Sir John Coke [q. v.] informed him 
that the king had ' taken notice of his worth 
and long service,' and selected him as Coke's 
colleague in the secretaryship in succession 
to Dudley Carleton, lord Docchealer [q. v.] 
He was sworn in ' in the inner Star Cham- 
ber,' took his seat at the council on the 16th, 
and was knighted on the 18th. Sir Thomas 
Roe [q. v.], himself a disappointed candi- 
date, wrote, 'There is a new secretOfy 
brought out of the dark.' Windebank owed 
his appointment partly to Laud's friendsliip, 
but more to the influence of Richard Weston, 
Brat earl of Portland [q. v.], and Francis, lord 
Cottlngton [a, v.], with whose Spanish sym- 
pathies and RomDu catholic tendencies be 
WHS in partial if not in full accord. The 
three formed on inner ring in the couacil, 
by whose advice Charles was mainly guided 
till 1640, and with whose help he frequently 
carried on negotiations unknown and in 
opposition to the rest of the council. He 
was one of those of whom Fontenay said in 
1334, ' L'interest les fait espaguoli, tirana 
pliisieurs notables avantages du commerce 
et des posseportB que le C" d'Olivorfia ac- 



I 



I 



dor Necololde (see Addit' MS. 32003. ff. 
57-91), and in March 1635 with Richelieu's 
envoy, the Marquis of Seneterre. On Port- 



J 



Windebank 164 Windebank 



Und'n deftth, in that month, he was one wu one of the committee of the coancil 

of :he commiiMionen to whose hands the consulted by GiarleA with resmid to Scot- 

tmtAMTj wail fsntniHted, and hia conduct in land. and. like Arundel and Cortington* he 

thin office led to a brnu^h of hia long stand- voted fur instant war. In Mar 1639 he was 

in or tnendjihlp wir.h I^ud. The cause was directe<i bv the kin^ to spread exagzerated 

WinfiKbank'.4 con^iittHnt .support of Cotting- reports &• to the number of men at nis dxs- 

ton ov*tr the jtoap monopoly and his opnoei- posal. and in June supported a scheme for 

tion fo the archbi-^hop's endeavours to check compelling the city of London to contribute 

the p^nilation and corruption rampant in toward.^ their equipment and maintenance. 

hiflfh '{ Mart en. On 9 March 16^J9-40 he was retnraed to the 

VV indf-bank'A Roman catholic tendencies Short parliiiment as member f?r Oxford Uni- 
frii J r.d v^nt in hi j) negotiations with the papal ver^ity. and on 16 April he rtrad to the 
a^^Tkr, Oregon o Panzani, with whom he was houstr the ^cots* letter to Louis XHI. In 
ki,ynntf^\ by Charles in liecember 1634 to May he conveyed a letter from the queen to 
*iiM;ni».n the possibility of a union between ' Rossetti. asking him to write to Rome for 
th': Anfrlican and I^'iman churches. ' Mo- help in money and men: and even in June 
rally snd intellectually timid, the secretary he saw no dilEculty in collecting an army 
waM thoroughly aUrmed at the progress of to fight the Scots. His unpopularity waa 
puritaniAm, and Iry^k^d anxiousilv about for so ^rreat that in the elections to the Lonf 
a ^hf'lter against the Atorm, of which he parliament even Oxford University preferred 
could avail himself without an absolute 23ir Thomas Roe and John Selden, and 
surrender of all the id^-a.** which he had im- ' Windebank found a seat at Corfe. for which 
hi\i4'A in his childhrxid and youth. Hy the he was returned on 1^2 Oct. He did not re- 
side of Portland and C'ottington he shows to tain it long: for on 1 Dec. Glynne reported 
a/lvantagf;. If he wa^ a weak man, he was to the house that Windebank had signed 
not without a certain honesty of purpose: numerous letters in favour of priests and 
and if he misf-ed the way in his searcnings Jesuits, and llvde declared that ' it was not 
after truth, it was least truth that he in the wit o? man to save Windebank' 
Kjught, and not pelf in this world and ex- (Cal. Clarend'jn ^State Papen, i. f?12; cf. 
emption frr^m punishment in the other' , Pktx^^e. PopUh Boyal Favmrit^, 1643, p. 
((iAiib\yniyiVi.(iO), Anxious for the reunion 22, and Home's Manterpiecf, 1644, p. 33). 
of th^ churches, he thought it possible, were The house drew up ten articles, and sent for 
it not for jesuifn and puritan5i, and su^- Windebank to answer them. The mes- 
ge.«ted that the latter might b«f got rid of by seneers were told that he was ill in bed, 
sending them to the wars in Flanders. He and that night he fled with his nephew and 
profx'ised the despatch of a papal agent to secrt-tary. Robert Read, to Queenborough, 
re«ide with Queen Henrietta Maria, pointed wh»^nce he made his way in an open shallop 
out to Charles the advantage of having some to Calais (Addit. MS. 29o89, f. 336 b ; HarL 
one to excommunicate unruly subjects, and MS. 370, f. To ; Letter$ of Em. Lit. Mm, 
referred to the sacrih-ge committ^.d bv * that p. 3»>4 : for th»* articles see Lanjtd. MS. 493, 
pig of a Henry VIN ' Later on, in August f. I'^S. ffarl. MS. 1219 art. 29, 1327 art. 34, 
1039, he talked to Rossf;tti, Panzani's .sue- and 176'j art. 3). 

cessor, Mike a zealous catholic/ and offered Windebank's flight was the subject of 

to give him any information of which he snme contemporary- satire. In the * Stage- 
stoofl in need. .players Complaint' Quick refers to 'the 

Meanwhile, in 103^», Juxon vainly en- times when my tongue have ranne as fast 

deavoured to eflect a n.-conciliation between upon the scaene as a Windebankes pen over 

Laud and Windebank, and in July of the the ocean '( J>Ve^ and Queries^ 4th ser. iii. 

same year the s<.'cretary was in temporary 01 ) : and in a print by Glover to illustrate 

disgrar.'e. He was confined to his house in *Four fugitives meeting, or a Discourse 

August for issuing an order for the convey- amongst my lord Finch, fcir Francis Winde- 

ance of .Sijanisli money to pay the Spani.-rh banke, sir John Sucklin, and Doctor Roane' 

army in the Netherland.s, but was soon at < London, lt>41, 4to, Brit. Mus.V Winde- 

liberty. In 1037 Charles sent him to the bank is represented with a pen behind his 

Spanish ambassador r)nute to propose one ear. He was coupled with I^ud in popular 

mop; secret and abortive treaty for the hatred, and in a ballad against the pair is 

settlement of the palatinate difficulty, and described as *the subtle whirly Windebank' 

in tlie &ame year ho was engaged in an {ib. 2nd ser. x. 110; cf. Cat, Brit. Mut. 

equally ineffectual attempt to induce Dutch Satin'c Pn'/ifi). 

fishermen to take out English licenses to From Calais Windebank wrote an elo- 

^'^ "^'arrow Seas. In July 1638 he , quent appeal for compassion to Christopher, 



first lord Hiilton [q. v.] He dt'fended hira- 
selT from the charge of having been bribed 
bT the Rom&niete to introduce popety into 
England, dechired that he held the English 
church to be ' not oiily a, true and orthodox 
«bnrch, but the most pure and neere the 
primitive of any in tlie Christian world,' 
And thnt he had not added one foot of land 
to the fire hundred pounds' worth left bim 
by his father — a poor return for their eighty 
jears spent in the service of the state 
l^Addit. MS. 59569, ff. 336^7). He wrote 
in a similar strain to Robert Devereux, third 
earl of Essex [q. v.] ; but at Paris, where he 
amred early In January 1S40-1, his be- 
L ibsTiour belied the pitiful tone of his letters. 
K'^fie ia as merry us if he were the con- 
■4teitedest man living,' wrote Ayleabun to 
P Bfde; and the lettersof introduction whiah, 
m spit* of his hastv llight, be Imd obtained 
from Charles land Henrietta Maria smoothed 
his way in the French capital, whore he was 
not likely to be popular on account nf his 
Spanish sympathies. Probably with a view 
to increB.sing his difficulties, parliament in 
1643 published an account of an alleged 
plot hatched by Windebank against the life 
of Louis XIII and Richelieu because they 
1 aid lo the royalists (Neie 
aiplottfl in France, Mng the Project 
fFindt and Windebntik . . ,,' London, 4to). 
ealso appears to have had a hand with 
' 'end Walter Montagu [ii. t.] iti a 
I for rescuing Strafloril from the 
r {Marl MS. 379, f. 88 ; Letferi of 
I. Lit. Mm, p. 369). 
r In spite of the dangers on which Winde- 
tank ifiUted to bis son (Addit. MS. 27383, 
tK 239-44) he remained in Paris till his 
P^nth, with the exception of a visit to Eng- 
land in the autumn of 1643, when he was 
refiued access to the king at Oxford. He 
-wu back at Paris in July 1643 (cf. Cal. 
ClarendoH St4iU Papers, i. 243), and died 
V on 1 Sept. 1046, having shortly before 
1 received into the Roman catholic 
porch ('Mem. of the Capuchin Mission' 
Wud Cciurt and Timet of Charles I, ii. 
jDO-1 ; DoDD, Church Silt. iii. 59). 

By his wife, whose name has not been 
■certsined, Windebank hod a large family. 
_i,ADd referred in 1630 to bis ' many sons ' 
jKSi/. fflate Papert.Voro. 1629-31, p. 297). 
Be h»d five at least, and four survived him. 
The eldest, Thomas, bom about 1612, was 
intended to follow in bis father's footsteps. 
Ha matriculated from St. John's College, 
Oxford, on IS Nov. 1629, aged 17, but did 
not graduate. In 1631 his father secured 
tot him the reversion of a clerkship of the 
vgnet, and Boon afterwards he entered the 



sertiee of the earl marshal. In 1635-6 ha 
was travelling in Spain and Italy, whence 
he returned to Take up his duties as clerk of 
the signet, He was M.P. for Wootton 
Basset in the Short parliament of 104U, 
sided with the king in the civil war, and 
was created a barottet on 25 Nov. 1645. He 
compounded on the Oaford articles (Cal. 
Comm. for Camp. p. 1465), and left a son 
Francis, on whose death in 1719 Che ba- 
ronetcy became extinct (BcHKE). The 
Becond son, Francis, was admitted a student 
of Lincoln's Inn on 19 March 1032-3 (Seg. 
1896, i. 220), entered the service of Thomas 
Wentworth, first earl of Straflbrd {Strafford 
Lctterg, i. 256, 301-2, 369, 410), was made 
usher of the chamber to Prince Charles 
(I'fi. ii. 167), became a colonel in the royalist 
army, and was appointed governor of Itletch- 
ingdon House, near Oxford. This he sur- 
rendered at the first summons to the par- 
liamentary forces in April 1645, and was 
consequently tried by a royalist court-martial 
and shot. He wss married, and left a daugh- 
ter Frances (Cabtb, Original Zettert, i. 84; 
DoDD, iii. 69; Nota and Queries, 8th ser. i. 
150; Cal. State Papr-rt, Horn. 1661-2, p. 
631). Another son, Christopher, bom in. 
1S15, was a demy of Msgdalen College, 
Oxford, from 1630 to 1635 (BLOSiM, I(eg. v. 
124-7). He was than sent to Madrid' to un- 
derstand that court,' and lived for a time 
with the English ambassador. Sir Arthur 
Hopton [q. v.] In 1638 he made an 
imprudent marriage, which cost bim hia 
post, and on 5 Aug. 1639 Hopton aug- 
gested that his wife should be placed in 
a convent. Subsequently, being 'a per- 
fect Spaniard and on honest man,' be was 
found useful as a guide and interpreter by 
English ambassadors at Madrid (Clarbrvon, 
Rebellion, ed. Macray, bk. xii. § 103 note). 
The fifth son, John, baptised at St. Mar- 
garet's, Westminster, on II June 1618, waa 
br Laud's iutluence admitted a scholar of 
VV'incheater in 1630 (KiBBy, p. 174; Cal. 
State Papers, Dom. 1629-31, p, 297). He 
matriculated from New College, Oxford, on 
23 Sept. 1634, graduated B.A. on 5 April 
103SandM.A. on 22 Jan. 1641-2. Ke waa 
fellow from 1630 to 1643, when apparently 
hewent abroad. He compounded on9Aug. 
1649, being fined only 10«., and was created 
M.D. on 21 June 1654 on Cromwell's letters 
as chancellor. In these letters it was stated 
that he had spent some time in foreign parts 
in the study of physic, end had practised 
for some years with much credit and reputa- 
tion. He practised at Oiiildford, and was 
admitted honorary fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1680. He 



Windele 



'WBsbmied in Westminster Abtwjoii IGAiiz. 
1704 (Foster, Alumni Oj.<m. 1500-17U; 
MunK, Coll. of Pkij/. i. 409; Ohebtbr, 
Wiwim.. Abbay Reg. pp. 202, 204, 254, 347), 

Uf Windebmik'B duugtitfirs, Margaret mar- 
ried Thomas Tamer (loSl-ieTiJ) \a. -v.], and 
was mother of Thomas Turner (l64J>-i714) 
[q. v.], preeident of Corpus Cliriati, Oxford, 
and of Francis Turner [q. v.], bishop of 
Ely; Franew married, on 12 July 1689 
(CHBSTEa, Marr. Lie. col. 605), Sir Edward 
Hales, titular lord Tent«rdon [q. v,]; one 
died unmacried at Parie about 1650, and 
two became nuns of the Calvary at the 
Marttis du Temple, Paris, 

[The principal authority for Windebank's 
biography is his owuTolumiaoDacomMpondBnce 
in chB Record Office, of whiBb only the DoniPstic 
pcRioa has been calendared. See alao Bnt. 
Hub. Uarleian HSS. 2S6 art. ITS, 1216 artii. 29, 
107, 1327 art. 34, IfiSl, f. 87. 1768 art. S. 4713 
art. 12fi, 7001 art. DO; Laosd. MS.493.art.3e; 
Addit. MSS. 273S2 ff. 339^4, 1^669 S. 333-7; 
Bodldao U3S. Bavlinaon A. 148 passim, B. 
224, f. 40 (notes of dates in hii life), f. 41 
(' daily derotioDs ei autOKiaplio ') ; Tanner MS. 
Uv. f, 224. liTi. f. 104. and ccie. t. 58 : Cal. 
Clarendon StalB Pnpeis, ed. Macray, yoX. \. ; 
Rushworth'a Colioction of State Papers; Wiu- 
VQoJ's Memorinla; liiud's Works, vols, iii-rii. 
passim; D'Ewes'H Aulobiograpby ; CoDtmnng' 
JournaU ; Clarendon's Hist, of the Great fie- 
bellion; Court and Times of Jamas I and of 
Charles I ; Anthony Weldon, Arthur WiUon, 
and Sir WiUism Sandpnoa'a Histories ; Pan- 
lani's Memoirs, ed. Berington, 1703. pp. 190, 
337, 241-S. and the Panuni traascripts iD the 
Hecoid Office; Dodd'a Church History ; Deve- 
Mox's Eirla of Eseex, i. 489 ; Wood's Fasti, ed. 
Bliss; Foster's Alumni Oion. 1500-1714 ; Off, 
Ret. Members of Pari, ; Moison's Hilton ; 
Gardiner's History of Englnnd, vols, vii-ii.; 
Notes and auerics, Ist ser. iii. 373, 2Dd ser. i. 
lia,4thBDr. ii. 394, 494, and 8th ser. i. 123, 
IGU; tracts catalogued e.v. 'Wiodebank' in 
Brit. Has. Libr.] A. F. P. 

WINDELE, JOHN (1801-1865), Irish 
antiquary, was bom at Cork in 1801. Earij 
in Hie heahowed a strong love of antiquarian 

{ursuits, and made an especial study of 
rJsh antiquities. lie became a contributor 
to ' Bolster's (juurterly Magatine,' an aatl- 
quarian journal published at Cork, and tliua 
bitcame aequainted with a number of Irbh 
archteologists and literary men, including 
Abraham Abell, William Willea, Matthew 
H org-an ,audFrancisSylvesterMahoay[q.v.], 
better known as ' Father Prout.' With these 
antiquariesj Windele made many excursions, 
examining and sketching ruins and natural 
curiosities. His favourite pursuit wassearch- 
iag for the primitive records engraved on 



stone known as Ogham inscriptions, and be 
saved many of them from ^struction by 
removing theiu to his own home, where 
they formed what he termed his megalithic 

Windele also devoted much time txi the 
study of ancient Irish literature. He was 
himself a good Erse scholar, and made a 
large collection of manuscripts in that lan- 
guage. In 1839 he published an antiquarian 
work entitled ' Historical and Descriptive 
Notices of the Citv of Cork and its Vicinity ' 
(Cork, 12ina), which in 1^9 was abridged 
and published as a ' Guide la Cork' (Cork, 
12mo). Windeie died at his residence, Blair'a 
Hill, Cork, on 28 Aug. 1865. 

Besides the work mentioned, Windele 
wrote ' A Guide to Killarney,' and frequently 
contributed to the ' Dublin Fenny Journal ' 
and to the 'Proceedings' of the Kilkenny 
Archtoological Society, of which he was a 
member from it« foundation in 1849. He 
also edited Matthew Horgan's ' Cahir Conri,' 
an Irish metrical legend, with a translation 
into English verse by Edward Vaugban Hyd* 
Kenealj [q. v.] (Cork, 1860, 8vo). He left 
a collection of manuscripts extending to 
130 volumes, which were purchased by the 
Royal Irish Academy in 1865. They in- 
cluded copies of many ancient Irish manu- 
scripts. Selections from a manuscript joui- 
nal of hia archfeotogical expeditions which 
was found amongthem were published in tha 
'Journal of the Cork Historical and Archso- 
lo^calSociety'beCweenUayl897and March 
1898. 

[Gent. Mag. 186S, ii. S19; Allibone'e Diet. 
of Engl. Lit. ; Proceediogs of the Boyal Irish 
Academy. 1804-6. is. 308. 381.] B. L C, 

WINDER, HENRY (1693-1762), di*. 
aenting divine and chronologiat, son of Ilenry 
Winder (iJ. 1733), farmer, by a daughter 
of Adam Bird of Penruddock, was bom at 
Hutton John, parish of Greystoke, Cumber- 
land, on 16 May 1693. 

His grandfather, Henry W"inder, farmer, 
who lived to be over a hundred (he was 
living in 1714), was falsely charged with 
murdering his flrst-bom son. The accusa- 
tion was supported by two of his wife's 
sisters, and the case attained some celebrity 
(see Winder, Spirit of Quaktrunn, ICltS, 
l6mo, and Penitent Old Uitdple. 1699, I6ma; 
XfniLA.SB,^irit of Quakerism Clovenfooled, 
1707, 4to, drawn up by Henry Winder se- 
cunduB, and prefaced by Thomas Dixon, M.D. 
[q. v.]; on the other side, Coole, Quaker* 
Cleared, 1696, 16moj Cuiit, Old ApoataU, 
1698, 16mo, Truth premilinff vritk HeoMn, 
1706, 16mo, and Lying-Tongue Beproved, 
1708, 16mo). 




Winder 



Windet 



through tlio I'^nruildouk grsmmiir 
Ifider John Atkinson, entered (1708) the 
Wbilebaven Academy under Tbomas Dixon, 
where Caleb Kotheram [q, v.] aad Jolm 



T»ylora6&4-1761)[q.v.], th. 
■mong his fellow atudei 



hebra 



For two years 
i713-l4) be studied at Dublin under Jo«epb 
[q. v.] In Dublin he was licensed to 
In 1714 he succeeded Edward 
^hwell [q. v.] as minister of the inde- 
pendent congregation at Tnnley, Lancashire, 
and was ordained at St. Helen's on 11 Sept. 
17 16, Christopher Bassnett [q. v.] preiehing 
on tbe occasioD. In 1718 (liia first, sacra- 
ment wb« 16 Not.) he was appointed mini- 
ster of Castle IIbv congregation, Liverpool. 
Tbe first entry in the extant minutes of the 
WHTington classis (33 April 1719) records 
liis admission to that body, ' upon his 
maldag an acknowledgment of his break- 
big in upon the rules of it, in tbe way & 
manner of his coming to Lirerpoole.' A 
Htrong advocate of non-subscription in the 
CODtroverey tbeu pending both in England 
Bud in Ireland, he brought round biscongn;- 
gtktion to that view. His niinistry was 
successful; a new chapel was built for him 
in Benn's Gardi^n, lied Cross Street, and 
opened in July 1727. From 1732 he corre- 
opoDded with the London dissenters, with a 
Tiew to the repeal of the Test and Corporation 

He married the widow of William Shawe 
of Lirerpool, and educated her son William 
Shawe, afterwards of Preston, On taking 
him in 1740 to study at GImbow, he re- 
ceived tbe diploma of D.D. For young 
Suwe's use he had drawn up ("about 1733), 
but did not publish, 'a short general system 
of chronology ' on ' the Newtonian plan^' 
Hub was the germ of his bulky work, the 
leealt of twelve ywira'labcur, " A Critical and 
Ohronological History of the Rise, Progress, 
Declennon, and lievival of Knowledge, 
chiefly Religious. In two Periods. I. , . . 
Tndilion, from Adam to iVloses. II. . . . 
Letters, from Moses to Christ,' 1745, -2 vols. 
era (dedication to William Shawe). Ke 
pmfen Moses to all secular historians, as 
Mrlier and more authentic. In vol. ii. chap. 
zxi, S 8, is an animated eulogy of British 
Ubeniea, with evident reference to the 
vrents of 1746, during which Winder had 
•iert«d himself in helping to raise a 
ment for the defence of Liverpool. 
-work did not sell, and was reissued us a 
■eeond edition in 1756, with new titie-page, 
■ud 'Memoirs' of the author by Ueorgc 
Benson [q. v.1 

In September 1746 he had a stroke of 



'S 




paralysis, and never agiun entered the pulpil 
though he preached twice from the reading- 
desk in January 1747, and occasionally 
assisted at the sacrament in that year. John 
Henderson (J. 4 July 1779), who tnok 
Anglican orders in 1763, and was tbe first 
incumbent of 8t. Paul's, Liverpool (see 
Memoin of Gilbert Wakejitld, 1804, i. 204), 
became his assiatant and successor. Winder's 
faculties failed, and ha died on Sunday 
9 Aug. 1762. He was buried on the south 
side of the churchyard of St. Peter's, Liver- 
pool (now the cathedral); the memorial 
stone was earthed over when tbe church- 
yard was laid out as a garden. Henderson 
preiicbed his funeral sermon. No portrait 
of Winder is known; he outlived bis wife, 
and left no isene. His library (n remark- 
able one, with a valuable collection of tracts) 
and manuscripts were bequeathed to bis 
congregation. The library was transferred 
to Renshaw Street chapel, to which the 
congregation removed in 1811 ; ofthemanu- 
Hcri[itB, a, catalogue with excerpts was 
drawn up by the present writ-er in 1669i 
between 187:^ and 1864 the papers were 
scattered and the bulk of them lost. A 
very important letter (now lost) giving an 
account (6 Aug. 1723) of the non-eubscrip- 
tion debates in the Belfast sub-synod, which 
W^inder had attended as a visitor, was 

Kinted in the ' Christian Moderator,' Octo- 
r 1827 (p. 274), from a copy by John 
Porter (1800-1S74), then minister at Tox- 
teth Park chapel, Liverpool. 

[Memoirs by Benson, 17SI1; Thorn'* Liver- 
pool Churches aad Chapels, ISSt. p. 67; Hal- 
ley's LaTicHshire, 1869. ii, 323; Nigbci a gale's 
LiiQcasliire Nonconformity [1892] iv. 28. 1863 
vi. 112; Addison's Oradiiiiios of the Univarsity 
of OIhiuiow. 1S9S, p. 056 ; Winder's nuianacripls 
in KbdbLiiw Streut thapal library, Liverpool.] 
A. Q. 
WINDET, JAMES (rf. 1664), physician, 
is erroneoualy said to have been originally 
of Queen's Collie, Usford (FosTEB). He 
graduated M.D. at Leyden on -26 June 1666, 
and was incorporated at Oxford on 27 March 
1656. He became candidal* or member of 
the College of Physicians of London on 
25 June 1660. He at first practised at Yar- 
mouih, but after 1660 in London. In 1660 
he published in London two Latin poems, 
Ad majestatem Caroli secundl Sylvreduie.' 
Tbe first begins with the word ' occidimus,' 
ind is on tlie eieeution of Charles I j the 
«cond begins with the word ■ vivimus,' and 
B on the Restoration. In 1663 he published 
De vitafunctorum statu,' a long Latin letter, 
vith numerous passages in Greek, Hebrew, 
and Arabic, addressed to Dr. Samuel Hall, in 



I 

I 
I 



Windeyer 



i68 



Windeyer 



reply to a letter from him. It begins with 
a general discussion of the word ' Tartarus * 
and of the Greek and Hebrew words and 
phrases used in describing the state of man 
after death, and goes on to consider the 
Greek and Hebrew views on the state and 
place of the good, on a middle state, and 
on the place of the wicked with related 
subjects. A second edition was published 
at Rotterdam in 1693. lie was a friend 
of Sir Thomas Browne [q. v.], and Simon 
Wilkin [q. v.], who had examined Windet's 
letters to Browne, states that they are un- 
interesting and pedantic. He died in Milk 
Street, London, on 20 Nov. 1604 (Smyth, 
Obituary, p. 62). "Wood (Fasti Oavn, ii. 
790) states that he left a quarto manuscript 
of Latin poems. 

[Munk*8 Coll. of Phys. i. 273 ; Works ; Wil- 
kin's Sir Thomas Browne's Works, vol. i.] 

N. M. 

WINDEYER, CHARLES (1780-1855), 
first recognised reporter in the House of 
Lords and Australian magistrate, son of 
Walter Windeyer, descended from the Swiss 
family of Wingeyer, canton of Berne, was 
bom m Staffordshire in 1780. He was law 
reporter to the *Law Chronicle,' and also 
connected with the * Times.' Even after the 
House of Commons recognised the press 
gallery, the lords professed to ignore the 
presence of reporters, who wert^ debarred 
the use of paper and pencil. Charles Win- 
deyer was the first reporter * who had the 
courage to rest his notebook on their lord- 
ships' bar.' Lord Eldon, who had strenuously 
opposed verbatim reporting, * proceeding to 
the bar to receive a deputation from his 
majesty's faithful commons, caught Mr. 
Windeyer*s notebook with his robe, and it 
fell within the bar ' {Phonetic Journal^ 
19 Dec. 1885). The great tory chancellor 
picked up the scattered leaves (knowing full 
well what they contained) and courteously 
returned them with a smile to the young 
reporter. From that time forth the pre- 
sence of the press was virtually recognised 
by the peers. 

When Benjamin Disraeli was busy launch- 
ing the ill-iated * Representative,' he in- 
formed John Murray, the publisher, that he 
'had engaged S. C. Hall and a Mr. Win- 
dyer (?), sen., both of whom we shall find 
excellent reporters and men of business ; the 
latter has been on the " Times " ' (Memoir 
of John Murray, ii. 206). 

Charles Windeyer emigrated to New 
South Wales in 1828, with the intention of 
taking up land and becoming a settler ; but, 
owing to the lack of oflicials with legal 
training and experience, was induced to ac- 



cept the office of clerk of petty aessiona, and 
afterwards became police magistrate for 
Sydney. His affairs suffered in the financial 
crash following 1&42 ; but aa a magistrate 
he was universally esteemed ; he converted 
what was mere chaos into an orderly system, 
and the cause of public justice in Sydney 
was greatly advanced by his patient unre- 
mitting efforts. On his retirement the legis- 
lative council, in recommending a super- 
annuation allowance, passed a vote advert- 
ing in high terms to his long and useful 
career. 

Windeyer died in 1856. He married Ann 
Mary {d, 1864), daughter of Richard Rudd, 
on 8 Aug. 1805, by whom he had a son, 
Richard Windeyer [q. v.], the Australian 
politician. A bust of Charles Windeyer was 
placed in the central police office, Sydney, 
as a mark of public esteem. 

[The Three Windeyers, Reporters, in Phonetic 
Journal, 19 Dec. 1885; Henniker-Heatoa's Diet, 
of Australian Dates; private sources.] 

A. P. M. 

WINDEYER, RICHARD (1806-1847), 
Australian reformer and statesman, son of 
Charles Windeyer [q. v.], was bom in Lon- 
don on 10 Aug. 1806. He was educated 
partly in France, became writer and parlia- 
mentary reporter for the * Morning Chronicle,' 
the *Sun,' and *The Times.* He is said to 
have helped to originate Dod's * Parliamentary 
Companion ' (Ueaton). 

He was intimatelv associated with Thomas 
Perronet Thompson [q. v.], with whom he co- 
operated as one of the first secretaries of the 
Anti-Comlaw League, was called to the bar 
at the Middle Temple in 1834, and occupied 
2 Pump Court until he emigrated to Aus- 
tnilia in the following year, arriving in 
Sydney on 28 Nov. 1835, where, after the 
retirement of William Charles Wentworth 
[q. v.], he became a leader of the bar. 

In August 1843 he was elected for the 
county of Durham to the first representative 
legislative council, and in conjunction with 
Wentworth, and afterwards with Robert 
Lowe (Viscount Sherbrooke) [q. v.], took a 
most prominent part as one of the popular 
leaders against the bureaucratic government 
of Sir Geoiye Gipps [q. v.], who feared his 
uncompromisingly raaical opposition more 
than that of anv other member of the coun- 
cil. * There is a barrister,* wrote Mrs. Ro- 
bert Lowe, before her husband had definitely 
decided to join the opposition, * a Mr. Win- 
deyer, an undoubtedly clever man, who has 
a strong party opposed to the government — 
and the home government also ; this man is 
a popular [elected] member ; to oppose him 
and to conquer if possible is to be Robertas 



I 



I 



K the 



nuia point ' (lAfe and Lftteri of Lord Shfr- 
Arooke, i. 189). 

At this time New South Wttles, will 
province, Port Phillip (now the colony of 
Victoria), was in a. state of financial depres- 
uon oioouatine BlmosC to general bank- 
ruptcy; and Windeyer brought forward his 
monetary confidence bill, based on the 
port of hia select committee, which rec 
mendt^d the Pruitsian Pfandhriefe Bysti 
the bill was earned ia the council but vetoed 
by I he governor. 

By his never-ceasing criticism and par- 
flistent attaclcs on the public expenditure ' 
earned the flobriquet of lUe ' Joseph Hi 
of the council.' His reforming zeal was as 
unselfish as it was thorough ; and, in pur- 
of this policy of economy, he voted 
Against the salary of bis own lather, then 
police magistrate of Sydney, He held that 
Sir George tiipps's assessment for quit-rents 
VBS illegal, and refiuing to meet the demand, 
an execution was put into his house, and his 
newly imported wine-vat seized. Acting 
on the advice of Lowe, he entered into an 
Action against the gorernment for trCFpaas, 
but lost It. lie originated the present jury 
act as well as the libel act of Now South 
Wales. Throughout his public career he 
was an earnest supporterof public education, 
and a consistent advocate for the introduc- 
tion intoNewSoulh Wales of representative 
institutions and responsible government. 

Aa a colonist Windeyer was one of the 
agricultural pioneers on the Hunter, and de- 
voted much time and money to scientific 
farming and the draininff of his land at 
Tomago. He was one of the first settlers in 
Aiistmlia to embark in the wine industry, 
and to import German and other foreign 
viff«fron». He also introduced the first 
rea^ng-machines. Hewaaalways much tie- 
loved by the 'emancipist' class, and never 
bad the slightest difficulty with his convict 
'asiigned servants;' while he was one of 
the very few pioneer settlers who displayed 
'A sjtnpatlietic interest in the well-being of 
■flie aboriginal race. Windeyer's broad huma- 
Ility in this respect is commended by an 
kble writer who is altogether hostile to his 
political creed. ' One of the hardest worked 
men in the colony took up the cause of the 
weak. Richard Windeyer, a barriater over- 
-whelmed withbriel's,wh]chhe conscien t iously 
'-toiled at by da^ or by night, was at all 
iJbourB in the legislative council as unfiinch- 
' ing as in the supreme court. In the course 
of the session of 1845 he obtained a select 
committee of eight members to consider the 
undition of the aborigines ' (llcsDEir, Hist. 
^AuOraUa, ii, 217-8). Despite his great 



practical ability and unremitting industry 
(though doubtless partly due to his devotion 
to public affairs), Windeyer's estate never 
recovered from the financial depression of 
1S42 and the two or three succeeding years. 
Uis health entirely broke down, and he was 
compelled to leave Sydney and relinquish 
his public work and private affairs. He died 
at the residence of his brother-in-law, Wil- 
liam Henty, near Launceston, Tasmania, on 
Ij Dec. 1847. After hia death his estate was 
compulaorilv sequestrated, andhis father was 
also compelled to go through the insolvent 
court ; but the legislative council showed 
their practical respect for his memory by sub- 
scribing a sum for the benefit of the family, 
while the Tomago property was secured by 
the sac ritice of his widow 'a inheritance. When 
the news of his death reached Wentworth, 
he declared that 'he had lost his right hand.' 

Hicbard Windeyer was married at Speld- 
hurst church to JIarion (rf, 1&T8), daugh- 
ter of William Camfield of Groombridge 
Place and Burswood, Kent, on 26 April 
1^32. His only son. Sir William Charles 
Windeyer, is separately noticed. 

[Personal information, kindly supplied by the 
Into Sir William Wiudeyer, and reiiear<.-hes mads 
spocially by Mr. Edward A. Fethsrick. Also 
UuiideD's Hist, of Austmlio. rol. ii. ; Patchett 
Marlin'a Lifa and Letters of Lord Sherbrooke, 
Tul. i.; Burke's Colonial Uentry.] A. P. M. 

WINDEYER, Sir WILLIAM 
CHARLES (1834-1897), Australian legis- 
lator and judge, only eon of Richard Win- 
deyer [q. v.], bom in Westminster on 29 Sept. 
1834, and taken by his parents the following 
year to New South Wales. On the death i« 
his fiither in 1847, which left the family in 
embarrassed circumstances, his mother was 
advised by Robert Lowe (Viscount Sher- 
brooke) to give bim a classical and profes- 
aional education, in which he undertook to 
assist her. lu a letter of condolence to Lady 
Sherbrooke on her husband'sdealh, Windeyer 
wrote (Sydney, 15 Aug. 1892): 'After my 
father's death, when my mother was lere 
very badlv oil', he proved himself a most 
generous friend, and to hlj kindness it waa 
owing that my interrupted education wai 
continued. ... It was he who ui^d me to 
go to the bar ss soon aa I was old enough; 
the act which enables Australians to go to 
the bar of the colony having been passed by 
bim ' (Life aitd Letters of Lord SAerbrookt, 
ii. 477). 

Educated at King's school. Paramatta, 
he entered the university of Sydney on its 
first opening [see Wentwobth, Williah 
CHAiiLi:8],where, after adiatinguished career, 
be became the first Australian graduate (M. A. 



I 
I 



Windeyer 



Windham 



with honours in 185!)). Admittt^il to tbe 
bar in ISriT, he at first fuDowed in the foot- 
BtepB of his father and grandfather, and be- 
came law reporter on the staff of (Sir) Henry 
Parkes's journal, 'The Empire.' Heentered 
ywliament M a liberal for ihel^ower Hunter 
in Aurust 1853, and on the diiteolulion is 
the following jear was relumed for West 
S;dnej, for which he aat from 1860 to 1862 
andfrom 1866 to 1872. In 18ti0 he initiated 
thevolunteermovenient in New South Wales, 
beiug ^luetted major in I8G8. 

Uariog' on aix occasiona declined oiBce, 
Windejer became solicJtor-KBueral, under 
Sir James Martin [q.v.l on 16 Dec. 1870. Ho 
■was elected first mewoer for the universiw 
of Sydney on 8 Sept. 1876, and occupied this 
seat until his retirement from politics. Ha 
wftBaltomey-generiil from 1877 to 1879. He 
introduced the act enabling Australiun bac- 
risters to become judges, the Married 
Women's Property Act (1879), and the 
Copyright Act. (1879). He originated the 
Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society (1874), 
and he took a very active part in scholastic 
institutions and the public charities, and was 
chairman of the College for Women in the 
Sydney University, of which institution ho 
became Tics' chancellor in 1883, and chan- 
ceUor in 1895. 

From 1878 Windeyer was judge of the 
divorce and matrimonial causes court, and 
deputy judge of the vice-admiralty court. 
Great public commotion arose in New South 
Wales in connection with his verdicts in 
what oreknowD aa the 'Mount Kennie' and 
the ' Deane ' cases, during which the judge 
was exposed to much adverse newspaper criti- 
cism and not a little unmerited abuse. In 
1891 he was knighted. He resigned his 



New South WaJes government desirini; hi 
elevation to the judicial committ«e of the 
privy council : but, ia deference to the pub- 
lic opinion of the other colonies, Chief-justice 
Samuel James Way of South Austraua was 
appointed. 

At the desire of Mr. Chamberiain, secre- 
tary of state for the colonies, Windeyer con- 
sented to act as temporary judge of the 
supreme court of Newfoundland to try a 
Hpeciol case of conspiracy, but he died sud- 
denly at Bologna from paralysis of the heart 
on 11 Sept. 1897. Windeyer was an hono- 
rary JJ,,D. of Cambridge. Ho married, on 
31 Dec. 1857, Mary Eluabeth, daughter of 
the Kev. B. T. Bolton, vicar of Padbury, 
Buckinghamshire, who survives him, and by 
whom he leaves seTeral children. 

[Fersonnl kuoTlsdgp, nnd datji snpplisd by 
Lady Wiudoyer aud Jlisg Bullon, Sir Henry 



Pirkes's Fifty Years in the Making of Anatra- 
littO Hijiury; IlcHtoD'a lliot. of Australiim 
Dntea : Meunetl's Did. uf Australaann 
graphy ; Burki-'B Coloiiiot Gentry.] A. P. 






WINDHAM. [See also Wikdhax. 

WINDHAM, Sib CHARLES Al 
(1810-1870), lieutenant-gensral, bom at Fel- 
briggonSOct. 1810, was fourth son of Ad- 
miml WilUam Windham of Felbrigg Hall. 
Norfolk, and a greai^nephew of X\'iiliam 
Windham [q. v.] Ha was educated at the 
Uoyal Military College, Sandhurst, and en- 
tered the Coldstream guards at the age of 
sixteen. His regimental commissions bore 
the following dates: ensign and lienteuaat 
3D Dec. 1836, lieutenant and captain 31 May 
I833,captain and lieutenant-colonel 29 Dec. 
l&4(i. Windham accompiinied the 'Jnd bat- 
talion of the Coldstream guards to Canada 
in January 18S8, and served with them in 
that country during Fapineau'e rebellion, 
returning to Eugland in theaulumn of 1842. 
On -22 June 1849 he retired on half-pay. 

On the outbreak of the Crimean war 
Windham was still on half-pay, but, having 
on 30 June 1854 been promoted to the rank 
of colonel, he was appointed assistant 
qusTtermaster^geoerul of the 4th division of 
ilie army of the east, and accompanied his 
divisional commander, Lieutenant-genurnl 
Sir George Cathcart [q. v.], to Constantinople 
and thence to the Crimea. 

Windham landed with the 4th division on 
14 Sept. 1864, and immediately attracted 
notice by his energetic performance of hia 
duties, Ue was present at the battle of the 
Alma on 20 Sept., but the 4th division, being 
iureserTe.was very slightly engaged. During 
the hazardous march of the ulied armies 
from the valley of the Belbek to the position 
south of Sebostopol, Windham was sent by 
Cathcart to inform the senior naval officer 
on the Katcha station of the change of base 
to Balaclava, a service involving considerabli; 
risk. The 4th division was slightly eng^ed 
at the battle of Balaclava (25 Oct. 1854), 
occupying two of the redoubts from which 
the Turkish infantry had been driven. Wind- 
ham highly distinguished himself at the 
battle ot InkenDan(5Nov. 1854), and, owing 
to tbe death of Catbcart and to tbe death of 
one brigadier of the division and the disable- 
ment of the other, he succeeded at an early 
period of the battle to tbe command of the 
4thdiviMon. Aftertheengagement he wrote 
the official report of the proceedings of the 
divisiou during tbe battle. 

Throughout the terrible winter of 1864 
Windham exerted himself U> the utmost to 
alleviate the sufferings of his own division 




Windham 



171 



Windham 



I 



I 



nnd of the anoj generally. Never absent 
I fromilutj', he devoted Ills apare time to making 
daily personal visits to the base at Balaclava, 
with the object of obtaining supplies for ' ' 
starving and froxen division. At the sa 
time be iacesssntlj plied both his Immediate 
superiors and the headquarter BtaiT of the 
armj vrith advice and suggestions. In July 
1866 he was made a companion of the order 
of the Bath, and in the following month he 
was given command of the 2nd brigade of 
the 2nd divieiuii, but did not receive the rank 
of hrigadier^neral. 

Windham was selected to lead the storm- 
ing party of the 3nd division at the assault 
ontheRedanonSSopt, 1865. Although the 
assault &i!ed, the gallantry of WiniUiam's 
oonduet earned the warm commendation of 
General (Sir) James Simpson [q. v.], who bad 
■uoceeded Lord Raglan in thH command of 
the army in the Crimea, Extraordinary 
anthusiasm was aroused when the descrip- 
tions of the assault, -written by the special 
eorrespondents of the ' Times ' and other 
naperB, were published in England, and 
Windham became, in a moment, the best 
known and most popular man in his antive 
ooontry. On i! Oct. 1655 he was promoted 
to the rank of major-general ' for his dis- 
^guished conduct.' On tile day following 
the fall of Sebastopol bo was appointed com- 
mandant of the portion of that town which 
wa« allotted lo our armv ; and on the news 
of his ipromotiou to roa|or-gener(il reaching 
the Crimea he was given command of Che 
4tb division. A month later ihe command 
of the army was resigned by General Simp- 
•on, who waa succeeded by Sir William John 
CodrinKlon [q.v.], with Windham as bia 
chief of the staff. He exerted himself inde- 
btigably to fulfil the duties of hia post and 
to render the Crimean army ethcient and 
mobile. 

On his return from the Crimea he was 
Mceived with great honour, particularly in 
his native county of Norfolk. The gift of a 
■word of honour and the freedom of the 
city of Norwich were followed by hie return 
to parliament as one of the two liberal repre- 
•ent«tive«QfE(ifitNorfolk(6Aprill867). His 
parliamentary cBreer,however, was short. On 
thaoutbre&kof the Indian mutiny he offered 
bit eerrices, and almost immediately was 
directed to proceed to Calcutta, where he 
•niv«d on 20 Sept. 1857, shortly after the 
capture of Delhi. Finding that Sir Colin 
CMnpbell [q. v-], the recently appointed com- 
mandei^-in-chief in India, destined him for the 
command of the Sirhind di via ion, far from the 
•cene of action, Windham volunteered to keep 
t^en the lines of communication if given the 



oma of the disiirmed regiments 
of the Bengal army. This oiler was declined; 
but while proceeding to Umballn to join his 
division, Windham was placed by Sir Colin 
Campbell in command of the troops at Cawn- 
pore. Sir Colin was about to move from 
this base to carry out the operations known 
generally as the second relief of Lucknow ; 
and, considering it necessary that his force 
should be strengthened as rapidly as poasiblc, 
lio left Windham little freedom of action. 
Windfaem'a force consisted at the time of 
the commander-in-chief 'b departure (9 Nov. 
11*67) of no more than live hundred mixed 
troops ; but five days later, when it became 
dear that Cawnpore would be attacked by 
the Gwalior army before Sir Colin could 
return from Lueknow, Windham was autho- 
rised by the chief of the staff, Sir William 
Mansfield, to detain troops that arrived from 
down country. Thus it waa that on 26 Nov., 
when Windham fought his lirst action aa an 
independent commander, his forces consisted 
of abotit fourteen hundred of all arms, to- 
gether with three hundred men left to gar- 
rison the Cawnpore entrenched position. 

^'indhom hod been directed by the com- 
mander-in-chief to jilacB his troopa within 
the unl renched position, and not to attack the 
tnemy unless by so doing he could prevent 
a bombardment of the entrenchment. But 
on completing his arrangements for defence, 
he found that he would inevitably be bom- 
barded if he awaited the attack of the enemy 
in the entrenchments, and that the only 
course that would enable him to preserve 
the bridge over the Ganges would be to 
take up a more advanced line of defence. 
ITje loss of this bridge would have rendered 
Sir Colin Campbell's position la Oude one of 
the utmost peril. 

Windham asked (on 10 Nov.) permission 
to hold a line outside the town of Cawn- 
pore, and the reply of the ohief of the staff, 
written on the following day, clearly autho- 
rised him to do so, provided that he could 
secure hia retreat from the advanced posi- 
tion to tlve entrenchment. 

On IQNov.alt communication with Luck- 
now suddenly ceoeed, and Windham dis- 
covered that the Gwalior contingent was 
rapidly ap|>roaching Cawnpore in three di- 
visions. So reply reached him to several 
letters in which he begged for pennission to 
Bttuck the advancing enemy in detail, and 
thua it was that he decided at last to do go 
resposibility, aeeingin this action 
his only chance of holding the tov^n, bridge, 
and entrenchment of Cawnpore against the 
- -erwhelmin^ force that was about to attack 
m. On24Nuv. he marched sixmiles to the 



I 

I 
I 



J 



Windham 



172 



Windham 



south-west of Cawnpore, and two days later 
he there fought a successful action against 
the centre division of the Gwalior troops 
under Tantia Topi, three thousand men, with 
six heavy ^uns, three of which were captured. 
After this successful action Windham 
marched back and took up a position from 
which he hoped to be able to cover Cawn- 
pore against the attack of tlie combined 
forces of the three bodies of the Gwalior 
troops. Two days of severe fighting fol- 
lowed, in which he was forced back through 
the town of Cawnpore and lost his baggage, 
but held safelv the bridge and entrenchment. 
The reason wfiy he was not successful in pro- 
tecting the town has never been generally 
known. It lies in the circumstance that one 
of his subordinate commanders seriously 
failed in his duty. Windham treated the 
oflender with remarkable generosity, and it 
was not until several davs later that the 
circumstance came to the knowledge of Sir 
Colin Campbell, who had meanwhile omitted 
all mention of Windham and his troops in his 
despatch of 2 Dec. 1 857 describing the opera- 
tions. This omission was repaired to a certain 
extent by a private letter from Sir Colin 
Campbell toli.U.II. the Duke of Cambridge 
(published in *The Crimean Diary and Let- 
ters of Sir Charles Windham ') ; but the 
public slight wasnever publicly withdrawn, 
nor was Windham again entrusted with a 
command in the field. 

On the termination of the operations about 
Cawnpore, Windham was directed to leave 
the field army and to assume command of 
the Lahore division, to which he had been 
transferred. lie remained in command at 
Lahore until March 1861, when he returned 
to England. 

In June 1801 Windham was appointed 
colonel of the 4(5th regiment, and on 5 Feb. 
186:J he became a lieutenant-general. In 
18()5 he received the honour of K.C.B., and 
on 3 Oct. 1867 was appointed to the command 
of the forces in Canada, which appointment 
he held until his death at Jacksonville in 
Florida on 4 Feb. 1870. 

Windham married, first, in 1849, Marianne 
Catherine Emily, daughter of Admiral Sir 
John Beresford; and secondly, in 1866, 
Charlotte Jane, sister of Sir Charles Des 
V(jeux, bart. His eldest surviving son is 
Captain Charles Windham, R.N. 

[Tho Crimean Diary and Letters of Sir Charles 
'Windham, od. Pearse, 1897; Official Kecords and 
Despatches ; Adye's Cawnpore ; ShadweU'fi Life 
of Clyde, 1887, ii. 24-30 ; Ix)rd Roberts's Forty- 
one Years in India, 1897. i. 361-9, 377-80; 
Times, war correspondence (Sir W. H.Russell).] 

H. W. P. 



WINDHAM, JOSEPH (1789-1810), 
antiquary, bom at Twickenham on 21 Aug. 
1739, at a house which was afterwards the 
residence of liichard Owen Cambridge [ci-^0» 
was related to the Windham family of j^or- 
folk. He was educated at Eton, proceeding 
to Christ's College, Cambridge, but did not 
graduate. In 1769 he returned from a pro- 
longed tour through France, Italy, Istria, 
and Switzerland, lie had a strong interest 
in matters connected with art, was well read 
in classical and mediseval writers, and made 
numerous drawings both of natural objects 
and of antiquities. He was also an ex- 
cellent Italian scholar. While residing in 
Rome he made many sketches and plans of 
the baths, which he presented to Charles 
Cameron, by whom they were published in 
1772 in his work on the 'Eiaths of tho 
Romans ' (London, fol.) Windham contri- 
buted a considerable part of the letterpress 
of the work as well as most of the letter- 
press of the second volume of 'Antiquities 
of Ionia,' published in 1797 by the Society 
of Dilettanti. He also assisted James Stuart 
(1713-1788) [({. v.l in the second volume of 
his * Antiquities of Athens.' Windham was 
elected a fellow of the Society of Anti- 
quaries on 6 April 1775, and of the Royal 
Society on 8 Nov. 1781. He was also elected 
a member of the Society of Dilettanti in 
1779. He possessed some knowledge of 
natural history, and acquired one of the best 
antiquarian libraries in the country. He 
died at Earsham House, Norfolk, on '21 Sept. 
1810. He married , i n 1 769, Charlotte, daugh- 
ter of Sir William de Grey, first baron Wal- 
singham [q.v.] Windham's only publication 
in his own name was * Observations upon a 
Passage in Pliny's Natural History, relating 
to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus,' which 
appeared in * ArchoDologia ' (vol. vi.) 

[Gent. Mag. 1810, ii. 390, 488-90; Hist. 
Notices of the Soc. of Dilettanti, 1855; Gust's 
Uistory of the Society of Dilettanti, 1898, 
passim.] E. I. C. 

WINDHAM, \\^LLIAM (17oO-1810), 
statesman, came of an old Norfolk family 
settled at Felbrigg, near Cromer, since the 
fifteenth century, whose name was the same 
originally as that of the town of Wymond- 
ham. 

His father. Colonel William Wixdham 
(1717-1761), son of Ash Windham, M.P. for 
Sudbury and for Aldeburgh between 1721 
and 1727, was a man of distinguished military 
talent. Disputes with his father had caused 
him to live much on the continent. He 
travelled with Richard Pococke [q. v.] in 
Switzerland in 1741, and his * Letter from 



Windham 




^3 



Windham 



I 



English Gentleman to Mr. Arland, eiv- 
5 an Account of a Journev to the Glacierea 
Ice Alps of Savoy ' (1744), is one of the 
earliest printed accounts of Chamonix and 
Mont Blanc (eee Cokk, Life of Stillingfiat ; 
C. E. MiTHBWS, AnnaU of Mont Blanc ; C. 
DUBIEB, Le Mont Blanc. 1897, pp. 60-63 ; 
Th. Dufoijb, WilHam Windham et Pierre 
Marid, Geniee, 1879). He also visited 
Hungarj, and for gome time was an officer 
in one of Queen Maria Theresa's liussar 
regimente. Returning to England, he vigo- 
rously supported Pitt's scheme for a national 
militia in 175Q, and helped the Marifuis 
Townshend to form the Norfolk militia 
re^ment in 1757. He published in 1700 a 
' Plan of Discipline ' in quarto, with plates, 
which came into general use, and he sat in 
parliament for Aldeburgh in 1754 and Ilel- 
ston in 1766. He married Ssrah Hicks, 
vidow of Bobert Lukin of Dunmow, Essex, 
and died of consumption on 30 Oct. 1761 at 
the age of forty-four. 

William, the only son, was bom on 3 May 
(0. 8.) 1750 at No. 6 Golden Square, Soho. 
From 1762 to 1766 he was at Eton, where 
be was a contemporary of Foi, and was then 
placed with Dr. Anderson, profesaor of natural 
philoaophjintheuniversityofGlasgow. He 
attended the lectures of Robe rf. SLniBon [q. v.], 
professor of mathematics, and pursued the 
itudy in later life, even composing three 
mathematical treatises, which, however, he 
never publiahed. On 10 Sept. 1767 ha 
entered Univaraity College, Oxford, as a 
eentlenan commoner, and became a pupil of 
Jtobert Chambers. He was created M.A. 
on 7 Oct. 1783, and on 3 July 1793 he be- 
came an hoDoraij D.C.L. Hoth at school 
and at college he was quick andindustriouB, 
hut as a young man be was completely in- 
(tifferant to public affairs, though distin- 
guished both as a scholar and a man of 
fashion. Accordingly he re fused Lord To wus- 
hend's offer of the secretaryship to the lord- 
lieutenant of Ireland, made while he was 
Still at college, and left Oxford in 1771. 
IVo years later he started with Commodore 
Conetantine John I'hipps (afterwards second 
Iwron Mulgrave [q. v.]) upon a voyoge of 
pcilftr exploration, but was I'OmpelledbvBea- 
atckneas to land in Norway and make his 
way home. He afterwards spent some time 
with the Norfolk militia, in which he at- 
tained the rank of major, and passed a couple 
of years abroad, chietlj in Switzerland and 
Italy. He ahio became known to Johnson 
and Burke. He was Johnson's favoured 
friend, attended him assiduously in his last 
days, and was a palUbearer at his funeral, 
Huj attachment to Barke was such that he 




became his political pupU. He joined the 
Lilerary Club and attended its meetings 
almost till lie died, and was also a member 
of the Essex Head Club. 

Meantime he was gradually drawing to- 
wards a public career. He made his first 
public speech on 28 Jan. 1778 at a publio 
meeting colled to raise a subscription to- 
wards the cost of the American war, and 
opposed the project. He won some local 
repute b^ personal courage and nromptitude 
ill quelling a mutiny at Norwich, when the 
Norfolk militia refused to march into Suf- 
folk, and in September 1780 he unsuccess- 
fully contested Norwich. In 1781 he was 
a member of the Westminster committee, 
and came very near standing for West- 
minster in 1782. He, however, gradually 
drifted away from his earlier reforming 
opinions into a fixed antipathy to any con- 
stitutional change. In 1783 be became 
chief secretary to Nortbington, lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland in the Portland admini- 
stration, but resigned the post in August, 
nominally owinj^ to ill-health, but in reality 
because he desired to ^ive Irish posts to 
Irishmen, a policy not in favour with bis 
suporiora. After the dissolution ia March 
1784 he was one of the few coalition candi- 
dates who were successful, and was elected 
at Norwich on 5 April. ~ 



time he 

acted steadily with the opposition, and Burke 
chose liim in June to second his motion on 
the state of the nation. He spoke in 1786 
on the shop tax and the Westminster 
scrutiny ; he strongly supported the right of 
the Prince of Wales to be regent without 
restrictions in 1788, and in 1790 killed 
Flood's reform bill by the happy phrase that 
' no one would select the hurricane season iu 
which to begin repairing his house.' Hewas 
also one of the members charged with the 
impeaclimentof Warren Hastings, and under- 
took that part of the case which dealt with 
the breach of the treaty of 1774 with Faiiulla 
Khan. He was re-elected at Norwich in 
1790, and in February 1791 supported Mit- 
ford's catholic relief bill for England. Fol- 
, lowing Burke, by whom he continued to he 
largely guided, he took alarm at the French 
revolution, and in 1792 and 1793 was one of 
the most ardent supporters of the govern- 
ment's repressive legislation'. . He supported 
the proclamation against seditious meetings 
and the aliens bill, bad a plan for raising 
ft troop of cavalry in Norfolk, and on II July 
1794, on Burke's advice, he somewhat re- 
luctantly consented to take office under Pitt, 
with the Duke of Port land, Lord Fitjewilli 
and Lord Spencer (Priok, Life of Burke, ii. 
264), A secretaryship of state was at first 



I 
I 
I 
I 



i 



Windham 



174 



Windham 



■Ugf^ed for him, but eventually he became 
eeatetary for war, with n seat in the cabinet. 
This yits the first time that the cabinet was 
opened to the holder of the geeret&rjehip at 
war. Ills cbang-e of front waa somewhat 
resented at Norwich, bat ba necured re- 
election, and from August to October was 
with the Duke of York a army in Flanders, 
lie held that the royal istsinthewestof France 
deserved aseistonce, and was the person most 
responsible for the Quiberon eipedxtion in 
July 1795. Vigorously supporling the con- 
tinuance of war, and ateadily opposing pro- 
jects of reform, he only after a sharp figbt 
saved his seat at Norwich, 26 May 1796. 
He held office till February 1801, when be 
resigned with Pitt. To the Irish union he 
hod been at first opposed altogether, but 
consented to it in consideration of the pro- 
mise that catholic disabilities should be 
removed. lie had by no means always ap- 
proved of Rtt's war policy, and had held 
that, as the war was fought for the restora- 
tion of the Bourbons, more efforts should 
have been mode to e«aist the royalists la 
France. Much was done under his admini- 
stration to increase the comfort of the troops. 
Their pay was raised, pensions were esta- 
blished, and the Koysl Military Asylum was 
fonnded. 

Windham's chance ia opposition soon 
come. He had a rooted distnut of Napoleon, 
and strongly opposed the peace of 1802, lie 
assisted Cobbett, whom he greatly admired, 
to found the ' Political Kegister,' and tho- 
roughly agreed with its attacks on Addin^- 
ton. He spoke against the peace prelimi- 
naries on 4 Nov. mOl, and moved an address 
I against the peace on 13 Alay 



Grenville family tho borough of St. Mawes 
in Cornwall, where he was elected on 7 July. 
This seat he held till November 1806, when lie 
was elected for New Itomney , and later in the 
some month for the county of Norfolk. This 
latter election was afterwards declared void, 
upon a petition alleging breaches of the , 
Treating Act, and, Windham being thus in- 
eligible for re-election for the same seat, hia 
friend Sir Jacob Astlev was returned at the 
naw election on 4 March 1807. He took 
refuge at Higham Ferrers, where he was 
elected on S May 1SU7, and held that seat 
till bis death. 

Windham welcomed the renewal of hos- 
tilities with France, lie had never sup- 
Ert«d a policv of fortifications or of large 
id forces, and when in office bad considered 



the erection of mnrtello tnweis a sufficient 
defence for the coast, bis chief reliance being 
upon the fleet. He doubted too the value 
of volunteers, and made somewhat savage 
attacksupon them, but tookportinlbegeneral 
movement in 1803, and raised a volunteer 
force at Felbrigg, and became its coloneL He 
now became leader of the Grenville party in 
the House of Commons, and en^^ged in the 
attack on Addington, but declined to join 
Pitt again in May 1604, owing to the kinor's 
objection to the admission of Fox to the 
mmblry. He then found himself once more 
acting with Foi and opposing Pitt, and at 
the time of Pitt's death ho incurred some 
hostility in consequence. He accepted the 
war and colonial office in I,ord Greaville'a 
administration, and on 3 April 1800 intro- 
duced a plan for improvine the condition of 
the military forces, and making the army an 
attractive profession. With thia object he 
passed bills for reducing the term of service 
and for increasing the soldiers' pay. He had 
begun the arrangements for the South Ame- 
rican expedition when, with the rest of tlia 
ministry, he was dismissed in March 1W7. 
In the previous year he had refused the o9'er 
of a peerage, preferring a career in the House 
of Ciommons, and he continued to devote 
himself to the conduct of the war and to 
criticism of the policy of his successor Caatle- 
reagh. On general policy, however, he held 
aloof from debale, and, from growing dislike 
of London, lived much in the country. His 
only conspicuous speeches in the later yeais 
of fiia life on civil topics were (14 May 1805) 
in favour of the Roman catholic claims, to 
which subject he returned in 1810, and on 
Curwen'sbillfor preventingthe sale of seats 
in May 1809, As Castlereagh's proposals 
with regard to the militia ran counter to his 
own plan of 1606, he opposed the local 
militia biU in 1808, and, as he was adverse 
to a policy of scattered and, as be thought, 
aimless expeditions, he spoke against the 
Copenhagen expedition in 1807, and the 
Scheldt expedition in January 1810. On the 
other hand, he was a very warm supporter of 
the Spanish cause, and even began to learn 
Spanish with a view to a personal visit to 
Spain. In his view, however, the objective 
of the English force should have been the 
passes of the Pyrenees, and uot Portugal, so 
as to cut off the French from Spain, and he 
thought that Moore ought to have been sent 
with a much larger force to the north of 
Spain, and there could and should have held 
hisground. ThePeninsularwar.oncebMiin, 
was to be pressed with vigour, and such an 
expedition as that to Antwerp did not seem 
to Windham consistent with the succeasful 



Windham 



175 



Windsor 



prosecution of tbe Spanish war. He con- I 
UDued to eipreaa these views energetically, 
but, by Hupporting a. proposal made early in 
ISIO for the excluaion ot reporters from the 
House of Commons, he provoKed the hostility 
of the press, which for some time refused to 
leport hia speeches. 

Windham's last speech was made on 
11 Mot 1810. In July of the previous year 
he had ii^ured his hip by his eSbrta in re- 
moving the bouka of his friend the Hon. 
Frederick North (afterwards fifth Earl of 



Gailford) fq.v.l out of reach of a Brt'. On 
— " y 1810 Cline operated ui 



I him for 



17 May 

the removal of a tumour, but 
«OTered&omtbefihocli,anddiedat bis house 
in Pall Mall on i June, and was huried at 
Felbrigg. He married, on 10 July 1798, 
Cecilia, third daughter of Commodore Arthur 
Farrest [q.v.], but bad no children. 

Windham'spersonal ad vantages were many. 1 
He was ricli, and had an income of 6,000^ a 
year. He was tall and well built, graceful 
and dignified in manner, a tborougli aporta- 
man, and in his youtli, like his father, was 
very athletic and a practised pugilist. He 
hada good memory, and was widelv and well 
informed i he was an ardent Greeli and 
Latin scholar, and fluent in French and 
Italian. Though his voice was defective and 
sbrill, he was, when at his best, a most elo- 
quent orator, and was always a clear speaker 
and a keen debater ; but his speeches were 
marred by occasional indiscretions of temper 
and want of reticence. He waa pious, clii- 
yalrous, and disinterested, and his brilliant 
social qualities made him one of the finest 
gentlemen as well as one of the soundest 
sportsmen of his time. His diary, published 
in 1866, shows him to have been Tacillaling 
and hypochondriacal in private, but beseems 
to have relieved his feelings by this habit of 
private confession ; and in public, (hough 
somewhat changeable, he was not irresolute. 
In an age of great men bis character stood 
high, and although his conduct on two occa- 
■ions in his pobtical Ufe led t.o charges of 
inconsistency, and earned for him tbe nick- 
name of ' Weathercock Windham,' his per- 
sonal integrity was unimpugned. Tbe army 
nndoubtedly owed much to his labours in 
improvingitaefficiency andcondition. Pane- 
gyrica were pronounced upon him in the 
House of Lords by Lord Grey on 6 June 
1810, aad in the House of Commons by Lord 
Milton the following day, and Brougham 
paints him in laudatory terms in bis ' His- 
toricalSketcheeof British Statesmeu'(i.219). 
A portrait of him by Hoppner was placed in 
thepublic hall, Norwich, and there is another, 
by sir Thomas Lawrence, at Univeraity 



College.Oxford ( Cat. GuelpkEihib. No, 150). 
A priut from the portrait by Hoppner was 
engraved by Say, and was publishecf. Thero 
are also a portrait of him by Sir Joshua 
Reynolds and a second by Lawrence, both 
in the National Portrait Gallery, London, 
and a bust by Nollekens. 

[WiBdlism'x SpoecbBB, with Momoir hy bta 
secretarj, Thomas Ainjot (3 vole. 1808); Wind- 
ham 'b Diary, 1784-1810, ed. Mm. Hoiiry BdriBg, 
186S; Malone's Memoir of WiDdbnm, 1810, re- 
printed from Gent. Mag. 1810. i. 688 (rf. ib. 
n6B) \ M^moires dn Comte Joseph de Pnisayo; 
Lccky's llial. of Englaad in the Eighteenth 
Cent.; Hardy's Lord Charlemont. ii. 82, 88; 
Colbura's Nav Monthly MHg.xnii. 565; Edin* 
burgh Itevtew, cxxiii, £57; Bomilly's life; 
Bluohopo's Life of Pitt; Boswell's Lifeof Joha- 
eoQ, ed. Hill ; Cooke's Hist, of Party, iii. 4S3 ; 
Harris's Bodicol Party in Parliament.] 

J. A.H. 
WINDSOR, ALICE bb (d. 1400), mi»- 
treas of Edward 111. [See PBEKEKS.] 

WINDSOR, formerly Hickhas, THO- 
MAS waNDSOR, seventh Bahon Wibmok 
or Stanweli. and first 'Elrl of PLTMonra 
(1627 P-1687), bom about IBli' and baptised 
under the name of Tliomaa Windsor, waa 
eon and heir of Dixie Hickman of Kew, 
Surrey, by his wife Elizabeth, eldest sister 
and coheir of Thomas Windsor, sisth baron 
Windsor of Stanwell. 

No connection has been traced between 
the Windsors of Stanwell and Sir William 
de Windsor, baron Windsor [i\, v.], the 
husband of Alice Perrers. The Stanwell 
family claim desceot from Walter Fitz- 
Other (fl. 1087), who held that manor at the 
time of Domesday and was warder of Wiud- 
soi Castle, whence he derived the name 
Windsor. His third son, Gerald ob 
WiHDsoK { /!. 1116), was constable of Pem- 
broke Castle (/(in. Kambria, pp, 89, 91), 
and steward to Amulf, earl of I'embroke 
[see under RoofiR se Muntsouebt, d, 
1093?], in whose service he saw much flght- 
ing in Pembroke. He waa sent to king Mur- 
tagh in Ireland to ask his daughters hand 
I for Amulf, married Nest or Nesta fq, v.], 
I mistress of Henry I, and was father ot Wif- 
, liam FitEgerald, Slaurice Fitzgerald Ui. 117«) 
[q, v.], David id. 1176) [q. T.J, bishop (J 
I St. David's, and Angharad, mother of Oiral- 
' duB Cumbrensis fq. v.J, the historian ; he was 
thua the reputed ancestor of the numerous 
Oeraldine families (see, besides tba articles 
referred to, Freeuak, Norman Conquett, v, 
id »'iV/tnmifij/iM,ii. 96-7, 101,108- 



I 



I 



I 



Windsor 



176 



Windsor 



descent. That manor remained in the handg 
of the family until Henry VHI compelled 
Andruw Windsor (1474 f-l'>43), whom be 
had in 1529 summoned to parliuiuent as first 
Baron Windsor of Stanwell, and made 
keeper of his wardrobe (see Letferi and 
Pajirre of Henry VIII, vols, i-xvi. pasi * ~ 
to exchange it for Bordeslev Abbey, T , _. 
ceatershire. By his wife Eliiabeth', eldest 
sister of Edward Blount, second lord Mounts 
joy, he was father of William Windsor, 
second bnroa (1499?-1(>69), whose widow 
married George Putlenham [q. v.], and pes- 
tered the council for many years with suits 
against him for maintenance {AcU P. C. 
voIb. xii-xvi. passim) ; William's son Ed- 
ward, third baron (1532-1575), was father 
of Fredericlt, fourth baron (1569-1585), and 
of Henry, fifth baron (1602-1616). The 
latter's son, Thomas, sixth baron (1590-1 64 1 ), 
Tfas created K.B. in June IfllO, and was 
rear-admiral of the fleet sent to fetch Prince 
Charles from Spain in 1623; he marrifd 
Oalheriue, youngest daughter of Edward 
Somerset, fourth earl of Worcester [q- v.], 
but died without issue. The barony thus 
fell into abeyance between the heirs of his 
two sistem, while the estates passed to his 
nephew, Thomas Windsor Hickman, who 
assumed the surname Windsor in lieu of 
Hickman, and was commonly known as 
Lord Windsor (ef. Cai. State Papfr», Dom. 
1649-50, p. 70; Cal. Comm.for Compounii- 
inff.-p. 1260). 

Though tittle more than fifteen at the 
outbre^ of the civil war, Windsor is said 
to have been capUin of a troon of horse in 
the rovalist army in lft42, and lieutenants 
colonel in May 1645 ; these commissions do 
not appear in Peacock's 'Army Lists,' but 
possibly he was the Windsor serring ifl 
Bard's regiment of foot who was captured at 
Naseby on U June 1645 (I'mcocK, 2nd 
edit. p. 98). He compounded for his 'delin.- 

3uency in arms' on 30 April 1646, and was 
escribed as having been 'concerned in' the 
articles for the surrender of Hartlebury 
Castle, Worcestershire (Cal. Comm. for 
Gtmpoundinff, ^. 1360). His fine, fixed at 
a sixth of his estate, was 1,100/,, which 
aeems to have been paid. On 4 April 1649 
he was reported to have gone to Flanders 
'upon challenge sent him by an English 
l^ntleman named Griffith ' ( Cai. S/afePapem, 
Dom. 1649-50, p. 380). According to Sir 
Kenelm Digby, who gives the challenger'H 
name as Griffin, the latter's letters to Wind- 
sor caused mucjimerriment among the exiles 
at Calais (16. p. 380), and the council of 
state requested the Spanish ambassador to 
preveal the duel. On IB May 1G6I he was 



summoned before the council of state and 
required to give a bond of 4,000/. with two 
sureties of 3,000/. to appear when called upon 
and ' not to do anything prejudicial to the 
present Kovemment'(i6. 1651, p. 207). On 
2 Aug. 1653 ho was Gjanied a pau to go 
beyond seas, but for the raoat part he lived 
quietly in England, absorbed in & fruitless 
scheme to render the river Salwarpe navi- 
gable by means of locia, for the benefit of 
the salt trade at Droitwicb. On 13 May 
1666 he married at St. Qeorge's-in-the- 
Fields, I^ndon, Anne, sister of George 
Savile (afterwards Marquis of Halifax) 
[q. T.] 

After the Hestoration "Windsor received 
on 16 June 1660 a declaratory patent deter- 
mining in his favour the abeyance into which 
the barony of Windsor o'f Stanwell had 
fallen (G. E. C[oKiTVR], Complete Peerage, 
vi. 257 ; EgeHon MS. 2551, f. 27). He took 
his seat as seventh Baron Windsor in the 
House of Lords two days later, and in the 
sameyearwas made lord lieutenant of Wot^ 
cesCershire. On 20 July 1661 he was ap- 
pointed governor of Jamaica, with a salary 
of 2,000/. a year, though his commission was 
dated only from 2 Aug. followinK. He did not 
set out till the middle of Aprill662 (Pepis, 
Diary, ed. Braybrooke, i. 342), but during- 
the interval seems to have developed some 
fairly enlightened views upon the govern- 
ment of colonies (Egerton MS. 2395, ff. 301 - 
303). He arrived at Barbados on II Julv, 
and there published his proclamations for tfie 
encouraeement of settlers in Jamaica. Lands 
were to be freely granted ; no one was to b» 
imposed npon in point of religion, provided 
he conformed to the civil govemmenC; trade 
with foreigners was to be free ; and all handi- 
crafts and tradesmen were to be encouraged 
( Cn/.A/ni* PapKr», America andWest Indies, 
1661-8, Nos. 324, 3.35). He left on 1 Aug. 
for Jamaica, where he acted b« governor (or 
little more than ten weeks, part of which 
was occupied by an expedition to Cuba and 
the seieure of a'Spanish fort there called St. 
Jago. But during this brief period Windsor 
claimed to have establishea an admiralty 
r, disbanded the roundhead army in Ja- 
a and remodelled its forces, called in 
immiaaions to buccaneeis and 'reduced 
them to certain orderly rules, giving tham 
nieaiona to take Spaniards and bring them 
into Jamaica ' (lA. No, 379 ; cf. arts. Mobt- 
FOBD, Sib James and Sib Thouas; Moboait, 
Sir Henry). 'Being verie sick and un- 
easie,' he embarked for England on 20 Oct, 
1662, leaving Sir Charles Lyttelton (1629- 
1716) [q. v.] as his deputy governor (Presmf 
State of Jamaica, 1688, p. 39). His com- 



Windsor 



Windsor 






■nas revoked on 15 Feb. 166^-4, Sir 
lomas Modjford bein|; Appointed hia siic- 
isor(Ca/. 6'(afffi(/Jer»,AtDericft and West 
Indies, 1661-S, No», 656, 735). Windaoc's 
snddea retura provoked from I'ep^a the re- 
muk that ' these young lords are not fit tu 
do any service abro&d,' and Itu wae sceptical 
aa to the reality of Windsor's scliievementa 
(Diary, ed, Braybrooke, ii. 109, 11", 131). 
Windsor himself pleaded ill-health, and his 
eUtement that he came back 2,000/. worse 
off than he went out supplies a further ex- 
^anation {Hattm Cormipondmier, i. 4ti). 

On 9 July 1(W6 Windsor was commia- 
aicmed captain of a troop of sixty horse 

SiLTOH, Arm}/ Luti, i. 76; Cat. State 
pert, Dom. 11565-6, p. 490) ; it was, how- 
ever, only a miiitia force, and was disbanded 
soon afterwards (Sadie Correip, p. 15). In 
June 1671, in return for a chnllentre which 
be believed John Berki;Iey, lord Berkeley of 
Stratton [q. v.l, the lord lieutenant uf Ire- 
land, had sent tiim, Windsor challenged him 
at Kidderminster on his nay to London 
(Berwick, JtatcdoH Paper*, 1819, pp. ^50-1 ; 
C'al. State Papen, Dom. 1671, pp. 346,387). 
Berkeley declined the challenge and informed 
the king, who sent Windsor to the Tower. 
He was 'mightily complimented by viaitts 
from all the towne, and stayed there, I think, 
about a fortnight, and then, relensed, came 
to Windsore and kissed the king's hand there. 
The councill would heare nothing in favour 
of lum. They looked upon his challenge to 
a person in the employment of h' of Ireland 
U iucb an affront to ye king aa nothing 
should have made him presume to resent it 
[«t that rale ' (^Uiittim Oorreep. i. 68). 

In 1676 Windsor was appointed master of 

horse to the Duke of York, and on 

4 July 1681 was made governor of I'orts- 
moutb (LuTTRBi-t, i. lOtt). On U Nov. 
ie»a he was made governor of Hull, and on 
« Dec. following was created Earl of Ply- 
month, takin|[ his seat on 19 May 1685. 
On 80 Oct. I6S5 he was sworn of the privy 
eouncil (I'A. i. 3(12), a few daya after the ex- 
pulsion of his brother-in-law, the Marrguis 
of Halifax, with whom he can have hod but 
Bt^ sympathv {FoiCBOlT, Li/e of Halifax, 
■489). Hedi^un3NoT.1687(^drff(..«S. 
~se»,f. 180), and was buried on the 10th 
Tanlebigg, Worcestershire. 

louth's first wife, Anne Savile, died 
March 1606-7, and was buried at 
Tardeingg on I April following. He msr- 
ried, secondly, at Kensington on i> April 
lees, Ursula, daughter of Sir Thomaa Wid- 
drington [q, v.l, with the consent of her 
guardian, John" Rush worth (1612P-1690) 
[q. v.] She was bom on 1 1 Nov. HH7, and 




died on 22 April 1717. Bv her Plymouth 
had issue (1) Thomas {d. 1738), who seri'ed in 
tfae war in rianders, waa on 19 June 1699 
created Viscount Windsor in the peerage of 
Ireland, and on 31 Dec. 1711 Baron Montjoy 
in the peerage of the United Kingdom, and 
left a don, Herbert, on whose death in 1758 
these peerages became extinct; (2) Dixie 
{1075-1743), who was scholar of Westrain- 
8ter, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
member for that university in six successive 
parliaments, ond brother-in-law of (Sir) 
\^'illiam Shippen [q. v.] (Welch, Queen'* 
SeAolart, V. ^'Ji) ; (3) Ursula, who married 
in 1703 Thomas Johnson of Walthamstow ; 
and (4) Etiiabeth, who married Sir Francis 
Dashwood, hart. 

By his first wife Plymouth had issue a 
daughter, Elirabetb, and a son. Other Wind- 
sor, styled Lord Windsor from 1682 till his 
death on 1 1 Nov. 1684 ; his aon Other (1679- 
1727) succeeded his grandfather as eighth 
Baron Windsor and secotid Earl of Ply- 
mouth (cf. LuTTRBLL, Bri^f Relation, passim ; 
BCKNET, Chen Time, 1766, iii. 376). His 
grandson, Other Lewis, fourth earl (1731- 
1777), maintained a voluminous correspon- 
dence with Newcastle, extant in British Mu- 
seum Additional MSS. 32724-983. The 
earldom became extinct on the death of 
llenry.eighth earl, on 8 Dee. 1843. The ba- 
rony eventually passed to Harriet, daughter 
of the si.xth earl, who married Robert Henry, 
grandson of liobert, first lord CHve [q. v.] j 
her grandson is the present Baron Windsor. 

[Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650-72, America 
and West laAifa. 1691-8, pouim ; Brit. Mus. 
Lnasd. MS. cclv. 112; Addit. MSS. fiSO't f. lOG, 
HSiO f. 82. 6707 f.55, 12614, 39SfiO-61,paisini: 
Hiot. MSS. Comm. lit Rep. App. pp. 37. AS. 
2nd Rep. App. p. 1A; Lords' and Coromana' 
Jonraata ; Hatton Corresp. and Snrile Corresp. 
(Camden Soc.),pa9siiu : Luttrell'ti lirirf Relation; 
Pepys's snd EtoIjd'b DiarioB ; Pcncock'a Army 
Lilts ; Dnllon's Army Lists, i. 76, 298 : Chiistar'a 
London Marr. Liconcea. col. 1*88; History of 
Jnmuica, 1771, 3 vols. 4to ; Tracts rotating lo 
Jamaica, ISnO. 4Io ; Nosh's Woreeslershire ; 
Tii-ksll's History of Hull ; J. M. Woodward's 
Hist, of Bordosley Abbey ; Foicroft's Lifo of 
Uiilifai, pa-isim ; Lodge's Poerago of Irclond. 
ed. Arcbdall ; Burke'i Peeraga uiid Eitini 
pHprni^ ; Doylf's Oflii^iHl BarnaspH ; Q. ] 
G[okiivne]'8 Complete Peerage, s.vv. ' Plymouth ' 
anil ' Windsor.'] A. F. P. 

WINDSOR, Sir WILLIAM i>b, B*bos 
■Windsor (rf. 1384), deputy of Ireland, was 
tlie son of Sir Alexander de Windsor of 
Ciravrigg, Westmorland, and of Eliaibeth 
{d. 1349), his wife. No connection has been 
proved between this family and that of tha 



I 



J 



Windsor 



178 



Windsor 



Windsors of Stanwell (G. E. CTokatxeTs 
Complete Peerage, viii. 183-4; SiB G. T. 
DuCKETT, Duchetianay gives a full account 
of the descent of the Windsor family). 
William was of full af e in 1349, and served 
in the French wars of Edward III. 

Before 1369 Windsor had held a command 
in Ireland under Lionel of Antwerp, and 
claimed lands in Kinsale, Inchiquin, and 
Youghal {King's Council in Ireland, p. 326). 
In tnat year he was appointed the king's 
lieutenant in Ireland, ana had a grant of a 
thousand marks a year (Dugdalb, Baronage, 
i. 509). He at once set to work to reduce 
the Dublin border clans, but in 1370 had to 
leave them in order to attempt the rescue of 
the Earl of Desmond, who had been taken 
prisoner by the O'Briens (Gilbert, Viceroys 
of Ireland, p. 230). To secure even partial 
order Windsor had been compelled to adopt 
measures of doubtful legality ; at a parlia- 
ment of 1369, failing to induce its members 
to promise new customs to the king, he ex- 
torted from the prelates, who met separately, 
a grant for three years, and afterwards had 
enrolment made in the chancery records that 
they were given in perpetuity to the crown. 
The colonists appealed to Edward III, and, 
in answer to their petition, the king on 
10 Sept. 1371 forbade Windsor, who haa re- 
turned to England in March, to levy the 
sums for which he had exacted grants, ordered 
the enrolment to be erased, and on 20 Oct. 
formally rebuked him for his extortions, which 
he bade him make good {Fcedera, vol. iii. pt. 
ii. pp. 922, 924, 928, 942). The mayor of 
Drogheda, arrested by Windsor's command, 
was released {ib. p. 930), and on 20 March 
1373 an inquisition was held at Drogheda 
into Windsor's extortions in Meath and Uriel 
{ib. pp. 977, 978, 979). Alice Ferrers, who 
afterwards became Windsor's wife, had in 
1369, when he first became viceroy, received 
from him the amount destined for the ex- 
penses of his expedition and the payment 
of his men (for date of her marriage with 
Windsor, see art. Perreils, Alice). 

Oil Windsor's withdrawal from Ireland 
anarchy broke out. Accordingly on 20 Sept. 
V'VI'.j Edward reappointed him to the vice- 
royalty {Fadera, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 990). He 
was commanded to levy the grants formerly 
promised at Baldoyle and Kilkenny, and to 
co-operate with Sir Nicholas Dagworth [cf. 
art. Tekrers, Alice]. In 1374, on the re- 
fusal of a parliament at Kilkenny to make a 
grant at Dagworth's request, Windsor issued 
writs bidding clergy and laity to elect repre- 
sentatives, finance them, and send them to 
England to consult Edward on an aid to be 
taken from Ireland [cf. art. Sweetkan, 



MiLol Meanwhile Newcastle, on the frontier 
of W icklow, was taken by the Irish. The 
^vemment sent help by sea to the garrison 
in the castle of Wicklow, but the council, 
meeting at Naas, forbade Windsor to move 
further south because it left the north in 

Eeril. W^indsor could carry on the war only 
y levying forced subsidies of money and 
provisions. 

Early in 1376 Windsor gave up his vice- 
royalty, and was summon^ to England to 
consult with the king. On 29 Sept. 1376 he 
was granted 100/. a year for life from the 
issues of the county of York. On 14 Dec 
pardon was granted him 'for having har- 
boured Alice Ferrers, who was banished in 
1377, and license granted for her to remain 
in the realm as long as she and her husband 
please.' On 23 Oct. 1379 Sir John Harles- 
ton was directed to deliver up to Windsor 
the custody of Cherbourg (Walsinoham, 
Hist. Angl, i. 427 ; Chron. Anglia, p. 265 ; 
Fadera, iv. 73). In the same vear Windsor 
was sent on the eicpedition to help the Duke 
of Brittany against France ^Walsinghaji, 
ffist, Angl, i. 134), receiving large grants of 
land, most of which had been forfeited by 
Alice Ferrers (Dugdale, Baronage, i. 609 ; 
CaL Pat. BolU, 1377-81, p. 603 ; Bot. Pari. 
iii. 130 a). 

In 1381-2, 1382-3, 1383-4, Windsor had 
summons to parliament as a baron (Dugdale, 
1. 509). In 1381 and 1382 he took a leading 
part in putting down the peasants' revolt, 
especially in the counties of Cambridge and 
Huntingdon, being granted special autnority 
with this object, and made a special justice 
and commissary of the peace in Cambridge. 
On 13 March 1383 he was referred to as a 
* banneret.' Further grants, previouslv made 
to Alice Ferrers, were in 1381, 1383, and 1384 
extended to him. 

Windsor died at Heversham in AVestmor- 
land on 15 Sept. 1384, heavily in debt to the 
crown. The oarony became extinct. His 
will was dated Haversham, 15 Sept., and 
proved on 12 Oct. 1684. He left no legitimate 
issue. His nephew, John de Windsor, who 
was one of his executors, seized most of his 
estates, and had many disputes with his 
widow [see Fbrrebs, AliceJ. He left cer- 
tain lands to William of Wykeham [q. v.], 
which the bishop eventually appropriated to 
the use of his great foundation at Win- 
chester {Cal. Pat. Bolls, 1381-2, p. 577). 
In Ireland John de Windsor did not succeed 
in obtaining his uncle's lands; for William's 
estates in Waterford were adjud^d to his 
two sisters — Christiana, wife of Sir William 
de Moriers of Elvington, Yorkshire ; and 
Margaret, wife of John Duket, 'his nearest 



Wind us 



Wing 



Ii^is u>d of full ege' (King'x Council in Ire- 
land, p. 3^). 

[BjniDr's Fixdera, vol. iii. (Rcwrd edit.); 
King's Coancil in Ireland, Walsinghuni's Uesta 
AbboCum S. AlbuDi and Hist. AngL i. (a!l nbove 
inBoUs Ser.]: Cal. Fat. KolU. 1377-Bl and 
1381-5 ; Eot. Pari. ii. iii. ; Nieolnis TpBtomonln 
Vetusta; Du^le'a Baroan^e, i. aOB ; G. E. 
C[oka;nej'e CompleUi Peeftgo, Tiii. 183-4 ; Gil- 
liert'aVioerojB of Ireland; LuckBlt'sDuchetiana, 
pp. 38S-83; Ouckon'B 'Manorbeer Custle and 
lU Early Owaerf' in Archiealogia CambrenBia, 
4th ser. xi. 137-4S ; Nulee and Queries, Tth esr. 
ToI.TiL] M. T. 

"WINDUS, JOIIN iJ. 1735). aiithorof 
'A. Journey to Moquinei,' was tlie historian 
of ft nitsian despulched bj George 1 in 1720 
under Commodore Charles Stewart, with a 
Bmall «quadron and the powers of a pieni- 
poWntiary, to treat for a puate with the 
emperor of Morocco. The squadroii sailed 
on 'Ji Sept. 1T:K), and in the following May 
a conference was held between the ambas- 
Eador*a party and the Bosha Hauet Ben All 
Ben Abdallah at Tetuan. A treaty of peace, 
by which pirucy -kss prohibited and tbe 
tnglish prisooerB released, v/m signed at 
Ceuta in January 1721, and Windus there- 
upon returned to England in Stewart's flag- 
ship, the Dover, Windus utilised tbe four 
months he spent on land iu ' Barbary ' to 
collect mntenals for an account of the Moors, 
and in 172Q, with a dedication to 'James, 
eail of Berkley, vice-admiral of England,' 
he published ' A Journey to Meqiiinez, the 
n^dence of the present Emperor of Fez and 
Morocco' (Albumazer Muley Ishmaet), Lon- 
. don, for Jacob Tonson, 17:25, 8vo. 
I No work on Morocco had hitherto ap- 
I peared in English, with the exception of the 
•omewbat meagre 'West Barbary' (1*171) 
of Ifftncelot Addison [a. v.], and much inte- 
rest was excited bv Windus's hook. An 
influential list of subscribers was obtained, 
•ad the volume rapidly went through several 
, editions, and was pirated in Dublin. The 
■uathoT was assisted in his task by M. Cor- 
■'biirv, who had at one time resided at t)ie 
r-Sfooriah court, and the work was iliuatrated 
Ikkf engravings by Fourdrinier, tlio plates 
Kbring dedicntedto William Piillaney, Lord 
BGobbom, the Duke of Argyll, and other dis- 
Ftinguished persons. It was reprinted in the 
^ ' Collection of Voyages ' of 1T07, in the 
' "World Displayed ' (1774, vol. xvii. 12mo), 
aad in Pinkerton's ' Collection of Voyages ' 
(1808, vol. 'cv-'t'o). It was drawn u*]ion to 
A lafge extent bv Thomas Pellew [q. vj in 
his 'History anS Adventure in South Bar- 
bary,' written in 1739, and to some extent 
klfio ID Thomas Shaw's ' Travels or Ubserva- 



tiona relating to several parts of Barbary 
and the Levant ' (1738, folio). The descrip- 
tion of the manners of the people and the 
methods of the government renders the book 
' a curiosity,' as it was pronounced by James 
Boawell and by Slevensoa {Cat. of Voyagri 
and Travel), No. fiSB), 

[Windus's Journey to Miquinei; Blackiraod's 
Magiuioe. xxti. 205 ; Budgett Msakin's Moorish 
Empire. 1899; Plajfiiir'a Bihliograpljy of Mo- 
rocco. 1S02; an intrreetiug lapplsmenl lo Win- 
dus is supplied iu JoIiq ^ruithwalte's History 
of tbe Rocolutiona in tbe Empire of Morocco, 
172B.] T. S. 

1 -WTNEFRrDE (Welsh, Gicenfrewi) is 
the name of a legendary saint supposed to 
have lived in the seventh centurv. She is 
said Co have been the daughter of Teuytli or 



land to St. Beino, and put his daughter under 
his teaching, A chief tain, Caradoc ap Alaric 
j or Alan, cut off the maiden's head, and when 
' it touched the ground a spring appenred, 
' namely, St. Wiaefride'a Well or Holyw<?lI, 
Flint. The head waa reunited to the body, 
and Winefride became abbess of Gwytherin. 
There is no evidence that this legend is 
older than the twelfth century, in the course 
of which, about 1140, Robert of Shrewsbury 
[q. v.] found her relics, claimed them for 
blirewsbury, and wrot* her life. Leland's 
statement that a monk Elerius wrote a con- 
temporary life is uncorroborated. A Welsh 
life, probably of the middle of the twelfth 
century (printed by Rees in Camhro- British 
&iiH(».pp. 16, 17, 198-209, 303), does not 
mention the translation of the relies, but 
otherwise closely resembles Robert's life. 

[Rdbert's life is giren iu Surius, iv. 20, und 
dtpgrave ; Fleetwond's Life and MiraiUss of St. 
Winchide, with her LitaniM;Hurdy'BDeecr. Cat. 
I. i. ]7fl-S4, and the acticb Iu tbr Dirt, of 
Christian Biogr.] M. B. 

WINTRID, afterwards called Bosifach 
()j80-755), siiiiit. [See Bontj'ace.] 

WING, VINOEST (1619-1668), astro- 
nomer, was the eldest son of Vincent Wing 
(1667-1660) of North Luflenham. Rut- 
land, where he was bom on 9 April 1619. 
The family was of Webb origin. By his 
own exertions he acquired some knowledge 
of Latin, Greek, and mathematics, ' con- 
suming himself in study.' In 1648 be 
became known as joint author, with William 
l.evbourn [q.v.], of ' Urania I'roctica.' In the 
following year ho published independently 
'A Dreadful I'rognosticatioii ,' containing 
predictions ' drawn from the efl*ects of 



Wingate 



1 80 



Wingate 



several celestial configurations/ His ' Har- 
monicon Coeleste ' appeared in 1C51 ; his 
chief and a most useful work, entitled 
'Astronomia Britannica/ in 1652 (2nd ed. 
1069). This was a complete system of 
astronomy on Copemican principles, and 
included numerous and diligently compiled 
sets of tables. A portrait of the author 
was prefixed. It was followed in 1656 by 

* Astronomia Instaurata/ and in 1665 by 
'Examen AstronomisB Carolinse/ exposing 
the alleged errors of Thomas Streete, who 
promptly retaliated with *a castigation of 
the envy and ignorance of Vincent Wing.' 

Wing issued ephemerides for twenty years 
(1652-1671), the * exactest ' then to be had, 
according to John Flamsteed, who main- 
tained * a fair correspondence ' with him 
(RiOAUD, Correspondence of Scientific Men, 
ii. 86). He also wrote for the Stationers' 
Company an almanac styled 'Olympia 
Domata, the annual sale of which averaged 
60,000 copies. The publication was con- 
tinued by nis descendants at irregular inter- 
vals until 1805. 

Wing resided at North Lufienham, but 
occasionally 'sought the society of the 
learned ' in London. He attended so zea- 
lously to his business as a land surveyor 
that, ' riding early and late, in all kinds of 
weather,' he contracted a consumption, of 
which he died on 20 Sept. 1668, aged 49. 

* He was a person,' says his friend and 
biographer John Qadbury, * of a very ready, 
ripe, and pungent wit; and had good judg- 
ment and memory thereunto annexed.' 
Although of an uncontentious disposition, 
he defended himself with spirit against the 
attacks of * troublesome and ambitious per- 
sons.' Sides were taken in these disputes ; 
Flamsteed speaks of Wing's * sectaries.' 
A convinced astrologer, he edited in 1668 
George Atwel's * Defence of the Divine Art,* 
drew the scheme of his own nativity pub- 
lished in Gadbury's * Brief Relation,* and is 
said to have made a correct forecast of his 
death. His will was dated a fortnight be- 
fore'. He was buried at North Lufienham. 
The * Olympia Domata * for 1670 was edited 
bv his elder son, Vincent Wing; and the 
numbers for 1704 to 1727 by his nephew, 
John Wing of Pickworth, Rutland, coroner 
of that county, who published in 1693 

* lloptarchia Mathematica,' and in 1699 
an enlarpfod version of his uncle's * Art 
of Surveying,' supplemented bv *Scientia 
Stollarum,' the * Calculation of the Planets' 
riaoes,' &c. 

Ttcho Wing (1696-1750^, astrologer, a 

oTf^nHson of John Wing, taught the * arts 

^es mathematical ' at Pickworth in 



1727, and edited the ' Oljrmpia Domata ' 
from 1739 onward. He was coroner of 
Rutland from 1727 to 1742. WiUiam 
Stukeley [q. v.] notes in his diary that he 
'spent many agreeable hours at Stamford 
and Pickworth with Mr. Tycho Wing and 
Mr. Edmund Weaver, the ^at Lincolnshire 
astronomer.' Tycho visited Stukeley in 
London in March 1750, and died at I'ick- 
worth on 16 April ensuing. He married, on 
18 April 1722, Eleanor, daughter of Conyers 
Peach, of Stoke Dry, Rutland, and had a 
family of five sons and one daughter. A 
portrait of him, painted in 1731 by J. Vander- 
Dank, is in the hall of the Stationers' Com- 
pany, London. One of his descendants, John 
Wing (1752-1812) of Thomey Abbey, Cam- 
bridgeshire, a^nt to the Duke of Bedford, 
became in 1788 the object of scurrilous 
attacks in connection with a proposed new 
tax on the North Jjevel. Another Tycho 
Wing (1794-1851), also of Thomey Abbey, 
married Adelaide Basevi, niece of Lord 
Beaconsfield's mother. 

[Gadbury's Brief Relation of the Life and 
Death of Mr. Vincent Wing, London, 1669; 
Green's Pedigree of the Family of Wing, 1486- 
1886; Notes and Queries, 3rd aer. x. 374, 424, 
8th ser. ii. 48 ; Button's Phil, and Math. Dic- 
tionary (1615^; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved 
Portraits; Weidler's Bist. Astronomiie. p. 515; 
Lalandes Bibl. Astr.; Watt's Bibl. Brit; 
Granger's Biogr. Bist. of England.] A. M. C. 

WINGATE, EDMUND (1596-1656), 
mathematician and legal writer, second son 
of Koger Wingate of Sharpenhoe in Bed- 
fordshire and of his wife Jane, daughter of 
Henry Birch, was bom at Flamborough in 
Yorkshire in 1596 and baptised there on 
11 June {Par, Beg,) He matriculated from 
Queen's College, Oxford, on 12 Oct. 1610, 
graduated B.A. on 30 June 1614, and was 
j admitted to Gray's Inn on 24 May. Before 
1624 he went to Paris, where he became 
teacher of the English language to the Prin- 
cess (afterwards Queen) Henrietta Maria. 
He had learned in England the rule of pro- 
portion recently invented by Edmund Gun- 
i ter [q. v.], which he introduced into France 
' and communicated to the chief mathema- 
' ticians in Paris. Being importuned to 
' publish in French, he agreed to do so; but 
nis book had to appear in a hurried and 
incomplete form in order to obtain priority 
of appearance, an advocate in Dijon to 
whom he had communicated the rule in s 
friendly manner having already commenced 
to make some public use of it. He was in 
England on the breaking out of the civil 
war, sided with the parliament, took the 
covenant, and was maae justice of the peace 




mgate 



Wingfield 



Dtr of Uedfard. lie was then re- 
Woodend in the [iKri?h of Harlin^ 
B 166U he took the * engagement,' be- 
Omeintimate with Cromwell, and one of the 
cominiHi oners for the ejection of Ignorant 
And acandaloiiH ministers. He represented 
the county of Bedford in the parliament of 
l«64-e. He died in Gray's Inn Lane, and 
waa buried in St. Andrew's, Uolhorn, on 
IS Dec. 1656. HeleftnowiU. Adminiatra- 
tionwas(p«iiti»l to hiseon, Button Wingate, 
«n 36 Jan. lOTiT, 
I Wingate marriei], on 28 July IB28, at 
I Mftulden, Elicabelh, daughter and heir of 
Biehard Button of Wooltoo in Bedfordshire, 
hy whom ha had live sons and two daughters. 
Hia publications, which were numerous, 
incliide: 1. * L' usage de la r^le de propor- 
tion en ■rithmfitiqnt!,' PariB, l<i34 ; in Lng- 
lUb as 'The Use of the Rule of Proportion,' 
I^ndon. leao, 1629, 1645, 1658, lfi»3(recti- 
fied by Brown and Alkinfon), 2. 'Arith- 
m^ique Logarichmetique,' Paris, 1626. In 
English as * AnyBpiSiurrix'ia, or the Con- 
struction and lise of the IiOgaritbtneticall 
Tables,' London, 1636 (compiled from 
Henry Briggs [q. t.]) 3. 'TheConstruclion 
and Cbo of the Line of Proportion," Lmdon, 
1628. 4. ' Of Natural and Arlificiall Arith- 
metiqui),' London, 1630, 2 parts. Part i. had 
been designed ' onely as a key to open the 
secrets of the other, which treats of artificial 
arilhmetique performed by ]c«arithnis,' and 
had therefore not been made sufficiently 
complete to stand alone as a text-book of 
elementarr arithmetic. This defect was 
nmedied oy John Kersey the elder fq. v.l 
under the mperin ten deuce of Wingate, antl 
a second edition appeared in 1650 ai ' Arith- 
netique made emie.' Wingate himself re- 
edited part ii., which was published in 1652 
aa ' Anthmetique made easie. The second 
hook.' The first book ran through many edi- 
tions, the eiqirewion 'natural arithmetic' 
being discarded for that of ' common arith- 
metic,' London, 1656, 1673 (6thedit.) ; 1678 
(7th edit.); 1683 (8th edit, and thelastedited 
by Keraey the elder) ; ie9§( 10th edit, edited 
by Kersey ths yoiingpr); 1704 (11th edit, 
with new supplement, by George Shelley); 
1708.1713, 1720. 17f.3(edited by J. Bodson), 
and I7IS0. 6, 'Slaluta Pacis: or a Perfect 
Tablo of all the Statutes (now in force) 
which any way concern the office of a 
Justice of the l-eace.' London, 1641, 1644 
(nndpr the initials ' H. W.') 6. 'An Exact 
Abridgment of all the Statutes in force and 
nie from the beginning of Magna Carta,' 
London, 1642. 1655, l«6n (continued by 
■\ViUiara iliwhea), 1670, 1675, 1680, 1681, 
1684, IC94, 1703, 1704, 1708. 7. 'Justice 



country ^^H 
&44. 1661 ^H 

lis Hathe- ^^^ 



Revived: being the whole offii 
Justice of the Peace,' London, 1644, 
(under iuit.ials ' E. W.') 8. ' Ludua Hathe- 
matlcus,' London, 1664, 1661. The book h 
the description of a logarithmic instrument, 
of the nature of which it is difficult to form 
an idea without even a drawing of it (under 
initials ' E. W.') 9. 'The Body of the Common 
I-aw of England,' London, 1055 (2iid edit.), 
1658, 1662, 1670, 1078. 10. 'The Use of 
a Qauge-rod,' Iiondon, 1658. 11. 'Maximes 
of Reason, 'London, 16fi8(cf. Prestos, Pi^k- 
lar and Practicat Introduction to Lok Stuilif/i, 
1846, p. 579). 12. 'The Clarks Tutor for 
Arithmetickand Writing . . . beinglhere- 
maias of Edmund Wingate,' London, 1671, 
1C76. 13. • The Exact ConsUble with his 
Original and Power in the OKice of Church- 
wardens,' London, 1660 (2nd edit.), 1682 (0th 
edit.) (under initials ' E. W,') 

In 1640 he published an edition of 
' Britton ' [see Bretok, John LB]. In this he 
made corrections from gome better manuscript 
than that used in the 1530 publication, but 
unfortunately placed them in an appendix, 
reprinting the text in its corrupt form. He 
supplied on entire chapter (lib. iv. chap. 5) 
which had previously been omitted, placing 
it also iu the appendix. He also edited the 
works of Samuel Foster [q, v.], and Wood 
assigns to him a work entitled 'Tactometria 
, . . or the Geometry of Itegulars," probably 
arepublicationof John Wyberd'shooK, whicn 
appeared under the same title in 1650 (Woon, 
AtAentt, ill. col. 425 ; cf. Chalmers, Sioffr. 
Diet.) 

[TiailationsofBadfonlBhirtCtfarl. Soc.):Fdi- 
t«rsAliimni Oion. lJiOO-1711; Foater's Admis- 
BiDDs to Gray's Inn. p, 134; Wood's Athfuie 
(Bliss), iii. 423-4 : Hiitton's PbiloMphiml mid 
MHthemalical DicUonary iWillia'xNiiiitiaPaclia- 
meutaria, iii. JS9; praracee to WingHte's worki 
DeMorpao'a Arithmetic Books; BUjdn'sQenea- 
logia Bedfordiensis. pp. 2, 3, 1B6. 204, 3'2D-30, 
337 ; BittgraphtBUnirrnkslle; Ksnnett's Register, 
p. (87; Worrell's Ilibliolh««Lfi3iini; Registers 
or Fliimbunmgh parish, per the llev. H. W, 
RigUj-.] H.P. 

■WINQATE or WINYET, NINIAN 

(1518-1592), controversialist. [See Wix- 

WINOFIELD.Sm ANTHONY (1485F- 
1-552), comptroller of the household, bom 
probably about 1485, was son of Sir John 
Wingfield of Letberingham, Suffolk, by hia 
wife Anne, daughter of John Touchet, sixth 
baron Audley laeo under TotrcHET, JiHBS, 
seventh Baron J. The father, whose younger 
brothers, Sir Humphrey, Sir Richard, and 
Sir Robert, are sejiarately noticed, w 



Wingfield 182 Wingfield 



eldest son of Sir John Wingfield [see under | on the 2l8t, apparently at Stepney (Macht^t, 
Wingfield, Sir IIumphret], was sherifi* of ; pp. 23, 24, cf. note on p. 326). A memorial 
Norfolk and Suffolk in 1483, in which year inscription is extant in Letheringham church, 
he was attainted, but was restored on ' and a fine portrait, by Juan JPantoza, pre- 
Ilenry VIFs accession in 1485, and served ! served at Powerscourt, is reproduced in Lord 
as sherifi* in 1497. I Powerscourt^s ' Muniments of the Wingfield 

Anthony first appears as commissioner for i Family.' His will, dated 13 Aug. 1552, was 
the peace m Suffolk on 28 June 1510. Like : proved on 15 April 1553. 
his uncles, he served in the campaign in I Wingfield married Elizabeth, eldest daugh- 
France of 1513, and was knightecf for his ter of Sir George Vere and sister of John de 
bravery on 25 Sept. {HarL MS, 6069, Vere, thirteenth earl of Oxford, and left a 
f. 112). On 7 Nov. following he was pricked lar^e family ; the eldest surviving son, Sir 
for sheriff" of Norfolk and Suffolk, but six Robert (d. 1597), was &ther of Sir Anthony 
days later was discharged from holding the > {d. 1605) and grandfather of Sir Anthony 
office ; his name appears on the roll in 1514, i (d, 1638), first baronet; another son, Richard, 
and he served as sheriff* from November i was father of Anthony Wingfield (1550 P~ 
1515 to November 1516. He accompanied \ 1615.^) [q. v.] and of Sir John Wingfield {d. 



Henry VIII to the Field of the Cloth of 
Gold and to his subsequent meetings with 
Charles V in 1620 and 1522. He served 



1596) fq.v.], and a third, Anthony (d. 1593), 
was usher to Queen Elizabeth. 

[Letters and Papers off Henry VIII, vols. 



under his cousin, Charles Brandon, duke of ! i-xri. ; State Papers, Henry VIII, 11 vols.; 

Suffolk, in the campaign in France in 1523, ■ Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80 ; Addit. MSS. 

approved of Henry's religious changes, 26114 ffl 333. 344, 346. 27447 f. 77; Cotton, 

and officiated at the coronation of Anne and Ha^l. MSS. passim ; Nicolas s Proc. Privy 

Boleyn. He represented Suffolk in the * Re- Council, vol. vii.; Dasent's Acts P. C. vols, 

formation' parliament from 1529 to 1535, l;."'-! ^^- ?f™- °*LJ^r*^ ^t^^u*'''^^! 

but on 15 Dec. 1544 was returned for Hors- ^'^^) ^ ^®*^'?i ^f; ^^f"' f |^^ • J p^°- ^^ 

ham. He again served under Suff-olk during ^*^^%^A P?! ^2^ ?Vu ^^' *^. K^^^land Papers. 

4.1 -4.1, --? u IT c ico^ J ** PP- 32, 37. Wriothesleys Chron. ii. 27, 33, 

the northern rebellions of 1536, and was a ^^^^^^j^g connected with^the Prnyer-Book, edl 

commissioner for the dissolution of the p^cock. passim (all these in Camden Soc.); 

monasteries in Suffolk, receiving in 153/ Strvpe^s Works (General index) ; Goujsh's Index 

grants from the lands of Campsie Priory and, to Parker Soc. Publ. ; Davy's Suffolk Collec- 

in 1539, the priories of AVoodbridge and tions; Ellisj's Original Letters; Notes and 

Letheringham. In the latter year he be- Queries, 1st ser. passim ; Barkers Extinct Baro- 

came vice-chomberlain, captain of the guard, nets; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed. Archdall; and 

and member of the privy council, at which Powerscourt'sWingfield Muniments, 1894, which, 

he was a constant attendant for the rest of though *fiated* as correct by the College of 

his life. He was elected K.G. in April 1541. -Arms, con tains various errors.] A. F. P. 

His capacity as vice-chamberlain necessi- WINGFIELD, ANTHONY (1550?- 

tated his presence at the court functions of 1615 ?), reader in Greek to Queen Elizabeth, 

the time, and as captain of the guard he bom probably in or soon after 1550, was the 

arrested Cromwell at the council-board in third son of Richard Wing^field of Wantis- 

August 1540, and conducted Surrey to the den, Suffolk, by his wife Marv, younger 

Tower on 12 Dec. 1546. Henry VIII made sister of the famous * Bess of ilardwick,* 

him an assistant-executor of his will, and countess of Shrewsburv [see Talbot, Eliza- 

left him 1^00/. betuJ. SirAnthonyWingfield(1485?-1552) 

Under Edward VI he represented Suffolk [q. v.] was his grandfather, and Sir John 

in parliament from 26 Sept. 1547 till his Wingfield (d, 1596) [q. v.] was his brother, 

death, arrested Gardiner on 30 June 1548, He matriculated as a pensioner of Trinity 

joined in Warwick's conspiracy against College, Cambridge, in 1569, appears to have 

Somerset, and was despatched by the coun- been entered as a student of Gray's Inn in 

cil on 10 Oct. 1549 to arrest the Protector 1572, and was elected scholar of Trinity in 

at Windsor. This he effected on the morn- 1573. He graduated B.A. in 1573-4, was 

ing of the 11th, conveying Somerset to the elected fellow of his college in 1576, and 

Tower three days later. He was rewarded commenced M. A. in 1577. Possibly through 

by being promoted comptroller of the house- the influence of his uncle Anthony (</. 

hold on 2 Feb. 1549-50 in succession to 1593), usher to Queen Elizabeth, he was 

Paget, and in May 1551 was appointed joint appointed reader in Greek to the queen, 

lord lieutenant of Suffolk. He died at Sir On 16 March 1580-1 he was elected public 

^'ites s house in Bethnal Green on orator at Cambridge, and in 1582 he accom- 

">52, and was buried in great state panied Peregrine Bertie, lord Willoughby 



Wingfield 



1S3 



Wingfield 



de Erasbjr [q. v.], on Lis embaasy to Denmark, 
but in October of the sumo year lie was up- 
pomteil proctor at Cambridga. On il M&rcii 
1568-9 he wa-s granted leave of absence by 
his university on going abroad in tiie queens 
aervice, and on condition that lie supplied n 
deputj public orator; tbie post he rei^igned 
on 25 Sept. 1589. On 19 Jan. 1592-3 the 
archbishop of York wrote to the Earl of 
Shrewtburv promiBing- to ' take care that 
Anthony Wingfield «hall be returned a bur- 
gess for one of the towns belonging to the 
atxi' {Talbot MSS.I, fol. lo«), and in the fol- 
lowing month he was elected for liipon. 

Wingfield's relationship to Bess of tlard- 
wick makes it probable that he was ihe cor- 
respondent of the earls of Shrewsbury, whose 

•cripts in the Col legeof Arms (cf. MUt. MSS. 
Otanin. 13th Hep.^pp. ii. 21) ; and he n 
have been the Anthony Wing^eld who 
3S Jan. 1C94-5 became joint lessee of the 
prebends of Sutton, Bucldnf^ham, Uorton, 
and ICorley, all in Lincoln Cathedral (Cal. 
State Paprrt, Dom. 1595-7, p. 6). About 
(he end of Elizabeth's reign, through the in- 
finence ot the Countess of Shrewsbury or of 
her Bt«pson, William Cavendish (afterwards 
Bret Earl of Devonshire), to whom ^^'ing- 
field was related on his father's side, he was 
Bimointad tutor to Cavendish's two sons, 
WiUiiim (allerwards second Karl of Deron- 
■hire fq.v.J) and (Sir) Charles, the mathe- 
mAlicuin. About 160H Thomas llobbea[q. v.], 
the philosopher, succeeded to this position, 
and Wingfield drops out of notice, though 
he is mentioned in the 'Talbot Papers 'm 
1611 (X<uDoii, Illiatratioju, iii. -JSl-M). He 
probably died about 1616, leaving no issue, 
and being unmarried, unless he was the 
Anthony Wingfield who was licensed to 
many Anne Bird on 4 April 16T5(Chc9teii, 
Zondon Marriage Lkeneet, col. 1489J. 

Cooper {Athena Caniabr. ii. 448) suggests 
that Wingfield was author of • Pedantiua, 
Gomcedia dim Cantabrig. acta in Coll. Trin.' 
(London, 163], l2mo), on the inconclusive 
ground that it is generally assigned to ' M, 
Wingfield' (Hazlitt, Uandbook,-^. 660, Col- 
ketioiu, i. 459, iii. 190), while Anthony is 
the only Wingfield of Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge, who could have written it. There 
Menu to be more reason for attributing it to 
ThomasBeard [a.v.] Wingfield has Latin 
iMtere in'Epistolie AcademiiB'(ii.4tt8»qq.), 
La^n verses in the university collection on 
the death of Sir Philip Sidney, and an epi- 
sramon 'ThePeerContent,' which has often 
■ Seen printed (Lodge, lUuitratiotu, iii. 176). 
[ It la almost impossible to distinguish the 
f icholar with certainty from his uncle, two 



first cousins, two nephews, and several se- 
cond cousins (one .of whom was created a 
hnronet in 16l'7 and died in 1633), all of 
them named Anthony, and it is possible that 
the member for liipon was (Sir) Anthony 
Wingfield {d. 1605), who had previously sat 
for Uiford in 16"2, Dunwich in 1684 and 
1586, and SutTolk in 1588 iqmciai Return, 
i. 411. 415, 420, 425 ; cf. D'Ewes, J<mmal, 
p. 432 ; he was sheriff of Suffolk in 1597-8). 
The Anthony Wingfield who was employed 
with (Sir) William Waad [q.v.] in collecting 
evidence against Philip Howard, first eoA 
of ,\rundel [q. v.], was probablv the usher to 
Queen Elijabelb (Egerton Ms. 2074, ff . 9 
Bqq.) The Captain Anthony Wingfield who 
saw much service in the Netherlands, and 
went on the ex]>edition ta 1J)89 against 
Spain, of which he wrote an account (printed 
in HiKLTJYT, Voiages, 1599, 11. ii. 134-55, 
where he is styled ' colonel '), probably he- 
longed to a diiTerent branch of the family, 
the Wingfields of Portsmouth (cC AeU P. C. 
vol. xvi-xii. passim; Cal. State Piipers,Uoni, 
1591^, p. 405), 

[Davy's Suffolk CoUwtions, n.r. • Wingfield of 
CrowHold," io Brit. Mua, Addit. MS. 10156; 
Talbot MSS. in thn CoUege of Arms, H. f. 
167, I. {. IflB, L. ff. 364, 398, O. f. IU6, P. 
r. 1016; Coopar'a Athens Cantubr, 13.448,656; 
I^o'a IlluBtralions : Foster's Alumni Oxen. 
1S0(I-17H; PawBracourt's Wiaglieli! MudI- 
mFDtH, 1804.1 A. F. P. 

WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (A 

1600), colonist, bom about 1560, was the 
son of Thomas-Maria Wingfield of Stone- 
ley, IIuTilingdonahire, who married a lady 
named Kerrye of a Yorkshire family. He 
was grandson of Sir Richard Wingfield 
(1469P-1525) [q. v.] of Kimbolton Castle, 
lord deputy of Calais. Thomas was the son 
of Sir Ricuard Wingfield, and was godson 
of Cardinal Pole and Queen Mary, whence 
the second christian name, Maria, which sur- 
vived in the family for several genemtions. 

Bdwsrd served in Ireland and in the Low 
Oountries, and was one of those to whom 
the original patent of Virginia was granted 
on 10 April 1606. He alone among those 
patentees whose names are mentioned in 
the instrument sailed with the first party 
of colonists on New Year's dov 1607 [see 
Smith, Johh, 1580-1631]. The' list of the 
council was sealed up, to be opened aftar 
landing, Wingfield was among its members, 
and on 13 May was elected president. On 
27 May, while leading an eiploring parly, 
WinEDeld was ' shot clean through hia 
heard ' by an Indian, but escaped unhurt. 
He soon fell out with his colleagues, and o 
lOSept. 1607 was deposed. Soon after thi 



I 



J 



Wingfield 184 Wingfield 

he was sued by John Smith and another of • was appointed a oommissioner to treat with 
the party for slander, the case was tried by | the French ambassadors at Amiens. He 
the council and Wingfield was cast in heavy { died on 10 May 1481. His wife*s will, dated 
damages. Althouflrh a good soldier and an j 14 July 1497, was proved on 22 Dec 1500. 
honourable man, Wingfield seems to have i Humphrey was educated at Gray's Inn, 
been wholly unfitted for his poet. He was where he was elected Lent reader in 1517. 
evidently self-confident, pompous, and pufied ; He had been on the commission of the peace 
up by a sense of his own superior birth and both for Essex and Suffolk since 1609 at 
position, unable to co-operate with common least. Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk 
men and unfit to rule them. Moreover, as rq. v.], was a cousin of the Wingfields [see 
the Spanish government was known to be Wingfield, Sib Richard], Humphrey being 
bitterly hostUe to the colony and to be one of his trustees; and probably through 
plotting against it, those interested in the his influence Wingfield was introduced at 
undertaking were naturally distrustful of a court. In 1515 he was appointed chamber- 
Roman catholic. In April ItJOd Wingfield lain to Suffolk's wife Mary, queen of France, 
returned to England, lie appears to have and was apparently resident in her house, 
been living, unmarried, at Stoneley in On 28 May 1517 he was nominated upon' the 
Huntingdonshire in 1613. royal commission for inouiring into illegal 

Win^eld wrote a pamphlet entitled ' A inclosures in Suffolk (see Leadax, Domesday 
Discourse of Virginia/ This was a complete of InciomreSf 1897, i. 3). He appears to 
account of the proceedings of the colonists have acted in 1518, together with his eldest 
in Virginia from June 1607 till Wingfield s brother. Sir John Wingfield [see under 
departure. It is in the form of a journal, Wingfield, Sib Anthoxt], as a financial 
but is in all probability an amplification of agent between the government and the 
a rough diary kept at the time. Though Duke of Suffolk. On 6 Nov. 1520 he was 
cited by Purehas in the second edition of pricked high sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 
his ' Piipimes* (1614, p. 757), the work re- and on 14 Nov. was appointed a commis- 
mained in manuscript till it was discovered sioner of gaol delivery for Essex. In 1523 
in the Lambeth Library by the Rev. James and 1524 he was a commissioner of subsidy 
Anderson, author of the ' History of the for Suffolk and for the town of Ipswich. 
Church of England in the Colonies.* The On 26 June 1525 he was appointed a corn- 
discovery was made between the publication missioner of assize for Suffolk. On 5 Feb. 
of the first edition of Anderson's 'Ilistorv' 1526 he was a legal member of the king's 
in 1845 and that of the second in lSoi\. The council. He is mentioned in a letter dated 
manuscript was then edited by Dr. Charles 25 March 1527 as *in great favour with the 
Deane, the New England antiquary, and cardinal ; * and he took an active part in the 
published in the ' Archieologia Americana* establishment of the 'cardinal's college' at 
(1860, iv. 67-163\ a hundrt'd copies being Ipswich in September 1528. On 11. June 
also issued separately on large paper. . 1529 he was nominated by Wolsey one of a 

[WingPeld pedigree in the ViMtation of commission of twenty-one lawvers presided 
Huntingdonshire, ed. Ellis (Camd. See.) 1849, over by John Taylor (d. 15^) (q. v.] to hear 
p. 112; Lord Powerseimrt's Muniments of the cases in chancery, and on the following 
Ancient Family of Wingfield, 1894. pp, 5, 7 : 3 Nov. he was returned to parliament for 
Wingfield's own Discourse ; Smith's History of Great Yarmouth. 
Virginia; Cal. Sta?e Papers, Colonial, Amer.. ■ In 1530 the fall of Wolsey brought with 




^"^P* 'J ^' ^' ^' exemption of the college from the penalties 

WINGFIELD, Sir HUMPHREY (d. , of Wolsey's praemunire. On the other hand, 
1545), speaker of the House of Commons, he was nominated by the crown on 14 Julv 



was the twelfth son of Sir John Wingfield of 
Letheringham, Suffolk, by Elizabeth, daugh- 
ter of Sir John FitzLewis of West Homdon, 



1530 a commissioner to inquire into Wolsey *s 
possessions in Suffolk. In this capacity he, 
sitting with three other commissioners at 



Essex. Sir John Wingfield, the father of \ Woodbridge, Suffolk, returned a verdict on 
four daughters and twelve sons, of whom 1 19 Sept. that the college and its lands were 
Sir Richard (1469P-1525) and Sir llobert are j forfeited to the king. He was at the same 



noticed separately, had been sheriff of Norfolk 
and Suffolk in 1443-4 and again in 14()1. 
He was knighted by Edward IV in 1461, 
and made a privy councillor. In 1477 he 



time high steward of St. Mar}- Mettingham, 
another Suffolk college, and under-steward 
in Suffolk of the estates of St. Osyth, Essex. 
On 9 Feb. 1533 the commons presented 



Wingfield 



Wingfield 



I 



Wingiield to the king- om their speaker. Ac- 
cording to C'bapuvf, tlie kiiiR 'conferred on 
him the order olkuiglithciod' on this occnsion. 
He ie stjied ' Sir ' in a petition of this feur, 
and frequentlj aftemards, (bough, HCCor<li:ig 
to the list ID Metcalfti'R ' Book of Knights' 
(p. 71), be was not dubbed before 1537. 
During bis speakership were poseed the acta 
MTering ibe church of England from the 
Koman obedience and affirming the royal 
supremBCv. There can be little doubt tbat 
wingHel^waa in full sympalhy with Henry's 
policy. He appears to have received from 
thecrown a anlary of 100/. a year ' for atten- 
dance,' an addition, doubtless, to the ' wages' 
found by his cunslituencj. 

Parliament waa dissolved on 4 April l!>36. 
On tbe outbreak of the northern rebellion 
in 1636 Wingiield vks one of the SuDblk 

rtry upon whom tbe govemmenl relied 
aid. He justified CromweU's opinion of 
him by his leal to suppress the seditious in-j 
cit^menta of the friars and other disafl'ected 
ecclesiaatics. He was nominated in 103<^ a 
commissioner for the valuation of Ibe lands 
and goods of religious bouaes in Norfolk and 
Suffolk. For these services he was rewarded 
by a grant in tail mate, dnt^ed '29 June 1537, 
of tbe manors ofNetherhall andOverball in 
Dedbam, Essex, and all the lands in Ded- 



jungball in Slutton, SuBblk, and all lands 
there belonging to tbe late prioiy of Colne 
Comitis (Earls Ckilne) in Essex. According 
to a. letterwritten by him to Cromwell soon 
after Iliis grant he would, but for it, ' have 
lia^ to begin tbe world again,' having 'lost 
half his living by his wife's death.' On 
4 July lfiS8 he was nominated upon a special 
OODunission of oyer and terminer fortreasona 
in sis of the eastern counties. He was also 
commisaioned to survey the defensive points 
of the coast when in 1639 tbera were appre- 
ItenaioitH of an invasion. He was among tbi 
Imighta appointed to receive Anne of Olevei 
in January 1540. After tbe conviction o 
the Marquis of Eieter he received a grant of 
a lease of bis lands in Lalford Savs, Arde- 
legh, Colchester, and Mile- End, in tlssex and 
Suffolk. 

Wingfield died on 23 Oct. I.'i45 (Inij.poit 
tiwrtem, lA Jan. 15J(t), He married between 
1603 and 1513 Anne, daughter and heiress 
of SirJohn Wiseman of Essex, and widow of 
Gregory Adgore, Edgore, or Edgar, serjeant- 
at-law. His son and heir. Robert, married 
Bridget, daughter of Sir Thomas Partiffer, 
lent,, alderman and lord mavor of Ixindon in 
1530. His daughter Anne married Sir Alex- 
ander Newton. Wingfield's arms are still 



1 side of ^H 

Itorg and ^H 

I 



the fourth window on the north side of 
Gray's Inn Hall, 

[Brewer and Gairdner's Cal. of Leitorg and 
Papocs. For. sad Dom. Hen, VUI, vola. i-ivi, ; 
Metcalfs's Vioitation nf Saffblk (1882), ISSl p. 
80. 1612 p. 176: Visltntioa uf HDatiDgdonahirG, 
iai3 (Cxmdeu Soo. 1849) ; Anslis's Register of 
the Qanoc (1724). ii. Z30; Ludgoj Paerago of 
Ireland, ed. Arcbdall, 1789, v. 26S; ManDiog'a 
Lives of the 3poiikera (18511), pp. 177-82 ; Dou- 
thwaitfl's Uniy'a Idq (1886). pp. 47. 1:27. 131 ; 
Official Belum Momb. Pari,; PowerscoHrl'B 
WiDgGelJ MusiBiiintB.] I. S. L. 

WINGFIELD, Sib JOHN (rf. IBM), 
soldier, was the third son of Richard Wing- 
field of Wantisden in SuffiDlk, and Mary, 
daughter and coheiress of John Hardwick 
of Derby, sister of Eliiabelh (Talbot), (^rand- 
countess of Shrewsbury [<]. v.] (Visiiatin'i 
of Huntingdon, Camd, Soc. p. 120). His 
brother Anthony, reader in Greek to Queen. 
Elizabeth, is separately noticed. Having 
apparently for aome time previously served 
ae a volunteer against the Spaniards in 
Holland, be was appointed captain of foot 
in tbe expedition conducted thither by the 
Earl of Leicester in December 1685 {Cal. 
IMfiftd MSS. v. 2J0), and, being wounded 
in the action before Zutpben on 22 Sept. 
11)86 (i£. vi. 570), he was for his bravery (ai' J 
that occasion knighted by Leicester (Stow, I 
Amialt, p. 739). lie was one of the twelve " 
knigbts ' of his kindred and friends' that 
walked at the funeral of Sir Philip Sidney 
on 16 Feb. 1587, and, returning to ibe 
Netherlands, was appointed governor of 
Gertruydenberg. His position, owing to 
the jealousies existing between tbe English 
auxiliaries and tbe States, and the mutinous 
condition of the garrison for want of pay, 
was neither an easy nor an agreeable one. 
Nevertheless, with the assistance furnished 
bim by his brother-in-law. Peregrine Bertie, 
lord Willougbby de Eresby [q.v.], he managed 
to hold out successfully during 1588, and even 
to assist materially in forcing Parma to raise 
the siege of Bergen in November. But a 
rumour early in tbe following year that he 
intended to band over the place to the 
Spaniards bronght Maurice of Nassau before 
tbe town with a demand for its surrender. 
Wingfield indignantly denied the intended 
treason imputed to bim, offering to prove its 
falsehood with his sword against unv man 
and in any place whatever. Nevertheless, 
either because he bad not tbe will or tbe 
power to prevent it, Gertruydenberg was 
on 10 April 1'j89 delivered up to the 
Spaniards (Motlbt, United Netherlandt, ii, 
389, 517, iii, 97 ; MAKKIiAJf, FigAtiPff FfrMj'.l 
pp. 138-40). ■ 



Wingfield 



Wingfield 



Returning to England witli his wife and 
newly born child, Wiii|rtield served as mast tr 
Qf Ihe ordnance under Sir Jolin Norria 
(1547C-1697) [q. V,] in Brittany against 
the forces of tne league in 1691, and the 
following year he is mentioned as being in 
charge of the storehouse at Dieppe {Vat. 
Stale Paperi, Dom. 1591-4, pp. 57. -JIB). 
He was one of the committee appointed in 
1593 for conference touching the relief of 
poor maimed soldiers and mariners ( Hatfirld 
MSS. iv. 295) ; and in June 1506 be sailed 
on board the Vanguard, as camp-master with 
the ranlc of colonel, in the eipediiion under 
the Earl of Essex against CadiJi. After thu 
attadc on the Spanish fleet, in which be 
bore his share (Mabsiiam, Fiyhtiig Vfret, 
p. 327), he was oae of the first to enter the 
town ; but despising the warning of Sir 
Francis V'ere not to expose himself reck- 
lessly without his armour, hu was struck 
down by a shot in the market-place just 
when all resistance ceased (Cat. State 
Fapern, Dom. 1595-7, pp. 191, 249, 272; 
MotLEI, fniCret Nrtherlandi, iu. 364). He 
was buried with military honours in the 

frincipal church in Cadix (Cshdbx, AanaU, 
S15, ii. 119), and the folhiwing year tho 
?ueen pantud his widow an annuity of 
00/. (Cal. State Paprrx, Dom. 1595-7, p. 
454). Wingfield married, about lnS:i, 
Susan, sister of Peregrine Bertie, lord Wil- 
loughby de Eresby, and widow of Reginald 
Orey, fourth earl of Kent, bv whom he had 
one son, Petcgrine, born in Ilotlaud. 

[Authorities quoted ; Powrrscourt's Wingfield 
Munimeats, p. 30.] B. D. 

WINGFIELD, LEWIS STRANGE 
(1842-1891), IraveUer, actor, writer, and 
painter, tliird and youngest son of Richard 
Wingfield, sixth vIrco lint Power»court,bv his 
wife, lAdy Elizabeth Frances Charlotte, 
eldest daughter of Robert Jocelvn, second 
earl of Roden, was bom on 25 Feb. 1842, 
and educated at Eton and Bonn. He was 
intended for the army, which he relinquished 
only at the re(|uest of his mother, sub- 
sequently Marchioness of Londonderry, who 
knew the delicacy of his constitution and 
feared the risks of the profession. Of a re- 
markably adventurous disposition and vola- 
tile nature, he engaged in a strange and 
varied succession of pursuits, few of which 
were prosecuted long. On 21 Ang. 1865 he 
was at the Uaymarket Theatre Roderigo to 
the Othello of Ira Aldridge. (he lago of ; 
"Walter Montgomery, and the Deademona of ^ 
Madge Itoberlson (Mrs, Kendal). Hehadpre- i 
vioualy played in burlesque. Resides making 
many whimsical experiments, such as going 



lo the Derby as a negro minstrel, spending 
nights in workhouses end pauper lodgings, 
becoming attendant in a madhouse and in a 
prison, be travelled in rarioua parts of the 
east, and was one of the first Englishmen to 
journey in the interior of China. His first 
published work was ' Under the Palms in 
Algeria and Tunis,' 1868, 2 vols. During 
the Franco-German war he went to Puis, 
where he stayed through the aiege, attend- 
ing the wounded and qualifying as a surgeon. 
During the siege he communicated by balloon 
and otherwise with the ' Times,' the ' Daily 
Telegraph,' and other newspapers. After re- 
turning to London he went back to Paris 
immediately on hearing of the trouble with 
the commune, and remained there until its 
suppression bylheVersaiUestrwxps. Having 
taken a house. No. 8 Maida \'ale, with a 
large studio attached, he devoted himself to 

fainting, and became a member of the Royal 
libemian Academy, Between 1869 and 
1875 he exhibited Tour domestic scenes at 
the Royal Academy, and one at the Suffolk 
Street Gallery. He arranged during lus stay 
in Paris for a panorama of the siege tn bo 
exhibited in London, and forwarded to Eng- 
land designs executed by various French 
artists. The failure of an American financier 
brought the scheme to nothing. 

Afterabandoning painting, Wingfield took 
lo designing costumes for the theatres, and 
was responsible for the dressing of many 
Shakespearean revivals, including ' Romeo 
and JiUiet' at the Lyceum for Miss Mary 
Anderson, and 'Antony and Cleopatra' at 
(he Princess's for Mrs. Laugtry. For a time 
W'ingfield contributed theatrical criticisms 
to the 'Globe' newspaper, under the title 
' Whyte Ty^he." For Madame Modjeska he 
adapted Schiller's ' Mary St uart,' produced at 
the Court on 9 Oct. 1880. He also wrote 
some unacted dramas. He tempted fortune 
in many other forms of literature. ' Slippery 
Ground,' a novel in 3yols„ followed in 1878 ; 
'Lady Griztle: an Impression of a mo- 
mentous Epoch,' 1878, 3 vols. ; • My Lords of 
Strogue; a Chronicle of Ireland from the 
Convention to the Union,' 1879, 3 vols, i 'For 
Good or Evil ' appeared in ' Eros ; Four Tales,' 
vol. i. 1880; 'In Her Majesty's Keeping.' 
1880, 3vols.: 'Gehenna, orHavensof Unrest," 
1882, 3 vols.; '.\bigail Kowe: a Chrooiclu 
of the Itegency,' 1883, 3 vols. ; ' Notes on 
Civil Costume in England,' 1884, 1 vol.4to: 
' Barbara Philpot : a Study of Manners.' 
l8Se,8vols. ; ' Lovely Wang: aBitofChina,' 
1867, 12roo; 'The Curse of Koshia: a Ro- 
mance,' 1888, 8yo; 'Wanderingsof a Globe- 
trotter in the Far East," 1 889. &i-o ; and ' The 
Maid of Honour : aTale of the Dork Days of 



Wingfield 



187 



Wingfield 



Fmnc«,' 1891, 3 voU. Som« of the foregoing 
works Teacherl second editiona, Wingfield 
is also respODBible for ' Her English Dksb,' 
leetiirea issued bv the latemationnl Health 
Exhibition, 1881.' la the course of his travels 
he brought home many curios, the most im- 

Krtant ueing a life-size figure of a tnountetl 
pani^se soldier in armour, said to be imiqua 
in tHurope. WingSeld delighted in military- 
service, and whenever war seemed imminent 
applied to be attached ns war correspondent 
to the Btftfli a privile^ more than once granted 
him. After loining the English anny in the 
Soudan in 18&4, he was long in hospital in 
Egypt. From this illness Le never quite re- 
covered, lie look, for his bealtli, a voyage 
to Awstralio, from which he returned, as it 
teemed, fortified. He died, however, at 
14 Montague Place, London (whither he 
bad moved from Mecklenburgh Square), on 
12 Nov. 1891, and was buried in Kensal 
Green cemetery. He married, on IG June 
ISes.CeciliaEmraa.fourthdaujiliter and fifth 
child of John Wilson J'it^patrick, first baron 
Castletown. 

In everything hut his friendships Wing- 
field was eaprii:iDU9 and unstable, turning 
from one pursuit to another, and wearjing 
of everything, eicept writing, so soon as ha 
had mastered its dilticultLes. His work 
iioder the conditions is creditable, and though 
it was never held to show his bwt, probably 
did 10. His life was a sustained romance. 
In appearance be was slim anddelicalc-look- 
in^, and possessed a clenr complexion and a 
tiun and feminine but musical voice. 

[Persona! kaowledgs and coTHmuniFnteil m- 
fonnation; Timoe, 14 Nov. 1891; AtlmniEiiui, 
SI Nov. 1801 ; Grnvos'* Diet, of Arlisla. 1H06; 
Saott and Honard's Rlsnchord.] J. K. 

WINGFIELD, Sir mCHARD(146B?- 
1535), soldier and diplomatist, bom about 
1469, is vnti OH si V given as the tenth, eleventh, 
twelfth.and thirteenth eon of Sir John Wing- 
field of Letheringham, Suffolk, by Elizabeth, 
daaghter of Sir John FitiLewis of West 
Homdon, Essex [see Wingfield, Sir Uv«- 
rRHET]. Sir Robert Wingfield [q, v.] was bis 
elder brother. Cooper states that be was edu- 
cated at the university of Cambridge, though 
■t what college does not appear. A parage 
in a letter of 10 July 1516 suggests thai he 
sl^erwanls proceeded to the university of 
Ferrara. After the universitv he probably 
Studied law at Gray's Inn, in tlie windows of 
which hall his arms were in Dugdale's time 
twice blazoned (Oriff. Juriil. pp. 300. 307). 
According to Polydore Vergil lie was one of 
the commanders against the Cornish rebels 
in 1497. He was an esquire of the body 




). apparently 



adiploi 



at the meetingof Ilenrv VII with the Arch- 
duke Piiilip in IfiOO. On 10 March 1005 he 
arrived at Itomc on a pilgrimage, accom- 
panied by an illegitimate brother, Richard 
TIrry < Collect. Top. v. 68). Before 14 Nov. 
15II he was a knight, bein)^ on that data 
appointed marshal of Calais, i. 
ut' the castle there. His first app< 

^ WHS on 20 Dec. 151^ as junior 
with Sir Edward Poynings, 
John Yonge, master of the rolls, and Sir 
Thomas Boleyn, to arrange a holy league 
between The pope, England, Arnigon and 
Castille, Maxijallian.^ Prince Charles, and 
Margaret of Savoy. WingSeid with Poynings 
was despatched to the Netherlands [see 
PoTNiNos, Sib Edward]. From February 
to April I0I3 he resided at Malines, keeping' 
Wolsay informed from time to time of the 
state of the military preparations. The treaty 
providing for a joint invasion of France was 
eigned by the four commissioners at Valines 
on S April 1513. 

Wingfield then returned to hia post at 
Calais, and was appointed knight-marshal 
there. Un 16 May he was at Brussels, to 
which place he was probably despatched to 
further the suit of Charles Brandon, duke of 
Sufiolk [n. T.], for the hand of Margaret of 
Savoy (cl. Cotton. MS. Titus, B. 1 ; CAron. 
of Caktin, pp. 68-76). From Brussels he 
hastened back to report his mission to Henry, 

He was again at Brussels on 4 June, when 
he left for Antwerp to arrange for the passage 
of German mercensnes to Calais. These 
arrived on 18 June, probably under his com- 
□land (C4ro». 0/ Calaii.-p. 13^. His services 
were recognised byhis promotion to bejoint- 
deputv, or, as it had formerly been styled, 
captain of Calais, with Sir Gilbert Talbot on 
6 Aug. 1613 (ib. p. xx-iviii ; cf. art, WlKo- 
FiKLB, Sir Robert). The pay of the deputy- 
ship was 'JOil, per annum, and the deputy 
exercised general military jurisdiction excejM: 
over the coslle. On 19 Feb. 1514 he was one 
of the commiesiouern appointed ' to levy men 
for the king's army in the dominions of the 
emperor and the Prince of Castille.' But ho 
WHS soon entrusted with a more delicate mis- 
sion, beingsent in June to Margaret of Savoy 
with the ostensible object of concludinp 
arrangements for the marriage of the king% 
sister Mary with Prince Charles (afterwanls 
Charles V). Overtures for the hand of the 
English princess had, however, already been 
made by Lauis XII. By 27 June the rumour 
bad reached the Netherlands. Un 11 Sept. 
Henry sent his excuses, but Margoret's vexa- 
tion made Wingfield's situation intolerable, 
and he sent urgent requests for recall. 
desire was not granted until on 14 Jan. 1616. 



I 



I 

Is 

II 
1 



Wingfield 



Wingfield 



t«mi Awgndited wiili the Duke of Suffolk 
■Sd NWImIM Wesl [q.v.] on B Hpecial em- 
buiyto n«lUMto coDgratulnte Francia I on 
his ftocesaion. It was on tbia occoaion that 
Suffolk marrirf the French qiiesn (widow 
of Louis XII), but that step was known to 
neither of bis brother envoys. 

Wingfield sccompanied Maty of France 
jiom CalftiB to England on 2 May (Lelten 
and Paperi, iii, 4406; Chron. o/'Calau,^. 
IT), perhaps to press his claim to exemption 
from the act just passed resuming rojal 
grants. The claim was not allowed, but he 
remained at Calua, apparently discharging 
his former duties, and sppnars to have been 
the ' master deputy ' instructed to report on 
the French naval preparations in August 
1515. About the same time he wssiiistructed 
by Henry, in a despatch addressed to him as 
' deputy of Calais,' toproceed on a fresh mis- 
aion to Francis I. He was directed among 
other matters to advance the project of an 
interview between the two sovereigns, and 
to pave the way for overtures for the surren- 
der of Toumay. He was back at Calais in 
September. Hewasbvnomeansasubservient 
o&cial, for he more than once refused to exe- 
cute orders he judged prejudicial to Calais 
until after reconsideration by the king. 

In June 1516 Wingfield, with Cuthbert 
Titnatall [q. v.], was again accredited to the 
court of Tlrussela. Charlea had on S3 Jan. 
succeeded to the crown of CastiUe, and Henry 
was aniious to secure his friendshiji, Win^ 
field was commissioned to invite him to visit 
EDgland on his way from the Netherlands 
to Spain, and to ofier him a loan of 20,000 
marks (13,333/. Bt. 8if.) towards his expenses. 
The offer was declined, and on 1 Sept. Wing- 
field returned to Calais, resuming his functions 

05 deputy and as continental intelligencer to 
Wolsey. On 3S Aug, he was appointed com- 
missioner to sit at Calais on 1 Sept. 1617 and 
adjudicate the disputes between English and 
French merchants. On 5 May and again on 

6 Nov. 1518 Wingfield was nominated, to- 
gether with the treasurer and secretary of 
Calais, to receive payment of instalments of 
50,000 francs each due to Henry under the 
convention with Louis XII on his marriage 
with the Princess Mary. On 4 March 1519 
Wingfield received a gmnt in tail male of the 
reversion of the manors of Donyngton, Cre- 
iTngham, Olopton Halle, and Ilkettyshall, 
:^iif)oUt,upon the death of Elixnbeth, countess 
of Oxford. Before 15 Sloy he resigned his 
post as deputy of Calais, receiving a grant of 
200/. a year 'for life. On the 25th he left 
Calais ' most honourably spoken of by all 
there,' amid the ' weeping eyes' of the in- 
habitants. He proceeded to Montreiul, pro- 



bably t 



confer with the French commis- 
to the meeting of the two kings. 
Un Ills return to England he was one of chs^ 
four 'sad and ancient knights 'placed by tl 
council in the king's privy chamber with ll 
duly of checking his extravagance (Hall,b 
J398). Ha was also appointed, with a 
Edward Belknap and Str John Cutte, an h 
spector of ordnance. 

Wingfield's high favour with the i 
who designated him one of his ' trusty m 
near faradiars,' led to bis appointment eu 
in 1520 as successor to Sir Thomas Bolejj 
the English amhai>sador at the court < 
France. His salarywas fixed at l/.aday. B-_ 
left England on 4 Feb. Hia despafch to 
Wolsey, giving an account of his reception by 
Francis I at Cognac, is datedSMarcu. The 
arrangements for the projected interview be- 
tween Henry and Francia were incorporatad 
in a treaty which Wingfield negotiated by 
means of constant personal interviews with 
Francis. At the Field of the Cloth of Gold 
(7 June) Wingfield rode as a knight of the 
king's chamber. When Francis grew sus- 
picioiiB of the purport of the subsequent in- 
l«rview between Henry and the emperor at 
Oravelines (5 July), Wingfield employed all 
his diplomacy to keep him in good humour, 
protesting on his knees by his bedside for a& 
hour at a time the devotion of Henry and 
Wolsey to his person and his interest. Frknoia, 
who had vainly hoped to be admitted totiar> 
ticipate in the meeting, rivalled Wingfield 
in the extravagance of his assurances. Id 
August Wingfield received permission to re- 
turn home on privateaffairs, but before doing 
so was instructed, together with Jemingham, 
hia successor, to communicate to Francis 
Henry's version of the overtures made by 
Chievres at Gravelines to detach him from 
the French alliance. Ho was now employed, 
as before, in the inspection of militarystores. 
On 10 Jan. 1521 he and Sir Weston Browne 
reported on the armament of the king's great 
ship, the Henry Grace h Dieii. 

In the spring of 1521 Wingfield was se- 
lected to act as Henry VIH's representative 
in mediating between Francis and Charles V. 
His instructions were to urge on Charles the 
impolicy of war and the advantages of Eng- 
land's mediation. Wingfield ortived at 
Worms at the close of ^lay, and obtained 
the emperor's consent to Henry's mediation. 
But on 1 June he wrot« from Sloyence Ihat 
Charles had just heard of the invasion of 
Navarre by the French, and demanded ' such 
aid as was secured by the treaties between' 
Henry and himself. At the end of a foit^ 
night Charles's passion on account of tbrifl 
French invasion had had time to cool, andoi' 



Wingfield 



Wingfield 



1-5 June Wio^Geld wrote from Brussels that 
Charles TCciuld ni^cept mediatinu proviiled n^ 
eticutionweremnde. On'2J June the eraveror 
requestedWingHeld torelumtoEnKlainlauJ 
preeenttoH.enrj'a memorial of Ills case ngainul 
Frsncis. It is apparent from the enpt^ror'a 
Languare IhatWiuffHeld had tngraliateJ htm- 
RelfVim him m successfully as he had done 
with Francis I and Louise of France. He 
]eh Brunaela on 22 June. But a few days 
■ftei his return to England two envoys from 
the emperor STTived with the intelligence that 
Charles had reverted to his first mind and 
daiined Henrj'a aid in active hostilities 
•ninst the French. Wolsey remarked that 
' Wingfield'* despatch disagreed with their 
diarge,' and resolved to send Wingfield bach 
again to persuade Charles to a more paciGc 
tomper. wingfield arrived at Antwerp on 
10 Julj 1521, accompanied by the emperor's 
two envoys, and found Charles still bent on 
•n InraMon of France, and still insisting on 
the active aid of England. By 2ii July Wing- 
&ldseemslohavebecomeaivarethat Wolsey 's 
>t intention was to cajole Francis, and 
prepare to act with the emperor. Towards 
the end of October Wolsey sent Sir Thomas 
Botevn and Sir Thomas Docwra to Charles to 
■olicit him to enter into a truce with France ; 
they were instructed to take Win gfi eld's ad- 
vice on the method of executing their mission. 
The three ambassadors followed the emperor 
to Courtrai on 24 Oct. In the same month 
Knight was appointed to succeed ^^'inglleld, 
but the latter still remained at Oudenarde 
with his two colleagues, wrestling with the 
emperor'a obstinate refusals of truce, and 
■writing almost dailv despatches to Wolsey, 
Trho was determined not to let him go until 
some conclusion was brought to the negotia- 
tions. About 16 Dec. Wingfield and Spinelly, 
, who acted as his colleague after the departure 
of Boleyn and Docwra on 17 Nov., accom- 

rnied the emperor to Ghent. At last, on 
Jan. 1523, the emperor himself requested 
Wingfield to leave at once for England upon 
a diplomatic mission. Wingfield replied, as 
Ite bad done on the similar occasion in the 
previous June, that for him to leave his post 
withontHenry's permission would bea breach 
of rule ; but, as before, he consented, Charles 
explaining to Henry the circumstances of the 
case. Charles further requested Wolsey to 
lestow the Garter upon Wingfield, and 
announced his intention of pensioning him. 
Wingfield's promotion to the Garter took 
place in the following year (Akbtis, ii. 232). 
He returned toAntwerp on 4 May 1632, with 
instruct ions to persuade the emperor to accept 
fVolsey's offer of mediation. He was also to 
■arrange for the emperor's visit to England on 



bis wnytoSpain, Wingfieldprobnblyaccon 

fanied Charles, who reached l»overon i'6 May 
^■2->. His services were now emploved by 
Henry upon a commission under the Earl of 
Surrey, lord hijjb admiral, for recruiting the 
royal navy by imprenaing ships of the mer- 
chant service and certain Venetian vessels to 
act as convoy for the emperor's voyage to 
Spain. Ho also accompained the fleet which 
burnt Morlaix and the English army on ita 
incursion into France. At the end of 1523 
Wingfield probably returned to England 
with Sufi'olk and the principal military o 

Wingfield utilised the opportunity of his 
return to claim and receive rewards for his 
services. On 20 Nov. 15*2 he was granted 
the castle and manor of Kimbolton, and on 
1 Sept. 1623 the neighbouring manor of 
Swyneshede, lands in Swyneshede and Tyl- 
brook.Huntingdonshire, the manor of Harde- 
wyke.and lands inHBrdewyke,Overdene, and 
Netherdene, Bedfordshire, also forming part 
of the late Duke of Buckingham's forfeitwl 
estates. At Kimbolton he built ' new fair 
lodgings and galleries ' (Lblakd, Itla. v. 2). 
I.)n 14 April lr>:J4 he was made chancellor of 
the duchy of Lancaster. In the course of the 
years 1523-4 he was nominated upon the 
commission of the peace for no fewer than 
twenty-five southern and midland counties. 
Wingfield had, according to his friend Hugh 
Latimer, 'a regard for literary men.' Ontta 
death (25 May 1524) of Sir Thomas LoveU 
rq.v.],hiBrhsteward of the university of Cam- 
bridge, Wingfield solicited Henry's influence 
to procure him thepost. The university had 

Eromised it to Sir Thomas More, but at the 
ing's instance More withdrew his candida- 
t ure and Wingfield was appointed. ' Who,' 
wrote Latimer to Dr. Grene, master of St, 
Catharine's, ' has more influence with the 
king thon Wingfield F" 

On 24 Feb. 1525 Francis I was defeated 
and captured at the battle of Pavia, At 
the end of March Wingfield and Tunslall 
were despatched by Henry to Spain [see 
under Tithstall, CuthbestI. During this 
embassy Wingfield died at Toledo on 22july 
1626 (/nj, pott mortem), and was buried by 
his own request at the church of the friars 
obseri-ants, San Juan de los Heyes. 

Win^eld married, as her third husband, 
Kathenne, daughter of Kichard Woodviie, 
earl Rivers [q^, v.], widow of Henry Sf afibrd, 
duke of Buckmgbam [q. v.], and afterwarda 
of Jasper Tudor, duke of Bedford [q. t,1 
This double connection with the king 
accounts for the confidence reposed in him. 
The marriage also supported bis claims to 
share in the forfeited Buckingham estates. 



I 



i 



Wingfield 



190 



Wingfield 



The duchess died some time before 1 
Wingfleld's second wife was Bridget, daugh- 
ter and heiress of Sir John VViltBuira, comp- 
troller of Calais. He hsid no children hj the 
ducheea; by hie second wife be left four 
SODS luid four dougbterB. The ' In^uisitiones 
post mortem ' found th&t at the time of Sir 
, Iticbard's death his eldest eon Charles was 
twelve years old ; he obtained livery of bis 
lands on U July 1535. Sir Richard's will 
is preserved in the prerogative routt of Can- 
terbury, and is dated G April !6^5. His coat 
of arms ia engraved in Atistis (ii. 235). At 
the time of his death ho must have been at 
least Hfty-six years of age (see Hall, CAnm. 

5. 699). His widow married Sir Nicholas 
iervey (Collins, ed. BryJges, iv. 145). 
[Slate Papers (11 vols. 1 830-62). vols. i. ri. ; 
Brewer's Cal. of Lattsrs aud Papers, Foreign 
and Domettio, Henry VIII, vdIb. i-lv. ; Oiirt!- 
Qer's Letters and lepers of Richard III and 
Hanry VII, 1863. 2 vols. (KolU 8er.) ; Anetii'a 
Begiator of the GaHar, 172J, ii. 230-i; HaU'a 
Chron. IS'JS; Visitation of HuntingdoDshire 
<Camd. Soc.), 1849; Metcalfe's VisitationB of 
Suffolk, IS82 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. 
Afchdall, 1789.yoi. v.; Itntland Papara (Camd. 
Soc.), 1843 ; Chron. of CalaislCamd.Soc), 184S ; 
Polydore Vargil, Biiala, 1670; ElliaB OripiQal 
Letters, 1826; Fiddea's Lifa of Cardinnl IVoIsey. 
1726 i Morant'a Hist, of Essei. 1768 ; Cooper's 
Athens Cantabrigi easts ; Hasted's Kent, vol, i.; 
Dugdale's Origines Juridicisles, 16BU: Powcis- 
caart's Wingfield UnnimGnU.] L 3. L. 

WINGFIELD, Sir RICHARD, first 
ViBCOUST I'owBRScotTKT (d. 1034), was the 

elder son of 8ir Richard Wingfield, governor 
of Portsmouth in the rtign of Eliiabeth (who, 
in turn, was the son of Lr'lovic, ninth son 
of ^r John Win^Geld of Letbertngham in 



of Sir William Fitiwilliam, lord-deputy of 
Ireland {VUitation uf lluatingdun, Camden 
8oc. p. 129). 
Trained up from his youth to the profes- 



william, in Ireland. For some years (1580- 
1586?) he held the post of deputy to the 
vice-treasurer of Ireland, Sir Henry Wallop. 
On 9 May 1684 he was specially appointed 
' to make enquiry during sue years ... of all 
bishops and other spiritual necsous who have 
obtained any benefice without poying the 
first-fruits since the second vear of the queen, 
and to compouud or proceed against ihem or 
their executors . . . retaining half the profits 
for himself {Cal. Fianti, Eliz. No. 4378 ; cf. 
Ca/.5(a((! P«/ifr3,Irel.Elii.iii.340,403). He 
offered himself unsuccessfully as on under- 



taker for lands in the plantation of Munster 
in 1586, and, quitting I relaad oppnrentlv in 
this year.served for some time underSir John 
Norris (1547 P-1507) [q. v.] in the Nether- 
lands. In' 1669 he took part in the expedi- 
tion to Portugal, and, in 1391 accompanied 
Norris into BritWny to assist Henry IV 
against the farces of the league, returning 
in December with despatches to England 
{ei. A Journal 'if the Service in France agaiail 
the Leagufn, 1591, pp. 126, 131; Behw 
MSS. i. 291). Coming again to Ireland In 
159^, he was wounded in the elbow during 
a skirmish with Tyrone's forces betweeu 
Armagh and Newry on 4 Sept., in cousp- 

Sjuence of whieh he was invalided and sl- 
owed to retire to England (Cal. State 
Paperi, Irel. Eliz. v. 382, 438), being before 
his departure knighted by the lord-dopmy, 
Sir 'William Russell, in Christ Church, on 
9 Nov. {Cat. Carew iUSS. iii. 238). Re- 
coverinic shortly from bis wound, he took 
part, with the rank of colonel, in the ex- 
pedition against Cadiz, under the Earl of 
Essex, in June 1596 (Cal. State Paotrs.Iloa. 
1595-7, pp. 321,275). 

Wingfield returned lo Ireland apparentlv 
in 1000 with Lord-deputy Mountjoy. On 
29 March in that year he was appointed mar- 
shal of the army in succession to Sir Richard 
Bingham, and at the same time admitted a 
member of the privy conncil (Uorrik, Cal. 
Patent ItolU, ii. 570). He took part that 
year in the campaign in Ulster (Cal. Carew 
MSS. iii. 465), and was present the year 
following at the siege of E^naale. He was 
confirmed in his office of marshal by James I, 
and having in July 1008 been instrumeDIsl 
in suppressing the rising of Sir Cahir O'Do- 
glierty [q. v.] by killing that chieftain, he 
was rewarded on 29 June 1609 by a grant 
of the district of Fereullen in co. Wioklow, 
erected into the manor of Powerscourt on 
35 May 1611. As a servitor in the planta- 
tion of Ulster he obtained two thousand 
acres of land in the precinct of Dungannon, 
CO. Tyrone, called the manor of Benburb; 
and from Pynnar'a 'Survey' (Hakkis, Hi- 
bemica,\.'i\\), it appears that he did bis 
duly in planting ana building. He repre- 
sented Oownpatrick in the parliament ot^ 
1013, taking a prominent part in the ec 
tested election of Sir John Davies (I5( 
1026) [q. v.] as speaker; and in tlus 
year be obtained a grant of lands in the 

Elantation of WeifoS, in the neiebbour- 
ood of Arklow, afterwards erected into the 
manor of 'Wingfield. In March the follow- 
ing year he was associated with Thomas 
Jonua, archbishop of Dablin, ia the govern- 
ment of Ireland during the temporary ab- 



Wingfield 



191 



Wingfield 



.f Lord Ohicheaier ( Cat. State Pa/,er>, 
ttB. I, iv. 470), and on 1 Feb. Ifil9 
Mtent 10 Feb.) he wbb created viscount 
Werscourt. In feference to tbia dignity 
iwaberlfuu wrote to Carleton on 6 Feb. : 
Sir llichai^lWinirfield, though eighty-eight 
MIS old and chitdleas, has given Lord Hod- 
ingloa S,000/. foron Irish viicountC7'(Ca/. 
t4iterapfn, Dom. 1619-23, p. 11). Pro- 
•lilj ei(!ht-«ight is a miBtalie for sixty- 
ight, otfaervira Wingfield muet have lived 
D the age of a hundred and three. On 
OSepl. 1319 he was appointed a commi»- 
iener for the plantittion of London! and 
Qy O'Carroll, and was ngnin lord justice on 
be retirement of Lord Urandi»oti in May 
822 (Cal. Stale Papen, Icel. Jas. I, v. 360). 
Win^eld died on 9 Sept. 16S4, and bav- 
ag no issue by hia -wife Elizabeth, widow 
I Edward, lord Cromwell of Oakham in 
Jutland, was succeeded in the estate (the 
itia becoming extinct) by hia coiuin. Sir 
Hwsrd Wingfield, son of Hichai 



.nofQe. 



W:^. 



third w 



I of Lodovic. 



Portraits of Wingiield and hU wife, by 
lomelius JaTiasen(P), are preserved at 
hwerscourt, That of Wingfield represents 
lim wearing a scarf, in connection with 
rhich there la a family tradition bow on re- 
nming to England in 159S, and being asked 
ly Queen EHzabethwhat he expected as his 
ard, he replied, 'The scarf which your 
i^esty wears round your neck will be suf- 

' It reward for me. 

ILodge's PwragB, ed. Archdall, v. 288-72; 
hTsrscovrt'a^'iiigGetdMuiiiinauts.pp. :t8-9(not 
Iwaja accnlats), and a^th^^ili'■a qnotod. There 
t a nnmber bf WingllBld's lellurs in the Cecil 
Imspondeaee preserved at Batfield Houm. and 
fcer refrrcnecs itre Webb'sCompMidiuni of Irish 
feftrapby; Meehan's Pnte and Forlunfs of thd 
bIs of Tyrouo nnd Tyrconnat : Hist. MS9. 
Bmm. Tth Rep. p. 6aa, 8th Rep. p. 397.] 

R. D. 

WINGFIELD, SiK KOBERT (1464?- 
W9), diplomatist, born about l-ll}4,was the 
TentJison of Sir JohnWinfifield of Lelher- 
(hatn, SuSblk. Hi? brothers Sir Humphrey 
d Sir Richard (1409.''-iri26) are separately 
^_ticed. He was broufrht iip by Anne, 
idy Scrope,. his stepmother (Blomspield, 
n^A^i, 1. 321). lie first rose to favour 
~ * r ETeoiy VIl, to whose aid he came, 
her vrilb bis brother Richard, against 
i Comiah rebels in 1497 (Obaptoh, CArvn. 
f SrS; PoLTBORB VEKOIt, p. 760). On 
'HanJi IftOS be arrived at Rome on a piU 
nage (CclUct. Top. v. 66). He was em- 
loyed by Heorv VII on a mission to the 
Imperor Maiimilian before 1508, in January 
if which year he is mentioned aa returning 



lo England (BBBNiRD Akub. p. 108). On 
2 July 1509 he is mentioned as a knight, the 
occasion being a graut to him by Henry VIII 
of a rent of 20/. from the castle and town of 
Orford and the manor of Orford, and of the 



patronage of the 
being part of the 



of the August in 



forloi' 



styled 



fallowed, and o 

'councillor and knight of the body.' 

In the same month Wingfield was Aaa- 
patched again on n mission to Jlasimilian, 
and in August following he and Silvester de 
Giglis [q. v.], bishop of Worcester, were 
nominated ambassadors to a council con- 
voked by Julius II at the Lateran. The 
ultimate intention of the pope was to form 
a 'holy league' against France, to which 
Henry signified his adhesion on 17 Nov. 
The council was not actually opened till 
May 1513(CRBi8HroN,iv.l50). Wingfield 
remained with the emperor at Brussels and 
elsewhere, and does not appear to have at- 
tended its sittings. On SO Sept. Maximilian, 
hearing: that Julius U was ill, appointed 
Wingfield and the bishop of Gurk his envoys 
to support the candidature of his nominee at 
Rome i but, eiasperaled at being left without 
means, Wiugfield unceremoniously disap- 
peared from the court of Brussels, ostensibly 

^ on a pilgrimaffe, but in reality to join bis 
brother Sir Uicuard at Calais. Meanwhile he 
had been ordered to repair to the emperor, 
then in Germany, and on 9 March 1618 he 

I waa at the imperial court at Worms. On 
18 April 1-^13 he was agsiu at Brussels, 
whence he was on that day despatched 
back to the emperor at Augsburg to secure 
his adhesion to Kenry VIII's scheme of a 
generol confederacy against France. Aa 
a reward for his services be had already 
(14 July) received a joint grant in survivor- 
ship with his brother Sir Richard of the office 
of marshal of the town and marches of CaloiH. 
During the early autumn of 1613 he paid a 
brief visit to England, but in May Idl4 be 
was at \'ienna, whence be despatched re- 
peated hut generally vain appeals for money 
and for Jiis recall. The success of the 
French arms in Italy in 1515 had, however, 
aroused the jealous resentment of Henry, 
who became yet more eager to unite Maxi- 
milian in a confederacy against France. 
Maximilian on his part was ready to sell 
himself to the highest bidder, whiloWing- 
field, with whom hatred of the French was a 
master passion, was always persuaded that 
the emperor was devoted to the English in- 
terest. \\'olaey, perceiving that the ambas- 
sador was duped by Maximilian, sent Ri- 
chard I'ftce [q. v.] to act aa a check upon 



_fc l_ 



Wingfield 



191 



Wingfield 



■WingfielU's credalous indigcrelion. An 
acTirooniouH oorrespoudence ensued between 
Wolser and Wingneld. Pace, too, ridiculed 
SvingBeld'! credulity, n circuniMtnce which 
Wingfield discovered by opening Pace's cor- 
re«pondeni« during tbc> latt^fg illnit»g. He 
&1m feigned Pace's signature and neal to arc- 
ceipt lor money Bent to Pace, by which 
devicn Ue obtained «ole control of its distri- 
bution. He was perhaps reckoning for con- 
donation of this audacious act on a splendid 
ofier whicb the euperur commissioned him 
to lay before Ilenrv. This was the crea- 
'' 1 of Henry as fiuke of Milan and the 



to plunder the 
Pace's insight 



resignation of tb« empire 
Maximilian's real intention 
Bupplies from Henry and 
ducUy of Milan in bis name. 

frevented Henry falling 
lenry in reply refused to provide any more 
money, and expressed his diajdeasiire with 
Wingfield for naming advanced sixty thou- 
sand llorins to the emperor on his own re- 
sponsibility. In the summer of 1516 Henry 
himself wrote to Wingfield an extraordinary 
letter of censure upon his credulous coaK- 
dence in the emperor and his ' envy and 
malice ' towards Pace, wbom bo had accust-d 
of betraying the secret of Maximilian's oO'er. 
A treaty was, however, drawn up between 
Henry and the emperor, dated 20 Oct. 1516, 
providing, inter alia, for the advance of forty 
thousand crowns bj" Henry, in return for the 
offer of the imperial crown, to be formally 
made by Wingfield and the cardinal of Sion. 
Wingtield received the emperor's oath on 
8 Dec. 1516 with much self-gratulation on 
his success. Yet the ink was scarcely dir 
when Wingfield heard rumours that Maxi- 
milian had secretly subscribed to the ob- 
noxious treaty of Noyon. 

Wolsey, however, continued to employ 
Wingfield, and despatched him, together 
with Tuustall and the Earl of Worcester, to 
Brvissels to negotiate with Charles (after- 
wards Charlei V) a policy favourable to 
English interesta. The mission succeeded 
in obtaining from Charles on 11 May 1617 a 
raliScation of Henry's treaty with the em- 

Eror of the previous October. Winglield 
't Brussels on 16 March to return to the 
imperial court, then in the Netherlands. 
On 5 June, having received instructions from 
Henry to follow Maximilian back to Ger- 
many, WingHeld wrote to the king a point- 
blauK refusal. He was unpaid, his servants 
refused to remain with him, and be was 
under vows to make pilgrimages in England. 
^ On 18 Aug. he n-ns at Wenhara Hall, Suffolk. 
Exasperation and gout bad made him reck- 
less. ' Infamy,' ho wrote to Wolsey, ' would 



hang over' the king and cardinal if a 
merchant who had adraneed money on his 
guarantee as ambassador were not satislied. 
The arrears of Wingfield'a salary, amounting 
to 224/. for seven weeks, were paid in the 
following December. 

During the next two and a half year* 
Wing+ield appears to have remained in re- 
tirement in bngland. The first sign of tha 
king's returning favour is a grant, in which 
he is recited to be ' a king's councillor,' of 
an annuity of a hundred marks out of the 
tonnage and poundage in the port of Lnn- 
don, on 14 Aug. ISIH. In November 16M 
, he vacated his post of joint-deputy of Calais 
( CAroa. uf Calaii, p. iixviii), and apparentlv 
in December 1 521 was appointed ambassador 
at Charles V's court. He was now not 
only a king's councillor but ' of the privy 
council ' and vice-chamberlain. He arrived 
at Brussels on 8 Feb. 1521-2. He ap- 
parently accompanied Charles to England 
m July. But on 11 .\ng. he again crossed 
the Channel as an ambassador, on this oc- 
casion to the court of Margaret of ^voy at 
Brussels. His instructions were to induce 
Margaret to lend active assistance to the pro- 
jected operations of Charles and Henry 
against France. He returned to England 
in May 1523, but in August was appointed 
to a command in the Uuke of SuftblV^ armv 
for the invasion of France. He seems to 
have taken no part in the campaign, re- 
maining apparently in Calais, of the castle 
of which lie was appointed lieutenant by 
the infiuence of Wolsev. 

After the battle of Pavia (33 Feb. ISSS) 
preparations were made by Henry for an 
invasion of France. Wingfield was nomi- 
nated (11 April) upon the council of -war 
under the Duke of Norfolk, and was at the 
despatched, together witi Sir 
zwlltiam, to the court of Briiuels 
to concert measures with the regent of the 
Netherlands. Aseries of evasive negotiations 
followed, and when Henry's projects of a 
joint invasion of France had given place to 
on alliance wiih that power (30 Aug.), it 
fell to Wingfield to extenuate the change of 
policy by dilating on the necessity of in- 
ternational peace for the extirpation of 
Lutheranism, the spread of which gave him 
great concern. In May 1526 he returned to 
Calais, of which place he was appointed 
deputy on 1 tJct. 1526. He appears to have 
remodelled the municipality by introducing 
into it, as the tepresentatives of the crown, 
the military officers who supervised its de- 
fences ; this oligarchical ch,.uge was rnadu 
on instructions from home, and subsequentlv 
led to much dissatisfaction, into whicK 



Willia. 



Wingfield 



193 



Wiiigham 



"WiDgfield ysoi in 1533 oue of the 
rioners appointed to inquire. In the nuti 
ftml winter of 1S30~1 lie largely added to 
defences. Hia Biicceseor, Lord ilemerfi, 
•ppoinled deputy of Calais on S7 Mnrch 
1531 upon lue t-erms that he should pny 
Wingfield a hundred marks yearly during 
his I«i)ure of office. He continued to residi 
in Calsin, of which he became mayor ii 
1534. He had a valuable property in thi 
outskirts of the town, four thouGand acre* 
in extent, which he hud rented of the crowc 
■ince 1530 for 20/. per annum. It imd been 
& marsh, which Wingfield drained, thereby 
impuring the defences of the town. Upon 
the adverse report of a commission on the 
nutter, the houses WioKfieid had built were 
destroyed and the sea let in. Wingfleld's 
grievance ngninst Lord Lisle, who had suc- 
ceeded Bemera as deputy, culminated in a 
quarrel in December 1535 as to the rela- 
tive nglits of the mayor and deputy. The 
king stipported Lislf, and Wingfield was 
threat«ned with expulsion from the council. 
This was followed iu July 153S by the intro- 
duction of a hill into parliament for the re- 
vocation ofWingfield's(frant. The bill passed 
the commons, but with difficulty, and was 
withdrawn, Wingfield heiiifj persuaded to 
mirrendcr bis patent to the king on 25 July. 
In return for this, and as a very inadeouate 
oompeosation for his losses, Wingfield re- 
ceived a grant on 1 Feb. 1537 of lands in the 
', BeigbbourbDodof Giiisnes of theyearly rental 
■•nlue of 56/. Wingfield, however, now 
K'teought an action at Guisnes ngaiust the 
Kudnor officials concerned in the destruction 
■■of his property. Lisle stayed the proceed- 
B^faga, and Wingfield retaliated by procuring 
nbe election of Lisle s enemy. Lord Edmund 
rBoward, as mayor of Calais. Howard was, 
ho«evBr,displacBd,and Wingfield in January 
1638 renewed his action before the courts at 
Wentminster. 

Wingfield died on 18 Mar^^h 1539. His 

will, dated 25 Marcli 1538, was proved on 

L 13 Nov. 1»39. Its provisions are set out in 

fcftjistis (ii. 229). He married Joan, widow 

tS Thomas Clinton, lord Clinton and Say, 

who survived him, hut left no issue. 

WinKfield's credulity, pedantry, pride, and 

*oiitenl4oiiane&8 ere grapnically described by 

He was, like his brothers, a man of 

Inperior education and proficient in Prencli 

tn well as in Oemian. He is lai J by Anstis 

I to have caused to be printed at Louvain about 

^1613 a book entitled ' Difieeptatio super 

Tligniiate et magnitudine Regaorum Britan- 

nici etOallici liMiita ab utriuaqLieOratoribuB 

-A Legatis in Concilio Constantiensi.' He 

was patron of the college of Ifushworth or 

VOL. LXll. 



Rush ford, Norfolk. In 1520he was specially 
admitted at Lincoln's Inn {llegi»ter>, \. 39). 
During the greater part of his life he was a 
strenuous opponent of Lutheranism, but on 
25 Feb. 1539, shortly before his death, lie 
wrote Henry a letter eitolling his ecclesioati- 
cdI policy and lamenting his own 'former 
ignorance.' 

[Brewr and GHtrdnor's Cal. of Letters and 
Papers, Foreign and Domeaiio, contains Lnndreds 
of despatclieB ta and from WiogSeld nnd other 
references to him. See ftlso Cat. State Papers, 
SpaoiBh and VBactian aeries ; OraflDD's Chroa., 
ed. H. EUis, 18I3i Chron. of Cakis (Cuindsn 
Soe.), 1846; Beraardl AiidretBADnalsBHsn. VII 
(Rolls Sfr.}, 18S8. Folydore Vergil s Uislarin 
AiiglJcie(LBydeQ). ISfil; AihmolD's Institatiuu 
of the QiiTter, 1672; Analis's Kegiater of the 
Garter, 172i, 2 vols. ; Lodge's PMnwe of Ira- 
Und, ed. Anhdnlt, 1789. vul. v.; Collectanea 
Topogniptiir*, 1837 Vol. ir,. 1838 vol. v.; Viai- 
tation of lIiiBtingdoDshire(CatadeQ8(H;,), IB49 ; 
State Papa™ of Henry VUI (18.10-S2). vols. i. 
ii. vii. viii. ; Brewer's Roign of Ilenry VIII. 1884. 
■i vols. ; Creighton's Hist, of thfl Pspacy, 1887, 
vol, iv. ; PowordcODrt's Wingfield Muniuninla.] 
I. S. L. 

WINDHAM or WENGHAM, HENRY 

DE (li, 1^62), bishop of London, was born 
sC Wingbam in Kent. He was probably at 
first a clerk in the exchequer, as !^00/. was 
entrusted to him in 1241-2 to be expended 
in the king's service, and in 1245-6 he and 
John de Orey, justice of Chester, were as- 
signed to assess the talla^ of that city. 
Re was then one of the king's eecheatora 
(Ri-c«rpt. e Sot. Fin. i. 458-64, ii. 4-86). 
lie was appointed chamberlain of Ooscony, 
and in 1252 he was sent to inquire i 

the complaints of the Gascons egainst 

gDvemment of Simon de Montfort, The 
g seems lo liave suspected him of being 
favourable to the Gascons, for he sent 
another commission lo moke renewed 
[uiry (MiTT. PiRls, v. 277, 288-9; 
iMOHT, Siman de Monl/ort, p. 339). Wing- 
ham was also employed on two embassies 
into France, As early as 3 July 1253 
he was probably connected with the chan- 
cery, and on 5 Jan. 1255 the great seal was 
delivered into hia custody (_Madi 
Matt, Pakis, v. 485). 

When, on 10 May 1256, the election of 
Hugh de Belisttle to the bishopric of Ely 
was quashed by the efibrts of the king and 
the archbishop of Canterbury, Wingham 
wus recommended by Henry without hia 
consent, He dissuaded tne king from 
pressing the matter (Matt. Pauis, t. 689, 
63o), lie received, however, in 1267 the 
chancel lorahip of Exeter, and soon after- 



Wini 

wards wna promoted to the deaner; of St. 
Martin's. lie was one of llie twelva nomi- 
luted on tha king's side to draw up the 
provisions of Oxford in June 1258, and was 
continued in his office on swearing not to 
put the seal to any writ which had not the 
approbstioa of the couacil as well as tLe 
king. 

On the flight of Ethelmar ie Lusignan, 
bishop of WLncheater, the king's half- 
brother, in 1269, the monks elected Wing- 
ham his Buccessor. Anxious not to offend 
the king, he at first refused the honour, 
but afte wards prevailed on the king 
to accept him if Ethelmar did not 
succeed in obtaining consecration from 
the pope (MlTT, Pabis, t. 731). Ha soon 
afterwards, howeTer, accepted the bishopric 
of London. He was elected on 29 June 
126fl, received back the temporalities on 
11 July, was consecrated on 16 Feb. 1260, 
and on 18 Oct. retired from the chancery. 
The king allowed him to keep bis deanery 
and ten valuable prebends and rcctorias. 
He died on 13 July 1262, and was buried in 
his own cathedral. Another Henry de Wing- 
ham was prebendary of Newingt on and arch- 
deacon of Middlesei in 1287, when he died 
(LENBVE.ii. 327,417). 

[Godwin. 1>B Pcaaulibua Angliaj (1818), p. 
241 ; HennesBj'a Nov. lUp. Eccl. Londin. ; Le 
Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy iBAmont'sRjJloaGascuns; 
Beran's Issues from the Exfheq\i«r ; Madoi's 
Hist, of the EicheqHor ; Fogs's Judgos of Eng- 
land, and authorities cited in tait.] W. E. R. 

■WIHI (d. 675?), bishop of London, wm 
an Engtisbman, and probably a West-Saxon 
by birth, though consecrated by bishops of 
Oaul. He waa made bishop of the wr-' — 
yortion of the West-iSaxons, with bin j 
Winchester, by Cenwalh [ci. v.], king of the 
Weat-Saxons, thoiigh A^ilberC already held 
the West-Saxon bishopric, having his see at 
Dorchester in Oxfordshire. Offended by 
tbis intrusion, Agilbert left bis diocese, and 
Wini became aole bishop of the Weat- 
Saxons (Bbdb, Hitt. Eccl. iii. 7). Wini'i 
intrusion is given by the chronicler undei 
660, but he says that Wini held the see foi 
three years : he was certainly holding it in 
665, and Florence of Worcester dates his 
expulsion 686 ; Dr. Bright adopts the cbro- 
nider's date 660. Bishop Stubbs suggests 
663, which is apparently with good reason 
maintained by Mr. Flummer. When, pro- 
bably in 666, 'Ceadda or Chad [q.v.] came tc 
him for consecration dnringa vacancy of the 
see of Canterbury, Wini performed the rite 
with the assistance of two British bishops, 
whom he invited to join him in spite of the! 
holding to the Celtic Easter (ib. c. 28). II 



was expelled from his bishopric bv Cenwalh 
in 066, for what reason is not known ; b^ went 
to Wulfbere, king of the Merdans, and 
bought from him the see of London. He was 
not present at the synod of Hertford held 
by Theodore in 673. Kudbome pKservee a 
legend that repenting of his simony he 
retired to ^^'incbester, and lived there in 

Senitence for the last three yeaiH of his 
fe (An^lia Sacra, i. 192). This is ex- 
ceedingly doubtful, for Bede says that be 
ramaiuea bishop of London until his death, 
which is supposed to have taken place in 
675, the year of the consecration of his 
iccessor, Erkenwald [q. v.] 
[Bade, as quoted, ed. Plammer. see notfain 
voL ii. 146-7; A.-S. Chron. ana. G60, 064; 
Flor. Wig. ann. 660. 666, 67fi (EdbI. Hisl. 
Bot.) ; Briglit's Early English Church Hist. pp. 
"-" 10. 341, 24fi, 247, 275. sd. 1897 ; Slablis's 
. Sacr. Angl. p. 5, ei. ISST; HodrUa and 
SlubWe Councils, &c.. iii. 121 «.] W. H. 

WINKWORTH, CATHERINE 11827- 
1878), author, was born in London at 
20 Ely Pkce, Holbom, on 13 Sept. 1827. 
She was the fourth daughter of Henry Wink- 
worth, a. silk merchaut, the youngest son of 
William Winkworth, an evangelical clergy- 
man and a member of a Berkshire family. 
Her mother, Susanna Dickenson, was daugb- 
ter of a Kentish yeoman farmer. In 1829 
the Winkworths removed to Manchester, and 
there Catherine's education was chieBv car- 
ried on by governesses at home ; she studied 
also under the Rev. William Qaskell and 
Dr. James Martineau. The family was 
alwavB on intimate terms with the Gasliells, 
and Catherine declared that she owed to Mr. 
Gaskell her knowledge of English literature 
and her appreciation of style. On 21 April 
1K41 her mother died, and inl64o heifatJier 
married, as bis second wife, Miss Leybum. 
In the spring of that year Catherine went to 
Dresden to join an aunt who was living 
there in order to educate her daughters, and 
her residence there (she stayed until Julv 
1846) gave an impetus to her study of Ger- 
man. In 1650 her father built himself a 
bouse at Alderley Edge, about fifteen miles 
from Manchester, where the family lived for 
about twelve years. 

In 1853 Catherine published the first 
aeries of her 'I^ra Ge rm an ica,' translations 
made by herself^ of German hjmna in com- 
mon use. The first edition was soon sold out, 
and by 1857 the book was in a fifth. There 
have been twentjr-three editions since. In 
1858 a second aenee was published, and that 
volume has bad twelve editions. A selection 
appeared in )e&9. Catherine Wintworth'a 
translations of German hymns am very 



Wink worth 



195 



Winkworth 



tridelj used, and hare done more to influence 

" e modem use in Englund of German Iijn 

an any other version. Thetranslationti 

tlways faithful, and at the same time 

Bpoetical. 

■ Ztaron Bimaen sus^sted that llie Germoi 

■liyiiiii-tunes should be given, and in 1862 aiv 

jed 'The Chorale Book for England, 

,h music arranged bj (Sir) William ^t«rii' 

e Bennett [q. v.] and Otto Goldschmidt. 

II. supplement to the 'Chorale Book' 

'published in 1865. 

Iq consequence of pecuniary losses the 
WinkwortUs in 1863 removed to Clifton, 
trhere Catherine, in addition to literary work, 
tkraw herself heart and soul into the mi 
■Bent for tbe promotion of the higher edi 
tion of women. She joined the commi 
formed for that object in 1868, and in 1870 
became its secretary. Tier main business was 
I to find suitable lecturers, and here she had 
mminent success. Among those who gave 
EliiacoarEes during her term of office were 
f j. A. Symonda, Prnfessor Nichol, F. W. 
ityera, Dr. Creighton, and Professor Bo- 
uuny Price. Classes were established to 
wd women who were preparing for the 
Cambridge higher local eicatninBtion, and 
they haa likewise a great success. The as- 
sociation took a large part in assisting the 
establishment of Bristol Univursity College, 
and at Catherine Winkworth's death her 
[ucnds raised a sum with which they founded 
O her memory two scholarships for women 
It the college. She was likewise governor 
tfihe Ked Maids' school, Bristol, one of the 
Bnmoters of the Clifton High school for 
Iprle, and from 1875 until her death a mem- 
srof the council of Cheltenham Ladies' Col- 
On 15 May I8C9 her father died, In 
[672 she went with her sister Susanna to 
Dannstodt, accompanving Miss Carpenter 
nd Miss Florence Hill as delegates to tbe 
lerman conference on women's work, pre- 
, ted over by the Prince.ss Alice. 

Miss Winkworth ilied suddenly of heart 

iisease on 1 July 1678 at Monnetier (near 

I Cleneva) in Savoy, whither she had gone to 

^teka charge of an invalid nephew. She was 

rluried there. A monument to her memory 

f vas erected in Bristol Cathedral, 

I Other works by Catherine Winkworth 

|(ire: 1. 'Life of Amelia WiUielmina Siere- 

gfrom the Germftn'(the first half was 

[islated by Miss Winkworth, who revised 

e whole ; the second by a lady unnamed), 

163. 2. 'The Principles of Charitable 

^ork a« set forth in the '\\'ritiugB of A. W. 

wveking,' 1863. 3. ■ Tbe Christian Singers 

.' Germany,' 1866 : 1869. 4. ' Life of 

Utor Fliedner, the Founder of the Kaisers- 



werlh Sisterhood of Protestant Deaconesses, 
trans In ted from the German,' 1867. 6. 
' Prayers from the Collection of Boron Bun- 
aen,' 1871. 

Her eldest sister, Stjsaska. Winkwobtk 
(1820-1884), translator, was bom in Lon- 
don on 13 Aug. 1820, and received much 
the same education as her sister Catherine. 
About 1850 Susanna told Mrs. Gaskell that 
she would like to translate tbe life of Nie- 
buhr. Mrs. Gaskell mentioned this to Bun- 
sen, who encouraged the idea. A meeting 
with Bunaen followed at Bonn, where Su- 
sanna stayed from August 1860 until May 
1851. The acquaintance so begun influenced 
the literary work of both Susanna and 
Catherine. At one time indeed Susanna 
worked as a sort of Lterary secretary to 
Bunsen. Regarding tbe biography of Nie- 
bubr,it was at first intended merely to trans- 
late Mme. Hensler's memoir, and to incor- 
porate from her collection of his letters and 
essays those that seemed suitable. But so 
muui fresh information was gained at Bonn 
tbnt Susanna's book is, to all intents and pur- 

Kies, an original work. It was refused by 
ngnian and Murray, but was finally pub- 
lished in 1852 by Chapman & Hall in three 
volumes. The first edition sold rapidly. The 
second edition, published in 1853, incor- 
porates the miscellaneous essays. In 1654 
rSusanna published her translation of the 
' Theologia Germanica,' which takes its place 
beside the ' Imitation ' in the literature of 
deyotion. The treatise had been first dis- 
covered by Luther, and was published by 
him in 1516. The translation was made at 
the suggestion of Bunsen, whose letter to 
tie translator is prefixed to the volume (cf. 
BcNBSK, Memoir, li. 342-6). Charles Kings- 
ley provided a preface (cf. Kimoslbt, Lrtters 
an(iiW«noria!, 1.423-7), andbewrote in 1856, 
'Your "Theologia" is being valued by every 
one to whom I have recommended it' (ii. i. 
498). A third edition appeared in 1859, and 
it hus been since republished. In 1856 Miss 
Winkworth completed the ' Life of Luther' 
commenced by Archdeacon Hare. The 
volume really consists of e»plnnatory matter 
to Gustav Koenig's historical engravings. 
AH following section xiv. is Miss WinV 
worth's work. There was a second edition 
in 1868, Inl8.56Misa Winkworth translated 
Bunsen's ' Signs of the Times,' and received 
ISO/, for the work. Again, at Bunsen's 
suggestion she translated in 1867 Tauler's 
' Sermons.' Bunsen wrote on 14 Sept. 1869 
that Miss Winkworth sacrificed her health 
her labours over Touler. ' Her historical 
;ft(ment of the subject (he said) is admi- 
jle ; she had, one may suy, 



I 



s good as n 

3 



J 



Winmarleigh 



196 



Winniffe 



forerunner' (Bunsen, Metnoir, ii. 610). In 
1858 Bhe published a little book entitled 
* German Love from the Papers of an Alien/ 
The author was l*rofessor Max Miiller, who 
refused at that time to allow his name to 
appear. Her translation of Bunsen's ' God 
in History' was published in three volumes, 
18(ki-70. ^ 

Miss Wink worth was a philanthropist as 
well as author and translator. She worked 
amon^ the poor of Bristol, and in her district 
visiting was struck by the difficulty poor 
people found in getting decent lodgings. She 
therefore rented several houses in tne poorest 
part of the town, put them into proper 
repair, and let them out in tenements, ohe 
was thus the first in Bristol to make efforts 
for the better housing of the poor. In 1874 
she formed the company which built Jacob's 
AVells industrial dwellings, managing them 
herself till the time of her death. She took 
also a great interest in the education of 
women, and in 1878 succeeded her sister 
Catherine as governor of the Red Maids' 
school, and member of the council of Chelten- 
ham Ladies' College. Susanna was for some 
Tears a unitarian, but returned to the 
iilnglish church in 1861. 



who disputed in moral philoeop^ before 
James I, his queen, and Prince Henry on 
the occasion of their visit to Oxford 
(Nichols, Progrenes of James /, i. 636). 
lie is said to have been subsequently chap-> 
lain to Prince Henry, though his name does 
not appear in Birch's list of the prince*9 
chaplains. On 6 May 1608 he was aamitted 
to tne rectory of Willingale-Doe, Essex, and 
on 15 June u)llowing to that of Lamboume 
in the same county, and on 30 June 1609 he 
resigned his fellowship at Exeter, baring 
livings above the statutable value. 

After Prince Henry's death Winniffe be- 
came chaplain to Prince Charles, but on 
7 April 1622, when the Spaniards were 
overrunning the Palatinate, he gave offence 
by a sermon denoimcing Gondomar, and 
comparing Spinola with the devil (Bikch,. 
Court of James /, ii. 304 ; CaL State Papers, 
Dom. 1619-23, p. 376). He was sent to the 
Tower, but repented and appealed to the 
Spanish and imperial ambassadors, at whose 
intercession he was released a few days 
later. On 17 Sept. 1624 he was nominated 
dean of Gloucester, being installed on lOXov. 
following. He remained chaplain to Charles 
after his accession, and on 8 April 1631 was 



Susanna Winkworth died at 21 Victoria nominated dean of St. PauVs in succession 



Square, Clifton, on 25 Nov. 1884, and was 
buried there in the churchyard of St. John's 
Church. 

Among the friends and correspondents of 
the two sisters other than those alreadv men- 
tioned w«»n» Harriet Martineau, the ^ares, 
F. I). Maurice, Mazzini, IVofessor Max Miiller, 
Carlvle, Jenny Lind, Miss Cobbe, and Alex- 
ander Ewing, bishop of Argj'll. 

[AUihone's Diet, of Enpl. Lit. with Supple- 
in«'nt ; Julian's Diet, of Hyninologj', p. 1 287; Men 
ot tlie Roicrn, od. Wuni ; Letti'n« and Memorials 
of Catliorino Winkworth, od. Susanna Wink- 
vorth, privately priutevi, 1883; private infor- 
mation.] E. L. 

WINMARLEIGH. Barox (1802-1892). 
[See Wilsox-Pattex, Johx.] 

WINNIFFE, TIK^MAS (1576-ia')4), 
bishop ot* Lincoln. Ix^m and baptised at Sber- 
bornt', Porsot, in I.*>7H. was son of John 
Winnitle ( lolO : -1(UK0, who was buried on 
2S St'pt. \\VM) in I^anibourne church, Essex 
{A^fnif. MS. ri»>»U. f. lsr>/y). Tie matri- 
culatod from Exetor (^llloJre, O.vford, on 
1»-J Ktb. l.Vja-4, and was eWted fellow in 
l.'iO.^: ho irraduatcd IV A. on 12 Julv ir)98, 
M.A. on 17 Mav ItH)!. B.D. on 27'March 
1610. and n.D. on 5 July 1010, being incor- 
porated in that dejrr»*e at Cambridge in 
^ ugust lOl>.j he was one of those 



to Dr. John Donne (1673-1631) [q. v.], who 
bequeathed him 'the picture called the 
"Skeleton," which hangs in the hall;' he 
was also one of the three to whom Donne 
is said to have left his ' religious MSS. ' 
(G08SE, Life of Donne, 1899, ii. 295, 298, 
360). Winniffe was elected dean of St. PauFs 
on 18 April, receiving at the same time 
tlie prebend of Mora in that cathedral. On 
15 March 1633-4 he took the oath as an 
ecclesiastical commissioner. 




to succeed him. The nomination is said to 
have been intended to gratify parliament on 
the ground of Winniffe's alleged puritan ten- 
dencies ; but on 30 Dec. Francis Rous [q.v.] 
moved in the House of Commons for the 
postponement of Winniffe's consecration * till 
a set t led government in religion be established 
in this kingdom ' {Speech of Francuf Rowse, 
London, lb42,4to), and Winniffe's house in 
Westminster is said to have been destroyed 
by a mob, whose leader, Sir Richard Wise- 
man, was killed. He was elected on 5 Jan. 
1641-2, and was consecrated on 6 Feb.; be 
retained the deanery of St. Pauls, but re- 
signed his livings in Essex. 

The outbreak of the civil war, however, 
did not leave him long in possession of his 
see, though according to his own account he 




innington 



'97 



Winnington 



I 



always a.t hia bouse at Buckden, 
p&rllameDtttrj quarters, and submitted Ul 
Che ordinances, and was never charged with 
delinqueucj ' {C'al, State I'apere, Dom. 1654, 

{I. 56). In Navember 1646 all bishops' 
uida were vested in trusteea for the benefit 
of the commonwealth, and WiBniffe retired 
to Lamboume. Early inl654, on hiapetitian 
to Cromwell, his arrears were paid up to 
Noramber 1646 ; during his retirement he 
ive assistance to Brinn Walton 
pq. V-] in t^e prepamtion of the ' Polyglot 
Bible.' He died at Lamboume on 29 St^pt. 
1654, and waa buried within the altar-raila 
nf the church (the inscription on a mural 
tablet is riven in Laiud. iVS. 985, f. 212, 
Addit. MS. 5&40 p. 431, and 5994 f. 186, 
uid in Willis's Cathedralt. ii. 69 ; accord- 
ing toSntiB.'iObiCuary he died on SO Sept.) 
Araordinff to Bishop Gauden ' nothing waa 
more mild, modest, and humhk, yet luarued, 
eloquent, and honest than Bishop Wiuniffe ' 
(_Sutpiria Ea^l. Angl. 1659, p. 614). lie 
-was unmarried, and gave the advow^on of 
Laubourne, which he had purchase)!, to his 
nephew, Peter Mews [q. v.], who was edu- 
cated at Winuifie's expense, and was after- 
ward* bifihop of Winchester. 

rAoUiQriliea cited ; Wood's .\then» Oion. od. 
Blisa. il. Ill, .Md, iii. 29S, 434, 4«9. iv. 818. 
820; Posler'a Alumni Oxud. 150U-t7M. b.t. 
■Wyonjff;' Bobsh's Reg. Coll. KiOQ. p[i. civ, 
45, 80, 370 ; La Nev«'9 Fnsti EcpI. AuijI. bU. 
Hiudy ; Hennewj'* Not. Eap. Ei'Cl. Londin, 
18B8 ; NotM aad Queries, Gth ser. yi. 241 ; ' 
StnbbH'g Beg. Sacr, Aogl. ed. 1897 ; Itiai. MS3. ' 
Oomm. 13th Hap. App. ii. 121 (Duke of fort- 
Untl'a HSS.), and Bacoleucb and Queens- 1 
berr; HSS. i. 291 ; Walker's Sufieriugs of 
ihe CUigy; Hutchms's Dorsat, iy. 211-12, ■ 
28:1; OarSaor's HisL ir. 305; Camilun's An- | 
tulea. s.a. 1 b'i'i, and Brever's Court and Times of 
James I and Chsrlea I.] A. F. P. 

WIMNINQTON, Sik FRANCIS (1634- 
1700), biwyer, lineally descended frooi Robert 
Winnington, lord of the manor of Winning- ' 
ton, Cheshire, and only eon of Francis or 
John Winnington, who settled at Powick, 
neat Worcester, was horn in Worcealer eily 
on 7 Nov. 1634. He was admitted commoner 
at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1655, and on 
Sa Nov. 1656 was entered at the Middle 
Temple. On 9 Feb. 1600 he was called to 
the bar p.r gratia, chosen bencher on 24 June 
1072, autumn reader 1675, ond treasurer on 
29 Oct. 1675. Winnington went the Qjtford 
Circuit, his family liaviiig considerable in- 
fluence in the <listrict, and his rise in the 
profession was nipid. Prince llupert en- 
gaged him as standing counsel, and in 1672 
be was creati^ king's counsel and attorney- 



On 17 Dec. ^1 



general to the Duke of York. 
1673he wasknighled. 

W'innington's fee-book from 1671 waa 
preserved at his seat of Stanford Court in 
Worcestershire, and it shows that his income 
from the law in 1675 e.tceedtfl 4,000/. In 
December 1674 lie waa created solicitor- 
general, and by the king's command he was 
returned to Parliament for the borough of 
Windsor on IS Feb. 1676-7. lie supported 
in 1678 the exclusion bill, and for this vote 
was deprived in January 1678-9 of the office 
of solicitor-general, and at tlie dissolution 
in that month lost liis seat at Windsor. 
He represented Worcester city in the three 

farliamenta of February 167S-9, September 
679, and March 1680-1, and the borough 
of Tewkesbury from November 1692 toJuly 
1698. He refused to he raised to the bench 
in April 1689, but !ie was chairman of ways 
and means in the parliament which ended 
in October 1695. 

Winnington died on 1 May 1700. and 
was buried in the old church of Stanford, a 
monument being erected to his memory. 
By bis first wife, Elizabeth Herbert of 
Powick, he had an only daughter, EliKabetb, 
married in 1676 to Richard Dowdeswell, 
M.P., his collea^e in the representation of 
Tewkesbury, His second wife was Eliza- 
beth, third and youngest sister and coheiress 
of Edward Satwey of Stanford Court, and 
their issue was four sons and two daughters. 
Thomss Winnington [q.v.] waa his grandson. 
He purchased the shares of the elder sisters 
in the estate of Stanford, and in 1074 he 
bought the leasehold interest under the 
crown of the manor of Bewdley. The 
Klicabethan monaion of Stanford Court was 
burnt on 6 Dec. 1682, and the valuable 
hooka end manuscripts in the old library 
were destroyed (Sm(. MSS. Comm. Ist Rep. 
npp. pp. 53-5). An oval miniature portrait 
oi AVinuington in oil colours, by an unknown. 
artist, is in the National Portrait Gallery, 
London ; another portrait bv Lely belonged 
in 1866 to the family (Cat. Fine Loan 
i>M. No. 933). 

He WHS famed until the age of sixty-four 
for hia skill in riding and for hia lov9 of 
sport. Lord Somers was his pupil in the 
law, and had the run of his chambers, 
W'innington's success in pleading is coupled 
by Garth with that of South and Onely iu 
preaching {Dispfiuari/, canto v.) A letter 
from him is in Warner's ' Epistolary Cu- 
riosities-Cist aer. pp. 103^), 

[Burke's Peerage ; Nash's Worcestershire, i. 
388-0; Murrsy's Worcostershire Hiindbook ; 
Notes and Queries, 3nd ser. vii. 65 ; Lottrell's 
Hist. Relation, i. 6, 522; La Nave's Kaigbta, 



I 

I 
I 



i 



Wilmington 198 Winnington 



p. 282; Williams's Pari. Hist, of Gloucestershire, ' "Winnington led a life of gallantry, and 



pp. 244-5, and Worcestershire, p. 09 ; Cooksey's 
Lord Somers, p. 25.] W. P. C. 



in mature life loved expense. Audrey, lady 
Townshendy was one of his friends, and her 
wishes often guided his action. He was 
WINNINGTON, THOMAS(1690-1746), possessed of a very strong constitution, and 
politician, bom on 31 Dec. 1696, was the j seemed destined for a great position in 
grandson of Sir Francis AVinnington [q. v.], politics ; but he died prematurely on 23 April 
and second son of Salwey Winnington, 1746, through the erroneous treatment of his 
many years member of parliament for Bewd- ' medical attendant, Thomas Thomson, M.D. 
ley, who married on 24 July 1690 Anne, I Towards the end of March he had been 
second daughter of Thomas lolev of Great ill with a cold, and on his return from the 
Whitley, and sister of Thomas, lord Foley ■ country on 6 April was suffering from fever, 
[see under Foley, Thomas], He was edu- lie was then subjected to excessive purgings 
cated at Westminster school and at Christ . and bleedings. The notoriety of the case pro- 
Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on duced pamphlets from Thomson, J. Camp- 
So April 1713. In 1714 he was admitted bell, M.D., William Douglas, M.D., and 
student at the Middle Temple. He was from an anonymous hand in tiie * Genuine 
said, while at Christ Church, to have been ; Trval of Dr. Nosmoth.' 
called * Penny * Winnington, from his mean- ; \Vinnington married, on 6 Aug. 1719, 
ness of disposition ; a name so printed occurs Love, daughter of Sir James Reade, bart., 
among the subscribers to Bishop Smalridge's of Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire. She died 
'Sixty Sermons* (1724). 'on 26 June 1745, and their only child, 

At a by-election on 31 Jan. 1726-6 . Francis Reade Winnington, was bom and 
Winnington was returned to parliament for ' died in 1720. On the death of her only 
the borough of Droitwich, and represented brother in 1712 the family estates were 
it continuously until 1741. He was then partitioned among the sisters, and the estate 
elected both for it and the city of Worcester, ; of Brocket fell to her share. At Winning- 
and preferred to sit for the latter consti- | ton's death it was divided between his two 
tueucy, which he represented until his death. \ sisters. It afterwards became celebrated as 
Though * bred a tory,* he soon became a , the residence of Lord Melbourne and Lord 
zealous whig, and one of Waljwle's chief Palmerston. Winnington was buried in 
supporters, being rewarded for the change ' Stanford church, and a marble monument 
by appointment to high office. He was . by lloubiliac was erected to his memory by 
lord of the admiralty from Mav 1730, and '■ Sir Charles Hanbury Williams [q. v.], his 
in 1735 Lord Ilervey pressed \Valpole to friend, and Sir Edward Winnington, his heir, 
put him into the treasury as * from his party | The lines on it were by Williams, in whose 
knowledge and application of infinite use . works are many references to Winnington. 
in the House of Commons ; ' but he was then . In sending the news of his death to Mann, 
not liked by either king or queen, and I Horace Walpole spoke of Winnington as 
Walpole, much to Winnington*s resentment, j * one of the first men in England from his 
would not promote him on that occasion. ; parts and from his employment,' without an 
From May 1736 to 1741 he served at the equal in public life, and as marked out to 
treasury, he was cofferer of the household | be the prime minister of England. His wit 
from April 1741 to 1743, and paymaster- | was 'ready and quick as it was constant 
general of the forces from December 1743 i and unmeditated,' but he lost reputation at 
to 1746. On 27 April 1741 he was created times through affecting to laugh at his own 
a privy councillor. In August 1743, on j want of prmciple. After his death there 
Pelham's appointment as prime minister, appeared * An Apology for the Conduct of 
Walpole, then Lord Orford, wrote to him, ' a late celebrated Second-rate Minister from 
* Winnington must be had.' When the king 1729 to 1746. Written by himself and found 
endeavoured in 1746 to form an admin istra- . among his papers,' the object of which was 
tion under Lords Bath and Carteret, he ' to prove tnat Winnington acted in the 
relied on Winnington being chancellor of interest of the Jacobites. His executors 
the exchequer and leading the House of thought it necessary to advertise the spurious- 
Commons, but Winnington at his interview ness of this tract, and it was formally 
with George II thrice declined to accept | answered by several writers, including * the 
the post. Next day the king told him that author of the "Jacobite's Journal, i.e. 
as the honestest man in his service he should . Henry Fielding. 

have the honour of making the reconciliation Winnington s portrait by Van Loo is in 

between the sovereign and the Pelhams the Guildhall, Worcester ; he is depicted in 

11, i. 93, 111, 197, 288, 291). | his robes as recorder of the city j a portrait 




I 

I 



mram 199 

'ir ennmel by Zincte is in tlis Nationnl 
"■ortMJt Gallery, London. A print of him, 
from tin original at Pontjpool Park, we^ 
pnblishedonlFeb, ISaiXCoXB.JIfonmoiiWi- 
cAire, p. 240). lie is one of the six persona 
ia Hogartb's portrait proupbelonginf^ to tbo 
Earl of Uchester (Ri-hib. of Old Matters, 
188», No. 143). 

[Null's WorfMlBrshiro. i. 368-70; Nalss 
ud Queries. 4th »ep. V.3I7. 370, 4(18; FraWr's 
Alamni Oxod.; Willjiinis's Purl. Rep. of Woi- 
eesteirahire, pp. 103. 131; Wnlpole'n George II 
(18*6 ed.), i. 174; Walpolu'a Lellere, i. pafsim, 
u. 7-8, 19-aO; Gsnl, Mhc. 1745 p. 332, 1748 

656; Baltaaljna's Carterrt. p. 304; Herrej's 
Bni'iirs(1884e.lit.).ii.ld8-64; New FouDilliiig 
Boip. for Wit, l\. 146-7; Almon's Anccdutes, 
fa. 398-5.] W. P. C. 

■WINIL4M, GEORGE, Lobb Libbbr- 
TOTTS (rf. 1650), Scottiali judge, son of Jamea 
"Winrnin of Liberton in Midlothian, waa 
admitteJ adyocate'oa 20 Deo. 1620. He 
was a friend of James Hamilton, third mar- 
quis (fifierwanls firat Duke) of Himilton 
fq.v.], and after the abolition of episcopacy 
Dy the general nsaembly in 1638 he under- 
took the dangerous ta«k of presenting the 
Assembly's petition to the king in London. 
On receiving the petition Charles replied 
bitterly, ' 'ft'nen they have broken m^ head, 
they will put on my cowl.' During his 
■lay in England Winram waa active in the 
ctnae of the covenant. His public lettera, 
which were liable t-o be opened, ' v 
of great feores and English braggs 
faia secret communications be made the Beats 
•equBinted with the king's real weakness 

fJLLIE, Letten and JoamaU, i. 115, 187). 
waa one of the commissioners for Mid- 
lothian in the parliamenta of 1643 and 1649, 
KUd was a member of numerous parlia- 
mentary committees. On 26 Aug. Iu43 he 
woe nominated colonel of one of the regi- 
men ta to be raised in Midlothian for the Eng- 
lish war {Aels of Scottish Pari. vi. i. 52), 
uaA on the same day he was appointed a 

member of the committee to whieb i' 

entroeled to put the country in a poati 
defence (iA. vi. i. 57). He was a member of 
liie various committees appointed to carry 
on the war and to administer the functions 
of the executive. He was also selected bj 
the general assembly as one of their repre- 
sentatives at the Westminster assembly of 
divines, and on 23 Feb. 1647 he received an 
allowance from parliament in that capacity, 
which on 25 March was ordered to be dis- 
continued when the Earl of Lauderdale 
reachedI./)ndon(». VI. i. T04, 813). In Fe- 
bruary 1649, when the eiecut ion of Charles I 
rendered a breach with England probable, 



Winram ^^* 

ram was again nominated colonel of 
of the regiments to be raised in Mid- 
lothian (ift. VI. ii. 186, 187, 317, 411). In 
year eight of the ordinary lords of 
ere removed, and Winrom was one 
of those Bppoinled in their stead on 8 March 
(ift. VI. ii. 288 ; Balfofr, AnnaU, iiL 390). 
In the meantime profound dissatisfaction 
wasfett in Scotland at the course of events in 
England. Parliament, under the influence 
of Hamiltoa, resolved to attempt to open, 
negotiations with Charles II, whom already 
on 6 Feb. they hod conditionally proclaimed 
at Edinbutg h. On 6 March winram was 
chosen one of the commissi oners to treat with 
Charles. The conditions proffered, however, 
were so severe that Charles, who had hopes 
in Ireland, declined to accede to them, and 
the deputation returned in June without sue- 
cesa (Baillib, iii. 86-8, 610-21 ; Acta of 
Sailtish Pari. Yi. ii. 232 ; BAUom, Annalt, 
iii. 408). In the course of the summer, 
however, Charles made new overtures to 
Argyll, and on 7 Aug. Winram was op- 
pointed to reopen negotiations. When,how- 
ever.his instructions came to be drawn, tbey 
proved so unbending in the matter of the 
covenant that he refused to undertake tha 
mission (Aett of Scottiitk Pari. vi. ii. 538, 
739, 740; BiLTOUR, iii. 417; Baii.lib, iii. 
90), He waa finally induced to set out in 
October when the news of Cromwell's snc- 
cess in Ireland raised hopes that Charles 
would prove lesa obdurate. Winram's reluc- 
tance to undertake the mission is not aur- 
Sising, for 8ir John Berkeley in a letter to 
yde remarks : ' 1 believe Libbertoun will 
think he bath made n good voyage if he 
escape with a broken pate. The gallants in 
Jersey talkt of throwing him over the 
wall.' He soiled from Leith on 11 Oct., 
possed through Holland, where he held con- 
ferences with the English presbyterian 
exiles, and, accompanied by their agent, 
Silius Titus [a. v.], found Charles in Jersey. 
Charles was ueairoua of uniting the cove- 
nanters, engagers, and royalists in Scotland 
in one common movement, and, feeling 
that his presence would greatly assist au(£ 
a project, he showed himself less obdurate 
than formerly on the matter of conditions. 
Winram returned to Edinburgh on 2 Feb. 
1649-50, with the intpllif[ence that Charles 
would receive commissioners for further 
treaty BtBreda(BALF0i7R, iv. 3, 5). In con- 
junction with John Kennedy, sixth earl of 
Casailis [q. v.], and the other delegatea, he 
took part In the conferences at Breda, and, 
although hindered by the presence of such 
a «ealot as John Livingstone [<j. v.], among 
ig;ned Ihe final agree- 



I 
I 

I 



Winram 



Winram 



neot off HeliKoUnd on HI June lOTiO. On 
returning to Scotland he joined the annv 
and fougbt in the battle of Dunbar on 
3 Sept., where he was en Bererely wounded 
that he died eight days later (Balfour, iv. 
9S). 

[Bmnton and Haig's Sonatcrs of the College 
of Justice, 1832, pp. 311-2; Bulfour'ii Annalea of 
Scotlaad, IR25, rols. iii. and ir.; AcIb of Ibe 
Farlinmenta of Scotland, rul. li. panim ; Letters 
and pHpen illustmling tlia Kslationa betveea 
Charles II and Scotlaod in 1660, wl. GHtdiaer 
(Scottish Hist. Soc.) ; Itaillie's Letters nod 
Papers (Bannatyne Club), index; Clarendon 
State Papers, 17TS, vol. ii. App.; Maison's LiTe 
of M;iton,i». 180iCari}le'sWorks,xr.l98, 230; 
Foster's Scolliah Members of ParlianiBiil ; Re- 
coriUaftLeQsDeralAsBemblivsof 1616 and 1647 



3S8-62, 372; SelecfBit^rapbies (Wodrow Soc.), 
1845, i. 1S9-S1; Gal. Clarendon State Papem. 
ii. 4, 32. 38, 39, 61, 57. 6S, 56; Cal. .Slate 
Papers, Dom. 1850, p. 157.1 P- I- C. 

WINRAM, WYNRAM or WIN- 
RAHAM, JOHN (l492P-ir>S2t, Scottish 
reformer, descended from the Winrams or 
Winrahams of Kirkneas or Rat ho, Fifeshire, 
was born about 14ft;. Entering the college 
of St. Leonard's, St. .\ndn<ws, in l.'>13, be 
graduated B.\. 17 March 151.'). As parlj 
St lentit Bs 1528 he was an inmat<- of the 
AuguBtinian monastery of Si. ,\ndn'ws, of 
whicli he became third print in l.i^tl and 
Bub-priorin lr>3t), the prior beini; l^rd Jamos 
Stewart (afterwards l^arl of Miira_\ ), who 
WHS then in hid minority. 

At the trial of GeorRe Wishart (ISIS:-- 
1<>47) [q.v.] in 1546 \\'inrani jiniiched the 
opening aermon, the subject being 'Heresy,' 
MMiirh he verv sal'elv defined a.'i ' a false 
opinion defended witti pertinacitte, cleirlve 
repugning to the word of God' (summary in 



reality thesermonconioinwlnolhingto which 
Wishiirt himself would not have been will- 
ing to iiubacribe, and the general and coloui^ 
less character of its propositions indicated 
at least n tendency towanis toleration. That 
Wishart Iwlieved lheiiul>-prior to be favour- 
ably dispojvd townnls him uiav be inferred 
from the fact that while waiting in the 
castle of St, Andrews before execution it 
was for him he sent in order to muke hia 
confe^ion. ' Go, fetch me," he said, ' vonder 
man that preached Ihia day, and I will mnke 
my confession unto liim' (Ksox, i. Ul8i, 
Knox is unable 'to show' what Wislinrt 
aaid 'in this confojisinn.'but l.iiidsav allirins 
that Winram informed Beaton that S\'ishsrt 
had dw' — ' hia innocence and asked the 



consent of Beaton that he should ' hare the 
communion,' which was refused (CAroNKfa, 
p. 4-6). 

In regard to Knox, Winram adopted a 
similarly impartial attitude. He was pre- 
sent at Knox's first sermon preached in the 
chapel of the c&stle of St. Andrews in 1547, 
and, after the sermon, called him before a 
convention of the grey and black friart in 
tbe yard of St. Leonard's, not ' to hear as 
judge, but only familiarly to talk.' After 
arguing with Knox in a very half-hearted 
fashion, Winram left further discussion ia 
the hands of Arbuckle, the grey friar; but 
Knox represents his own triumph in the 
argument as complete; and although the 
friars resolved that, as an antidote to Knox's 
teaching, every learned man in the city, 
beginning with the sub-prior, should preach 
I a series of sermons in the parish kirk, the 
sermons, according to Knox, were ' penned 
so as to offend no roan' ( Works, i. 193-:;01). 
Winram was present at the meeting of the 
I provincial council held in Edinbui^h in 
November 1549, at which special resolu- 
I tions were passed for reforming the liies of 
the clergy (IEobertboji, Stat. Ecelet. Snot. 
ii. ^'2~^ ) ; and by some be is supposed to 
have been the author of the catechism, 
known generally as Archbishop Hamilton's, 
, flpprovea by a provincial council held at 
Edinburgh in January l<Vi]2. 
j Although present at the trial of \\'alter 
I -Milne in loW and at a provincial council 
held in li>59, Winram cast in his lot with 
I the reformers as soon as their cause seemed 
lihelv to pre\-ail ; and, being nominated by 
the lords superintendent of Fife, 9 July 
156(1. lie was a<lmitted at St. Audr.>ws 
13 April 15(11. He is sometimes included 
amonp those to whom was entrusted the 
compilation of the first confession of faith ; 
but, on the contrary, it was to him and Wil- 
liam Maitland ofLethinglon tliat the confes- 
sion wa.' submitted for revision, and they 
mitigated ' the aiisteritie of maynie words 
and sentences which seemed to proceed 
rather of some eril-conceived opinion than 
of anv sound judgment' (Randolph to Cecil, 
7 Sept. l.%0, in KsoK, vi. 120). He was 
pre^'Ut at ihe parliament at which it was 
ratilied. and spoke in its support (Randolph 
to Cecil, 19 Aug. ih. vi. 118), and, after the 
ratification, was appointed one of a commis- 
sion to draw up the 'Book of Discipline' (li. 
ii. U'P). 

Winram is described by Qnentln Kennedy 
as ' wonderfuUie leamit baith in the Xew 
Testament, Auld Testament, and mehle 
mair [much more] ' (' Ane Compendious 
Reasoning,' in ib. vi. 167), and it is very 



L was pn 
f i'7 Jul 



eleRr tliat be was more of a scholar tbna a 
fewiali«t. He sepins not to bave 
be«n specially euamoiirt'il of tho puritanic 
O&lTiniBm of the leading Scot lint reformers, 
and in his final adherence to the Reforma- 
tion he was probably influenced mainly by 
eonslderations of expediency. At nitarly 
every general assembly from 16fl!i to 1570 
complaint was made against hira m super- 
intendent for elaclineBs in visitation and 
[rresching ; and his ' immersion in worldly 
affaira' also gave olTence to the more ceu- 

Aa prior of Portmoali W 
sent at the Perth convent 
1569 {Reg. P. C. Scotl. ii. 
attended the convenCion held at Leith 
January 1573, at which the creation of the 
'tulchan' bishops was authorised; and under 
the new arrangement he was made arch- 
deacon of the diocese, resigning the superin- 
tendentship of Fife to the new archbishop, 
uid bein^ designated instead superinten- 
dent of Stratlieiini. When Knox declined 
lo inaugumle the new archbishop of St. 
Aitdrews, Winram, at the conclusion of 
Knox's sermon, undertook that duty (Cal- 
BHBWoon, iii. 208-7). On the death of the 
mrchbiahop in 1574 he resumed the superin- 
tendentsfaip of Fife. As prior of Portmoak 
he attended a conveutionat Uolyrood House, 
6 Mareh 1574, and on 29 July 'l58D he con- 
TOTed the priory of Portmoak to St, Leonard's 
College, St. Andrews. He died 28 8ept,1582. 
Winram was married, 12 July 1564, lo Mar- 
garet Stewart, relict of Ayton of Kinaldy. 

{Historic by Knoi, Buchannn, Leslie, nnd 
CaldfiTwood; Rep. P. C. a^otl. toIb. ii-iii.; 
Wftdrow'sBioHrnphicrtl Collections; llewScotfB 
Pa«i EooIbs. Scot. ii. 822-B.] T. F. IL 

WINSLOW, EDWARD (1595-16r)5), 
governor of Plymouth colony, bom at Droit- 
wich, near Worcester, on la Oct. 1695. 

tgnuidson of Kenelm Winelnw (d. 1007) of 
Kempscy, was the son of Edward Winelow 
(1560-1630 P). who married as his second 
wife, at St. Bride's, i«ndon, on 4 Nov. 
1594, Magdalene Ollyver. In 1617 young 
Edward Winslow 'left his salt-bo'iling ' 
sad went to Leyden, attracted posaihly by 
the fame of the university there. He soon 
JMned the English church (Brown, Pilgrim 
Fat/ierg, 1895. p. 131), and at Leyden on 
18May 1613 he was married by John Kobin- 
son (1570 ?-1635) [q. v.], the pastor of the 
Engliah congregation, to Elizabeth Barker 

kof Ohetsutn. In July 1620. with his wife 
and three sen'nnts, he sailed from Delft 
H»v* 



I 



cost in his lot with the pilgrims to the new 
world. Hutchinson states that he was a 

fentleman of the best family of any of the 
lymouth nlanters {Jlixt. of Miusadntietts, 
i. 172), and this statement is home out by 
the prefix of ' Mr. ' to his name in the ' Cove- 
nant' drawn up by the settlers in November 
1 020 before their disembarkal ion at Cape Cod, 
His wife died on 24 March 1320-1, and on 
IS May following he married Susannah 
(whose maiden name was Fuller), widow of 
William While, and mother of Peregrine 
White (d. 1704), the first English child bom 
in New England. In the summer of 1621 and 
the springofthefoUowingyear Winslow wan 
one of the two colonists selected to visit the 
sachem, Maseasoit, at Pokanoket, on a diplo- 
matic errand. On a second visit to this 
sachem at Sowaros, though his knowledge of 
therapeutics was of the slenderest, he man- 
aged tocureMassasoitof adis(emiier(,March 
1023), and so to gain his goodwill towards 
the colonists. On 10 Sept. 1623 Winslow 
sailed for England in the Ann as agent for the 
colony, and while in London published a 
narrative of the settlement and a history at , 
its transactions from December 1621, undeE ' 
the title ' Good News from New Engli 
oraTrueRelationof Things very remarkable 
at the Plantation of Plirooth in New Eng^ 
laud' (1024, pp. 66, sm. 4to). In it ha 
significantly warns idlers, beggars, and per- 
sons with ' a dainty tooth ' from attempting 
to join the colony. In March 1624 ha re- 
turned in the Charity from England, taking 
with other necessaries three heifers and a 
bull, the first neat cattle exported from the 
old country to the new. In the summer 
of 1624 he revisited England to represent 
the transactions and the needs of the colony 
to the adventurers. During his absence, at 
the annual election of 1624 Oovemor Wil- 
liam Bradford (1590-1 657) [q. v. 1 having pre- 
vailed on the people of Plymouth to increase 
the numberof assistants to live, Winslow was 
first elected to this otHce, in which he was 
continued by successive appointments until 
1647, with the exception of 1033, 1636, and 
1644, when he was chosen governor. In 
1635 he undertook another naency to Eng- 
land for the two colonies nf Plymouth and 
Slasaachusetls.partly to obtninmorol support 
I'or the New England plantations against the 
threatened intrusion of the French on the 
east and the Dutch on the west, and partly 
complaints which had been pre- 
ferred against the colony of Massachusetts 
~— 1 agamst Winslow in prticular by Tho- 
H Morton, a disalfectea colonist 



I 

\ 



r 



the Speedwell toSouthompton, and j returned to England and obtained the ear 
■ the Mayflower, having decided to | of Laud (see HiuDFORii, Hut. ap. iv. Maua- 



Winslow 202 Winslow 



chusetts Hift. Coll. iii.; cf. Doyle, English in : London *( 1047), and Winslow, who held the 
America y\.\i\\\ The sptK^ial charges brought ' pen of an able controversialist, retorted in 
against Winslow were that he, not being in his pungent 'New England's Salamander' 
holy orders but a mere layman, had taught (1647, pp. 29, 8vo). 

publicly in church and had celebrated mar- In the meantime Winslow had attended 
riages. He admitted his occupation of the ! several meetings of the commissioners for 
pulpit 'for the edification of tlie brethren,* - the affairs of New England. In answer to 
but pleade<l that he had solemnised marriages the charge that the Massachusetts rulers 
only as a civil contract in his capacity as a ' were intolerant or arbitrary, he had been 
magistrate, and in the absence of a licensed ' specially instructed to say that they had 
minister. For these offences he was in July four or five hundred express laws as near 
committed by Laud*s order to the Fleet the laws of England as may be, and when 
prison. Tlience in November he addressed a , they had no law they judged by the word 
petition to the privy council {CaL State \ of God ; while in refert»nce to the offending 
jPaperSf Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 157), which I scheme for a general government for New 
procuredhisrelease and his consequent return ' Englnnd, he was to assert for that colony 
to New Plymouth. the autonomous rights given them by their 



Winslow was cha<en governor again for 
1636 and also for 1644, and two vears later 



charter (cf. Winthrop, Journal, ed. Savage, 
ii. 306). The Earl of Warwick and Sir Henrv 



the colony of Massachusetts prevailed upon , Vane, both friends of New England, were 
him to return to England in their behalf to ' now on the committee, and Winslow appears 
answer some not ill-founded complaints of to have made a yctv favourable impression 
cruelty, raised by Samuel Gorton and others, i both for his clients and for himself; this was 
and to defend them against the charges of j confirmed by the active assistance he gave 
religious intolerance and persecuting ten- , to the puritan movement for propagating 
dency by which thev were assailed {Life and : the gospel in New England. A charter of 
Letters of John U\'nthrop, 18ti7, ii. 347). I incorporation for a society with this object 



His Plymouth associates, including Brad- 
ford, appear to have disapproved of his mis- 
sion (BUADFORD, Hist. 1050, ad fin. ; GoOD- 



bears date 27 July 1649, and Winslow 
dedicated to the parliament in this same year 
a little tract called * The Glorious Progress 



wix, Pilt/rim liepuhlic, 1888, chap. Iv.) He I of the Gospel amongst the Indians of New 
sailed from Host on in October 161(),and was | England.' His friend * President Steele* (of 
not destined again to revisit the settlement j the new Gospel Society) wrote to the New 
which he had made in Marshfield, and to • England commissioners that Winslow was 
which he had given the name of Careswell, i unwilling to be longer kept from his family, 
after the ancestral seat of the Vanes. Upon I but that his great acquaintance and influence 
arriving in London he lost no time in issuing I with members of parliament required his 
a harsh answer to the party of toleration in longer stay. During his four years' ser\'ice 



Massachusetts had paid him only 300/. ; in 
view of his labours for the Indians he now 



* Hypocrisie I'nmasked : by a True Rela- 
tion of the Proceedings of the Governor 
and Company of the Massachusetts against j received an additional 100/. But the 'courtly 
Samuel (lorton, a notorious l)isturbt»r of • pilgrim ' found more remunerative employ- 
the Peace.' Appended to this was a chapter \ ment in England. He was appointed a mem- 
entitled *A Brief Narration of the True ' ber of the committee for compounding, and 
Grounds or Cause of the First Plantation when, in April 1650, the committees were 
of New England,* which supplied the first ' reorganised, he was put upon the joint board 
connected account in print of the prt^ ■ of * The Committee for Sequestration and Ad- 
parations in Leyden for removal to America, • vancement of Money and for compounding 
and incidentally pn\««erved the substance of with Delinquents * at a salary of 80O/. a year 
John Robinson's farewell address to the (Cal. Pror. Co7nm, Advance of Moneyy'iSi^f 
departing portion of his flock. The whole ! Pref. p. xi). In September 1651 the council 
tract was reissued without change in 1649 ordered a hundred narratives of the 
as * The Dang^T of tolerating Levellers in battle of Worcester to be delivered to him 
a Civill State ' (the supplementary chapter for transmission to New England {CaL 
was reprinted in Young's * Chronicles of ; State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 362). 
the Pilgrims/ 1841). John Child and Wil- During March and April 1652 he was 
liam Vassall [see under Vassall, John], endeavouring, but apparently without com- 



whose ideas of toleration were considerably 
in advance of his time, assailed Winslow's 
championship of New England religious 
policy in 'New England's Jonas cast up at 



plete success, to obtain an exclusive grant 
for New Plymouth of the whole of the 
river Kennebec (ih, pp. 376, 378, 379). In 
July upon his petition a supply of ammuni- 



Win slow 



203 



Win slow 



tion wna sent to New l^nglitud, atiJ a thoa- 
NUid swords by wnj of arming the colonists 
Hgeioit the Dutch (I&. p. 3«6). In 165a he 
issued his last tract, 'A Platform of Cliurch 
Discipline in New England' (London, 4to). 
In June 1654 he was one of the commis- 
sioners appointed to determine the value 
of the English ehipa seiied and destroyed 
bv the king of Denmarli, for which re- 
stitution was to be made, according to the 
treaty of peace made witli the Protector on 
ft April. When Cromwyll despatched the 
natal expedition against tlie Spanish in the 
Weet Indies under Penn and ^'enable8, he 
appointed Winslow as chief of the three 
civil commissioners, Ilichard Holdrip and 
£dward Blagge being the other two, who 
were lo accompany and advise with the 
commanders. lie was allowed a fixed Kalary 
of 1,000/. per annum, 600/. being paid him 
in advance (i6. p. 419). During thepassagts 
of the Heet from niapaniok, whence it was 
repulsed, to Jamaica, wliich it captured, 
Winslow died of a fever, aggravated by the 
mtanae heat, on 8 May 1856 (O.S.) He was 
buried nt sea with a salute of fnrty-two guns. 
The following pious cloggerel was inscribed 
to his memory, and perpetuatiid in Morton's 
■Memorial' (16611): 

The eighth of If ay, went from Spanioln's shore, 
God look from us our grand i^ommiiaj 
Wmilow by name; a man in ciii*fest 









i 



By his second wife, Susannah, he had, with 
other issue, an only son, Josiab Winslow 
(1629-1680), who became a distinguished 
man in the colony; was a magistrate, go- 
vernor, and in 167p5 commander of ihe New 
England forces in the Indian war (see C'nl. 
State Paperf, Colonial, Addenda). Edward 
Winalow's widow survived until 1680, when 
she waa buried in the Winslow burying- 
ground at MarshBeld. 

The Erst colony owed much to 'Winslow, 
whose popularity as an administrator was 
(Itiliingly attested by an appeal from several 
Barbadeans that he ahnuld be appointed 
their governor in place of Lord Willoufrhby. 
Hia birth and breeding save him an advan- 
tage over roost of his fellow emigrants, and 
Wintlirop and the New England council 
did wisely in deputing him upon a mission 
10 the English parliament, among the mem- 
bers of which he moved as one of themselves. 
Oromwell recognised bis value and his 
integrity and kept him constantly employed 

responsible posts. 

Winslow's dark features and dignified 
jure are well portrayed in an oil painting 
executed in England in IG61, when he was 



fifty-siic years old. The original, whicb it 
the only authentic likeness of any of tha 
' Mayflower pilgrims,' is now the property of 
a descendant, Isaac Winslow ( cf. Mast. Call. 
vii. 286, and Frac. x. S6). Engravings, not 
distinguished by uniformity as regards like- 
nesa, have been executed for Young's ' Cliro- 
□iclea of the Pilgrim Fathers,' Moore's ' Ame- 
ricanOovBmors,'BBrtlett'B' Pilgrim Fathers,' 
Morton's ' Memorial ' (Boston, 1865), Win- 
Hor's'History of America '(iii. 277), and Ap- 
plelon's ' Cyclopredia.' Winslow's chair is 
engraved for Young's ' Chronicles ' (p. 238) ; 
this and other relics are preserved in Pilgrim 
Hall at (New) Plymouth. Winslow's estate 
of Marshiield Bubsequenlly passed into the 
possession of Daniel Webster. 

In addition to the works mentioned, 
Winslow waa joint author with tiovemor 
William Bradford (1690^1657) [q.v.] of the 
'Diary of Occurrences' or chronicle of the 
Cape Cod colony (November 1620 to Decem- 
ber 1H21), which was printed in London aa 
' Journal of the Beginning and Proceeding of 
the English Plantations settled at Plymouth 
in New England,' with a preface si^ed by 
O. Mourt. Mourt's ' Uelation,' as it is often 
described, was abridged by Purchas in hia 
'Pilgrimes,' and reproduced in theabbteviated 
form in ' i Massachusetts Historical Collec- 
tions,' viii. 203-9 [ the parts of iheori^nal 
omitted in the abridgement were published 
in ' II Moeinchusetts Historical Ckitlectiona,' 
ix. 20-74 ; the whole waa printed in Younff'i 
'Chronicles,' and separat^y, with notes dt 
W. T, Harris, New York, 1852. Winslow'a 
' Good Newes' (mentioned above) waa in con- 
tinuation of Mourt's ' Relation.' Copies of all 
Winslow's tracts are in the British Museum 
Library. 

[Full biogntpbies of 'Winslow are given ia 
BHlknap's American Biographies (1794-8), ia. 
J. B, Moore's Mnmairs of AmrricaD Oovemon 
(New York. 1846, i. 93-13S). Add in D. P. 
Hullon's WioKlov H«morial (N'ew York, 1877, 
vol. i. Introd.) NumerousdetniU as to the family 
are to Iw found in the New EagUnd Hist, anil 
Geaeal. Itegieter, IHfil), 1863. 1867. 1870, 1872, 
1&77. and 1878, and ID Savage'e tleacalog. Cict. 
of First Settlers in New England.] T. S. 

WINSLOW, FORBES BENIQNUS 

(1810-1674), physician, ninth son of Thomas 
Winslow, a captain in the 47tL regiment of 
foot, and his wife, Marv Forbes, was bom at 
Pentonville in August 1810. His father 
waa a direct descendant of Edward Window 
[q.T.] The family lost their American pro- 
pel^ in the war of independence and came 
to England. After education at University 
College, London, and at the Middlesex Hospi- 
tal, where he was a pupil of Sir Chutes Bell 



1 

tha ^M 
rot ■ 



I 



Winsor 



204 



Winsor 



[q. v.], he became a member of the Royal 
Uollege of Surgeons of England in 1835, and 
graduated M.D. at Aberdeen in 1849. He 
had to ]>ay the expenses of his own medical 
education, and dicl so by acting as a reporter 
for the * Tinies ' in the gallery of the ilouse 
of Commons, and by writing small manuals 
for students on osteology, and on practical 
midwifery. In 1830 he publishea anony- 
mously * Physic and Physicians,' in two 
volumes, a collection of miscellaneous anec- 
dotes about physicians and surgeons; and 
in 1840 * The Anatomy of Suicide,* an en- 
deavour to demonstrate that most suicides 
are not criminal, but are victims of mental 
disease. This was followed in 184.'^ by * The 
Plea of Insanity in Criminal Castas,' and in 
1845 bv * The Incubation of Insanity.' He 
was now regardtnl by the public as an au- 
thoritv in cases of insanity, and in 1847 
opened two private lunatic asylums at Ham- 
mersmith, where he employed the humane 
method of treating lunatics which is now 
universal, but was then regarded as on its 
trial. He founded the * Quarterly Journal 
of Psychological Medicine' in 1848, and con- 
tinued it for sixteen years. AVhen the Earl 
of Derby was installed as chancellor of the 
university of Oxford, the honorary degree of 
D.C.L. was conferred on Winslowon 9 June 
1S53. He continued to write numerous papers 
on insanity and on its relation to the laws, 
and in l8tK.) published * On the C)bscure 
Diseases of the Hrain and Mind,' a work 
containing many interesting cases. In 18(»5. 
after n.»covering from a serious illness, he 
wrote * Light and its Influence ' and a short 
essay *On I'ncontrollable Drunkenness.' He 
was examined before a commit tee of t he House 
of Commons in X^T'J on this subject. The 
fnM|Uent establishment of the plea of insanity 
in crinnnal oases was largely due to his in- 
iluen('e,and he was called as a witness in manv 
celebrated trials. He died at Drighton on 
3 March 1^74, and was buried at Epping. 
The ' Medical Circular' for 1(3 March 1S")3 
contains his portrait, engraved fn^m a 
daguerreotype. One of his sons, Lyttelton 
Stewart Winslow, graduated in medicine and 
pursued the same studies. 

[l?riti>li Mrdical .Tonrnal. 1874, vol. i. ; Medi- 
cal Circular, IS.).*?, vol. ii. ; I^-inoot. 14 3Iirv*h 
1874 : Journal of l\vohol<uical Medicine. 1873. 
vol. i., cditoil l>v Ji. S. Winslow, M.I).; Works.] 

N'. M. 

WINSOR, FHEDEIUCK ALBERT 
(1703- ISW), one of the pioneers of gas- 
lighting, son of Friedrioh Albrecht AVinzer, 
was born in Brunswick in 17(.i3. There is 
some reason to suj^pose that he was educattxl 
in Hamburg, where he early acquired Eng- 



lish, and he seems to have resided in England 
before 1799. He appears to have been pri- 
marily a company-promoting 'expert,' but 
he was specially interested in the question 
of economic fuel, and in 1802, being then 
in Frankfort, he made a visit to Paris ex- 
pressly to investigate the thermo-lamps which 
Philippe Lebon {d, 1804) had first exhibited 
in 1786, and for which he had obtained a 
brevet in 1799. AVilliam Mordock [q. v.] 
had been working in England upon some- 
what similar lines (traced in the first in- 
stance, he admits, * by Dr. John Clayton, as 
far back as 1739'), and his experiments first 
yielded gas as a practical illuminant between 
1792 and 1798, when he erected gasworks 
at the well-known Soho manufactory of 
Boulton & Watt, near Birmingham. A like 
project had been entertained by Archibald 
Cochrane, ninth earl of Dundonald [q. v.], 
in 1782-3 ; but, except in the case of Mur- 
dock and Lebon, experiments in gas-lighting 
had not progressed further than 'philoso- 
phical fireworks,' such as were exhibited by 
a German named Diller (rf. 1789) in London. 
Diller appears to have taken his ' fireworks ' 
to Paris and exhibited them to the Acad^mie 
desSciences (see Jotimalde PJiusiguffSef tern" 
berl787). Similar' fireworks were exhibited 
by Cartwright at the Lyceum Theatre in 
May 1800( Iwies, 17 May). The inhabitants 
of London were, nevertheless, extremely 
sceptical as to the feasibility of gas-lighting 
when Winsor returned to England at the 
close of 1803 and commenced a series of 
lectures at the Lyceum Theatre (for an 
advertisement of the lectures see Times, 
21 Sept. 1804). He kept secret as a profound 
mystery his method of procuring and puri- 
fying the gas ; but he showed the method of 
conveying it to the difierent rooms of a 
house. He exhibited a chandelier 'in the 
form of a long fiexible tube suspended from 
the ceiling communicating at the end with 
a burner, designed with much taste, 1)eiug 
acupid grasping a torch with one hand and 
holding the tube with the other.' He ex- 
plaineu how the form of the flame could be 
modified, and demonstrated that the flame 
was not liable to be extinguished by wind 
or rain, that it produced no smoke, and did 
not scatter dangerous sparks. His perse- 
verance and sanguine temper are said to 
have been of the greatest senice in making 
the matter known to the public, but he 
was deficient both in chemical knowledge 
and in mechanical skill. He obtained a hold 
over the mind of a retired coach-maker 
named Kenzie, who lived in Queen Street, 
Hyde Park, and this patron lent him his 
premises for gasworks. 




Winsor a. 

On 18 May 1**04. bein^ then ' of Cheap- 
side, mercbAiit,' Winsor obtained a pateut 
(No. 2764) for an 'improved oven, stove, or 
apparatus for the purpose of extracting in- 
Daramable air, oil, pitch, lar, and neids, and 
reducing into coke and charcoal all kinds of 
fuel' {Ann. Reg. 18(M, p. 825). TowardB tb« 
close of 1806 Winwr removed his exhibi- 
tion to 97 I'ftll Mall, where early in 1807 
he ' lighted up a part of one side of tlie 
street, which was the first instance of this 
kind of light being- applied to such a pur- 
pose in London' (Matthew, Hist. Skflchof 
Ga»-Lighting, 1827). His gas was sneered 
at as offensive, dangerous, expensive, and 
immaDAgeable, but Winsor was not deterred 
Sroia his purpose. Besides a number of 
bombastic pamphlets and advertisements, he 
issued at tne close of 1807 a flaming pro- 
apoctus of ' The New I'atriotic Imperial 
and National Light and Heat Companj.' 
He calculated that if ihe operations which 
be proposed were properly conducted the 
net annual profits would amount to over 
a39,000,tKK);., and that after giving over 
nine-tenths of that sum towards the re- 
demption of the National Debt, there would 
etill remain a total profit of 670/. to be paid 
to the subscribers tor every 5/. of deposit.' 
Winsor is said to have raised nearly 60,000/. 
bj subscription, but, large an was the 
amount, he was not enriched by it, for the 
whole was expended upon his projects. The 
retort in which he distilled was ' an iron 
■vessel, similar to a pot with a lid, well 
fitted and luted to the top of it. To the 
centre of the lid a pipe was lixed to convey 
the gas to his condensing vessel, which was 
a circular cistern, mode of a conical form, 
broader at the bottom than at the top j it 
was divided into two or three separate com- 
partments, and the plates that farmed the 
division were perforated with a ereat num- 
ber of holes, in order to spread the gas as it 
passed through them, to purify it from the 
eulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia.' But 
this operation was very imperfectly per- 
formed, and the gas, being burnt in an ex- 
tremely impure state, emitteil a pungent 
smell. To improve this he had recourse to 
lime aM apuriSer, with moderately success- , 
ful results. His pipes were mostly of lead, 
only those parts which connected them 
with the burners being made of copper, and 
his burners were argands, jets, end bats- 
wings. On 20 Feb. 1807 ^'inaor obtained 
a second patent (No. 3016) for a new gas 
furnace and purilier; his Inter patents (^os. 

taH3 and 3200) for refining the gas so aa 
to deprive it of all disagreeable odour during 
combustion are dated" a March 1808 and 



I 



•5 Winsor 

T Feb. 18U9. On 3 Aug. 1809 he obtained 
a patent (No. 82-'>3) for ' a fixed and move- 
able telegraphic lighthouse, for signals of 
intelligence in rain, storm, and darkness.' 

In 1609, aft«r having moderated the terms 
of his prospectus, Winsor supported the 
Light and Heat Company's application to 
parliament for a charter. The application 
was opposed by William Murdock and James 
Watt the younger. Henry Brougham on 
their behalf launched the shafts of his ridi- 
cule against the financial side of the scheme 
as expounded in Winsor's advertisements, 
and Walter Scott wrote that he must be a 
madman who proposed to light London with 
smoke. The bill was thrown out, but the 
' Westminster Gas Light and Coke Com- 
pany,' as the corporation now termed them- 
selves, obtained their net on » June 1810. 
They were henceforth advised, not by Win- 
sor, but by Samuel Clegg [q. v.], an old dis- 
ciple of Murdock. 

Winsor proceeded to Paris in 1816, hiB 
'brevet d'Importation' being dated 1 Dec. 
1815, and he set to work at once to found 
a gas-lighting cotntiany In that city. In 
order to conciliate French opinion, hestated 
that in 1802 he had been one of the first to 
render tribute to Lebon as the original in- 
ventor of the gas oven (Journal det Dibalt, 
9 July 1823). In January 1817 he lit up 
the Passage des Panoramas with gas, which 
he applied next to the Luxembourg and the 
Od^n arcade, but his company made small 

Srogress and was liquidated in 1819. Little 
irtner advance seems 1o have been made 
in Paris until the formation of the Manby- 
Wilson company about 1828. With this 
firm Winsor is not known to have been 
connected. Ho died at Paris on 11 May 
1830 (Timf». 17 May), and was buried in 
the cemetery of P^re la Chaise. A cenotaph, 
was erected to his memory in Keusal Qreen 
cemetery with the inscription, ' At evening- 
lime it shall be light. — Zach. xlv. 7.' 

A son, Frbdehick Albebt Wirbob, 
'junior'(1797-l874),ofShooter'8Hlll,bom 
at Vienna in 1797, married. In June 1819, 
Catherine Hunter of Brunswick Square, 
London {Mmthly Stag, xlvii. 6641. He 
was called to the bar from the Middle Tem- 
ple on 31 Jan. 1840, and obtained a patent 
(No. 9600) for the 'production of light ' as 
late as January 1843. An excellent linguist, 
he was for many years director andsecretaiy 
of the French Protestant Hoapltal. He died 
on7Junel874,aged77(inw7'M7iM,18July). 
Winjor's publications include; 1. 'De- 
scription of the Thermo-lamp invented by 
I.ehon of Paris, published with remarks by 
F. A. W of London,' in parnUal 



I 

I 
I 



i 



Winstanley 



Winstanley 



columna of Eni^lish, I'retich, and Oerman, 
Brunswick. 1802, 4ta ; dedicated to Chnrles 
\\'iltiam KerditiiiDd, dulte of Brunswick. 
Tkia WSB reissued in English ntone with 
some additiooiin 1801 >s 'Account uT the 
most in^aious and important Nationol 
Discovery tor some Ajfes. '2. ' The Supe- 
riority of the Now Patent Coke over the 
usel of Coals in Eamily Concerns, dis- 
played every Evening, at the Large Theatre, 
Lyceum, fitrand, hv the New Imperial 
Patent LightStovett'. A, Winaor, paten tee),' 
[1808]. 3. ' Analogy between Animal and 
Vef[etable Life. Demonstrating the hene- 
ficial application of the PatHnt Llftht Stoves 
to all Green and Hot Houses," 1807. Wio- 
sor here calls himself ' Inventor and patentee 
of the gas lights.' 4. ' National Deposit 
Bank; or the Bulwark of British Security, 
Credit, and Commerce, in nil times of Dif- 
ficulty, Changes, and lie volutions,' 1807, 
5. ' Mr. W. Nicholson's Attack in his "Philo- 
sophical Journal" on Mr. Winsor and the 
National Light and Heat Comjiany, with 
Mr. Winsor's Defence ; also a shoft His- 
tory nf Borne Piratical Attempts to infringi 
his Patent Itiglit,' 1807. Some further 
pamphlets of minor importance are • 
meratiid in the Patent Office Library cata- 

[Malth««g's Hlstoricnl Sketch of the Origin, 
Froi^iiB, and Preneat Statu of UaB-Lightiog, 
1837, ehnp. W. and Apneod'x; Annual Biogr. 
and Oliilmiry, laal.p.fiOS; Ocnl. Map. 1830. ii. 
89 ; Tha Ileport of Jas. Lai). Grant and trustSBB 
ufthe fund for asHistiD(r Mc. Winsor in bis ex- 
perirocnlB, May IBUS; John Taylor's Memoirs 
uf my Lifx, 1832, i. 41 ; Croft'* Eensal Crten 
Cometei?, p. 20 ; Smilos's Invention aod In- 
dustry, pp. 143-3 : A Lotler to a Mombir "f 
Parliament from Mr. William Mnrdock, 1S09, 
rd. Prosscr, 18Q2 ; Snmnol Clegf^'s Coal 0ns, 
1841, iatrodnction ; Oas Joiunal, 1883, ilii. 
489 sq.; Nicholson's Joamal. I Jan. 1807. p. 
73 ; Ann. Keg. 1804 p. 825, 1807 p. 8,M, 18118 
ii. 134: Chamben's Book of Days, i. 178; Notes 
and Querios, 6tll sor. i. 200, xii. 494. 8th trr. 
ii, 8S: London Mugaiino, Deci'mb«r 1837 ; All 
the Year Round, 6 Oct. 1867 : New York En- 
gineering MaKatine, vi. 223 ; Bees's Cydopndia, 
1819, art. 'Gns;' Penny Cydopeilia. ii. 88; 
Qmnde Encyclop^ie. art. 'Eclairage;' notes 
kindly furaishal by B.B. Proseer, esq.] T. S. 

WINSTiNLEY.OERRARD (^. 1648- 
IG62), 'digifer' or 'leveller,' was a Lonca- 
abire man, hut hie parentage aud birthplace 
have not bn^n identified. Jlucameintonolice 
in April 1649 as the leader, with William 
Everard, of a small partv of men who began 
cultivating some waste land at St. Qeorffe's 
Hill, Walton-ou-TUamus, Surrey, asserting 
that it, w^ 'an uudeuiable equity that the 

I 



people ought to dig, plow, plant, and 
dwell upon the commons, without hiring 
them or paying rent to any.' The diggers 
being removed by the authorities, Winstanley 
wrote ' A Letter lo the Lord Fairfax and his 
Councell of War, with divers Questions to 
the Lawyers and Ministers,' 1(U9, 4t4>i 
reprinted in ' Harleian Miscellany ' (ed. 
Park, viii. 686). Everard, in conjunction 
with Wiiiatanlev and others, wrote a pam- 
phlet, ' The True Levellers Standard,' 1 W», 
in defence of these proceedings, and was 
afterwards imprisoned at Kingston. Win- 
stanley, along with John Barker and Thomas 
Star, was also arrested, and he was sentenced 
lo pay 01. lis. Iff. for fine and cost*. The 
three men then addressed an ' Appeal to the 
House of Commons, desiring their .Answer: 
whether the Common People shall have the 

n' t enjoyment of the Commons and Waste 
d, or whether they shall be under the 
will of Lords of the Slannor still,' 1849. 

Winstanlev also published the following 
tracts on the same matter: 1. 'A Vindi- 
cation of those wliose Endeavours is only 
to make the Earth a Common TreasuT)', 
called Difrgers.' 1649. 3. ' A Watchword 
to I he City of London and the Armie,' 
1049. 3. "A Declaration from the Poor 
Oppressed People of Engknd,' ll>49. 4. ' A 
New Yeers Gift to the Parliament and 
Armie : shewing what the Kingly Power is, 
and that the Cause of those they call the 
Diggers is the Life and Morrow of that 
Cause the Parliament hath declared for and 
the Army fought for,' 1650. 5. ' An Appeal 
to all Englishmen to judge between Bondage 
and Freedome,' 1650. 0. ■ Tlie Law of Free- 
dom in a Platform, or True Magistrocv Re- 
stored. Humbly presented to Oliver Orom- 
well . . . wherein is declared, what isKinglv 
(lovemmenl, and what is Common wealth's 
Government,' 1652. An interesting memo- 
rial to the council of state was presented by 
Winstanley and John Palmer in vindication 
of the diggers in 1619 (wrongly dated in 
Oi/. State Papers, Dom. 1653-4. p. 338). 
A atirring ' Digger's Song,' probably written 
by Winstanley, is printed in the ' Clarke 
Papers' (ii, 231). His writings mentioned 
above ahow him to bare been an absoluta 
socialist. In the scheme which he gravelv 

5ut before Cromwell in the ' I^aw of Free- 
om ' there were to be no lords of manor, 
lawyers, landlords, or tilbe-supportedcletyri 
nor was theuse of money to be allowed. Mr. 
G. P. Goocb, in hie 'English Democratic 
'3eas in the Seventeenth Century' (ISHS. 
p. 206-26), shows that Winstanley i _ 
'ten a clear-headed teacher of communistittv 
principles, then strange but now familiar. 




Winstanley 



In the following religi 
pressed his views ogoloaC tiie old and then 
exl«ting BVBtems of Christian belief and ec- 
elesiMlical ^vernmeul. He was a univer- 
■aliet, and hia works ore perhapa the eorlitat 
in English in which that doctrine is en- 
forced : I. 'The Bteaking of the Dbv of 
God; 1648; Home ediliomi 1649. 2. '"Tha 
HjiBterie of God eonceming ihe whole Crea- 
tion, Hankinde,' &c., 1648 ; another edit. 
It>49. 3. 'The Saints Paradise, or the 
Fathers Teaching the only ^tUfBCtion la 
Waiting Souls,' 1649. 4. ' Truth lifting up 
his Head above Scandals, wherein is declared 
what Ood, Christ, Father, Sonne, Holy 
Ghost, Scriptures, CioBpel, Prayer, Ordinances 
of God, sie,' 1649 and 1660. 5. -The New 
Law of ItightBonsness Budding Forth, in 
nstoring the whole Creation fram the Bond- 
age of the Curse," 1649. The above five 
tracts were collected and published tojfether 
in December 1649. 6. ■ Fire iu the Bush, 
The Spirit Burning, not Consuming, but 
Purging Mankinde,' 1050. In the dedica- 
tion, to his ' Countryman of the county of 
I/HDCSSter,' prefixed to the' Mysterie of Ood,' 
lie describes himself m not a learned man. 
Thomas Comber, after wards dean of Durham, 
in hia ' Christianity no Enthusiasm,' 1678, 
attempted to show thnt ^^'inBtanlHy and his 
associates were the real founders of the 
quakttr sect. 

[Artiela by W. A. Alimm in Palatino Note- 
book, ill. 104, IT. BA: Wfaitelotke's Memnrials, 



Beast, iefi6, p. 2ST ; CuFlyle's Cromwell, pt. r.. 
'The Levellers;' Clarke Pftpeis, ed. Firth 
(Camden Soe.). ii. 211, 217; Oardiner's Com- 
iDonvMltb nad Protectorate, 1891-7, t. 47, ii. 
6 t Haztitt's CoUectiotis and Notrs, ii. 6o2, iii. 
287; KuBseU Smith's Cat. of Topogr, TraclB, 
1B78, p. 376; Notei and Queries, Sth ser. lii. 
186 ; Brit. Mm. Cat. ; Co-operntive Nbws. 
13 April 1S9S, p. Sei; notes kindly supplied 
by the Hev. A. Gordon.] C. W. S. 

"WTRSTANLEY, HAMLET (1698- 
[ 1756), painter and engraver, the second eon 
r of William Winstanley, a reputable trndes- 
WorriiifTlon, Lancashire, ' who 
brought up all his children to good school 
learning." was born at Warrington in 1698. 
In 1707 he was placed imder the tuition of 
Samuel Shaw, rector of the parish and 
master of the Boteler free grammar school 
of hia native town. The remarkable talent 
•hown by the young Hamlet iu rough draw- 
ings which he made with crayons attracted 
H the notice of John Finch, rector of Wiuwick 
K Andbrotherof theEarl of Nottingham, He 
^1 gave the boy free access to his collection of 



t 



paiutings nud every encouragement to pursue 
the career of an artist, finally smoothing the 
way for him to study in London at the aca- 
demy of painting, founded in 1711, in Great 
Queen St.reet, Lincoln's Inn Fields, uudei 
the auapices of Sir Godfrey Ejieller. He re- 
mained in London three years, deriving great 
benefit, as he always tully acknowledged, 
from the persoual supervision of Kneller, and 
returned to W'arrington in 17^1 upon an ex- 
press commission to paint the portrait of Sir 
Edward Stanley. Tile success of this por- 
trait led to his introduction to James Stan- 
ley, tenth earl of Derby, and the earl was so 
pleased with Winstanley's work that he 
ordered him to come and paint for him at hia 
aeatatKnowsIey. Duringthenext two years 
he painted several landscapes and portraits, 
including one of the earl, and, says a con- 
temporary memoir written either by himself 
or by his brother, Peter Winstanley, ' he 
merited esteem so much that hia lordship 
advised him and gave him noble exceeding 
good encouragement to gq to llome in 1T23, 
as he did, to compleat his study in paiuting, 
as perfect as possible to be attained. And 
in order thereto his lordship got tetters of 
credit, and recommendation for Mr. Win- 
stanley to a certain cardinal at liome, to 
whom his lordship sent a present of a large 
whole piece of the very best black brad cloth 
that London could produce, with a prospect 
to introduce Sir. Winatanley into what 
favours he bad occasion for, to view all the 



ciinous pictures 
(that could not lie purchas'd for money) 
which Lord Derby hod a desire of, and he 
employed him while he stayed at Home and 
at Venice awhile, in all about two years, for 
he came home in 1725,' While at Home he 
beard of the death of Kneller, whom he re- 
ferred to as 'a particular friend, his great 
master.' The sketches of Rome and studies 
of antique figures drawn by Winstanley, 
■while hearing very distinctly the impress nf 
the taste of the period, exhibit some mosterly 
qualities. The British Museum purchased 
two fine examples of pen and wash drawings 
by Winstanley in 1870. He executed large 
copies of the 'Graces,' by Kaphael, in the 
Fornesina Palace at Home, ana of the 'Tii- 
umph of Bacchus,' by Caraoci, iu theFamese. 
Ilia etchings from pictures by old masters 
(including Ribera, Itembranilt, Vandyck, 
Carlo Dolci, Tintoretto, Titian, Rubens, Sny- 
ders, and Salvator Rosa), in the poasession 
of the Earl of Derby, fully entitle him to 
the high place assigned him in Walpole's 
' Catalogue ' of early eneraverB in England. 
These etchings, erecutud for the most part 



I 
I 



Winstanley 208 Winstanley 

during 1728-9, were bound together in a the king's service, and became clerk of the 
portfolio known as the 'Knowslej Gallery/ worksthereand at Newmarket (Bbitbbooke, 
with an obsequious dedication to the Earl . Audleu End, pp. 89-266). Winstanley en- 
of Derby. A\ alpole does not seem to have graved and published a set of twenty-four 
known Winstanley as a portrait-painter, plansandviewsofAudley End, one of which 
but the portraits he executed of the Stan- bears date 1676. The completed aet were 
leys, of John Blackbume, of Samuel Peploe, dedicated in 1688 to James II, the Earl of 
bishop of Chester, and Jonathan Patten of Suifolk (former owner), and Sir Christopher 
Manchester, are said to be most faithful Wren. The original issue (18| in. by 14 in.) 
likenesses. Several of his portraits have was followed by a smaller set in quarto 
been etched ' " ^ ' - - '-- 

Derby was 
Gucht to 

Edward A\ addington 'q. v.j, Disnop oi uni- » msianieyoDtainea a cercam notoriety from 
Chester, painted in 1/30, was engraved in the whimsical mechanisms witii which he 
mezzotint by Faber; and that of Francis embellished or encumbered his house at 
Smith, the architect, by A. N. Haecken Littlebury in Essex ; he was also the in- 
(DoDD, Manuscript Memoirs of English En- vent or and proprietor of a place of entertain- 
pravers). A few of his landscape and other ment known as the Water Theatre at the 
subjects are at Knowsley, and Winstanley also * lower end of Piccadilly.' 
made etchings ofSir James Thomhiirs paint- ' Either on the stren^h of this reputation 
ings in the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral. He or at his own suggestion, he was permitted 
spent his later years at Warrington, where in 1690 to furnish the authorities of Trinity 
he built Stanley Street, and named it after House with a design for a lighthouse to be 




of William & Ellen Winstanley, an eminent ftnd fourteen feet in diameter, was, after 
portrait- painter, 20 May 1756, aged 61.' His ' two years' work, increased to a diameter 
collections of copper-plates and prints are of sixteen feet, and the superstructure was 
stated by Walpole to have been sold by erected to a total height of eighty feet from 
auction at Essex House on 18 March 1762. rock to vane. At tnis stage the building 
A three-quarter-length portrait of Hamlet is said to have been drawn on the spot by 




Painting,* 1888, iii. 2;3r> (cf. J. C. Smith, privateer, and the work destroyed. Early 

Brit. Mezzo, Portraits, p. 445). in July, owing to the admiralty's interven- 
TBiopraphical Memoranila. made in 1776 bv I ^i^"' ^*^ was exchanged (LuTTRELL, Brief 

PtUT Wins*tttiilfv, an.l contributed to Notes and Be/atwn,iy. 24t>, 24/, 2ol). In the fourth 

Queries (5th 8er* viii. 40O with some comments 7^^^ of the work the solid base was increased 

by (Sir) George Soharf (thts«* j^jirticulars are ^o a. diameter of twenty-four feet, and its 

wrongly assigut^ iu the index to ' Herbert ' height raised to nearly twenty feet. In the 

Winstanley); Addit. MS. 33407. f. 159; Ry- same year (17(X)) the superstructure of the 

lands's Local Gleanings. 1877, p. 637; Memoir lighthouse appears to have been complettnl 




, , -, „,. , , - . ^ being 

was tlH. son ot IKnry \N instanley. the enginocr copper or iron. The engraving of the com- 
and engraver.] f. .s - pletod building as given bvSmeaton is Mrawn 
WINSTANLEY, HENRY {d. 1703), orthographicalv 'from a ver>' rare perspective 
engineer and enimiver, was probably a native view made by Nvinstanley himself The en- 
of Sallron AValden and brother of AVilliam tire structure was swept away on the night 
AVinstanlov l^q.v/ In U'xm he was a* porter' of :?6 Nov. 1703, carrying with it the un- 
in Uu' s(T\ ice of James Ilownnl, thin! earl fortunate designer, who had gone out to 
of SutVolk q.v/ He was employed on iSuf- superintend some repairs. John Smea ton 
folk's biiildinjrs at Andloy Knd, and when, Tq. v.] suggests that an insufficient know- 
early in IGtitj, Suffolk sold the jdace to letljre of cements was one cause of Winstan- 
Charles II Winstanlov was trunsterred to lev's failure. 



Win Stan ley 



Winstanley 



I 



As late as 1713 the house at Liltlebury 
and llie ' VVater Theaire ' were aaintiiined as 
«howK by Winstanlej's widow, and eiliibiled 
&l a charge of Iwelvepunce a head {Xotes and 
Qiurieg, Sih aer. ii. 466-7 ; Esef.r RevMe, 
1893, ii. 63). 

[Arch. PnLl. Society's Diolionary ; Smearon'a 
Edyalone Li^hthouBe ; Wucth's Historv of Fly- 
mouth, 1B9U, pp. 146-7.] 'p. W. 

WINSTANLEY. JOHN {16-8P-ir50), 
Terse-writer, aeems to have been an Iriab- 
man, and vrna bom about 1678 (be himself 
States that lie was si-xty-seren years of age 
in 1745; Poetiit, 1751). Nothing is known 
of bis career beyond the fact that he died in 
1760, aa stated in the preface to the second 
seriea of hia poems, published under the edi- 
torship of his eon in Dublin in 17Jil. He m 
described on (he title-paRes of bis volumes 
A9 a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, but 
he is not mentioned in Todds 'List of Ora- 
diiates.' Hia verse, which is often amus- 
ing and clever, seems to bave escaped the at- 
tention of writers upon the eighteenth-cen- 
tury Irish wriCtira. There is s fine engraved 
portraitof Winstanley prefixed to his 'Poems 
■written occasionally,' Dublin, 1743, 8vo; 
among the subaaribera wer« Swift, the Karl 
of Roscommon, Pope, and Colley Gibber, 

[O'DonoghiiDi. Piieis of Ireland), pp. 2fl^-3 ; 
CDonoRliues Humour of Ireland.] D. J. O'D. 

WINSTAlfLEY, THOMAS (1749- 
1833), scholar, bom in 1749 at Witistanley 
!in the parish of Wigan, Lancashire, was 
the son of John Winstanley of Winstanley. 
He entered Manchester graraniar school on 
25 June 1765, and matriculated from Brase- 
nose College, Oxford, on 24 March 1708, 
graduatinpr B.A. on 10 Oct. 1771, M.A. on 
17 June 1774, B,D.on6Dec 1798, and D.D. 
on 11 Dec. of the aame year, lie was 
elected a fellow of Hertford College, and on 
the death of Thomas Warton (1728-1790) 

[5. v.] he was elected Camden professor of 
.1BI017 in 1790. In Ihesameyear he woapre- 
sented by Sir John Honeywood to the living 
of Steyning in Sussex, which he resigned in 
1792. On 17 May 1704 he was collated to 
the prebendnl stall of Caddington Major in St. 
Paul's Cathedral, which he resigned in 1810, 
and in 1797 he was elected principel of St. 
Alban Hall, Oxford, on the death of 
Francis lUndolpfa. On 8 April 1813 he was 
, iDSlituted vicar of the united parishes of St. 
I Hicholos and St. Clement's, Rochester, and 
I in 1814 he waa chosen Laudian professor of 
( Arabic. Winstanley vras a distingaished 
I acholar and well versed in modem lan- 
Kfuagea. Id 1780he publiahod attheClaren- 

TOL. IXII. 



don Press ' 'Apo-TorAoiit TTtpi noujru^t: Aris- 
totelis de Poetica LJber ' (Oiford, 8vo),with 
a Latin version, various readings, an iudi 
and notes. This edition, which was based 
the version published in 1623 by Theodore 
Goulstou [q.v.], long remained a text-book 
in the university, Winstanley « 
the works of Daniel Webb [q. v.], 
title of ' Miscellanies ' (London, 1802, 4to). 
Nearly the whole edition waa destroyed by 
fire on 8 Feb. 1808. Winstanlev died on 
2 Sept. 1823. He had four sona~: Thomas, 
Henry, Frederick, and William. His por- 
trait in oils is in possession of his descen- 

[Gent. Mag. 1823, ii. 613; 8attou's Lancaehirs 
AiiihoTB, 1876; 1* Neve's FuBti Epcle*. Angl,. 
ed. Htudy ; Foaler's Alumni Oxoa. 171&-lH8fl; 
Allibooe's Diet, of Engl. Lit.; AdmiBsloD Ksg. 
of Manchetiter School (Chetham Soc.), i. t34-fi, 
ii. 277; Henneray'a Novum liepcrt. Ecclsl. 
Landin.; Foster's Index EcvUa.] E. L C. 

WINSTANLEY, WILLIAM (1628?- 
1690?), compiler, bom about 16:;8, was re- 
lated to the family of the name which waa 
settled at Saflron Watden, and was possibly 
brother of Henry Winstanley [q. vO He 
was for a time a barber in London (Wood, 
Athma Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 763), but he 
soon relinquished the razor for the pen. ' The 
scissors, however, he retained, for he bor- 
rowed without stint, and without aclcnow- 
ledgmenC also, from his predecessors.' Much 
of his literary work commemorates hi.^ con- 
nection with Essex. He published under hia 
own name a poem called ' Walden Baccha- 
nals,' and he wrote an elegy on Anne, wife of 
Samuel Oibs of Newman Iiall, l£itsex(^u«r<' 
Cabinet). There is little doubt that most of 
the almanacs and chapbooks issued from 
1662 onwards under the pseudonym of 'Poor 
Robin'came from his pen. lie was a staunch 
rovalist after the Itestoralion, although i 
1659 he wrote a fairly impartial notice < 
Oliver Cromwell (cf, England's Worlhie*). 
' He is a fantastical writer, and of the lower 
elass of our biographers; but we are obliged 
to him for many notices of persons and 
tilings which are recorded only in his works ' 
(Obuigbr, Biogr. Hist, of En^l. (ith ed. v. 
271). His verse is usually boi8l<?rous doR- 
frerel in the manner of John Taylor (1680- 
1653) [q. v.], the water-poet. Winstanley 
died about 1690. He waa married, and he 

Sublished an elegy on his wife Martha, who 
ied in January 16u2-^ {Muset' Cabinet, 
p. 35). 

His compilations, some of which a 
rare books, were: 1. 'The Muses Cabinet, 
atored with Variety of Poems,' London, 
166S, 12mo, dedicated to 'William Holgate; 



1 



I 



Winstanley aio Winstanley 

there are prefatory verses bv John Vaughan. I Martyrologv/ with the dat« in the in- 
One epigram deals with /ohn Taylor the ' ecription * l667 let. 39/ Another engraved 
water-poet, and there are lines on bir Fleet- portrait-bust standingbetween two pyramids 
wood Sheppard's * Epigrams ' (see Brydges, was prefixed to his * Lives of the Poets,* 
Censura Literaria, v. 129-31). 1>. *Eng- ! 1687. 

land's Worthies: select lives of most eminent j The earliest volume published under the 
pnersons ' [includinfl: Flavins Julius (?onstan- pseudonym of *■ Poor Robin ' was an almanac 
tine and Cromwell], 1600, 8vo, 'principally ; 'calculated from the meridian of Saffiron 
stolen from Lloyd,* although free from signs W'alden,* which is said to have been origi- 
of a partisan spirit (Bbtdgbs) ; :2nd ed., nally issued in 1661 or 1062. No copy 
with the omission of the lives of the parlia- earlier than 1063 now survives. It was 
mentarians and substitution of others, 1684. taken over by the Stationers* Company, and 
3. * The Loy all Martyrologv, '1662, 8 vo; 1605, it was continued annually by various hands 
8vo ; an appendix is entitled ' The Dregs of till 1776. The identity of its original 
Treachery? The work is dedicated to Sir author has been disputed, but there is little 
John Robinson, lieutenant of the Tower of doubt that he was William Winstanley. 
London. Besides forty-one * loyal mart vrs,' i A claim put forward in behalf of the poet 
beginning with the Earl of StraflTord, there Robert flerrick is unworthy of serious at- 
are noticed * Loyal persons slain,' * Loyal ' tent ion. The discovery in the parish regi- 
Confessors,' * Kings* Judges,' * Accessory Re- sters of Saffron Walden of the entry of the 

ficides,' and * Tray tors executed since His birth of one Robert Winstanley in 1646 
[ajesty's return.' 4. * The Honour of the ' (brother of Henry AMnstanley [q. v.l) has 
Merchant Taylors, wherein is set forth the led to the assumption that he, rather than 
Noble Acts, Valiant Deeds, and Heroic Per- ' his kinsman William Winstanley, was the 
formance of Merchant-Taylors in former writer of * Poor Robin's ' works, but it is 
A^s,' 1608, 8vo, with woodcuts (another very improbable that the almanacs, which 
edition, 1687, 4to). 5. * New Help to Dis- | date from 1662, were devised by a boy of 
course; or Wit and Mirth intermixt with < sixteen; and apart from the resemblance be- 
more serious Matters, by W. W.,' London, ' tween the names of Robin and Robert, there 
2nd edit. 1672, and reissued 1680; 3rd edit. ' is no ground for associating Robert Win- 
1084, 12mo; 4th edit. 1696; 8th edit. 1721; | Stanley with the * Poor Robin' literature. 
9th edit. 1733 (cf. Notffanfl Queries, 8th ser. On the other hand, William Winstanlev is 
ix. 489, X. 55). 6. 'Histories and ()bst»r- : known to have assumed in other works tban 
vations, Domestick or Foreign ; or a Miscel- the almanac the pseudonym of * Poor Robin,' 
lany of Historical Rarities/ 1083, 8vo, dedi- ■ and the verse with which the early issues of 
cated to Sir Thomas Middleton ; with new j * Poor Robin's Almanacs ' are interspersed 
title, * Historical Rarities and Curious ()b?ei> ' renders it probable on internal grounds that 
vat ions, Domestick and Foreign/ 1084. 8vo : he was the inventor of that series. In 16C7 
a verj' miscellaneous collection of essays, in- a portrait of William Winstanley was sub- 
eluding such topics as * Memorials of Thomas scribed * Poor Robin,' with verses by Francis 
Coriat ' and * Mount Etna in 10()9.' 7. * Lives ' Kirkman, in a volume called * Poor Robin's 
of the most famous English lV>ets/ lGv*^7, 8vo, ' Jests, or the Compleat Jester' {Huth Library 
dedicated to Francis liradbury. The epistle Cat.^ This work, the most popular of * Poor 
to the reader shows some sympathy with ' Robin's 'productions apart from the almanac, 
poets and poetry, but Winstanley allowed was constantly reprinted. In an amended 
his royalist prejudices to pervert his judg- shape it was called * Itlngland's Witty and 
ment so completely with repinl to Milton Ingenious Jester, or the Merry Citizen an«l 
that he wrote of him * that his fame is gone Jocular Countryman's Delightful Companion, 
out like a candle in a snutrand his memory In IVo Parts. . . . By W. W., Gent. (17th 
will always stink '(p. 1J>5). Kdward Phillips, edit. 1718). * W. W., Gent.,' are cleark 
from whose 'Theatrum Poetariim ' Winstan- William Winstanlev's initials. An equallv 
lev freely borrowed without acknowledg- interesting volume in verse by * Poor Robin,' 
m«.nt, is the subject of one memoir. Two in which the tone of John Taylor the water- 
hundred memoirs are supplied, the latest " poft is closely followed, was called * Poor 
bein-r SirlJog'er L'Estranire. A co]»y in the Robin's Perambulation from Saffron Walden 
British Museum has notes by Philip Bliss, to London performed this Month of July 
inehnlinfr some transcribed from the man u- 1678 ' (London, 1678, AXo); the doggi^rel 
script of l^iishop Percy. | poem deals largely with the alehouses on 

An enfrraved portrait of Winstanley in an the road, and maybe assigned to William 
oval constructed of vines and barlev was Winstanley. 
prefixed to later editions of his * ]x\vall ' Other works purporting to be by * Poor 




Winston 



Winston 



I 



itiobia' Bud attributable to Winsttinky 

: ' I'oor Robin's I'at.liway 
to Knowledge' (1063, 1685, 1688); 'Poor 
Robin's Character of France,' 1666; 'The 
ProteHtAnt. Almanack,' Oom bridge (1669 
and following ,veara] ; ' Speculum Papiami ' 
(1669) ; ' Poor Robin'8 Obgervntions upon 
mit8unHolidaTs'(l8"0); 'Poor Robin's 
Parley witli Dr. Wilde,' 1672, eheet in verse 
(Huth Library) ; ' Poor I^obin's Chamcter 
of a Dulchman,' 1672; ' Poor Robin's Col- 
lection of Ancient Prophecies,' 16r3; ' Poor 
Robin's Dreams, commonly called Poor 
Charity ' 1674 (aheet with cuts) ; ' Poor 
RoIhr 1677, or a Yea and Nay Almanac,' 
» burlesque on the quakers (annuolly con- 
tinued till 1680) ; ' Poor Robin's Visions,' 
1677 i ' Poor Robin'a Answer to Mr, Thomas 
Danson/ 1677; 'Poor Robin'a Intelligence 
ReviT'd,' 1678; 'Four for a Penny,' 1678; 
'A Scourge for Poor Robin,' 1678; 'Poor 
Robin's Prophecy,' 1678 (Brit, Mus.) ; ' Poor 
Robin's Dream , . . dialogue between . , . 
Dr. Tfonge] and Capt. B[ed!oe],' 1681 ; ■ The 
f. Pemale Ramblers,' 1683 ; ' Poor Robin'a Hue 
f And C^ after good Housekeeping,' 1687 ; 
\ • Poor Robin's True Character of a Scold,' 
'- 1688 (reprinted at Totham Hall presa, 1848); 
■ 'Curious Enquiries,' 1688; 'A Hue and 
Ciy after Money,' 1689 (prose and verne); 
' Hierofflyphia Sacra Oxoniensis,' 1702. a 
burlesque on the frontispiece to the Oiford 
almanac ; ' New High Church turned Old 
Presbyterian,' 1709: 'The Merrie Exploits 
of Poor Robin, the Merrie Sadler of Walden,' 
n.d. (Pepysian Collection; reprinted Edin- 
burgb,l«20, and Falkirk, 1822); 'PoorRo- 
^K bin^ Creed,' n.d. 

H [WioBlanlej-s Worka ; W. C. HiuHtfs Biblio- 
^H jrapbical CoUecLioDa ; Noua nod Queries, 6tb 
^Kmt. Tii. 320-1, a full liiblioiirapliv of Poor 
^■Kobio b; fi. Ecrnyd Smith ; Huth Libr. Cut. ; 
^BSrit. Mas. Cat. ; authorities citud.] S. L. 

B WINSTON, CHARLES (1814-1864), 
^^ -writer on glaas-paintine, horn on 10 March 
18U at Lymington, Hiimpshire, was the 
eldest son of Benjamin Winston, rector of 
Famingham,Kent,by hiswife Helen, daufiih- 
tw of Sir Thomas Reid, first baronet. Hia 
father, whose original name was Sandford, 
assumed thatof Winston in accordance wilh 
a provision in the will of his maternal grand- 
father, Charles Winston, sometime attorney- 
general of Dominica. Having been edu- 
cated at Famingham by his father ond Wee- 
don Butler, he becnme a student of the 
Inner Tample at the ago of twenty, at first 
leading in the chambers of Samuel Warren 



called to the bar 




[q. v.] He practised several 
Special jileader, and 




in 1845, after which he went the home 
circuit. He was much employed in arbi' 
trations and drawing epeci'li cations of 
patents, his knowledge of machinery being 
much valued. He frequently acted as 
deputy county-court judge, particularly in 
Staffordshire for Serjeant Clarke. 

Notwithstanding his large practice, Win- 
ston devoted mudi time to the study of 
the fine arts, more especially architecture 
nnd gloss- pain ting. On the latter subject 
ho became the leading English authority. 
Having in his youth mode the acquaintance 
of Miller, the profeaeional glass-painter, he 
applied the knowledge acquired Jrom him 
in designing and assisting to construct a 
email coloured window in the chancel of 
Pamingham church. He continued through- 
cut his life to occupy himself with paintme 
on glass in all its branches, theoretical and 
practical. The numerous tracings which ha 
mode of interestingand curious ancient glasa 
were admitted by experts to have caught 
with ^eat fidelity both the design and the 
CKilounng of the originals, and he was con- 
sulted in reference to the windows which 
-were made for Glasgow Cathedral and St. 
Paul's. Towards the end of hia life he gave 
himself up chietty to the scientific side of his 
Bubject. Ho made numerous and elaborate 
chemical experiments with the assistance of 
hia friend Charles llarwood Clarke, which 
led to a great improvement id the manu- 
facture of coloured glass. He claimed also 
to have discovered the secret, of the me- 
dinval processes. At the same time he was 
strongly opposed to a servile imitation of 
tnediiBval models. A somewhat severe criti- 
cism of his opinions is contained in an ar- 
ticle in the' Edinburgh Review 'for January 
1867. 

Winston was one of the earliest membcra 
of the Arclueological Institute. His first 
published essay, an article on jm,int«d glaaa, 
app*ired in volume i. of its loumaL The 
nucleus of his firat considerable work was a 
small manuscript circulated privately in 18S8, 
in which he attempted to treat tlie subject 
of glass-painting by arranging it on the 
nietliod of Thomas Rickmon'a' Oothie Archi- 
tecture.' In 1847, when further materials 
had been collected, he was persuaded by 
Parker to publish his results under the title 
of ' An Inquiry into the Difierences of Stylo 
observable in Ancient Glass Paintings es- 
pecially in England, with Hints on Glass 
Painting.' The second part of the work con- 
aists of plates executed by Philip Delamotte 
from Winston's own drawings. The work 
was reissued in 1867 with additional plates, 

Winston's next publication was ' An In- 

p a 



I 



I 

I 

J 



Winston 



troduction to tlie Study of Painted Glasa,' 
1849. 8vo. His last work, issued posthu- 
mously in 1865, was ' Memoirs illustrative 
of the Art of Glass -P«nting.' It is pre- 
ceded by a biographicsl memoir with por- 
trait, to which Winston's correspondence 
■with ChHrles Heath Wilson [q. v.] between 
ISm and 1864 is appended, 

^\' inaton died suddenly at his chambers In 
Harcourt Buildings, in the Temple, on 3 Oct. 
1864. He had married, in the preceding May, 
Maria, youngest daughter of Philip Raoul 
Letnpriere of Roiol Manor, Jersev. His 
collection of drawings was presented by his 
widow to the British Museum, after Laving- 
been exliibited al the Arundel Society's 
rooms in 1865. 

[Winntoa'a Worka ; Qenl. Mag. 1864, ii. 658- 
660 ; CHtatogue oF Drawings from Ancieit 
Lrliiss P.iinlinRs bv Churles Winston, with brief 
Memoir by J. B. Waring. 1965.] O. Lb G. N. 

WINSTON, TnOMA8(157&-166o),pliy- 

sician. son of Thomas Winston, a carpenter, 
of Pninswick, Gloucestershire, and his wife 
Judith, daughter of Roger Lancaster of 
Hertfordshire, was bom in 1576. He gra- 
duated M,A. at Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 
1602, and continued a fellow of that college 
till 1617. He then studied medicine at 
PaduB, where he attended the lectures of 
Fahricius ab Aquapendente, and at Basle, 
-where be became a pupil of the celebrated 
Caspar Bauhin. He graduated M.D. at 
Padua, and was incorporated M.D. at Cam- 
bridge in 1608. He was admitted a licen- 
tiate of the College of Physicianii in London 
on 9 March 1610, a candidate or member 
on 10 Sept. 1813, and was elected a fellow 
on 20 March 1615. He was ten times censor 
between 1622 and lfl!i7. He was an active 
member of the Vi[^inia Company, regularly 



of ' A Declaration of the State of the Colonie 
and Affaires in Virginia,' published in 1820, 
He was elected professorof physic at Uresham 
College on 25 Oct. 1615, and hold office till 
1643. He then went suddenly to France, 
but returned in 1653. The speaker of the 
House of Commons, William iJenthall (|q.T.], 
wrote to the Uresham committee on his be- 
half, and on 20 Aug. 1652 he was restored 
to his prnfessorship, which he held till bis 
death. He had a large practice as a phy- 
sician, and always kept an apothecary, who 
followed him humbly. Meric Casaubon 
praises his learning {Notei on Afarci Antonii 
Mfditath})f>,\6Si,u. .33). Hedied on24 Oct. 
1655, and after his death his ' Anatomy Lec- 
tures ' were published in London in 1659 and 



1664. They are well expressed, and show 
much anatomical reading as well as a prac- 
tical acquaintance with the anatomvof man 
and of animals. He made no original dis- 
coveries, held the old erroneous opinion that 
there are openings in the septum betwe^i 
thu ventricles, showed no acquaintance with 
llarvev's demonstration of the circulation, 
and believed that the arteries transmit vital 
spirit elaborated in the left ventricle as welt 
as blood. He made no parade of learning, 
but was obviously well read in Galen and 
in Latin literature. 

[Works; WBrd'sGrBshamProfesBore; Muok'a 
Col!, of Phys. vol. i. ; Brown's Genrsis of the 
United St&tea.] N. H. 

WINT, PETER DB 0784-1849), Und- 
scaps-painter. [See Db Wist.] 

WINTER, Sib EDWARD (1622 P-1686), 
agent at Fort St. George (Madras), was the 
son of WilliamWinterand great-grandson of 
Admiral Sir William Winter [q. v.] He was 
horn in 1622 or 1623, and went to India about 
1630, probably under the charge of an elder 
brolher,Tbomas, who was chief of the Masu- 
lipntam factory in 1647. In 1655 Edward 
Winterwas appointed to the same post, but 
three years later he was dismissed, whereupon 
he returned to England, reaching London in 
the summer of 166U. He had amasfed a con- 
siderable fortune, and. as he brought home 
his wife and family, he probably had no in- 
tention of going again to the east. The East 
India Company, however, in reorganising 
their affairs upon the grant of their new 
charter (1061), needed the services of an 
energetic man Tersed in the affairs of the 
Coromandel coast, and wore willing to forget 
their former grievances against his private 
trading. Accordinglv, by a commission dated 
20 Feb. 1661^2, Winter (who had been 
knighted at Whitehall on the 13th of that 
month) was appointed agent at Fort St. 
George, on an agreement to serve for three 
years from the date of his arrival (22 Sept. 
1863). 

Before long, however, he -was involved in 
a violent quarrel with his council, while 
BeriousaccusBlionsoffraudweremade against 
him in the letters sent home. The result 
was seen in the appearance (June 1665) of a 
new agent, in the person of George Foicroft, 
who had been instructed to take over the 
administration at once, and to inquire into 
the charges brought against Winter and 
others. !■ oxcroft appears to have been a weak 
man, wholly unfitted for such a task; but 
under the influence of Jeremy Sambrooke, 
ony of the members of his council, he com- 
menced with some show of vigour. The 



I brokers, wlio weru accused of com- 
plicity lu the frauds, were arrested aud im- 
prisoned; while, ali.bouj(h Winter WHS treated 
with exceptional reaped, there were rumours 
of ut iulention to Buim him and send Uim to 
England for trial. Always a headstrong aud 
pHBsionate man. Winter was eaBily induced 
10 use hie personal popularity for the purpose 
of delivering & coumter-etroke. A pretext 
WW found in some ineautious expressions 
used at tahle il month previousSj ; and on 
14 Sept. the chaplain, Simon Sniythes (who 
I had married a kinewomaa of Winter), pre- 
I lorred a charge of treason against ihe agent 
land hie son, and demanded their arrest. 
I "Winter appeared in euppori, and claimed 
I tluit, as second in council (the rank assigned 
I lum by the company until the expiry of his 
COveDBnt), Ihe direction of affairs had lapsed 
' to bim. Both charge and claim were i 
dignanlly scouted, and, on attempting 
luimngue the garrison, Winter was confin 
in tbe fort. Mutters being thus brought to 
ft crisis, Winter, with another member of 
tbe counciland the chaplain, signed a warrant 
for the arrest of the two Foxcrofls, and early 
next morning they were seized by tbe com- 
mander of the soldiers, though not without 
A scuifle, in which one of the members of 
council was mortally wounded. Winter was 
now released and assumed the direction of 
affaire, and for nearly three years Madras, 
the head settlement on tbe eastern side of 
India, passed entirely from the control of the 
ooiapany. 

It was not until January 1666-7 that the 
news of what had taken place reached 
London, together with a rumour that 
"Winter intended, if hard pressed, to make 
Ot'er the fort to the Dutch. An application 
was at once made to the king for an order 
to Winter to surrender the ibrt; but the 
latter bad active friends at court, and it 
vas Dot until April, after an Investigation 
b; a committee of the privy council, that a 
letter to the desired effect was signed by 
Charles It. It was now too lat« for a ahiji to 
be despatched to Madras that year, and all 
that could be done was to send the docu- 
ments overland from Surat to Masulipatam. 
This course was taken, but without avail, 
aa Winter refused to acknowledge the au- 
thenticity of the papers forwarded to him. 
Thus matters remamed till the following 
year, when the company despatched six 
TesseU armed with the royal authority to 
nse force if necessary to enect the reduction 
of the fort. ^ladras was reached on 21 May 
166S, and Winter, realising that further 
resistance was hopeless, surrendered on the 
following day, on a guarantee that the lives 



and property of himself and his adherents 
should be respected. Foxcroft was now 
released and reinstated In the government. 

By special order I'rou the privy council 
Winter was permitted to remain for a time 
at Madras to settle his estate; and it was 
not until the beginning of 1672 that he em- 
barked for England. Upon his arrival a long 
wrangle commenced with the company, 
large sums being claimed on both sides. 
Eventually the question was referred to the 
arbitration of Lord Shaftesbury, who in 
June IB74 awarded Winter 6,000/. Later 
in the year Winter applied for permission to 
return to India to collect certain debts; but 
heavy a security 

Winter now settled down quietly at 
Vork Kouse, Batteraea. lie appears to have 

Eurchased some plantations in Jamaica, and 
n also possessed property at Porlsea. He 
I died on 2 March 1680-6, and was buried In 
the parish church, where a handsome monu' 
ment to his memory is still to be seen. The 
inncription is given (incorrectly) in Seymour's 
' Survey of London/ 1735, ojid the monu- 
ment itself is ligured in Smith's ' Antiqui- , 
ties of Londoa,'^179L A bust of Winter, 
which Burmouuta the memorial, is the only 
likeness known. In his commission as agent 
W'inter is styled knight and baronet, and he 
constantly used the double title during the 
period of his admiu is t ration at Madras. Ue 
seems, however, to have had no right to the 
higlier title, and it is not claimed in the in- 
scription on hilt tomb. 

lie was twice married. The name of his 
first wife (whom he married in the East 
Indies) has not been traced; his second 
wife, whom he married on 20 Sept, 1682, 
was Emma Withe or Wyeth, widow (Ches- 
TBR,L(mdonMai-riai/eLicencet,li^l),aangh- 
terof Richard Howe of Norfolk. His will 
(Somerset House, Lloyd, 51) mentions a son 
Edward and two daughters, married In the 
Enst Indies, who apparently predeceased 

[India Offira RHOids, especially the Court 
MiDutee of llio East ladiit ComiiUDy and the 
uorruBponilsDCQ vitli Madras ; East IndiL's eeries 
in Romrd OEoe. vol. vii. ; Bcnco'sAnoaJs of the 
EnHt ludla Compaay, vol. ii, ; Dinry of Willinm 
Hedges (Huktuyt Suciety), vols. ii. and iii. ; 
Wilsou's Eiirl; AnnalB artheEaglish in Bangs], 
i, 37-14 ; Winter's manunieut at Battersea and 
that ofhJB brother in Fulham church.] W. F. 

WINTER, Sir JOHN (1600?-1673f) 
secretary to Queen Henrietta Maria, bom 
probably about 11500, was son and heir of 
Sir Edward Winter of Lydney, Gloucester- 
sbire, by his wife Anne, daugliter of Edward 



Winter 



214 



Winter 



Somerset, fourth earl of Worcester [g. v.], 
whom he married on II Aug, \696 ( Fi>tYa- 
tion of Gloucestershire f Ilarl. Soc. p. 279 ; 
cf. Uatjield MSS. v. 379-80). Sir William 
Winter [q. v.],the admiral, was his grand- 
father, and Thomas Winter [q. v.], the * gun- 
powder-plot ' conspirator, was a relative. 

John's career was dominated by the in- 
fluence of his first cousin, Edward Somerset, 
second marquis of Worcester [q. v.], whose 
addiction to lioman catholic ideas and me- 
chanical experiments he shared; he seems 
to have been a ward of the king (^CaL State 
Papersy Dom. 1019-23, p. 169). In June 
1624 the government was informed of a great 
store of powder and ammunition kept at 
Kaglan Castle (belonging to the Earl of 
W'orcester) by John Winter and other 
papists (lb. 1023-6, p. 288). No importance 
was apparently attached to the report, for 
Winter was knighted on 7 Aug. following. 
lie was mainly occupied in managing the 
ironworks and forestry in the Forest of Dean 
which he, like his father, leased from the 
king. They were evidently a source of great 
wealth, for during his eleven years* rule 
without parliamentary supplies Charles 
borrowed largely of Winter, who was also 
involved in prolonged litigation with his co- 
lessees (cf. ih. 1033-4 p. 570, 1(535 p. 309, 
ia'J5-0 pp. 23-4, 77; Iltst. MSS. Coinm. 
4th Uep. App. pp. 20, 45, 71, 74, 80, 89, 5th 
Kep. App. pp. 09, 71). Ilis position brought 
him iilto contact with the riots at Skimming- 
ton in 1031 against the king's enclosures in 
the Forest of l)ean, and as a reward for his 
suppression of the movement he was made 
deputy-lieut^'nant (ib. 1030-7, p. 208). 
Finally, on 21 March 1(540, he was granted 
eighteen thousand acres in the forest on 
consideration of paying 10,(XX)/. at once, 
10,000/. annually for six years, and a per- 
manent fee-farm rent of 1,950/. 12*. 8</. 
Want of money was Charles's primar>' mo- 
tive in parting with these lands, whicli, be- 
sides containing the ironworks, were also 
the principal source of timber for the navy. 

Meanwhile, in 1033, W^ inter had become 
an adventurer in, and member of the council 
of, the Fishing Company, which was part of 
Charles's attempt to enforce his supremacy 
in the Narrow Seas aijainst the Dutch. In 
May 1038 ho was, although *a man never 
thought, of,' u])pointed secretary to Queen 
Ileiiriotta Afaria {Strajford Letter^f ii. 1(>0), 
his nomination being taken as a ])roof that 
Charles had yielded to the queen's demand 
for Itomaii catholic servants, lie was also 
made ma>ttT of requests to the queen with 
a salary of 2(X)/., double that of an ordinarv 
master; his function was probably not to 



decide matters in litigation, but to * inyesti- 
gate petitions for personal Batisfaction ' 
(Lead AM, Court of Requests^ 1897, p. 11). 

Winter was one of the group, including 
Sir Kenelm Digby [q. v.] and Walter 
Montagu [q. v.], whose zeal for their faith 
was at least equal to their l^alty. During 
the troubles in the Forest of Dean his Boman 
Catholicism had been charged against him, 
and Charles had in 1037 ordered that no in- 
dictment should be brought against him or his 
wife on account of their recusancy. In No- 
vember 1(340 in a popular squib his relation- 
ship to the gunpowder plotters was pointed 
out, and he was accused of having written 
for aid to the pope in the previous August 
{Cat. State Papers, Dom. 1040-1, pp. I2G-7, 
cf. ib. 1039-40, p. 240). On 27 Jan. I640-I 
the House of Commons required his attend- 
ance to give an account of the money col- 
lected from Roman catholics for the war of 
1039 (Commons' Journals, ii. 74; Gabdiner, 
ix. 209), and on 10 March following petitioned 
for his removal from court. Charles paid no 
heed, and on 20 May a committee of the 
commons was appointed to administer to 
him the oaths 01 allegiance and supremacy 
(Journals, ii. 100, 158). On 15 Feb. 1641-2 
his removal from court was voted, he being 
' of evil fame and disaffected to the public 
peace and prosperity of the kingdom ' (ib. ii. 
433; Clarendon, Bebellion, bk. iv. § 222). 
On 10 March the house declared him un6t by 
reason of his recusancy to ' hold his bargain 
in the Forest of l>ean, and ap])ointed a com- 
mittee to examine his accounts ; it failed to 
collect sufficient evidence for his indictment 
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1041-3, p. 353), 
but on 22 July required his attendance at the 
painted chamber. 

In that month, however. Winter appears to 
have joined Hertford and Sir Kalph (after- 
wards Lord) Ilopton [(j. v.] in Somerset, and 
accompanied them during their campaign in 
the west, lie, 1 lopton, and Sir John Stawell 
[q. v.] are said to have been arrested at Fal- 
mouth, brought to the commons' bar on 14 Oct., 
declared delinquents, and committed to the 
Towt'T (The Kvajninatioyi of Sir Ralph Hop- 
ton, Sir Johfi Winter, and Sir John Stowell, 
London, 1042, 4to). The commons' journals 
do not confirm this statement, nor is it cle^r 
how Winter obtained his liberty, for early 
in 1043 he was lieutenant-colonel of the 
Welsh force raised by the Marquis of Wor- 
cester to oppose the parliamentarians in 
Gloucestershire. He strongly fortified his 
house at Lvdnev, and ^nimble in inferior 
businesses, and delighted rather in petty 
and cunning contrivances than in gallantry, 
he * maintained his den as the plague of the 



I forest and a. goad in the side of tliia [the 
' Glouceater] garriHon' {Corbet, JKi7i'(o/y Ga- 
vemmimt of Gtoucater, 1646, pp. 20, ^, 59, 
GO). Hi* ' iron mills ttnd furnatfls were the 
main stren^h of his eslate and garrison '(i6. 
p,B9), andl'or more than two yciirs he carriitd 
un with varying success this guerilla war- 
fare. Un 15 Oct, 1644 be was dereated at 
Tldenham, and 'forceddown' a clifl'Cwo hun- 
dred feet high lo the river, where he escaped 
inasmallboitt i subsequent legends declared 
that he leaped the whole diaCance, and 
the spot became known as ' Winter's Leap ' 
(iS. pp. 113-17; Atktns, Oloticenterthire, p. 
282i HcDDBB, p. 763). Eventually he was 
so hard pressed by {.Sir) Edward Mosaey [q. v.] 
that in April 1645 he fired Ida house at 
Lydney and retired to Chepitflw, of which 
be was for a time govenior with three 
bundred men under hia command (Kyuosds, 
Diary, p. i06; Cat. Slnfe Papen, Dom. 
I844-B, pp. 42, 112, 301, 332; CoBiinr, 
pwsim'). iQence he made hia way to Charles 

I at Oxford, aud waa by him acut to Henrietta 
Uaria at St. Germaina, where he had arrived 
in NoT«tiber {Cat. Clarenrhn M&S. i. 287). 
Winter returned to England probably in 
1646, and on 7 Nov. 1648 waa excluded 
fiwm pardon by the House of Commons. 
The lords, however, disagreed (Common*' 
jMimo^, vi. 71, 76, 78), and in February 
1648-9, after Charles r 



ivoy to the 
I idea of e 



I MtholicB with the idea of extending some 
lation to them and thua preventing their 

" alliance with the royalists in Ireland (GA.B- 
DurBB, Commonwealth mid Fnttectorote, i. 
fll, 93; Cabte, Original Letteri, i. 2^4; 
Col. Clarendon State Papers, ii. 8). The 
project came to nothing, and on IQ March 
the commona ordered Winter's banishmsnt 
ttad the confiacation of his estates, which 
were given to Massey (Joitrnalu, r'l. 164-5). 
Jle was allowed reasonable time to leave 
ibe country, but, failing to do so, he waa 
arreated on 31 Aug. and committed to the 
Tower (rt. vi. 189; Cal. State Paprrt, Dom. 
16W-60, p. 295; Gabdineh, i. 192). On 
6 May 1651 he was allowed the liberty of 

tthe Tower, and was olfered leave to go 
Abroad if he would make hia submission to 
parliament. He refused, and on 17 Dec. 
1652 was sent back to the Tower. Gra- 
dually, however, his conlinement was re- 
laxed, and on 14 Oct. 1653 he wns allowed 
to reside anywhere within thirty miles of 
London, lie employed his liberty and 
H ' leisure in making experiracntH ' to char sea 
^t-C(Wl,' and Evelyn saw his works at Green- 
■'Vich ferry in 1666 (Dini-y, i. 316, iii. 17). 
^^^om the description he gives, Winter's 



idea was merely the production of coke, 
which, though profltable as a bv-product of 
gas, can scarcely have been lucrative to 
Winter, who, however, set great store by it, 
and after the Uestoration procured a mono- 
poly for the invention. 

In June 1660 he went to France to pre- 
pare for the queen dowager's return, and he 
retained hia office as her secretary till her 
death in 1669. His remaining years were 
cliielly spent on his ironworks and forestry 
in Gloucestershire, and in litigation and 
other proceedings relating to them. His 

Crision of timber for the navy brought 
into frequent contact with Pepys, who 
thought him ' a man of fine parts {JUary, 
ed. Braybrooke, i. 372, ii. 18, 176,445, iu. 
4;.'8, iv. 30). He is said to have been a. 
'great depredator' of the Forest of Dean, but 
as a. colliery manager he waa apparently suc- 
cessful. On 24 Feb. 1671-2 one of William 
sou's correspondents wrote: 'The famous 
coal delfe near this city [Coventry], where 
so . many thousands of pounda have been 
buried and so many tindertakers ruined, ia 
now by Sir John Winter's management 
brought into very hopeful condition, they 

Ktting coals in plenty ' ^^Cal. State Paper), 
jm.1671.-2, pp. 159, 181). 

Winter died about 1673, leaving, by his 
wife Mary, several children, of whom the 
eldest, Sir Cliarlffl (i/. 1698), succeeded him 
at Lydney. He was author of ' A True 
Narrative concerning the Woods and Iron- 
works of the Forest of Deane' (see Wash- 
hod rne, £ii/. Glouceair. p. cxxviii}, and of 
'Observations on the Oath of Supremacy,' 
published posthumously (London, 1676, 4to), 
in which he maintained that taking the 
oatli was compatible with Roman catholic 
orthodoxy. He also waa to aome extent a 
patron of literature, and John Tatham [q. \.\ 
in dedicating his 'Fancies Theater' in 1640, 
describes him as ' the most worthy Mk- 
cenaa ' (cf. Brtdoes, Cenaura Lit. ix. 360). 

[Cut. State Pupars, Dom. 1633-72, pxasini ; 
Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Kep. App. possTui, Sth 
Rep. App. pasBim, 7tll Kep. App, p. 486. 8th 
Hep. App. p. 124, 9th Bup, App. pp. 296, 297, 
lOth Rep. App. i.fiS, l2thRfp.App.i.294,474, 
ii.231, 27a, 3Uj;, 13tb Hep. App. II. 240; Buc- 
olench MSS. i. 479 ; Strafford Letlera, ii. 166 ; 
Bnt. Mils. Addit. MSS. 57161. II. 1891 ff. 3D6, 
398, 324 : Journals of the House of Lords apd 
House uf Commans, pasBini ; Col. Clarendan 
State Papfira. i. 38T, 306, ii. 8 ; Thorloe'a Stats 
pKperB ; Corbet's Mjlituiy O-or. of GloaeMter, 
1S46; Wiiahbourne'a Bibl. Qloucoatr. paawm ; 
Dr. Gflorna Lejhurn'a SlEmoirs, 1722 ; Sander- 
■on's Hist, uf Ciiarles I ; Dodd's Church Hist. 
iii. 69 ; Dircks'a Life of tile Mnrqnii of WorcfS- 
tor, pp, 63-4; Uetcolfs Book of Eaighis; 



I 



i 



Winter 3> 

Off. Ret. MBtnboTB of Pnrl.; Atlyns's Gloucos- 
tersbire. p. Q,S'i; Rudders mouceBtarahire, pp, 
fi27. 782 ; Camdon Soc. Misc. vol, viii. ; H. a. 
NiehallB'a P(-r»DDalitiea of the FonhI of Dena, 
18S3,pp. 112-27; Webb. Ci ril War in Here- 
fardsbire, 1879, ptsi^im: J. R. FhilUpH'i Civil 
Warin Waloa, 1874, i*. 267,270. ii. 139; tmcta 
by, and rulnline to, Winter in Brit. Uus. Libr.] 
A. F. P. 

WINTER, SAMUEL, D.D. (1603-1666), 
provost of Trlnilj College, Dublin, eon of 
Christopher Winter, a yeoman from Oxford- 
ehire, was bom at Temple Balaall, a chapelry 
in tba parish of Hamrton-ln-Arden, War- 
■wicltshire, in 1608. He early receivfcd reli- 
llious impressions from the preaching of 
Sliider, a puritan divine for whom his father 
had obtained the neighbouring chapel of 
Knowle. Ilia mind being bent on the minis- 
try, his father sent him in 1617 to King 
Henry VIII's achool, Coventry, where Dug- 
dale was his contemporary under Jnmes 
Cran ford [sea under Cranfobd, James]. He 
iroceeded to Queens' College, Cambridge, 



utor being John Preston, D.D. J^q. v. j 
Aft«r pTftduating M.A.,'he placed himnelr 
under John Cotton (159.'>-1652), vicar of 
BoBton, Lincolnshire, with a view to pre- 
pamtion for the ministry. Cotton found nim 
a rich wife, and made him, in ecclesiastical 
theory, an independent. Recovering from a 
dangerous fever, he became perpetual curate 
of Woodborough, Nottinghamshire, deve- 
loping there a considerable gift of preaching. 
He obtained a lectureship at \ork. but, 
owing to the civil war, lett it in 1&42 for 
the vicarage of Cottingbam, East Riding, 
ivorth 400/. a year. Here he orfranised a 
church on the congreirationBl model. With 
the leave of his church tUswicK, p. 67; 
the Lifr, 1671, erroneously says that he 
resigned his living), he went to Ireland 
as chaplain to the four parliamentary com- 
missioners. Thev paid hira 100/. n vear, 
afterwardaiocreasedtoSOO;. Hewrent about 
the country with them, preaching when in 
Dublin at (Christ Chiirch Cathedral, and add- 
ing a morning lecture at St. Nicholas's, to 
which he attracted the poor by a distribu- 
tion of 'white loaves' after sermon. 

On or before -S Sept. 1661 the commis- 
sionera appointed him provost of Trinity 
College, in succession to Anthony Martin, 
bi»hop of Meath, who died of the plague in 
1650. On 18 Nov. 1651 he performed the 
acts for B.D. On 3 June 1652 his appoint- 
ment as. provost was colifirmed by Oliver 
Cromwell. The degree of D.D. was conferred 
upon him by special gmce on 17 Aug. 1654, 
Honry Jones ( lflO&-1682) [q. v.], bishop of 
Ologher, be! ng vice-ch anceilor.Wmter looked 



5 Winter ^^^" 

carefully after the college estates, making 
distant journeys for the purpose ; he secured 
the appointment (24 Nov. lUAti) of a lecturer 
in Hebrew, John Sterne or Steame (1624- 
1669) [q. v.] ; he made Greet and Hebrew 
imperative subjects (14 June 1659) for the 
B.A. degree, and he imported men of learn- 
ing Irom England as fellows. Re remitted 
none of hts preaching engagements, adding a 
voluntary lecture every three weeks at May- 
nooth. Baxter's friend, John Bridges, in- 
duced him in 165Stotakethe lead informing 
e. clerical association In which independents, 
preabyteriana, and episcopalians could meut in 
amity (Hrliguut! B<u.trnm<t, 1696, ii. 169). 
Richard Cromwell's parliament summoned 
Winter to London (13 Aug. 1658). He was 
retained as provost, and elected (28 Nov.> 
divinity lecturer. But on 29 March 1660 



of the scholars,'! 



:e the charter of the 



titken, and this circumstance et 
to have beun used by the ' general n 
as a means of setting him aside, the real 
ground being his polilics as an independent 
(Caktb, Ormonde, 1736, ii. 200). The date 
at which Winter left Ireland is not certain. 
The college was in hia debt, and the money 
he had advanced was never fully repaid. 
The government of the cotlc^ was entrusted 
(6 Nov.) to Thomas Seele, a senior feUow, 
who was admitted provost on 10 Jan. 1661. 
The independent church whichhe had formed 
at St. Nicholas's was ministered to brSarauel 
JUather [q. v.], and is the church to the 
ministry of which James Martineau was or- 
dained in 1628. 

Henceforth Winter had no fised abode, 
spending bis time with friends at Chester 
and Coventn, and with his wife's relatives 
in Hertfordshire and Rutland. He fell ill 
on a fast day (13 Oct. 16C6) in Rutland. 
preached privately the next Sunday, and 
then took to his bed, dying on 24 Oct. 
1666, He was buried at South LtiffeDlmm, 
Rutland. He left 'a plentiful estate,' due 
to the good management of his second 
wife. Ilis first wife was Aiine Beealon (or 
Bestoe), by whom he hod five sons. Three 
years after her death at Cottingham he 
married (before IB-MJ) Elisabeth, daughter 
of Christopher Weaver, a woman of some 
property, and with strong anabaptist lean- 
ings. He published ' The Summe of Diverse 
Sermons preached in Dublin,' Dublin, 1056, 
Svo (in favour of infant baptism). He wair 
one of several joint authorsof the life (1667) 
of John Murcot [q. v.] 




(Life. 1671, by J. W. (probably his brothnr. 
in-l»w. Wflftver); reprodncnd in great part in 
Clarke's Lirea of EmioeDC Persons, 

inucll ttbridgod in CaUDiy's Afcon . . ,» ,„., „™v^".^.... - 

644; Caliiroy'«Continuaiion,l727.ii.72l; also garding his share ii 



propose to Philip III nn invaaion of Enff- 
laud in the following epring. The details 
of this negotiation are imperfectly bnoi 
A full statement written by Wtnl 



I 



abridged in Middloton's Biogrnphin Evungelica, 
17S4, ill. 387 (with addilions), and in ColTiie'- 
Wortbiw of Warwidtshire, iS70, p. 831; Re 
liquiie Baxterianie, iC98 ; Armstrong's App. to "■■ '"y" 

" -■ • " J'-ilInn Hi.rtrti'r. IH'JO n 7ft- 1 reSm 



extant ; and tha 

ID form at Ion extorted from Fawkes wis 

eecoud hand. Winter, with Catesbir iwd , 

. had discUB«ed the miaaion with 

Falher Henry Gamet[Q.r.;[ at While Webbo, 



Murtineai 

PishfiyTIioiDpBon'BHi»t.DfBostoo,1856,p.7S4; - r — j ;l-i-- -i— ; ■-----, 

Itcjd'i Hist, of Presbyteriun Church in Irolanci a favourite resort of the Jesuits, ten miles 
(Killen), 1871,p. flS6iStubhB'BHiet,otUni», of north of London! hut Garnet, while he con- 
DubliD, 1B89, pp. 89 sq.: Urwick's Early Hist, fessed to having written of the busineei to 
of Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1802, pp. 47 »q.] A. G. Father Joseph Dresswell [q. v.J In Spoin, de- 
clared that he then believed its object was 

WINTER or WINTOUB. THOMAS aimply to obUin money for disIreBBedcntho- 

(IsrS-lBOtt), conspirator, bom in 1572, was lies, winterwas accompanied on his journey 

» younger brolherof Robert Winlerof Hud- by Father Oswald Greeuwny or Teaiinond 

dington, Worcestershire. They were de- [q. v.] He spent some months at the Spanish 

BCended from Wintor, the castellan of Car- court,butthepohtical negotiations entrusted 
nnrvon, their name being originally (iwyn- ■ to him seem to have passed into the hunda 

tour, and their crest a falcon mounted on a of Cresswell, who professed to be the repre- 

-white tower. The family settled at Wych in se n tali ve of English catholics in Spa in. Cress- 

the reign of Edward I, and there remained well in the winter of 1602-3 urgently and 

till Roger Wintor in the reign of Henry VI persistently pressed upon the SjMuiish king 

mBrriea the coheiress of Huddington atid the net'd of immediate interrenlion by arms 

Gassy (Nabh, WorceeterMre, i. 691), George to prevent theaccession of James on the death 

Winter, the father of liobert and Thomas of Eliiabetli, which might take place at any 

by his first wife, Jane Inglehy, waa the son moment. The plan of the Anglo-Spanjsli 

of Robert Winler of Cave well, Gloucester- faction at that time (i.e. since July ICOOl 

shire, by Catherine, daughter of Sir George was to adopt as candidate for the Englisli 

Throckmorton of Coughtan, Warwickshire throne the infcnta, with her husband the 

(Foley, Record*, vi. 573). The two brothers Archduke Albert, sovereigns of the Nether- 

were thus relat^ed to both Robert Catesby lands. Cresswell was kept 'wmting three 

[q. v.] and Francis Tresham [a. vj Thoir months for his answer, when, on the adviea 

Bister married John Grant of Norbrook, of the Count Olivsrea {2 March 1603), it 

Warwickshire, another of the gunpowder ' was resolved to drop the infanta as im- 

ploTters. j prticticable and to suggest to the English 

*"' I short man, hut 'strong and ■ culliolics that they should elect from their 



comely, and very valiant,' says hi: 
temporary. Father Gerard, who adds that 
he nod spent bis youth well, was ' very 
devout and cealous in his faith, and careful 
to come often to the sacraments' (GeRAKD, 
Jfurrntiir, p. 58). For several years he 
served in the Netherlands, fighting in the 
army of the estates against Spain ; but he 
hod apparently quitted this fervice from 
relipouB scruples. He afterwards became 
secretary or agent of William Parker, fourth 
lord Monteacle [q-v.] He was an able man, 
I uiaccomplishedlmguist, and was acquainted 
I irith foreign diplomatists. He was an in- 
separable mend of Gatesby. A few weeks 
before Christmas 1600 he visited Rome for 
1 thcjubilee. A Mr. Wintorfrom Worcester- 
shire is entered in the ' I'ilgrima' Book ' of 
the English College at Rome as havi ng lodged 
there thirteen days from '2i Feb. 1601. In 
January 1602 Lord Monteagle and Catesby 
Arranged that be should go into Spain to , 



ididate whom Spain would, 

conditions, support (Martik 

HiTMB, &■(> Walter Haltgh, 1897, pp. 235-9). 
' '^'inter hud returned to England before this 
decision had been formally announced. 

Sir E. Coke declared (on the evidence of 
Fawke8)tbatWintercBm« 'laden with hopes' 
and with the promise of the Spaniahking to 
send an army into Milford Haven and to 
contribute to the enterprise 100,000 crowns. 
But such report as Winter could give of the 
drift of Spanish policy may rather have 
added to the disappointment of his friends. 
He told Garnet, however, that Philip de- 
sired to have immediate information of the 
death of the queen. Meanwhile Garnet had 
shown to Wmter, as well as to Cuteshy, 
Percy, nnd Father Oldcome, the two briefs 
from Rome bidding catholics to withstand 
the succession of any one not a zealoi 
catholic. W'ith this on his mind, Catesby, 
after the accession of James, conceived the 



I 

I 
I 



I 



Winter 2 

gunpowder plot, and on All SainW 1R03 
sent for TbomBa Wiuter, who was tbtrn 
■with bis brother at lluddington. Winter, 
however, was not able to meet hie friend 
till JanuBTj 1604, when he found him in 
tile company of John Wright. It was then 
that Catesby propounded to Winter, aad 
prolwbly to Wright, his plan ' at one in- 
Hlant to deliver us from all our bonds 
■yrithout any foreign help." On Winter 
making diCBcuUiee, Catesliy suggesti'd his 
going aver to Flanders to see Juan de 
V'elaaeo, the constable of Castile, who had 
arrived at Brussels about the middle of 
January to negotiate peace wiih England. 
Winler was to learn what the constable 
could or could not do to obtain toleration 
for catholics, and was to bring Fawkes over 
to England. Winier visited tie constable 
with Ilugh Owen, and, being convinced 
that no help could be expected from Spain, 
was introduced bv Sir William Stanley 
(ir>48-1630) [q. v.] to Fawkes, whom he 
took back with him to l/ondun about Eos- 
teF'time. The oath of secrecy waa then 
taken by the three men, tugelher with 
Percy and Wright, and the details of the 
plot communicated to them by Calesby. 

Winter took a prominent part )n the 
working of the mine under the parliament 
house, and afterwards tn introducing powder 
into the cellar. The news of the Mouteagle 
letter and the probable discovery of tlie 
plot reached him on Sunday, 27 Oct, lfiO&. 
He at once went to White Webbs, whither 
several of his confederates had retired, and 
tried in vain to persuade Catesby to save 
himself by flight. On the Slat he returned 
to London. On 4 Nov. Catesby rode away 
towards the appointed meeting-place at 
Dunchurch. Winterhimselfcourageouslyre- 
mained behind till, ou the morning of the 
fith, fully satisfied that all was discovered, he 
followed hia friends, overtaking Catesbv at 
lluddington on Wednesday night, G Nov. 
The next aveniug the companv of conspira- 
tors went to Stephen Littleton sat Ilolbeclie, 
and there, on the morning of the 8th, pre- 
pared to resist the sheriff's officers who were 
in pursuit. In the encounter which followed 
Winter was the first struck, being shot by 
an arrow from a crossbow, which deprived 
him of the use of his arm : while Cateaby, 
crying out, ' Stand by me, Tom, and we will 
die together I ' fell mortally wounded. Win- 
ter waa seized and carried prisoner to the 
Tower. He waa the ouly one of the five 
original workers in the mine, besides Fawkes, 
who was in the hands of the government. 

There is no evidence that Winter was 
Bubjected to torture. But on 21 Nov. Sir 



8 Winter 

William Waad [q. v.], lieutenant of the Tower, 
wrote to Saliabury that ' Thomas Winter 
doth find his hand so strong, as after dinner 
he will settle himsetf to write that lie hath 
verbally declared to your lordahip, adding 
what he shall remember.' The confession 
which Winter actually made (extant at Hat- 
field and tmnacribed in lirit. Mia. AddOJ 
MS. 61T8) appears to have been origii 
written and dated on the 23rd, was perl 
exhibited before the commissioners, and 
I confirmed by Winter two days later, when' 
[ it waa endorsed by the attorney -general as 
' delivered by Thomas Winter, afi. written 
with his own hand, Nov. 25, 1605.' On the 
26tb Waad reported moreover that'Thonuu) 
Winter hath set down in writing of his own 
band the whole course of his employment 
with Spain, which I send to your lordahip 
herein enclosed ' |cf. Brit. Mus. Addit. MH, 
6178, pp. 681, 601). This last documeut.as 
has been said, bus unfortunately disappeared, 
though a trace of it remains in tbeBUapeof a 
memorandum or note, dated the 2fith, men- 
tioning that Monteagle, Catesby, and Tres- 
ham were the projectora of this Spanish 
mission. Winter, with seven other con- 
spirators, including his brother Robert, was 
put upon his trial on 27 Jan. 1600. On his 
condemnation he only begged that he might 
be hanged both for his brother and for him- 
self. Ue was executed on Friday, 31 Jan. 

The genuioenesa of Winter's confession 
has recently been disputed by Father tie- 
rord, S.J., in his several ingenious attempts 
to throw doubt ou the whole traditional 
story of the plot. The main features of tba 
plot, indeed, rest upon evidence independent! 
of that of Winter, but his conbission, a lOQff, 
and important document of eight ch ' ' 
written folio pages, contains a connc 
narrative of the whole courae of the COO*! 
epiracy,withnany picturesque incidents 
found elsewhere. It would be out of plaosv 
to enter into a detailed discus^on of dis 
question here. Father Gerard's principal 
arguments are that the confession is signed 
* Winter,' not ' Winiour,' as in aU other ac- 
knowledged signatures; that the handwriting 
is auspiciously Eimilar to that of Winter be- 
fore, but not after, the injury to his arm; 
and that the numerous corrections and era- 
Bure.1 indicate the work of a forger copying 
a draft submitted to him. On the other 
hand, the diiKculties in supposing suuh a Ibr- 
gcry on the part of the government are over- 
whelming. Not only would Waad, Sir E. 
Coke, and Salisbury be implicated, but all 
■ se names are set down 



I 



cfttliolirs or I'ciendly to catlio- 
lica. Tbijre is iio reasoniLble motive to 
he aBsigned for such a Buperfluous and dan- 
gerous crime. There wiis avidence eiioua'li 
to bang the conBpiiatora without it. The 
confeaston cootaiiia statemeiila which ttie 
govemmeDt would not think of putting into 
their mouths ; and, on the other hand, :L cou- 
tains nothing of what the government most 
keenly desiderated — evidence to incriminate 
the priests. There was, moreover, no object 
in forging Winter's handwriting, seeing that 
no use was to be made of the original. The 
king himself was shown only a copy. The 
corrections and erasures referred to, besides 
beinjj t'lianicteristic of Winter's writing, are 
in this cue clearly those of an author, not 
of a copyist or forger. Indeed the one 
striking msiance of apparent parablepey, or 
skipping, adduced by Father Uerard — vii. 
that of writing inadvertently and afterwards 
erasing the word ' reasona ' (which would 
make no sense as it stands, but occurs in its 

t roper place, about the space of a line's 
;ngth lurther on) — is rather a proof of 
genuineness. The word is plainly not 'rea- 
sons ' but ' tearms,' which the writer erased 
to substitute ' oath.' The single unexplained 
diRiculty is the unusual spelling of the 
aignature, a ditliculty which is far trom being 
lessened by attributing It to an ejtpert. forger, 
who would certainly have before him speci- 
mens of Winter's usual eignslure. 

RoBEBT WlNIEB (rf. lOOti), married to 
Gertrude , daughter of John TalbotofGrafton, 
is, as might be expected, nut mentionErd In 
connectionwithtUe conspiracy in hiabrotlter's 
confession, lie was, however, admitted to 
the plot, together with his brother-in-law, 
Joba Grant, at Oxford by Thomas Winter 
and Cateeby early in 1005, when the in- 
creasing coat of the undertaking required the 
aid of more wealthy confederates. lie did 
not work at the mine, and the chief in- 
terest of hia career lies in the adventures 
and hardshipa which he underwent after his 
flight from iTolbeche (' A true historicall re- 
lation,' Harl. MS. 360; extracts in Jar- 
dike, ii. 80). On 6 Nov. the conspirators 
had spent some time at his house at Hud- 
dington. They thence rodo to Ilolbeche, 
where Robert, less resolute than his younger 
brother, stole away before the encounter 
with the sheriir'a men. In company with 
. Littleton, he hid for two months 
I boma and poor bousea in ^^'o^ceater9hi^e, 
and was finally run to earth at Hogley, 
the house of Humphrey Littleton. A 
procLamntion had been issued for bis cap- 
ture on 18 Nov. lie wns in 'he Tower and 




^ letter to the commisaionera 
(printed by .TiliJuNE, ii. 147} relating hia 
share in (he conspiracy. He was executed 
on 30 Jan., the day before his brother 
Thomas. Both brothers are depicted in 
Pass's engraving ad vivtim of the gunpowder 
plot conspirators, now in the Natiunkl Por- 
trait Gallery, London. 

John Winter, eon of George, by his a6— 
cond wife, Eliiabelh Bourne (Foley, tft.), 
was arraigned and condemned for conspiraoT-' 
with his two half-brothers, hut was executed ' 
at Worcester with Father Uldcome and 
others on 7 April 1606. 

[Bi'sidBS Jardina's NarratiTe and other booka 
already rafsrred to, see Tiemey'a Itudd. iv. 7-U, 
3S-6a,lii~liv; Condition of Cntbolicain the Bxign 
of Jameii I, cootaJDing Fsther Gurard'a Nam- 
tiTB, edited by Father Morris. S.J., 1871; tho 
Life of a Conapinittii, being a biography of Sir 
Everord Dighy, by oae ol hia DeacendHnls, 1895 
(n carefully writtan and ini[K)r(ant boot) ; Tra- 
ditioarU History and the Spanish Treason of 
1601-3, by tho Ror. John Gomrd (reprinted 
from the Month), IS9S; What was the Gun- 
poodor Plot? The traditional atory teat^'bjr 
critical eTiitoDTO, ly John Oerard, 3.J., 189TJ 
What the Oanpovder Plot vaa (an ansver to 
the preceding), by 8. B, Gariliner. 1897; Thf 
Gunpowder PI'it and Guup<iwder Ploltors, iif 
reply tn Professor Gardiner, by John Qecord,' 
S.,I.. 1897; Thomas Winter's Coofeaion Biid'> 
the Quiipowder Plot (with facsimiles), by tho 
Bittnp ; Lcttere in the AthenB^m on Winter's 
Confession, by S. R. Gardiuec, 26 Nov, 1897 
irnd 10 Sept. 1898.] T. 0. L, 

WINTER, THOMAS <l79B-ie51), pugi- 
list, atyled 'Tom Spring,' was bom at 
Witcbend, near Fownhope, Herefordshire, on 
22 Feb. 1796, hia father being a butcher with 
a large business. After serving iu his father's 
trade he, at the age of seventeen, made dia- 
covery of Ida fighting powers by gaining an 
unexpected victory over a local bully named 
IloUanda. Two years later, in 1HI4, he ac- 
cepted a challenge to fight Ueidev, a local 
boser of repute, and vnoguisbed liim after 
eleven rounds. From this time he definitively 
took up boxing as a profession, and asaumeu 
the name of Tom Spring. Early in IS17hB 
went up to ].oudon, and on 9 Sept. met at 
Moulsey Hirst a Yorkshiremaii named 
Stringer, the stakes bein|; forty guineas and 
a prize given by the Pugtlistic Club. Spring 
' won the match with aome eaae in thirty-nine 
' minutes, after twenty-nine rounda, the last of 
' which was said to have been the severest ever 
[ seen. He next fonglit the celebrated Ned 
, Painter for two hundred guineas on Mickle- 
liiim Downs on 1 April 1818, and achieved a 
victory after thirty- one rounds [see Paijitek, 
EuWAitDJ. Later in the year, on I Aug.,he 



1 
i 



Winter 



a3o 



Winter 



met Painter a second time at Rufsia Farm. 
This was tbe one and only occasion on which 
he lost a match. By a chaiice blow he lost the 
si^t of one eye, and bore a scar for the rest of 
his life. His reputation was firmly esta- 
blished after his next encounter, when, on 
4 May 1819, at Crawley Down, he fought 
seventy-one rounds with Carter, durinff which 
the ropes were broken and both combatants 
went aown seyeral times. Spring won the 
▼ietory by opposing science to the old- 
&shioned heavy hitting. He now went on a 
■l^arring tour in the west, in company with 
his friend Tom Cribb [q. v.], the champion. 
On his return he won an easy victory oyer Ben 
Bum onWimbledon Common (20 Dec. 1819). 
A third match with Painter was arranged, but 
fell through, Pointer forfeiting the stakes. 
Spring again met Bum on Epsom Downs 
(16 May 1820), and, though out of condition, 
once more displayed the superiority of his 
method. On 2/ June of the same year he won 
a purse of 20/. for a fight with Joshua Hudson 
at Moulsey Hirst. On 20 Feb. 1821 he met 
and vanquished in twenty-six rounds, lasting 
fifty-five minutes, Tom Oliver fq. v.], winning 
200/. After Cribb's retirement Spring claimed 
the championship of England, and challenged 
all comers for three months on 26 Ma^ch 
1821. He now married and retired for a 
time from tbe ring, in order to keep the 
Weymouth Arms in Weymouth Street, Port- 
man Square. Early in 1823 he and Shelton 
underwent a week*8 imprisonment in default 
of bail for having acted as umpires in a 
match between Daniel Watts and James 
Smith on the Downs, near Brighton, when 
Smith died from congeation of the brain. 

On 20 May 1823 Spring recommenced his 
career by fighting Neat of Bristol on Hinckley 
Down, near Andover, a match which had 
long hung fire, though eagerly desired by 
the boxing world. Spring won after eight 
rounds in thirty-seven minutes. He closed 
his career by winning two other victories and 
the sum of 1,000/. within the year. On 24 Jan. 
he met Langan, an Irishman, on the race- 
course at Worcester, the stakes being 300/. a 
side. Before the contest fifteen hundred 
people were thrown to the ground by the 
collapse of the grand stand, twenty being 
seriously injured. A severe and confused fight 
lasted two hours and twenty-nine minutes, 
and at the seventy-seventh round Langan was 
insensible. A long correspondence followed 
between the principals and their supporters 
in the pages of * Pierce Egan*8 Life in Lon- 
don/ the defeated party contesting the va- 
lidity of the victory. On 8 June, however, 
a second contest took place on a raised plat- 
form at Birdham Bridge, near Chichester, 



the stakes being five hmidied gniiieaa aaide. 
The fight, which was dedared ' one o^ the 
fuiest battles ever witnesaed,' lasted an 
hour and forty-nine minutee, and Spring 
^pm showed his superiority. He bcAaved 
with flreat humanity, and his opponent with 
increoible pluck. Not less than twenty 
thousand people are said to have been pveeent. 
Spring now finally retired horn, the ring. 
He mt hent the Booth Hall tavern at 
Hereford, till in 1828 he took over from Ttna 
Belcher the Castle tavern, Holbom, where 
he spent the rest of his life. In 1828 he 
received from the townsmen in Hereford a 
handsome vase as a testimonial, and in April 
1824 was presented with a silver cup at Man- 
chester. In 1846, at a dinner presided over 
by Vincent Geoige Dowling [^. v.], he was 
further presented by his admirers with a 
money testimonial and a silver gallon 
tankard. 

Sprinff had a fine figure and a remarkahle 
face and forehead, in his early years he 
stood as a model at the Royal Academy. 
His height was five feet eleven and a half 
inches, but he made it equal to more than 
six feet. His fighting weight was thirteen 
stone two poun& 1& bore a hmh character 
for honesty and humanity, and his universal 
popularity is attested by a doggerel elegy, 
<The Life and Death of Thomas Winter 
Spring.' He died of dropsy and heart disease 
at the Castle, Holbom, on 20 Aug. 1851, 
and was buried in Norwood cemetery, where 
there is a monument to him. He left one 
surviving son, who bore his father's name. 

[Bell's Life in London, 24 Aug. 1851 ; Miles's 
Pagilistica (with portrait after O. Sharpies, 1822» 
and other iUostrations), ii. 1-61 ; The Great 
Battle between Spring and Langan (second 6ght), 
illustrated, 1824 ; Fistiana, pp. 116, 1 16 ; OenU 
Hag. 1861, ii. 662-3.] 6. Lb a. N. 

WINTER, or correctly WYNTER, Snt 
WILLIAM {d. 1589), admiral, of an old 
Brecknock family, was the elder son of John 
Wynter (d, 1646), merchant and sea-captain 
of Bristol, and (1645-6) treasurer of the 
navy. His mother was Alice, daughter and 
heiress of William Tirrey of Cork. His sister 
Agnes was second wife of Dr. Thomas Wil- 
j son (1525 P-1581) [q. v.] It has been sug- 
' gested that he was a near kinsman, pos- 
sibly a brother, of Wolsey*s mistress, the 
I mother of Thomas Wynter [see under Wol- 
SET, Thomas]. There is no evidence of this, 
though the friendly correspondence between 
i Thomas Cromwell and John Wynter lends 
I some support to the idea. William may 
I be presumed to have ser\'ed some sort of an 
apprenticeship to the sea under his father. 




Winter 2= 

early nge he entered the service of 
the crown ; in 1544 he was in the expedition, 
curied in 260 ships, which burned Leith 
and Edinburgh ; in 154;) in the fleet in the 
Channel under Lord Lisle [see DtfDLBr, John, 
BusHOFN'oRTHtniBERi^Ns]; in the expedi- 
tion to Scotland, under the protector Somer- 
set in 1<)4T; and' the joumejB to the islands 
of Guernsey and Jersey ' in 1649 {Defeat of 
Ihe Spanith Annada, ii. 311). On 8 July 
1&49 he wfts appointed surveyor of I Le navy 
in succession to Benjamin Oonson ; aud in 
Auffuat 1550 he superintended the removn! 
of tie ships from Portsmouth to Ctillingham. 
In 1652 he commanded the Minion when she 
captured a French ship, as a reward for 
which 100/. was given to he divided among 
her crew of three hundred men. In 1568 he 
voynged in the Levant. Un 2 Nov. 1557 
he was appointed master of the ordnance of 
the navy, which office, in addition to that 
of surveyor of the navy, he held for the rest 
of hia life. In 1568 he wbs with the fleet 
under Edward Fiennes de Clinton (after- 
wards Earl of Lincolii[q. v.]) when it burnt 
ConquSt. In 166!) he commanded the fleet 
sent lo the Forth with orders to watch for the 
Frenehsquadron and prevent any Frenchmen 
being landed in Scotland (cf. Cal. Hatfield 
MSS. vol. i.) 

On 12 Nov. 1561 he bought the manor of 
Lydney in Gloucestershire from the Earl of 
Pembroke (Fosbeooke, G!oucir»terehire, ii. 
193), laying the foundation of his connection 
with Qloucestershire, which other later pur- 
chases strengthened. In 1563 hewos, again 
with Clinton, in the fleet off Havre. On 
12 Aug. 1573 he was knighted. In 1580 he 
commanded the squadron offSmerwick, and 
effectunlly prevented the escape of the IlaUan 
pintes. In 1588 he commanded, under Lord 
Henry Seymour, in the Narrow Seas, and 
joined the main fleet under Lord Howajtl off 
Calais on 27 .Inly in time to propose the plan 
of driving the Spaniards from their anchorage 
by fireshipB, and to lake a brilliant part in 
the battle off Gravelines on the 20th. ' My 
fortune,' he wrote to Walsingham, ' was to 
make choice to charge their starboard wing 
without shootbg of any ordnance until we 
3 within six score paces of them, and 
1 of our ships did follow me. . . , Out 
of my ship there was shot five hundred shot of 
demi-CBunon, culverin and demi-culverin ; and 
when I was furthest off in discharging any of 
the pieces, I was not out of the shot of tui ' 
harquebus.' Wynter himself received 
severe blow on the hip by the overturning of 
a demi-cannon. It was the only time in liia 
long career in which he had any hard light- 
ing ,- but both before and after the battle his 



Winter 

rs to Walsingham show chat he under- 
stood, though he was probably the only man 
"lie fleet who did fully understand, tha 
pleteness of the defence by the navy. 
Howard and Drake both seemed to thiiUE 
that, notwithstanding the defeat of the 
Spanish fleet, the Spanish army might still 
attempt the invasion. Wynter, calling up 
his recoilections of the expedition to LeitE 
in 1544, argued that to bring across thirty 
thousand men with their stores would re- 
quire at the very least three hundred ships ; 
and if the Butch only furnished the thirtv- 
aix sail which they had promised, ' I should 
live until I were young again ere the prince 
would venture to set Iiis ships forth {Jle- 
/eat of thf Ai-mada, i. 213-14). 

In his official capacity as one of the priiv- 
cipal officers of the navy,Wynter necessarily J 
came into contact with (Sir) John Hawkini 
or Hawkyns [q. v.], the treasurer of the navy. 
There does not seem to have been any breach 
between the two, but there was no love 
lost, and Wvnter had certainly something 
to do with the charges of dishonesty which 
were made against Hawkyns ; in fact, on 
8 Oct. 1D88 he sent an automph note to 
Lord Burghley accusing Hawliyns of extra- 
vagance and inefficiency. The burden of the 
complaints against Hawkyns was his part- 
nership with a private shipbuilder to whom 
he dishonestly handed over guvemment 
stores. If he did not do so, he oad at any 
rate given good grounds for the suspicion, 
and he necessarily had enemies. The cause 
of Wynter's grudge against him does not ap- \ 
pear, nut itmaybe that Wynter felt aggrieved 
that he had not been made treasurer of ths 1 
navy in 1577 instead of Hawkyns. The j 
direct emoluments of the office were about 1 
double those of the two offices that Wyntot 
held, and Wynter was unquestionably tha • 
more experienced man of the two, not only"! 
as a sailor, but still more as an official, I 
Eawkyns's apiwintment was in fact »'■ 
family job; and though Wynter must havft'l 
known that such jobs were the rule, he may 1 
have thought them offensive when he him 
self was the victim of them. 

Wvnter died in 1588. He married Mary, ] 
daughter and heiress of Thomas LsngtOBj J 
and bad issue four sons and four daughters. 1 
Edward, the eldest son, commanded the Aid ] 
with Drake in 15S5-G, fouglit againi 
armada in 1688, probably as a volunl 
the Vanguard, represented Oloucestershitv I 
in the parliaments of 1589 and 1601, was 
knighted in ].^d5, and was sheriff iu 1598-9. 
lie was father of .Sir John Winter [q. v.] 
William SVynter.tho fourth son, commanded 
the Foresight with Drake In 1687, and again 



Winterbotham 



222 



Winterbotham 



in 1595 ; in 1588 he commanded his fathers 
ship the Minion. 

The Vangiiord's lieutenant, John Wynter, 
who also commanded the Elizabeth with 
Drake in 1578, and returned through the 
straits of Magellan, was Wynter's nephew, 
the son of Wynter's brother George, who in 
1571 bought the manor of Dyrham in Glou- 
cestershire. Kingsley, in * AVestward IIo ! * 
has confused the uncle and nephew, and 
speaks of the man who command^ the fleet 
at Smerwick as the same that turned back 
through the straits of Magellan (cf. Cal, 
State Papers f Simancas, iii. 340-1). 

Tlie name has been very commonly writ- 
ten Winter and Wintour ; the admiral him- 
self, his eldest son, and his brother spelt it 
Wynter. 

[ViBitations of Gloucesterehire, pp. 273-4, 
and of Worcestershire, pp. 148-0 (Harl. Soc.) ; 
Atkyns's Qloucestershiro ; Kudder*8 Oloucester- 
shire ; Cal. of State Papers, Dom., East Indies, 
foreign, and Simancas ; Cal. Hatfield MSS. i-iii. ; 
Acta of the Privy Council, i-xvi ; Corbet's Drake 
and the Tudor Navy, 1 898 ; Defeat of the Spanish 
Armada (Navy Records Soc.) ; Oppenheim's Ad- 
ministration of the Royal Nayy ; notes kindly 
supplied by Mr. Oppcnheim.] J. K. L. 

WINTERBOTHAM, HENRY SELFE 
PAGE (1837-ltf73), politician, bom at 
Stroud on 2 March 1837, was second son of 
Lindsey Winterbotham, banker in that town, 
and grandson of William Winterbotham 
[q. v.], dissenting minister. lie was educated 
at Amersham school, Buckinghamshire, and 
Univt»rsity College, London. His collegiate 
career was exceptionally brilliant. In 18o(5 
he graduated with honours, and in 18o9 
became LL.l)., and won in 1858 the Ilume 
scholarship in jurisprudence, and in the fol- 
lowing year the Hume scholarship in poli- 
tical econoniv and the university law scho- 
larship. In 18(50 he was called to the bar 
by the society of Lincoln's Inn, and speedily 
acquired a re])utation in chancery practice. 
On l'O Aug. 18<)7 he was returned to repre- 
sent Strou<l, (iloucestershire, in the liberal 
interest, and, refusing to join the regular 
liberal i)arty, took his seat among the more 
adyanoed politicians who then were sitting 
below the gangway. A speech which he 
shortly afterwards made on the abolition 
of university theoloirieal tests drew the at- 
tention of the house to his abilities, and 
from that day he was regarded as one of the 
coming leaders of his party. He was yir- 
tually the leader of the nonconformists in 
the House of Commons for some years, and 
took a prominent part in the education and 
other nonconformist movements. In March 
"■ft? I he ioined the liberal ministn* as under- 



secretary of stat« to the home department. 
His health was never robust, and the work 
of his office killed him. In the autumn of 
1873 ho fell seriously ill after addressing a 
meeting in Bristol, and went to Italy for a 
rest. He died at Home on 13 Dec., and 
was buried in theprotestant cemetery there. 
He was unmarried. 

[Times, 15 and 22 Dec. 1873; Stroud Gazette ; 
Independent ; private information.] J. R. M. 

WINTERBOTHAM, WILLIAM (1763- 
1829), dissenting minister and political pri- 
soner, bom in Aldgate, London, on lo Dec. 
1763, was sixth child of John Winterbo- 
tham, who had been a soldier in the Pre- 
tender's army. He was brought up by his 
maternal grandparents at CheUenham. Re- 
turning to London in 1774, he g^t into 
trouble with his schoolmaster and was ap- 
prenticed to a silyersmith. In 1784 he 
started in business for himself, and, haying 
occasion during a severe illness to review 
the nature of some dissolute habits which 
he had contracted, prepared himself for the 
conversion which he underwent two years 
afterwards when he joined the Calvinist 
methodists. Next year he began to ])reach, 
and in 1789 became a baptist. In December 
that year he went to assist at How's Lane 
chapel, I'lymouth. Here he preached on 
5 and 18 Nov. 1792 the two sermons for 
which he was prosecuted for sedition. Feel- 
ing on the French Uevolution was high in 
Plymouth at the time, and Winterbotham 
had also been engaged in some local dispute 
with the corporation. The sermons were 
political, as their occasion — the gunpowder 
plot and the revolution — demanded. IIo 
enunciated the democratic view of kingly 
authority, and referred to the political aspects 
of the prevailing distress. A prosecution 
was immediately talked of after the first was 
delivered, and, to put matters right, he 
pn»ached the second. On 25 and 'J6 July 
170.S he was tried at the Exeter assizes f«)r 
both sermons, and a jury found him guilty. 
An anonymous gift of 1,000/. which reacli»»d 
him years after\yards was supposed to bt^ 
the conscience money of oneof the jurj'men. 
( )n 27 Nov. he was sentenced to two years' 
imprisonment and a fine of 100/. for each 
sermon. He spent some of his time in the 
New l*rison, Clerkenwell, but the conditions 
there were so disgusting that he successfully 
applied to be transferred, and was lodged in 
the state side of Newgate. While in prison 
he made the acquaintance of Southey, who 
frequently visited him. During one of those 
visits Southey left his drama of * William 
Tell ' in the hands of Winterbotham, request- 



Winterbottom 



Winterbourne 



publish it in nid of the refonn 
\\'iiiterbothBm, however, con- 
iidt-red il utnpiaa and injudicious, and the 
cript remained in his hands fur twenty 
, when it was stolen, copied, and pub- 
lished, much against Winterhotlmm's wish. 
He was released on 27 Nov. 1797, and went 
back to preach in PlTmouth. In 1804 he 
removed to tho neighbourhood of Stroud, 
Gloucesterahire, and in ISO** to Newmarket, 
■where he retnaiued until hia death on 
31 March 1829. 

On the day of hia release from Newgate 
be married Slary Brend of Plymouth, by 
whom he had four sons and two daurhtera. 

The two aeditiouB sermons were published, 
London, 1794, and in the same year a report 
of his trial. From Newgate he wrote : 
1. 'Historical, Geographical, and PhilosO' 

Shieal View of the Chinese Empire,' Ijon- 
on, 1795, 2 pts. 2. ' Historical, Geogra- 
phical, Commercial, and Philosophical View 
of the American United States,' London, 
1795, 4 vols. He also edited an edition of 
Dr. Gill's ' Body of Divinity ' and two volumefl 
of selected poetry. 

[Stite Trials, xiii. 823, &c.; Rot. William 
■WinUtbotham by Mr. W. W. Wintorbotham, 
priated for prirats circuUtiaa.] J. R. M. 

WINTERBOTTOM. THOMAS MAS- 
TERMAN (1766 P-1859), physician, bom in 
1764 or 176ij, was the son oi a physician at 
South Shields In the county of Durham. 
He graduated M.D. at Glasgow in 1792, 
suci^eded his father in his practice at South 
Shields, and while Still a young man was 
sent on a medical mission to Sierra Leone, 
where he spent seven years. He embodied 
hia experiences in two very readable works. 
One, entitled ' Medical Directions for the Use 
of Navigators and Settlers in Hot Climates ' 
{2nd edit. London, 1803, 12mo), had for its 
aulgect those sanitary obserretiona which 
were tha intmedjate object of the mission, 
and was translated into Dutch with the ap- 

eflval of thedirector-generalof trndein lue 
otch colonies; while the other, entitled 
'An Account of the Native Afticana in the 
Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, to which is 
added an Account uf the Present State of 
Medicine among thi^m ' (London, 1803, 
S vols. 8to), contained hia unoilicial observa- 
tions. The former work was commended by 
Soulhey in his ' History of Brsiil,' and the 
latter waa praised bT Sydney Smith in the 
'Edinburgh Review' (iii. Sfifl). In pre- 
paring his book on Sierra Leone he was 
aseisted by his friend Zachary Macaulay 
[q.v.], formerly governor of the colony. Win- 
terbottom returned to South Shields before 



1803, and passed the rest of hia life in prae- 
tica there. On the publication of the 
' Medical Kegieter' in 1869 in pursuance of 
on enactment of parliament, he was found to 
be the oldest physiclaD included in its pages. 
He was well known in the north of England 
for his many acta of philanthropy. & hia 
youth he was in hearty support of the aboli- 
tion of the slave trade, and afterwards he 
odvoL'ated emancipation. He founded and 
endowed several local charities, including 
the Marine School of Soutli Shields in 1S37, 
(he Master Mariners' Asylum and Annuity 
Society in 1839, the Winterbottom South 
Shields fund for the relief of deserving 
widows of seamen, and in 1849 the un- 
married female aen'ants' reward fund. He 
died at Westoe, near South Shields, on 
8 July 1859. He was married, but left 
no issue. Besides the works mentioned, he 
was the unthor of several papers published 
in 'Medical Facts and Onservations ' be- 
tween 1793 and 1800. 

[Gent. Mag. 1859, ii. 200; Allibona's Diet 
of Engl. Lit.: Mftlical Directory aad General 
Medical ItegJHtor, 1869.] E. I. C. 

WINTERBOURNE, WALTER { 1 225 P- 
ISOQ), cardinal, probably took his family 
name from one of the numerous villages 
called Winterbourne in the immediate 

froximitv of Salisburv. He woa bom about 
225 at bid or New Sarum (IIoabe, Wilt- 
»hire, vi. 6101, and entered the order of 
friars preachers, or Dominicans. Fuller, 
drawing partly on Nicholas Trivet [q. v.] 
and partly on hia imagination, aaya that 
Winterbourne was 'in his youth a good 
poet and an orator ; when a man an acute 
philosopher . . . when an old man a deep 
controversial divine and skilful casuist." 
Tanner's statement that he was ordained 
subdeacon in 1294 and priest in the follow- 
ing year can scarcely be correct. He seema 
to have graduated D.D,, probably at Paris 
or at Oxford, and in 1290 was elected pro- 
vincial of the Dominicans in England ; he 
wna succeeded in 1390 by Thomas jors 
[q. v.] As early as April '1294 be appears 
as a sort of remembrancer to Edward I ( Cat. 
Patfnt RolU. 1292-1301, pp. 68, 78, 80), 
but he is first described as the king's con- 
fessor on e Jan. 1298 (i£.p. 32G). Hemade 
use of his influence to secure posts lor his 
servants and benefices and pardons for his 
friends (cf. ib. pp. 396, 522, 1301-7 p. 03), 
In 1300 he accompanied Edward I to Scot- 
land (Rtmbr, Fifdera, i. ii. 924), 

On 21 Feb. 1304 Benedict IX, himself a 
Dominican, made Wintprboume cardinal of 
St. Babina, in succession to WiUiam Macelea- 



I 



Winterbourne 



224 



Wintersel 



field, Winterboume*8 predecessor as provin- 
cial of the English Dominicans. When the 
news reached him Winterbourne was in 
attendance upon Edward I in Scotland, and 
on 4 April the king wrote from St. Andrews 
a letter of thanks to the pope for his con- 
fessor's preferment. lie declined, however, 
to let winterbourne proceed at once to 
Home, requiring his presence for business 
that ' could not conveniently be transacted 
in his absence' (Utmer, i. ii. 904). On 
9 July he granted Winterboume's request 
that the Dominicans of Oxford might be 
licensed to dig stones in Shotover forest for 
the repair of their house. Benedict died in 
that month, and in October Winterbourne 
set out for Italy to participate in the elec- 
tion of a successor. The Spini of Florence 
were requested by Edward to provide a 
thousand marks for his expenses. On 28 Nov. 
he arrived at Perusium, where the conclave 
of cardinals had been sitting for some 
months (Baluze, Vit^B Paparum Aveniontn- 
sium, 1093, i. 980). He took part in the 
election of Clement V, but on his way to 
join the new pope at Lyons he died at 
Genoa (other accounts say Geneva) on 
26 Aug. or 26 Sept. 13a5 (ib.; cf. Turon, 
Horn, III. Dom. 1743, i. 730 ; Qu^tip and 
EcHARD, i. 497). He was buried by Nicholas 
de Parato, cardinal-bishop of Ostia, in the 
Dominican church at Genoa; the statement 
that, in accordance with his wish, his re- 
mains were subsequently removed to Black- 
friars Church, London, is disputed. 

Winterbourne is said to have written 
*Commentarii in quatuor sententiarum li- 
bros,* * Quaestiones Theologica;,* and * Ser- 
mones ad clerum et coram rege.' Bale 
describes them as * barbarous, poor, and 
frigid productions,' but no copies are known 
to be extant. 

A later member of the family, Thomas 
W^iXTKRnouRXK (d. 1478), after holding 
many ecclesiastical preferments, including 
the archdeaconry ot Canterbury, was on 
25 Sept. 1471 elected dean of St. Paul's ; he 
died on 7 Sept. or 7 Dec. 1478, being suc- 
ceeded by William Worsloy [q.v.](\VEEVER, 
Fmierall Mon. p. 370; Duo dale, St.PaufK,, 
!MiLMAX, St, Paiirxx Le Neve, Fai<ti, ii. 
31.>: IIkxnessy, ^Vo/'. Kep. Ikvles. Loud in. 
passim). 

[Cal. Patt'nt Kolls, 1202-1307. passim ; Ry- 
nicr's Fn^dera (Rcoonl ctlit.); Walsinaham's 
lli^t. Aiiirl. i. lO.'). aii'l Kishanger's Cliron. pp. 
221, 227 (Kollr* .Sir.) ; Trivet's Chron. pp. 404- 
40(5 (Hnj^l. Iliht. Soc.V, Ijela^d's Ct»lleotanea ; 
Bale, iv. 80; Pits, p. 389; Fuller's Worthies, 
e<l. 1830; Pryune's Chron. Vindication. 1668, 
iii. 1046, 1115; Guide's Tractatus Magistrorum 



Ord. PraBdicatorom ; Balnia^s Vite Paparom ; 
Fabricias's Bibl. Med. iEvi Lat. iii. 346; Tnron's 
Horn. 111. Domin. 1743, i. 729-33; Tanner's 
Bibl. pp. 358, 781 ; Qa^tif and fichaid's Scriptt. 
Ord. Praedicatornm, i. 496-7 ; Hoare's Modem 
Wiltshire.] A, F. P. 

WINTERSEL, WINTERSHALL, 
WINTERSAL, or WINTERSHULL, 
WILLIAM (d. 1679), actor (the name is 
spelt in many different wavs), was between 
1(537 and 1642 a member of Queen Henrietta 
Maria's company, acting at the private house 
at Salisbury Court or at the Cockpit. After 
the Restoration he joined the company of 
Thomas KiUigrew (1612-1683) [q. v.], known 
as the ' King 6 Servants,' acting with them 
at the Red Bull and at the New House in 
Gibbons's Court in Clare Market during 16€0, 
1661, 1062, and part of 1663, before going 
to the Theatre Royal, the new theatre, subse- 
<juently to be known as Drury Lane. The 
hrst part to which his name appears is An- 
tigonus in the * Humorous Lieutenant ' of 
Beaumont and Fletcher, with which, on 
8 April 1663, the Theatre Royal first opened. 
Wintersel is believed to have been on 1 June 
1664 Sir Amorous La Foole in the * Silent 
Woman,* and on 3 Aug. Subtle in the * Al- 
chemist.' In 1666 he was the first Odmar 
in Dryden's * Indian Emperor ; ' in 1666 he 
played the King in the * Maid's Tragedy ; ' 
on 19 Oct. 1667 was the first John, king of 
France, in Lord Orrery's 'Black Prince,' 
and on 2 Nov. flayed the King in one or 
other part of * King Henry IV.' He played 
on 1 May 1668 Sir Gervase Simple in "the 
J Changes, or Love in a Maze.' Don Alonzo 
in Dryden's 'Evening Love, or the Mock 
Astrologer,' was taken on 22 June 1668. In 
the two parts of Dryden's ' Conquest of Gra- 
nada " he was in 1670 the first Selin, and in 
1671 was the first Robatzy in Corey's * Gene- 
rous Enemies.' When in January 1672 the 
Theatre Royal was burnt down, Wintersel 
went with the company to Lincoln's Inn 
Fields, where, presumably, he was the first 




* Amboyna, or the Cruelties of the Dutch.* 
In 1675 he was the original Otho in Lee's 

* Nero,' Comanti in Mrs. Centlivre's * Love 
in the Dark,' and Arimant in Dryden's 
' Aurenge-Zebe,' and in 1670 Bomilcar in 
Lee's * Sophonisba.' In I^e's *Mithridates, 
king of Pontus,' he was in 1678 the first 
Pelopidas. This is the last time his name 
can be traced to a piece. He died in July 
1079. 

Johnson, a character in the * Rehearsal ' 
(act ii. sc. i.), says, * Mr. Wintershull has in- 



Winterton 



«s 



Winterton 



f'irm'il me of big play before.' A note in 
lliK kcT to tbe ' Rebearsnl' enys: 'Mr. Wil- 
linm Wintershull was n most excellent, judi- 
cioui actnr, and Ibe best instructor of others.' 
Dnvies cbronicles tbat he was the first King 
in ' King llenrv IV ' after tbe Restoration, 
and gaye that be was bo celebrated for the 

tart of Cokes in Ben Jonson'a ' Bartholomew 
'air ' that tbe public preferred him eren to 
Nokes in the cburacter. Dennis praises bis 
81ender. Wintersel was held equally (food 
in tragedy and comedy. Pepys, under date 
28 April I66J1, saw ' Love in a Male ' (tba 
' Changes '), and declares ' very rood mlrtb 
of Lac^ the cinwn, and Winteraell tbe coun- 
try knight, his master. 

[GeiiHt'B Ac-count of the English Stage; 
Dovnes's R ■ae\ua AagYwanat ; BuckioKhani's 
Reboanal and Key; Wrighfs HistAria His- 
tTJonira; DaTies'sDraDiaticMiscstlaniw; Doran's 
Dramatic Annala, wi. Lowe ; Fleaj's History of 
Tbe Stage ; Popvs's Diury, ed. Whoalloy.] 

J. K. 

WINTERTON, R.ALPII (1600-1636), 
physician, son of Francis Winterton, was 
born at Lutterworth, Leicestershire, in 1600. 
lie was sent to Eton, and on n June 1617 
waM elected sclioSar of King's College, Cam- 
bridj^, where he became a fellow on 3 June 
MKH). lie matriculated in tbe university 
on Q July I<1I7. graduated B.A. 16:>0, M.A. 
Ift24. lie EulTered from sleeplessness and 
melancholia, and consulted the regius profes- 
sor o( physic. Dr. John Collins, who advised 
him to give up mathematics, at which he waa 
then working, and to Mudy medicine, and 
assured him be might thus erase from bis 
mind the recollection of past ills. > I did,' 
Miys Winterton, 'as he advised, and what be 
foretold took place ' (Preface to Aphnrunm). 
In 1636 he was a candidate for the professor- 
I i^liip of Qreek, when Bnbert Creighton [(].t.], 
■'who bad for some time been deputy, was 
■ •elected. He petitioned the visitor of King's 
PCoIlege in May Iti^, and on 20 Aug. was 
' accordingly formally diverted to tba study 
of physic, which he had already pursued for 
more than four years. lie received the 
iiDiveniity license to practise medicine in 
l<S>11,and on 16 Sept. in that year petitioned 
King's College to grant him tbe degree of 
M.D, under its ststnte?. His request wag 
refused.but was urged by John Hacketfq.r.], 
writing from Buckden on 2!} Jan. V)&->, on 
Iwbalf of tlie bishop of Lincoln, and bv 
Oichop John Williams (I682-I6r>0} [q. v.^ 
himself on 38 June 1632, as well as by the 
E«rlofHolIaadonS8Nov.ie33,but all with- 
out effect. Some conduct in ball on 15 Dec. 
van and on 7 Aug. 1633 wbicb may perhaps 
lin\'e been of the nature of acrid theological 
VOL. uai. 



discussion seems to have been tbe ground 
for thege refusals. A letter in which, 
on 12 Dec. |IJ33, W. Bray writes by Aroh- 
bishop Laud's direction to Samuel Collius, 
provost of Kiuff's, signifies to the provost 
' not bia grace's pleasure but big desire 
that the provost would speedily and with- 
out any wayes of delay grant to Mr. Win- 
terton his degree in the bouse.' It was 
granted within a fortnight. 

In 1637 Winterton translated John Ger- 
hard's ' Meditations,' in which he waseucou- 
raged by John Bowie, afterwards bishop of 
Uochester, and they were printed at Cam- 
bridge in 1631, and reached a (ifth edition in 
1038. His brother Francia was one of six hun- 
dred volunteers, commanded by the Marquis 
of Hamilton, who went to serve und?r Gua- 
tavus Adolphus, and his death at Cn-ttrin in 
Silesia in 1631 depressed Winterton so inuob 
that he sought relief by translating tbe 'Con- 
siderations of Dreselius upon Etemitie,' 
which was publiahed at the Cambridge 
University press in 1636, and of wbicb 
subsequent editions appeared in 16^0 and 
le-jS, 167o, 16S4, 1703, ITte, and 1716. In 
1H32 be also translated and printed at Cam- 
bridge ' A Golden Chaino of Divine Aplio- 
riames'of John Gerhard of Heidelbero. It 
contains commeadalory verses in English 
by Edward Benlowes of St. John's ColTeje, 
and by four fellows uf his own college, 
Dore Williamson, Robert Newman, Henry 
Whigton, and Thomas Paffe, In 1633 he 
published at Cambridge an edit ion uf Terence, 
and an edition of the Greek poem of Dio- 
nvsius • De Situ Orbis,' with a dedication in 
Greek verse to Sir Henry Wollon fq. v.], 
provost of Eton. He bad written a Greek 
metrical ver»on of the first books of the 
aphorisms of Hippocrates in 1631, and early 
in 1633 published at Cambridge, with a dedi- 
cation to William Laud, then bishop of Lon- 
don, ' Hlppocratis Magni Aphorismi Soluti 
et Metrici. Each aphorism is given in the 
original with the Latin version of John 
Heurnius of Utrecht, and is rendered into 
Latin versa and Greek verse. Tlie Latin 
verses are by John Fryer (d. 1563) [q.v.], 
president of the College of Physicians in 
1549, whose name appears on the tille-pago 
(Epi'fframmala, p. 38). The seven hooka of 
apborismg are followed by epigrams in 
Latin or Greek in praise of Winterton'a 
work by the regius professors of medi- 
cine at Cambriilge and Oitford ; by tbe 
president and seventeen fellows of tba 
Unllege of Physicians, of whom fourteen 
ore Cantabrigians and three Usonians ; by 
Francis Glissou [q. v.], afterwards pro- 
fessor of physic i by members of every 



Winterton 



226 



Winthrop 



college at Cambridge but one ; by the pro- 
fessor of astronomy and members of several 
colleges at Oxford, concluding with twenty 
epigrams by members of King's College. 
Laudatory opinions in prose by the masters 
of Peterhouse, Christ's, and Trinity, and 
the president of Queens', and by two pro- 
fessors of divinity are prefixed, so that no 
medical work at Cambridge has ever 
received so high a degree of academical 
commendation. It led to AVinterton's 
appointment as regius professor of physic 
in 163o, in which vear the three regius 
professors at Cambria^ — divinity, law, and 
physic — were all of King's College. 

Winterton discharged the duties of his 
professorship with great care. The course 
for the M.D. degree was then twelve years, 
and improper efforts were often made to ob- 
tain incorporation after graduation in other 
universities. These ho put a stop to, as he 
announces in a letter, dated 25 Aug. 1635, 
to Dr. Simeon Foxe, then president of the 
College of l*hysicians (Goodall). While 
preparing the Greek aphorisms he also 
worked at an edition of the * Poetae minores 
Gneci,' based upon those of Henry Stephen 
(1560) and Crispin (1600), with observa- 
tions of his own on Hesiod. He intended 
to have extended these, but was prevented 
by his appointment as professor. The book 
was published at Cambridge in 1635, w\jth 
a dedication to Arclibishop I^aud, and sub- 
sequent editions appeared in 1652, 1661, 
1671, 1677, 16S4, 1700, and 1712. He 
published at Cambridge in 1631 Greek 
verses at the end of William Buckley's 

* Arithmetica Memorativa,' and in liiSo 
verses in * Carmen Natalitium,' and in 

* Genet hliacum Academite.' 

Winterton made his will on 25 Aug. 
1036, leaving beauests to his father, mother, 
brothers John, IJenr}-, and William, and 
sisters Mary, Barbara, Fenton, and Ruth. 
To his brother John, who was a student of 
medicine at Clirist's College, and who wrote 
verses in * Carmen Natalitium,' he gave the 
medicul works of Daniel Sennortus in six 
volumes, and of Martin Rulandus and the 
surjj^cry of William Clowes the younger 
[q.v.j, and his anatomy instruments. lie 
died on 13 Sept. 1636 at Cambridge, and 
was buried at the east end of King's Col- 
lege chapel. 

[Works; Extracts from records of King's 
College, Cambridge, kindly sent by Dr. M. R. 
James and Mr. F. L. Ciarke; Extracts from 
records at Eton by II. E. Luxmoore; Letter 
from Rev J. 1). B. Mayor; GoodaU's Royal 
College of Physicians of London, 1684, p. 443.] 

N. M. 1 



WINTERTON, THOMAS (/. 1391), 
theological writer, was a native of Winter- 
ton, Lincolnshire, and an Auf ostinian hermit 
of Stamford. He took the degree of doctor 
of theolo^ at Oxford, and was in his youth a 
friend of \Vycliffe, but afterwards he wrote 
against him. He became provincial of his 
order in 1389, and was re-elected in 139L 
He wrote 'Absolutio super confessions 
Joannis Wyclif de corpore Uhristi in Sacra- 
mento altaris,' of which several manuscripts 
are extant. It is the same work as ' De £u- 
charistise assertione* which Leland saw at 
St. Paul's (DuGDALB, St. PauTs, p. 283 ; see 
Harl MS. 31, and BibL Reg, MS. 7 B. iii. 6). 
The treatise was included by Thomas Netter 
fq. v.j in his * Fasciculi Zizaniorum Johannis 
Wyclif,* and is printed in Shirley's edition 
of that work (Rolls Ser. 1858, pp. 181-238). 

[Tanner 8 Bibliotheca.] M. B. 

WINTHROP, JOHN (1588-1649), go- 
vemor of Massachusetts, was bom at Ed- 
wardston, Sutlblk, on 12 Jan. 1587-8. His 

Erandfather, Adam Winthrop (1498-1562) of 
avenham in Suffolk, a substantial clothier, 
who founded the fortunes of the family, was 
panted the freedom of the city of London 
in 1520, and was inscribed * armiger' in 1548. 
He obtained bv a grant of 1544 the manor 
of Groton, Suffolk, formerly belonging to the 
monastery of Bury St. Edmunds. He died 
on 9 Nov. 1562, aged 64, and was buried in 
Groton church (his will is in P. C. C. 
Chayre 2). A fine contemporary portrait 
of the worthy merchant and reformer is pre- 
served in New York, and has been engraved 
by Jackman {Life of Winthrop, 1804, i. 20). 
By his wives Alice (Ilunne) and Agnes 
(Sharpe) he left seven children. I lis third 
son, Adam Winthrop (1548-1623), the even 
tual owner of Groton Manor, was trained to 
the law, and was from 1594 to 1609 auditor 
of St. John's and Trinity colleges at Cam- 
bridge. He married, first, on 16 Dec. 1574, 
Alice (d. 1577), daughter of William Still 
of Grantham, and sister of Bishop John Still 
[q. v.] He married, secondly, on 20 Feb. 
1579, Anne {d. 1629), daughter of Henry 
Browne of Edwardston, clothier, and by her 
had, with four daughters (one of whom "mar- 
ried Emmanuel Downing, and was mother of 
Sir George Downing (1623.^-1684) [a. v.]), 
an only son John, the future * Moses of New 
England.* Some verses by Adam to his 
sister, * the Lady Mildmay at the birth of her 
son Henery,* are preserved in a manuj^cript 
songbook of the sixteenth century (Ilarl. 
MS. 1598; they are printed by Joseph Hunter 
in Mass. Hist. Coll. 3rd ser. x. 152-4). 
Lady Mildmay gave her brother a serviceable 




Winthrop 



Winthrop 



I 



poHset-pot, which is still preserved ns 
family heirloom. This flame Adam was a 
^ypiuat Wintlirop, a ililigetit inditer of letters 
ana diaries (quatnt fragments of which evince 
^ood ECDse and riffht feeling), and a great 
encourager of prophesying. He informa us 
that at Groton and the two neigbbouring 
parishee ot Boxford and Edwardston he 
managed within the limitA of a single jear 
to hear as manj as tliirtj-three different 

John Winthrop was admitted at Trinitji 
Ooll^, Cambridge, on 2 Due. 1003, but his 
academic course was intcrruptod when he 
was tittle over seventeen bv his betrothal and 
marciage, on 16 April 1005, to Mary (IB83- 
1615), daughter and heiress of John Forth 
of Great Stanbridge. Essei, in which place 
he settled and abode for some years. His 
eldest son, John, was bom there on 12 Feb. 
1W6, and be had issue two more sons and 
two daughters by liis first wife, with whom 
his sympathy appeara to have been at times 
impe'rfeet. She died and was buried at Gro- 
ton on 26 June 1015. The religious impres- 
eions which so deeply imbued hia whole life 
vere derived by Wmthrop during this period 
^m Eiekiel Culverwell. His early piety, 
of the self-accusing puritanic tvpe, was re- 
nurkable. The workings of his conscience 
were often curious. He was extremely fond 
of wild-fowl shooting with a gun, but con- 
ceiving from the fact that he was a very bad 
shot that the practice was sinful, he ' cove- 
nanted with the Lord' to give over shooting, 
except upon rare and secret occasions. He 
had no doubts as to the depraving effects of 
the 'creature tobacco' or tbeprnct ice of drink- 
ing healths, and be combated both these in- 
firmities in a more uncomijromising fashion. 
He married, within six months of his first 
■wife's death, Thomasine, daughter of Wil- 
liam CJIopton of Castleins Manor, near Groton 
(hermarriagesettlementsare printed in 'Evi- 
dences of the Winthrops,' 1896, p. 22). She 
^ed on 7 Dec. 1610, iust a year after mar- 
riage, and was buried in Grot-on church on 
II Dec. A detailed and powerful, ifsome- 
what morbid, account of her deathbed is 

S'ven by Winthrop in an autobiographical 
i^ent (cited in Life, i. 79-89). After a 
period of great Uepreasinn and diffidence, he 
married, thirdly, on 29 April 1618, at Great 
Maplested, Margaret (d. 1647), daughter of 
Sir John Tyndal, kt. Under her influence 
the tendency to undue religious introspec- 
tion was gradually subdued, and Wintlirop 
^ined that moral ascendency among his 
puritan neighbours to which the depth of 
his character justly entitled him. A cQarm- 
ing letter from Ub father to this fianc6c, and 



n number of his love-letters to hie third wife 
(^nearlyallwrittenafler marri age),areprinted 
in the 'Life,' and the series was edited in 
1893 by J. H. Twichell us ' Some Old Puri- 
tan Love-letters'). For e 



by his father's advice and by his newly 
found married happiness, ils began taking 
& more active part in his duties as a justice 
of the peace and lord of Groton JItlanor, and 
in 1626 he was appointed an attorney of the 
court of wards and liveries, of which Sir 
Bobert Naunton [q.v.] had become master 
in 1623. He appears to have been admitted 
ofthelnner Templein November 1628(^801- 
liera of Innrr Temple, p. 252), a fact which 
seems to indicate that hia emigration was 
not the result of long previous deliberation. 
John Winthrop had not joined any of the 
colonial companies as an adventurer, and the 
earliest intimation of his leaving the old 
world for the new is conveyed in a letter of 
16 May 1829, in whicli he says : 'My deate 
wife, I am veryiye persuaded God will bring 
some heavye affliction upon this lande, and 
that speedjlye ... if the Lord seeth it will 
be ^od for us, be will provide a. shelter and 
a hiding-place for us and others, as a Zoar 
for Lott.' The dissolution of parliament in 
1029 was the moving cause of his discon- 
tent, and his deciaiou to cast in hia lot with 



S38t. lie saw everything now through 
arkened glasses. The land seemed to hitn 
to be grown ' weary of her inhabitants. 
The growth of luxury and extravagance, Ilie 
increased expenae.s of education, and the dif- 
ficulty of providing for children in the liberal 
arts and professions are all reflected upon in 
hie correspondence at this time. ■ Evil times,' 
he concluded, 'are coming, when the church 
murt fly to the wilderness.' InJuneorJuly 
1629 be was carefully preparioK a etaiement 
of (he ' Rea^iuns to be considered for juatifye- 
ing the undertakera of the intended Planta- 
tion in New England, and for incouraginge 
such whose bartes God shall move tojoyne 
with them in it.' In July he appears to have 

Kid a visit to Isaac Jonnson at Sempring- 
m, and the matter was discussed in all its 
bearingsbetweenthem. His 'Keaaons' would 
seem to havebeenshown to Sir John Eliot and 
other prominent leaders of puritan feeling. 

The emigration movement wna greatly 
facilitated by the decision of theOld England 
proprietors to convert the Massachuaettd 
plantation into a self-goveming community, 
as the prospering Plymouth colony bad 
virtually been from the commencement. 



I 



02 



^1 

1 




Winthrop 



Winthrop 



TLe company of Massacbuaettswua original ly 
designed to be, like that, of Virginia, a cor- 
poration established in England admini^tar- 
ing Uie aQairs of an Ameri<?aii colony. But 
on 2fi July 1629MaUbew Cradook, governor 
of the MaBSBcbusetts CoiDpany, at a Dieeting 
held at the bouse of tbe deputy-governor, 
Thonae Ooffe, in London, read certain pro- 
positions conceived by bimaelf, giving reason 
for transferring tbe governmant from the 
council in London to tUe plantation itself. 
The authorities at yalem, now of several 
yenrs' standing, bad hitherto been subordi- 
nate to tboAe of tbe compaDv nt Lome ; on 
26 Aug. 1021), at a meeting' held at Cam- 
bridge, John Winthrop was one ofthetwelve 
signatories (including the names of Richard 
Saltonstull, Thomas Diidlev.WilliamVaasull, 
IncreAie Nowell, and Witliani Pjmcbon, all 
of whom are separately noticed) to an agree- 
ment by which tbe framera pledged them- 
selves to iet sail with their families to 
' inhabit and continue in New England, pro- 
vided that the whole government, together 
with the {latent for the plantation, be first "by 
an order of court legally transferred and esta- 
blished, to remain with us and others which 
ahall inhabit upon the eaid plantation.' On 
20 Oct. it was announced by tbe court of the 
company that tbe transference of the govern- 
ment had been decided upon, and that snme 
day, from among four nominees, John Win- 
throp was by general vote and show of hands 
chosen to bo governor for the ensuing year. 
After some five months of prpparation, on 
23 March 1629-30 four ships out of tbe 
eleven that the emigrants had chartered 
were ready to Rait from Soulbamnton, and 
upon that day Winthrop embarlted with 
Saltonstall, and with Thomas Dudley,Wil- 
liam Coddington [q. v.], and Simon Brad- 
streei J^see under Bbadstrekt, Akjje], upon 
the principal ship, the ArbfUa, Two of his 
younger cliildren were with bim, but his 
wife was obliged by ttioson of her pregnancy 
to postpone her departure for a little over a 
year. Winthrop and bis comrades were de- 
layed by contrary winds ofl' the Isle of Wight 
for a fortnight, and they took tbe oppor- 
tunity to promul^te the notable ' letter of 
farewell' to their fellow-countrymen, en- 
tilled 'The Humble Itequeat of bis Majesty's 
Loyall Subjects, the Governor and tbe Com- 
pany, late gone for New England, to the 
rest of their brethren in and of tbe Church 
of Enzland, for the obtaining of their Prayers 
and the removal of Su.'ipicions and miscon- 
■Iriietion of their Intentions,' While still 
at 'the Cowes' Winthrop also commenced 
that diary or journal (see below) which wa« 
Boaliiiued thenceforth until tbe close of his 



career, and was destined to form the staple 
of all subsequent histories of the infant 
colony of New England, In the course of 
the voyage, which proved a tedious one, 
Winthrop further wrote a little work of 
edification entitled ' Chriatian Charitie. A 
Modell hereof.' The manuscript was pre- 
sented to the New York Historical Society 
by Francis B.Winthrop, a lineal descendant 
of the author, and in 1638 it was printed by 
the Maasacbusella Historical Society (Oof. 
kctioru, 1838, 3rd ser, vii. 31), 

After a voyage of sixty-six days the Arbella 
and her consorts came to an anchor in the 
harbour of Salem. On 17 June 1630 (O.S.) 
Winthrop definitely decided upon Cbarlea- 
town (now the northern suburb of Boston) 
in preference to Ralem as u residence. Here 
he was welcomed by Jolin Endecott [q. v.], 
who made over to him the authority which 
be had exercised as acting governor since 
September 1828. The colony, which (ex- 
clusive of the Maj-flower emigrants of Ply- 
mouth plantation, not incorporated in Massa- 
chusetts until 1691) numbered barely three 
hundred souls, was now increased at » 
bound to between two and three thousand. 
Winthrop drew up a church covenant on 
30 July, and some five weeks later was 
driven by lack of water to quit CharlcBtown 
and to establish his beadquart«rs upon the 
neighbouring peninsula of Shawmut, to 
which the name of Boston was given. A 
general court (the second) was held at Boston 
on 18 May 1631, when Winthrop was te- 
elccled governor, and a most important 
decision was arrived at, to tbe effect that ' for 
time to come no man shall be admitted 
to the freedom of the body politic but such 
as are members of some of tbe churches 
within the limits of the same.' In May 1633 
Winthrop was re-elected governor, and 
shortly after this date, in a letter from Gap- 
tain Thomas Wi^;in to Secretary Coke, we 
have a brief picture of tbe plantation and 
its chief ruler. The English there, ' num- 
bering about 2,000, and generally most in- 
dustrious, hove done more in three years 
than others in seven time,9 that space, and at 
a tenth of tbe expense. They ere loved and 
respected by the Indians, who repair to the 
governor for justice. He [John %\'inthrop] 
IS a discreet and sober man, wearing plain 
apparel, assisting in any ordinary; labour, and 
ruling with much mildness and just ice'(Cti/. 
State Papert, CoUniil, 1.574-lt!60, p. 166). 
In September 1632, in bis capacity as gover- 
nor, Winlbrop paid a ceremonious visit 10 the 
plan t'-rs at Plymouth. About thissameperiod 
an animated quarrel between tbe governor 
and his deputy, Thomas Dudley, was alUyod 



Winthrop 



229 



Winthrop 



by Winthrop's pacific demeanour. An in- 
sulting letter from Dudley is said to have 
been returned by Winthrop with the remark, 
* I am not willing to keep such an occasion 
of provocation by me.' 

In 1634 the positions of Winthrop and 
Dudley (now reconciled) as governor and 
deputy were reversed. From July in this 
year the town records of Boston are extant 
as commenced in W^inthrops own hand. 
Their early pages record the provision of a 
common space and a free school for the 
town, and sumptuary laws against the 
wearing of lace and the use of tobacco in 
public. In May lt^5 John Haynes was 
elected governor. Winthrop supported at 
this time the disciplinary banishment of 
Koger Williams. lie was neverthelessin the 
following November called to account for 
dealing too remissly in point of justice. The 
ministers sided against him, and Winthrop 
acknowledged that he was * convinced that 
he had failed in overmuch lenity and remiss- 
ness, and would endeavour (by God*s assist- 
ance) to take a more strict course hereafter ' 
(Journal f i. 213). Articles were accordingly 
drawn up to the effect that there should be 
more strictness used in civil government and 
military discipline. These articles enjoined 
among other things that 'trivial things 
should be ended in towns, &c.,' that the 
magistrates should * in tenderness and love 
admonish one another, without reserving 
any secret grudge,* and that the magistrates 
should henceforth * appear more solemnly in 
public, with attendance, apparel, and open 
notice of their entrance into the court * {ib. 
p. 214). From this same year Winthrop 
abandoned as * superstitious * the commonly 
received names ot the days and months. In 
1636 Sir Henry Vane was chosen governor, 
while Winthrop and Dudley were made coun- 
cillors for life. The ferment raised by the 
'antinomian' opinions of Anne Hutchinson 
came to a head in 1637. Vane championed 
a liberal and tolerant admission of the new 
opinions ; Winthrop supported the ministers 
in their demand for a more repressive policy. 
The struggle was finally decided by Win- 
throp's election as governor in preference to 
Vane at a general court held at Newtown 
(now Cambridge) on 17 May 1637. Winthrop 
was in November instrumental in banishing 
Anne Hutchinson * for having impudently 
persisted in untruth.* Two of her followers 
were disfranchised and fined, eip^ht dis- 
franchised, two fined, three banished, and 
seventy-six disarmed. In order to prevent 
a possible repetition of such an incident, the 
general court passed an order to the effect 
that ' none should be allowed to inhabit at 



Boston but by permission of the magistrates.' 
Winthrop defended the order in an elaborate 
paper. Vane replied in * A Briefe Answer ' 
(80 called), to which Winthrop rejoined. In 
the meantime Vane had left for England, 
the governor providing for his * honourable 
dismission.' 

After a two years' interval Winthrop re- 
sumed the governorship in 1642, in which 
year the mnctions of deputies and magi- 
strates in the general court were diffe- 
rentiated, and the first ' commencement ' of 
Harvard College in Cambridge was recorded. 
In 1638 Winthrop had invited out to Boston 
his nephew (Sir) George Downing, who was 
educated at the newly founded college. 
In this same year as governor he had 
shrewdly evaded the demand of the com- 
missioners of plantations for the return of 
the company's charter. In 1643 the planta- 
tion was divided into the four shires of 
Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, and Middlesex. 
Both Groton and Winthrop were comme- 
morated by place-names. In the same year 
the four New England colonies of Massa- 
chusetts and Plymouth, Connecticut and 
New Haven, were confederated under a 
written agreement. In 1645 Winthrop, 
being then deputy-governor, was arraigned 
for exercising a strained and arbitrary 
authority, and the charge acquired some 
seriousness from the fact that it was sup- 
ported by a minister; but he was eventually 
acquitted, and the minister and his followers 
fined. On his acquittal he made a speech 
famous in the annals of Massachusetts, and 
cited by De Tocoueville as containing a 
noble definition or liberty. In May 1640 
Robert Child and six others addressed to 
the court a remonstrance, complaining that 
as non-church members they were excluded 
from the civil privileges of Englishmen. 
But Winthrop, now again governor, was 
staunch in his siip|)ort of the religious oli- 
garchy, and drew up (4 Nov.) a * stiff de- 
claration.' The petitioners declaring their 
intention of carrying their appeal to par- 
liament, Child was arrested by Winthrop's 
order, and (with his followers) imprisoned 
and heavily fined. The remainder of his 
tenure of the chief magistracy, which termi- 
nated only with his life, was uneventful, 
save for the death of his faithful Margaret 
on 14 June 1647. She was a woman, wrote 
a contemporary, *of singular prudence, 
modesty, and virtue, and specially beloved 
and honoured of all the country* (her life 
has been sketched by James Anderson in 
* Memorable Women of Puritan Times,* 1862, 
and forms the subject of a separate memoir 
by Alice M. Earle, 189o). 



Winthrop 



W'inthrop 



Winthrop mnrrkJ, as hU fourth wife, 
ewlj in 1648, Martha, daughter of Captain 
William RaiosborouKh, and iridow of 
TbomBS Coytmore. ller estate was a wel- 
come relief to hisDecessitiee, for he had spent 
much of his subtitance on the colonv, and 
through tlie roKuery of a bailiff his estate 
had dwindled almost to vanishing point. 

Winthrop himseir died on 26 March 16i9. 
He was buried in the King's Chaptil grave- 
yard, Boston, on 3 April, when a funeral 
ealute was fired bv the Ancient and Ho- 
nourable Artillery Companj of Boston. A 
funeral 'Elegy' was printed by ' Perciful 
Lowle.' W'inthrop gave thirty-nine books 

ffor a list see Life, 1867, .\pp.) to Harvard, 
luring his last Illness it is related that bis 
old colleague Thomnn Dudley waited upon 
Winlhrop to urge him to sign an order for 
the banishment of a heterodox citizen, but 
he refused, saying he had done too much of 
tb»l work alremiy (G. Bishop, Nea Eng- 
land Judged, 1661, p. 172). By his first 
and third wives V^'inthrop had large 
families. His eldest son, John, is separately 
noticed. His eldest son by his third wife, 
Stephen Winthrop (1619-1658), came to 
England in 1646, became a colonel in Crom- 
well's army, s&t for Banff and Aberdeen in 
the aasemhly of 1656. but died in London 
two years later. * 

Between the ancestor worship of the 
majority of American historians and the re- 
Bctionary views of one or two writers who 
protest against this tendency, it is difficult 
to arrive at a true delineation of Winthrop. 
Hie letters to lus wife show bim to have 
been tender and gentle, and that Ills disiio- 
sition was one to inspire love Is proved by 
the affection those bore him who had suf- 
fered much Dt his hands, Williams, Vane, 
and Coddington among (hem, 'A. great 
loverof the saints, especially able minialcrs 
of the gospel,' lie was the wisest champion 
the clergy could have had ; but they drove 
kim far and forced him into severe and even 
rancorous measures of discipline from which 
bis mdf^ent and heart alitie recoiled. His 
tendencies in early life were liberal, but in 
America, especinlly after the rebuke for 
lenity in ltB5, he grew narrower. "' 
claim to eminence as a statesman must 
not upon brilliant or original inteUectoul 
qualities, but upon his good judgment, his 
calm unvindlctiire temper, and Iba purity 
of biajnoral cbaractiT. In the hall of his- 
torical statues in the Canitol at Washtngti 
n statue of him was ptnced beside that of 
Jobu Adams to represi^jt MassochuHptls. 
The commissioners responsible for this 
choice, in their report of February 1800, snid 



with justice of John Winthrop: 'His mind, 
more than any other, arranged the soda) 
state of Massachusetts ; Massachusetts 



of Winthrop in the cbapel at Mount Auburn 
(figured in Life, 18ti7, vol. ii.), aod a third 
in bronze we£ unveiled at Boston on 17 Sept. 
Tvlo original portraits of ^^'inthrop 
are extant: one, doubtfully attributed to 
Van Dych, in the senate chamber of Uasaa- 
chuaetts state house (copies in Memorial 
Hall, Cambridge, Boston Athensum, and 
elsewhere); a second in the ball of the 
American .Vnllquarian Society at Worcester 
(a replica of this is at New York). Both 
have been frequently engraved. The family 
also possess a miniature, which is, however, 
inferior both in quality and preservation. A 
vignette portrait appeared upon the eovetil 
of the early issues of the' Atlantic Monllily.' 
A number of relics and memoriuls are in 
the hands of descendants. Wlnthrop's 
house at Boston, subsequfntly occupied by 
the historical antiquarv Thomas Prince, was 
demolished by the Bntish troops and used I 
as fuel in 1770. The ' Old South ' church \', 
at Boston now marks the site. 

For over a hundred years from the date 
of the governor's death no mention was 
made of Winthrop'a 'Journal.' Although 
it was largely drawn upon by Hubbard in 
his 'Hifliory'(1680) ana by Cotton Mather 
in his ' Magnalia,' it was cited by neither, 
and was firat mentioned by Thomas Prince 
on the cover of the first number of his 
'Annals' (1755, vol. ii.) The manuscript 
journal, in three volumes, seemstohavie been 
procured from the Winthrop family. Two 
volumes were returned to tbem and edited 
by Noah Webster tUartford,1790). A third 
volume was subsequently discovered in the 
Prince Library in 1816, and all three were- 
given to the Massachusetts Historical So- 
ciety. The complete document was published 
in 1826-6 under the editorial care of tiif>' 
genealogist James Savage, under the title 
' Tlie History of New England. By John 
Winthrop, first Governor of the Colony of 
the Massachusetts Bay.' A second edition 
with few alterations appeared at Boston in 
" '1.1853. Some severe but not altogether 



undeserved strictures upcm the editing n 
passed in ' A Heview of Winlhrop's " Joni- 
nal," as edited by James Savoge.' 'The ' Jour- 
nal,' to give it its origiiial and appropriate 
title, is an invaluable document, no lesi for 
its historical detail than as a revelation of 
puritanmodesof thought and administration. 
[R. C. Winthrop'a Life and L«tt<-r» of Jotm 
Winilirop, vol. 1. 18«*, vol, ii. 1807 ; A Short 



Winthrop 



231 



Winthrop 



Accounl of lie Winlhtop Fninily, CnmbriiigB, 
1887; Whilmort'ti Nouis on the Winthrop 
Funilv, AlbBQj, I8B-1; HnnterB SnEfolk Emi- 
erents (np. Mius. Hiet. Cull. 3rd rar. rbl. i.) ; 
Winthrap Papers in Mau. Biat. Callpclions, 
' Jrd ser. roL Tii,, ilh got. vol. vi., 6th aer. ml. 
«iii. ; UuBkett's Suffolk Manorial Fumili 
Data's Suffolk CoUectionB in Brit. Mus. Ad 
MS. 191S6; Cotton Mnthnc's Hitgnnltit : Win- 
■or's Homorial Hist, of Boston (1683). vol. i. ; 
Win»or'« Hist. o( Aiasricii, vol. iii. ; Pslfrej's 
HUbiiy of Npw England ; Goodwin's Pilgrim 
Rrpnblie, 1888, pasaiiD ; Adums's MnnachnsettB, 
its Historians and lis Historj, 1804, pasiiinii 
Doyle's English in AcncriBa: the Puritan Colo- 
nies ; The Fifth Half Cenlurj of the Arrival of 
iJoba Winthrop (ComniBni. Eiarti-es of the 
Asex Institati!), Satcm. 1S8I>; Lowell luetitute 
X.*clUT0S. I8Se : Qardinir'a Blstor; of Englnnd. 
vol. vii. ; Broolu Adams's EmancipntioD of 
Honachasetts, Boston, 1887; BsD^rofi's History 
«f the United States, »ol. i. ; Tyler's History of 
Americsn Literature, i. 128-3S; Blochwood's 
■ag, Aogast 1867; Atlantic Monthly. Janunry 
180*.] T.S. 

WiNTHttOP, JOHK, the younger 
<1606-lBrfl), eovemor of Connecticut, the 
eldest son of .nihn'Winllirop[q. v.], governor 
of MasBBchuaetts, bvhis first wife, was horn 
*t Groton Manor. Suffolk, on 12 Feb. 1605-6. 
tla was educated at the gmmmnr achool, 
Buiy St, Edmunda, and was admitted ft 
student at Trinity College, Dublin, hut his 
me does not appear upon the roll of 
iJuatea (which commenees in 1591). In 
Hovember 1624 he was admitted of the 
~ met Temple (Lut of Studentt Admitted, 
,S47-1660, p. 241), but he found tbe law 
ittle to tiis taste. In the summer of 1H27 
B joined the ill-fated expedition to the 
^ of RhG under tiie Duke of Buckingham. 
rl«r this he Iruvulled for aome tima in I 
itaiy and the Levant, and was at Con- 
■tnnlinople in 1628. In Novuiuber 1Q31 be 
joined UiB father in New England. In 1634 
Be was chosen one of the Bssiatanta, and 
held this office in 1635, in 1640 and 1641, 
and again from 1644 to 1649. In 1033 
■Winthrop took a leading part in the esta- 
faliahment of a new township at Agawam, 
afterwards celled Ipswich. In tbe folloiv- 
ing year Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, 
Lor^ Uich, Richard Saltonstall, and eight 
Other leading men of the puritan party, 
having obtained a large tract of land by 
ft patent from Lord Warwick and the New 
Bngland Company, dated 19 March 1031-2, 
established a settlement on the river Pon- 
neclicut, and appointed Winthrop governor. 
But the projected settlement was little more 
than a factoiy protected by a fort, and wlien 
euugronta &om Massachusetts founded the I 




colony of Connecticut the earlier settle- 
ment was absorbed in it. It is not clear how 
long A' inthrop's connection with the aettle- 
ment lasted, but it waa evidently at an end 
iul639,Bincetbepatenteesba(I another agent 
acting for them; nor does Winthrop seem 
, to have lived there. In 1641 Winthrop was 
I in England. Two ^ears later he started 
ironworks in Connecticut, which, however, 
came to nothing. In 1646 he began planting 
' at I'equot (afterwards known as New Lon- 
I don), and he moved his principal residence 
I thither in 1650. In 1651 he was chosen 
1 one of the magistrates of Connecticnt. In 
' 1659 Winthrop was elected deputy-governor 
of Connecticut, and in the following year 

fovemor, a post which he retained till 
Is death in 1676; his salary was fixed 
in 1671 at 150/. per annum. In 1062 
Winthrop came to England bearing with 
him a loj'ul address from the government of 
Connecticut to the king, and a petition for 
a charter. Winthrop made himself accept- 
able at court. Ilis taste for natural 
science secured his nomination as a fellow 
of the Royal Society (August 1662), and 
brought him into contact with influential 
men, and to this was largely due his success 
in obtaining a favourable charter (sealed on 
10 May 1662) for Connecticut. He was 
«1«) able to secure the incorporation of 
N«whaven with Connecticut. He con- 
tributed two papers to the ' Philosophical 
Transactions ' — one on ' Some Natural Curio- 
sities from New England ' (v. 1151), an" 
second on 'The Description, Culture, i 
Use of Maiie " (lii. 1065), At the close of 
1B75 he went to Boston as one of the cc 
miasioners of tbe united colonies of New 
England. 

Winthrop died on 5 Ajiri! 1676 at Boston, 
where he was buried in the same tomb 
with his father. He married, on 8 Feb. 
1631, his first cousin, Martha Fones. ^ 
died in 1634, and he married, in 1636, while 
in Eacland, Elixabetb, daughter of Ed- 
mund Read of VVickford, Essex, a colonel 
in the parliamentary army. By his first 
wife he had no children ; by his second wife 
(shediudat Hartford,Connfcticut,on24Xov. 
1672) he had two sons and live daughters. 
The eldest son, Fita John, bom on 14 March 
1638, served under Monck in Scotland, but 
returned to New England and was governor 
of Connecticut from 1698 till his death in 
ir07. The other son, Waitstill, born on 
27 Feb. 1641-2, returned to Massachu setts, 
and became chief justice of that colony. He 
died at Boston on 7 Nov, 1717. ^I^ch ot 
thecorreBpondencB between John Winthrop 
tbe younger and his two sons is published 



1 
I 



Winton 



Wintringham 



in ihe ' Maasttchusetla Ilitlorical Collec- 
liou,' 4lh ser. vols, vi, and vii., 5tb set. vol. 
rill. A portrait is in ihe ([allery of ttie 
Uaasuchusetts Hislorical Society; it is re- 
produced in ' Winthrop Papers ' (vol. vi.)i 
m Bowen'fl ' Boundary Disputes of Connec- 
ticut/ in Winsors ' History' (iii. 331 J, and 
elsewhere. 

[MiBBachnsells Hist. Sue- CollectioDB (e»p. 
8piI iDt. Tola. ii. and i.) ; Winthrop'B IIi«I. of 
Saw England ; Life and Lettera of John Win- 
throp by Robert C. Winthrop; Bmjamin 
TrambuU'i Hist, of Connecticut, 1797. i. 363; 
J. H. Trumbuir* Pul-li« Records of thn Colony 
of Connecticut, iaflO-2, Tols. i.nndii, ; Palfrey'* 
Hi»L of fitrw Englund ; Evidence! ot the Wio- 
tbrons of OroioD. ISSe. p. 37 ; ThomHia'i Hi»t. 
of the Royal Soe. ; Brit. Mns. AdiJit. MS. I915fl, 
t. 2».] J. A. D. 

WIirrON, Easls of. [See Sbtob. 
Obobue, third earl, 1584-1650; SrroN, 
Gbobqe. fifth enrl, d. 1749; Mohtgojieklb, 
AncinaALB William, 1812-18(31.] 

WINTON, ANDREW op (Jl. 1416), 

Scolti.''b poet. [See WyhtOCK.] 

WINTOUE. [See also Wtntbh.] 
WINTOUIl. JOHN CRAWFORD 
(]H2o-lSti2), landsMpe-paititer, was bom 
Wright's Houses, Edinburgh, in October 
1S26. His father, William Wintour, wts a 
working currier; his mother, Margaret Crew- 
ford, a fanner's daughter. At on early age 
Wintour exhibited a talent for drawing, and, 
entering the Trustees' Academy, be made 
rapid progress and became a favourite with 
his master, Sir William Allan (q.v,^ From 
the time he was seventeen he maintained 
himself by miniature and portrait painting, 
and by making anatomical diagrams for the 
university professors. He also painted a few 
figure pictures, notably one or two of fairy 
eubjects, which, although immature in many 
ways, are remarkable for l)eauty of colour 
aod grace of composition. About IS&O, how- 
ever, he turned his attention to landscape, in 
which he found his real vocation. At first 
bis londacnpes were somewhat flimsy and 
auperficial, but during the next few years he 
■eema to have come under the influence of 
John Constable (1776-1837) [q^. v.], and bis 
work gained in strength and evinced a closer 
study of nature. In 18o9Wintourwa8elected 
an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, 
and two years later he spent the autumn in 
Warwickshire. From this date his pictures 
became more personal in feeling, Droader 
and more expressive in handling, and richer 
in colour and composition. 

Wiutoiic*s art occupies a distinct place in 



Scottish landscapepointing. B^noingwitli 
'lis own feeling for namre, he received an 
mpulse from Constable, which resulted in 
iftects similar in kind to those of the French 
Yimantiea of 1830. who had also been in- 
fluenced by the English painter'* work. 
Perhaps his finest period was about ISTO, 
when be puinied the ' Moonlight ' at Killie- 
tn^nkie and the ' Border Castle ; ' but, while 
.ateat pictures were often careless in 
draughtsmanship and handling, his special 

Sualities of colour and design culminated in 
le ' Gloamin on the Eye,' painted two years 
before his death. For a number of years his 
health had been failing, his self-control was 
not what it might have been, his aasociates 
were not of the best, and when, on 39 July 
1882, he died, medical examination revealed 
a tumour on the brain. An exhibition of 
uearlv l.'iOof his pictures and drawings was 
held In Edinburgh in 1888. The catalogue 
contains a portrait of Wintour. reproduced 
frum B photograph, and a critical and bio- 
graphical note by P. McOmish Pott. 

Wintour was married to Charlotte R(»s, 
but had no family. His widow survived him 
a few months. 

[CnUlogUB of Ljan Exhibition of Wiutonrs 
Works, 1888 ; Scottish Art lierle*. Jalj 1SS8 ; 
Academy, 16 Jane 1S88 ; Blackwood's UnguiDe, 
Hnrchl89fl, iafonaation from relutivej.] 

J. L.C. 
WINTRINGHAM, CLIFTflN (1689- 
174t^), physician, baptised at East Retford 
inNottinghamshireon 11 April 1689, was the 
SOD of WiUiam Wintringham, vicar of East 
Retford, by his wife Gertrude, daughter of 
Clifton Rodes of Sturton, son of Sir Fnncis 
Rodes. bart., of Barlborough, and great- 
ffrandson of the judgK, Francis Rodes iq. v.] 
He was educated at Jesus College, Cam- 
bridge, and on 3 July 1711 was admitted an 
extra licentiate of t^e College of Physicians, 
settling at York, where he practised with 
great success for more than thirty-five years. 
In 174tl he was appointed one of the phy- 
sicians in the York county hospital. He died 
at York on 13 March 1747-8, and waa 
buried at St. Michael-le-Belfry in that citv 
three davs later. He was twice marriei}. 
Bv bis first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of 
Richard Nettleton of Earls Heaton in York- 
shire, he had a son, Sir Clifton Wintring- 
hara. bart., who is separately noticed. 

^^'intringham was the author of several 
medical worsts ' full of good sen.^ and prac- 
tical information' (."Ucxk): 1. 'Tractatu* 
de Podagra, in quode ultimis vasiset liquidia 
et succo nutritio Iractatur,' York, 1714, Svo. 
L*. 'A Treatise of Endemic Diseases.' York, 
1718, 8vo, 3. "An Essay on Contagioua 




Wintringham 



Win wood 



pBrlicularlf 

IX, Measles, Putrid, Maliau 
leotial Fevers,' York, 1721, 
sorvations on Dr. Freind'f 
Physiok,"' LundoD, 172G, St 
John]. S. ' Commeutarium 
morboB ejiidemicoa et oiirifl 
arb« lilboracenBi lacisque vie 
MQOS gr&^Bantee complecl 
17a7, 8vo; 2iid edit, by hLa 
J752 his ' Works,' eollected from tlie 
ginal tnaauHCripts b; his son Ulif^n, were 
published in two octavo volumes with large 
additions and numerous emendBtions. 

[Munk's Coll. of Phya. ii. 3*; Gent. Mag. 
17« p. 139, 17<9 p. 46.] E. I. C. 



) per decern 
9,' London, 
1, 1733, 



■WTNTRINOttAM. 

(17iO-17a4),bttrt.,pliy«i< 
1710.1 ^"■ 



CLIFTON 

!i at York in 

'of^ Cliftou Wintrineham 

&T.1 He was educated at Trinity CoUege, 
mSridge, gradunling M.B in 1734. and 
M.D. inl749. Soon after grsdustinjfM.B. 
he entered the army medical service. lu 1749 
lie was appointed physician to the Duke of 
Cumberland, whom he attended in his Ia«t 
illness. In 17^>tf he was nominated jointlj 
■with (Sir) John I'riii^le [q.v.], phyt ' ' ' ' 



< hospital for thest 



:e of the 1 



is of Great 



In 178^ he was gazetted physician 
jn ordinary to George III. Ha was knighted 
in the same year on 1 1 Feb., and on 25 June 
17S3 was admitted a fellow of the CoUege of 
Physicians. In 1770 he served the office of 
censor, and on 7 Nov. 1774 he was created 
a, baronet. Un 5 Dec. 17S6 he was nomi- 
nated physician-Reneral to the forces. On 
S3 Dec. 1792 he was elected a fellow of the 
Royal Society, and he was also a member of 
the SDci£t£ lioyale de Sled£cine de France. 
Wintringham died at his house in the Upper 
Mall, flammersraith, on 10 Jan. 1704. By 
his wife Anna he left no issue. 

Wintringham was tbu author of; 1. 'An 
Experimental Enijuiryconceniing some Parts 
of the Animal Structure,' London, 1740, 
8vo. 2. ' An Enquiry into the Exility of 
the Human Body,' London, 1743, Uvo. 
3. ' Notationes et Observationes in Kichardi 
Mead Mouita et Prsece^ta Medica,' Paris, 
1773, 8vo. 4. ' De Morbis ijuibusdam Oom- 
ineatarii,' vol. i. 1782, vol. ii. 17UI, London, 
8yo. H« also edited ' The Works of the 
late Clifton Wintringham, physician, at 
York' (London, 1752, 2 vols. 8vo). Two 
autograph letters from Wintj-jugltam to the 
Duke of Newcastle are preserved in the 
Bntisli Museum (Addit. MS. SiidSa, fi*. 375, 



Oko*. Mate. 1794, i. 



Burke's Eitinec Baro- 

Bt. uf the Royal Soe. 

,liii; Ann. Rep. I7<ia i """ 



1812, App. p. 

170U i. -71. \ii. I'OB I. la 

Tuwoacol's Calendar of Knight 

E. I. C. 
WINWOOD, .Sm RALPH (1563?-1617), 
diplomatist and secretary of state, bom 
about 15(13 at Aynboe in Northamptonidiire, 
was the son of Richard Winwood. His 
grandfather, Lewis Winwood, was at one 
time secretary to Charles Brandon, duke of 
SuHblk. His father was described in the 
university registers as ' plebeius.' He owned 
no land, and possibly was a tenant on the 
Aynboe estate which belonged to Magdalen 
OoUege, Oxford. On his death, before 1581, 
his widow Joan married John Weekes of 
Buckingham, yeoman of the guard. She 
died (May 1617) live months before her son, 
Ralph Winwood, and was buried in ihe 
chancel of Aynhoe church in the tomb of 
her first husband, Richard Winwood. 

Italph matriculated from St. John's Col- 
lie, Oxford, on 20 Dec. 1577, aged fourteen, 
In 1562 he was elected a probationer-fellow 
of Magdalen College, and retained that 
Ijosition till 1601, He graduated B.A. 
16 Nov. 1582 and M.A. 23 June'1587. A 
month after the last date he was granted 
permi^ion to study civil law, and on 3 Feb. 
Ifi90-1 he proceeded to the degree of B.C.L. 
In 1592 he was proctor of the imiversity, 
and soon afterwards left O.tford for travel 
on the continent. On bis return his accom- 

C'lments were recognised by the Earl of 
X, who recommended him for diplomatic 
employment. In 15E>9, 'at Lord Essex's 
command,' he was nominated secretary to Sir 
Henry Neville [q.v.], ambassador to France. 
Neville was much in England, and as a 
partisan of Essex was dismissed from hia 
post in 1601. Winwood, who performed 
mostof the duties of the embassy in Neville's 
absence, was appointed bis succossor. Ha 
was chleHy occupied in reporting the pro- 
gress of the quarrel between Henry IV and 
the Due de Bouillon, but he found time to 
correspond with Sir Henry Savile respecting 
his projected edition of Chrysostom's ' Com- 
mentanes.' In June 1602 he was superseded 
by Sir Thomas Parry, bnt at the wish of Sir 
Hobert Cecil, the oueeu's secretary, who had 
a ' good conceit of him and his services,' he 
remained till the end of the year in Paris in 
order to instruct Parry in the business of the 
embassy. In February 1602-3 he waafinally 
recalled, andsoon afterwards was nominated 
English agent to the Slates-General of Hol- 
land. He arrived at The Hague in Jnly 1603, 
and, in accordance with old treaty arrange- 



J 




Aa ft Kannch pn>f«si»al, Wiawood ■;»- 
fAtUted with the political and relisiou prift- 
ciplca of the Dalch republic. He loathed 
Spain aad the boiue of Austria, and he 
aoqgfet aa fax aa hia itwtroctioiu pennitted 
Un to aoppost the rKpaUic and the phnees 
of (he OCTBun onion in their policj of hos- 
tilil; to Spain. He strong-I j ui)^ the states 
to R&ae penmMion to catholics to dweQ 
within their jniifidictioD. ■ Let thereligion 
be taught andpTEached in ita purity throogh- 
ontTiMriRmiiicea without I he least miilure.* 
md Sir Ralph Winwood in the name of bis 
•ovenign. ' Thoee who are willing lo tale~ 
nl« an J religion whati^VHric ntBT b.-, and try 
to make ;oil belieie that Uberlr for both ia 
Decesaarj ia roiir commoii wealth, are piving- 
the WSJ towards atheism' (UotLET, Unitf^ 
SrIherlandM, Iv. 491-^1. 

n'inwood revisited England in 1607, and 
oo 28 Jurie of that year was knighted by 
the king at Richmond. He return^ to Tb« 
Hague in Aogost, together with Sir Richard 
Spencer, in order to irprcsent England at 
the conferences which were to arrange a 
treaty between Holland and England, and 
ma of peace between Holland 
ir a itrife of forty years. Prince 



toTsed to Tba Hague to cnliM fMT U 

~ ' " to fgbt afaioM the 



rished. InAunstlflOe 
3 the Basemh^ of the 



s r» and hia 



■nd Spain after: 
Knnrwe had Uttle faith 
amfaasaadotB' protestations of good will to the 
republic, and Winwood and his colleague 
were warned by the English goierameiit to 
enooonge the slates to renew the war in Spain. 
if they should find that they were resolute 
agaiait peace (commission to Winwood and 
^ncer,10Aug.,RTMBB,xv).662: instruc- ' 
tbns, WtXwooD, ii. 339). Finally a general . 
paeificatioD was arranged, and the treaty of , 
the Mates with Englaiid was sisned by Win- 
wood andSpenceron 26 June 1008. 'it was j 
atipulat«d that the debt of the sUtes to Eng- 
land, then amounting to $18,408/. sterling, 
should be settled bv annual payments of 
60,OOOJL Winwood did not expect to remain 
ahroAd longer. His London agent, John 
More, took a hotise for him at Westminster, 
and he entered into n^otiationa for the hire 
of a country houK,soss to be near his Iriend 
Sir Henry Xeville. Bat threatening move- 
ments In Germany, where war between the 
protestant and catholic princes was immi- 
nent, led to the imposition on Winwood of 
new duties on the continent. 

Thenicceasion lo the duchies of Juliers and 
Cleres was hotly disputed. In the autumn 
of lew Winwood was sent to Diisseldorf, in 
order to join the French ambassador, Bussiaaa, 
in mediatico betweeo the pratestaat piinc«a 



• ran 



pTofenor^ip of theofagj at Lqnlea of Caa- 
rad Toiatina, a champion of Aimmiawiai and 
ArianisB. Little atlwitJon waa paid to hai 
ptoccet at the iiMiiniiii! f1n!nw[maillj liTin- 
wood was £i«etcd to negotiate adoeer nnion 
betwiecn James and the pratealaBt pciaceeof 

Jaanea rs daaghter Etnabeth. To ahow that 
something mon tWnhnMrdj family aUtanee 
was intemled, Jamea directed Winwood to 
attend a meeting of the German pniteatants 
at Wesel in the k^inning of 1612, and to 
assent to a treeryby which the king of Eng- 
land and the princes of the union agreed npLin 
the succoun which they were mutually to 
aflbrd to one aitother incase of need (SS Much ; 
Rfmeb, ivL 7U>- 

The death in 1613 td ^e 'EmA of Salis- 
bury, with whom Winwood's rdations had 
growD unsatijfactory of Ut«, opened to him 
the prospect of emntoyment at home. In 
July h>^ was in England, and was emplored 
by James in writing letters fiir him, llie 
fnends who sympathised with his cdtgioiu 
and his polit Icsl views deemed it dwrnble 
that he should become Jamea's aeentaiy. 
But at the eud of July he was ordM(<d lo le- 
tnin to The Hague, aikd he stayed tber« till 
September 1613. He remained in name 
EnglUh agent at The Hi^wtUI March 1614, 
but did not leave England agaln- 

WinwDod lost no opporlunily of paying 
court to the Eirourite, Rochester. At the 
close of 1613, when Rochester, just created 
earl of Somerset, was entertained, with his 
newly married wife fthe dirorced Counteei 
of Essex^ by the slderroen of London, the 
bride sent lo Winwoodto borrow his horaes, 
on the ground thai she had none good onou)^ 
for her coach on such an occa^on. Winr 
wood answered that it was not fit for so 
great a lady to use anything bonviwed, and 
bi-ggvd that she would accept his hordes as 
a present (Court and Timrt of Jttmet I, L 
281, 2S7). Somerset's friendship, which was 
thuscemenled. proved of avaiL OnSdMarcIi 
1614 Winwood was appointed eecretarj of 



Winwood 



Winwood 



I 



tu and look the onths (Gasdimes, ii, '^32). 
A few days later ho entered the House of 
CummonB as member for Buckiugliam. On 
7 April he received Ihe post of aecretary for 
life. 

Winwood's duties included leadership of 
the House of Commons durin^the few months 
intheapringof 1614 thatparlLaiiientMt. H> 
wholly untried in parGamentary liie, and 
not of the cunciliatorj temperament 
-which ensures success in it. The cliief ques- 
tion that exercised the House of Commons 
was James reclaim to levy imposition e with- 
out theirossent. On 1 1 April 16U Winwood 
moved a grant of supplies, and read over the 
lift of concessions which the king was pre- 
pared to make; but the grant was postponed. 
On 21 May 1614 Winwood spoke m support 
of the theory that the power of making im- 
positions belonged to htredilary, although 
not to elective, monarchs. Parliament was 
soon afterwards dissolved without any settle- 
ment with the opposition beini reached ; i' 
did not meet again in Winwooc's lifetime. 

The king's want of money embarrassed hi 
ministers. His debts amounted to 700,000/., 
and Winwood next year urged on him the 
wisdom of making some concession to tlie 
parliamentary o^posiLiou, On 25-28 Sept. 
lt(16 the council debated the question of 
obtaining a liberal grant from a parliament 
to be summoned anew for the purpose. 
Winwood expressed a wish that a special 
committee might examine the impositions, 
&ttd suggested that assurance should be given 
to the parliament that whatever supplies it 
miffht grant should be employed upon the 
publicservice,andinno other way. Uutthe 
proposal was not accepted. On24 Jan. Itil5- 
1616 Winwood'sresponsibilities were reduced 
by the appointmsnt of Sir Thomas Lake to 
ahare with him the post of secretary. Thence- 
forth less sat isfoclorv means of raising money 
wore adopted, and by them Winwood per- 
•onally benefited. In 1616 the need for pro- 
viding Lord Hay with funds for his mission 
to Paris was met by the sale of peerages. 
The sum obtained by the first sale — to Sir 
John Roper — was handed to Hay. The pro- 
<!eeds of the second sale — to Philip Stanhope 
— was divided equally between the king and 
"Winwood, who received 1 0,000/. and was pro- 
inisedo.OOO/. wore when the next baron was 

Winwood bud not maintained personal 
relations with Somerset after he assumed 
[ in 1616 was much occupied in 
arranging forthetrialoftheeurl and CDun teas 
and their accomplices on ncbargeof murdering 
SirThomasOverbury four years before, There 
ianoground for the widespread suspidonthat 



Winwood in any way connived at the mur- 
der of Overbury. There is uo reason to 
doubt his statements in his letter to Wake 
(15 Nov. 1615, Wflie Pope™, Savoy): 'Not 
long siuce there was some notice brought 
unto me that Sir Thomas Overbury . , , 
was poisoned in the Tower, whilst be wu 
there a prisoner ; with this I acquainted llis 
Majesty, who, though be could not out of 
the clearness of his judgment but perceive 
that it might closely touch some that were 
in the nearest place about him, yet such ia 
his love to justice that he gave open way to 
ihe eearching of this business.' Winwood 
tbroughout the proceedings exerted himself 
in the Interests of justice. For less credit- 
able were his relations in his latest years with 
Hiv Walter Ralegh. Winwood was largely 
responsible for the release of Ealegh iu 
1616, and for the grant to him of permission 
nominally to make explorations in South 
America, but really, although covertly, t.o 
attack and pillage the Spanish possessiona 
lliere. Winwood's hatred of Spam was the 
moving cause of bis conduct, but the expeo- 
tation of pecuniaiy gain was not without in- 
fluence on him. For carrying out the fili- 
bustering design lialegh was executed, but 
hefore that result was reached Winwood 
died, and his complicity was unsuspected 
while he lived. It is certain that had hia 
life been spared he would have suffered Ita- 
legh's fate. 

Early in October Winwood fell ill of fever. 
Majerne attended him, and it is said bled 
him ' too soon.' He died on 27 Oct. 1G17 
at his London residence, Mordant House, in 
the parish of St. Bartlialomew the Leas, in 
the church of which he was buried. He left 
a nuncupative will. 

According to Lloyd, Winwood was ' well 
eeen in most alTairs, but most expert in 
matters of trade and war.' His fanatical 



„ He sought to 

do his duty as far as his narrow views per- 
mitted, but a harsh and supercilious demea- 
nour prevented him from acquiiing popu- 
larity. Ity his beat friends his manner wu 
aUowed to be uncunciliatory. The story of 
a trivial quarre! between him and Bacon in 
1617 illustrates his temperament on Its good 
and bad aides. Winwood, coming into k 
room where Bacon was, found a dog upon 
his chair. He struck the animal. ' Every 
gentleman,' Bacon remarked, ' loves a dog.* 
A few days afterwards Bacon fancied that 
Winwood pressed too close to him at the 
council-! able, and bade him keep his dis- 
tance. When, some months later, ihe queen. 



I 
I 

I 



Winwood 



^Vi^zet 



who took WinwooJ'fl part in the quarrel, 
asked Bucon wliat vaa its cause, he an- 
swered 'Madam, I can aaj no more than 
that he is proud, aud I am proud' (Good- 
MiK, Court of James 1, \. 283; Chamberlain 
toGarIeton,5 Jiilyl617; iS(a(sPapcr«, Uom. 
James I, xcii. 38;. Finally the kine recon- 
ciled the two men, and said that Winwood 
had never spoken to him to any man's preju- 
dice—a strong teatimony in his favour. 

In July 1603 Winwood married Eliza- 
beth, daughter and coheiress of Nicholas 
Ball of Totnes, and stepdaughter of Sir 
Thomas Bodley, who hod married the lady's 
mother in IfiBT. By pat«nts dated in 161fi 
and 1617 he was granted by James I forUim- 
aelf and his heirs male the office of keeper 
of ' Che capital, mesaua^, and park of Dit- 
ton" in Buckinghamshire. On 24 Feb. I6:i9- 
1630 the widow Lady Winwood purchased 
a grant in fee of Ditton Park, and in 1632 
her son Richard bought Ditton Manor. Win- 
wood left three sons and two daiiphters, all 
minors at the date of his death. The eldest 
surviving son, Richard (1603-1688), who 
became owner of Ditton Park and Manor, 
was elected M.P. for New Windsor in I6il, 
April 1660, 1678-9, 1(179, 1681. A daugh- 
ter Anne married, in 1033, Edward Montagu, 
second baron Montagu. Her son, Ralph 
MontAgu (afterwards 6rst Duke of Montagu) 
[q.v.], inherited her brother Richard's estate 
of Ditton on bis death without itisue in 
1688. 

A portrait of Winwood by Van Miere- 
veldt is in the National Portrait Gallery, 
London. 

Winwood amassed a vast official correspon- 
dence and many documents of stat^, which 
passed to bis grandfon, the Duke of Montagu. 
The greater part of it is now at Montagu 
House, London, in the library of the Duke 
of Buccleuch ; it includes a few papers ante- 
rior and posterior to Winwood'soJhcial career. 
In 1725 Edmund Sawyer published in Lon- 
don (3 vols, folio) au imperfect selection from 
Winwood's papers, together with extracts 
from the papers ofWiiiwood'scontemporaries, 
Sir Henry Neville, Sir Charles Cornwallis, 



(afterwards Lord) Colt ingt on. Sawyer's work 
bore the title : 'JMemarinlsofAfTairs of State 
in the Reigns of Queen Ehzaheth and Kino' 
James I, collected chiefly from the Origintu 
Papers of the right honourable Sir Ralpli 
Winwood, knight, eometime one of the prin- 
cipal Secretaries of State.' The letters 
fnnted by Sawyer begin in 1590 and end in 
SI4, before Winwood became secretory of 
n&Ce. Sawyer's first paper heloogiug to the 



Winwood coUeclLOn is dated in 1600. The 
whole extant Winwood collection at Mont- 
agu Uouse is calendared in the historical 
manuscripts commissioners' report on the 
manuscripts ofthe Duke of Buccleuch, vol. i. 
(1890). Someof thepaperaprintedby Saw- 
yer are missing, but a vast niuuber of Win- 
wood's letters, which Sawyer omittvd, are 
noticed in the report. 

[Introduction to Report on the Manuiciipts 
of I he Duke of Uucclench and Queensborry. 1899 
(Hirt. US.?. Comm.); Cbalmtrx's DiclioDOiy 
Wood's AtbcDK Oxon.; Bl.ixam's Register of 
Membara of Ma^ileu Coll. Oxford. 1873. pp. 
21(1 aaq.; Spedding's Letters and Lifp of Bacao, 
189(1, ,ol3. li-vii.: GurdineCH Hist, of Engl 
(1603-421. I8S3, vols, i-ii.; Motley's "' ' 



Ei.k^H 



WINZET, WINTET, or WISaATK, 
NINIAN (I5I8-169J), Scottish contro- 
versialist, was bom in Renfrew in IGI8. 
Families of the same name held property 
and rented lands in Glasgow and the vicinity. 
He was educated at the university of Glas- 
gow, according to Mackenxte (Z<um and 
CAaractert of (he most Etninfnt WriUn qf 
the HixU Nation, 1708^22. iii. 148), and 
Ziegelbauer (Hutoria Bei Liternrite Ordinii 
S. Benrdicti. iii. 360, 361, Augsburg and 
Wiinburg, 1754) ; but the registers of Glas- 
gow in 1637 give the name of ' William 
Windegait,' who became a bachelor, then 
master, of arts in 1539, and remained at ihe 
university till 1352 in a subordinate capacity 
and OS assistant to the rector. William 
probablychanged his name toNinian(Gir(om 
Tractates, vol. i. Introd. pp. xii-xvi, iliv. 
xcviii, ed. Hewison, 1888, Scottish Text 
Soc.) when he waa ordained priest in 
1540. Winzel was appointed master of the 
grommarschool of Linlithgow in I551-2,and 
subsequently provost of the collegiate church 
of St. Michael there. He remained a staunch 
Bupporterof the oldorder during the Reforma- 
tion era, and being an independent thinker, 
withfeetingsandviews very similar to those 
of the 'old catholic' school of this century, 
tried to slero the reformation of the church 
from within. 

The arrival of Knox in 15.59 moved Wintvt 
to diaputeface to face with thereformer ' afor 
the haill court,' and to write polemics on the 
questions then at issue, which he afterwards 
collectijd into ' The Bute of Four Scoir Thre 
Questions.' In the summer of 1561 Winzet 
waa ejected from his office for refusing to sign 
theprotestautconfessionoffaith. Heloit«red 
aboutQueen Mary's catholic court, and issued 
from the press at Edinburgh in May 1662 




ireker 



Wisdom 



' Certane Tractatis [lliref in numbi'rj for 
Ruformntioiin of Doclrrne and Stanens set 
furth at the deavre and in the name of the 
Ktlliclit Cotholikis of inferiour ordour of 
Olergie and layit men in Scotland.' In July 
appeared hia pamphlet 'The Last Blast of 
the Trompet of Godis VVorde ogania the 
vaurpit auctorite of Jobne Knox.' He 
aeems to have been acting as the aueen'a 
chaplain at this time. In September ne wna 
exiled and proceeded to Antwerp, where in 
1663 bepublJelied a translation of tlte 'Com- 
nonitonum' of Vincent of Lerins. From 
Loavain and Antwerp he issued in the Scots 
Tcmacular, in 1663, 'The Buke of Four 
Scoir Thre Quealions,' as a challenge to the 
Scots reformere, and from Antwerp also 
issued Cmnsktione of patristic writers now 
lost. In Paris, from 1IJ05 to 1570, he studied, 
became a preceptor in arts in the univeraity, 
•nd published a translation of Benoist's 
■Certus Modus." In 1571 he Tisited Eng- 
land and entered Queen Mary's service, 
thereafter proceeding to Douay to study 
theology. 

Pope Grep>rv in 1577 instituted Winiet 
sbbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. 
James at llatisbon, the duties of which he 
began on 9 Au§r. He revived this ancient 
decayed seminary of learning, and by intro- 
ducing the old Scots method of instruction 
•oon restored its celebrity. There he pub- 
liabed in 1581 'In D. raulum Commen- 
' Flagetlum Sectariorum ' 
ftod' Velitatio inGeorgiumBuGhanBnum,'the 
latter being a reply to Buchanan's ' De Jure 
Begni apud Scolos;' and probably at the 

Ame time a translation of the Catechism of 

'anisius. 
Wimet died on 21 Sept. 1W2, and was 
I buried in the monastery, where in the 
eknrcb (Kirche dea Schotten-Klosters sa 
8. Jakob) his effigy and epitaph are pre- 
•erved. Hia more important works are 
mentioned above ; a fuller list is given in 
the Scottish Teit Society's reprint of the 
-* Certain Tractates,' vol. i. pref. p. Ixxv. 

[Ziegelbaucr's Histurin, nt eupm : Mackeniie's 
Lives and ChanieterB, ut supm ; Corlune Tmc- 
txtU. &c.. b; Nininne WinzBt (Maltland Club 
npriot. 183fi}. with Life bv John BWk Gracie; 
IrriDft'sLiTeBof Scotish Wnteni. 1839; Balles- 
haim's Oeachicbte der knthDlischen Kimlie in 
■SchotUiiDd, 1833, vol, ii. (tranHlaled byD. 0. H. 
Blair. 1887); Certain Tractntes, fie., liy Nininn 
WinMt, tdiH-d for SdOUish Text Society, with 
Ufa, by J. King Hevisim. 1888, 18110, 2 vols, 
and authorities there cited.] J. K. H. 

._ ,, NIGEL (/. 1190), satirist. 

[See NuGL.] 



WIRLEY. WILLIAM (d. 1618), 

See Wyulet.I 



t), herald. ^| 

I 



WISDOM, ROBERT (rf. 156S), arch- 
deacon of Ely, probably belonged to the 
family of that name settled at Hurford, Ox- 
ford, where one Simon Wisdom wti* a great 
benefactor and reputed founder of the free 
grammar school. Another Simon Wisdom 
(d. 1(323) of Burford, au alumnus of Glou- 
cester IIbU, Oxford, was author of varioue 
religious tracla, and of 'An Abridgement of 
the Holy History of the Old Testament,' 
I.«ndon, 1694, 8vo (Wood, Athmir, ed. 
Bliss, ii. 337). A Gregory Wisdom wa» 
Bent to the Tower on 21 May 1663 for 
apreading reports about Edward Vl'a health 
(Acli P. C. ed. Dasent, 1652-4, p. 275). 

llobert, -who is claimed as one of the four 
eminent writers produced by St. Martin's, 
Oxford, is said (Coopek) to hove been edu- 
cated at Cambridge, though no details of hia 
Hcademicel career are forthcoming, except 
that he was B.D. of some universitv, and he 
would more naturally be assumed to have 
been at Oxford, where he was one of the 
earliest preachers of the Reformation and 
was on that account compelled to leave the 
city. Tanner says that he became rector of 
Stisted in Ewex; but his name does not 
ap[>ear in the list of rectors, and probably he 
was only curate. About 1638 hia religious 
opinions brought him into collision with 
Htokesley, bishop of London, and in 1540 
he WHS accused of heresy before Stokesley's 
successor, Bonner ; be was committpd by the 
council to the Lollards' Tower, whence ha 
wrote an answer to the thirteen articles 
laid to bis charge (extant in Rarl. MS. J25, 
art. 3, and printed in Stbype'b EcclfHattical 
MemoriaU, i. ii. 670-1). Foxe makes 
him parish priest of St. Margaret's, Loth- 
bury, and Strype of St. Catherines (me), 
Lotbbury, in 1541, when he is aaid to have 
been forced to recant at St. Paul's Cross ; the 
date is apparently an error for 1643, on 
14 July of which year his recantation took 
place (Wriotheslbt, Ckron. i. l42;FoX8, 
ed. Townsend, v. 4^6. and app. No. xii.) Ho 
was then curate to Edward Crome [n, v.] 
at St. Mary's Aldermary, and there is no 
record of his having held any benefice in 
London (cf. Hennbbsi, Nur. Mrp. EkI. 
1898). 

Wisdom's companion in misfortune waa 
Thomas Becon [o, v.], and with Becon ha 
retired into Staffordsbire, where thev wera 
hospitably received by John 
(Bbcow, WorA-j, vol. i. pref, pp. v 
ii. pp. 423-3 ; Strtpb, CroTimfT, i. 307-8). 
He continued to preach Reformation doo 



I 

00- ^H 



trinm, chieQ; in the south of En^Imnd, aad 
Ui lueceM again brought him ander the 
notice of the privy council. On 24 Maj 
1548 two veemen of the chamber were seat 
to aneet tim, with what sncceNt doe* not 
appear (Act, P. C. ed. Dattnt, 1542-7, p. 
4£i}. In ■ny ca«e, the accescion of Edward 
VI aoon rciftored him to libertj, and during 
his reizn lu< ntA aptH^nt«d vicar of .Setlring-- 
lon in Yorkshire. He wa« one of the can- 
didate* iuggrated b; Cranmer on 2a A.ag. 
1562 for the archbishopric of Armagli 
(CusxBB, Work*, it. 438 ; Lit. Remains </ 
JBdamrd VI, ii. 488; Stbipb, Criutjni-r, i, 
39S, ii. 906). On Maiy'i accession Wudom 
fled abroad, ullimatelfBettlinsat Frankfort, 
where he aided with Coie in nig defence of 
the English liturgy againrt Knoi and Wil- 
liam Whittingham [q. v.] In 1559 he re- 
tanud to England, and in the autumn was 
restored to hw living at Seltrington (Stbtfb, 
AttnaU, I. i. 246). On 39 Feb. 1559-60 he 
was collated to the archdeaconty of Ely 
(Lb Nete, Fa*ti, i. 353), to which were 
annexed the rectories of Fladdenham and 
Wilbarton. lie preached at court on 
27 March 1560, and at St. Paul's Cron on 
7 April (.Machw, pp. 329, 230), and in the 
convocation of 1562 voted for the bii puritan 
articles (Stbtpe, ArmaU, 1. i. 439, 501 ; 
BcKSET, Seformatiait, ed, Focock, Ii. ii. 
481). He died in September I568,andwae 
buried at Wilburton on the 28th, and not, 
aa hu been supposed, in Carfax, Oxford 
(FuETCHEE, Hift. of St. Martin'i, 1896, p. 
65). Margaret Wisdom, who was buried at 
Wilburton on 24 Sept. 1567, was probably 
hia wife ; and the names of four children 
al£o occur in Wilburton parish register. 

Wisdom's ' Postill . . . upon every Qospell 
through the year . . ■ translated from Ant. 
Corvinus,' was published at London (154!), 
4to). His metrical translation of the I25th 
Psalm was in use as late as 1693, and a 
metrical prayer is prefixed to the old ver- 
sion of the Psalms at the end of Barker's 
bible (see Boswbll, Johuon, ed, O- B. Hill, 
V. 444). lie aLio wrote some verses upon 
the death of the dukes of Suffolk, 1551, and 
others prefixed to the second edition of 
Bale's ' Scriptores.' Among the manuscripts 
at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, are Wis- 
dom's ' Revocation of his RotractatioD,' 
'Sumrn of all such doctrine' as be bad 

f reached, and tranfliatioD of two sermons by 
ileuiann ' Ileshusius.' His expositions 
npon the Psalms and Ten Commandment a, 
which do not appear lo have survived, were 
of some repute araon^ early reformers, 
iboujtU 'lis iwflic d.-f,>ct9 earned him the 
ri(]i Jiilin Uenham, Sir Thomas 



Overbury, h'ir Jotm Birk-'olwatl. aiul Saimd 
Bntler fWiBrns. But. Eofl. Pttetry, iu. 
149. 150; BXTVQEt. Cemi. lit. i. \-i\ wkBa 
Bishop Coitnt aAdrascs hia (Amm, ed. 
GUchrist, p. 2S8) u 

Thna Doee a bodj, now hat nr. 

Aicbbotcbfr of a [—Tin or pnyiff, 
Pnm Cwfu coiaa. 



HiUi Ritinti'i Ifibl. Aaglo-Poctica ; Goa^'a 
Ggnersl Index to Parker Sue. PabL; Strrpali 
worki iGenerat Index) -. Fuxa's Aet(« and Mba. 
ed. TovDwad ; Flstcher't BUt. of St. SbjtnX 
Oxford, pp. dS-a -, Rawlidmn M% C 21 C lU; 
Xote* sad Qoerius, 2nd ser. vii. H, 3rd ur. 
ii. 89.) A. F. P. 

WISE, FRANCIS (1695-1767), airlueo- 
logist, son of Francis Wise, mercer, of Ox- 
ford, was bom in the parish of All Saints, 
Oxford, on 3 June I69o. He was educated 
at New Collie school and at Trinity Col- 
lege, Oxford, being admitted commoner on 
3 Jan. 1710-11. He became scholarof hU 
college on 31 Slay 1711. probationer fellow 
on 12 June 1716, and full fellow a year 
later. He graduated B..\.1714,M.A. 1717, 
and B.D. 1727. In December 1719 he was 
appointed under-keeper of the Bodleian Li- 
brary, and about this time he collated a 



was ordained deacon by the b'ishop 
rdat Cuddesdonon3Sept. 1721, wad 



Wis. 



of Oxford at Cuddesdon on 3 Sept. 1 
priest at the public ordination at Oxfoi^ on 
24Sept. 1721. He took pupils at Ihistime,and 
among them was Francis North (afterwards 
Baron aiid Eorl of Guilford^, who eonferrwd 
on him in 1723 the curacyofWroiton in Ox- 
fordshire, and bestowed on him early in 17S6 
the small donative of Elstield, about three 
roiled from Oxford, where he much improved 
the residence sod laid out the grounds in a 
&ntBstic manner. A view of the place is 
given in the tailpiece of the preface to hi* 
work on coins (1750). Later in 1726 the 
same patron ppsented him to the vicarage 
of Harlow in Essex, but after a few months 
he resigned the living, as he preferred to 
dwell at Oxford, where he had been ap- 
pointed in April 1726 to the post of keeper 
of the archives. 

On 2 Dec. 1729 Wise stood for the 
librarianahip at the Bodleian Library, but 
after a party contest, in which he was the 
whig candidate, was dented by Gf)«en 
votes (Ael. Rramiana, 1857 edit. JL 711- 
713). His connection with the library did 
not tbereupotL cease, for so late as 1746 
special payments were made to him for 



woTk dooe ti 

lUhedin 1"3«'A Letter to "Dr. Mend c 
eemine eono Antiquities in Berkshire, jiar- 
ticularly sliewing tlmt the White Ilofse ia a 
HoQutaent of the West Saxons.' This wm 
ftnawered hy ' Fhilntetbes Rueticus' (some- 
timea said to ba \{ev, William A^plin, at 
other times a layman called liumnsLed) in 
1740 in A tract called 'The Impertinence 
■nd ImpostiiTO of Modem Atiti<|uarieB dis- 

Slay'd,' in which ho attributed to Wise a 
esign to alter the arms of the rnjal family, 
sneered at hie eulogies of Alfred, and pointed 
out that he had omitted to praise the rei^n- 
iae monarch. Wise resented these attacks, 
believing that they might damage bis chance 
of future preferment. An anonymous de- 
fence of him, 'An Answer to a Scandalous 
Libel iuiituled " The Impertinence and Im- 
■poBture, &c.' " (1741 ), was nublisbed by the 
Rbt. George North, and he himself issued in 
1742 ' Further Obsen-ationa upon the White 
Horse and other Antiquities in Berkshire.' 

Wise was appointed by his colleBe to the 
loctory of Rotherlield Greys, near Henley- 
on-Thames, ou 7 Aug. 1745, thus vacating 
hia fellowship in 1746. From 10 May 1748 
liB was Radcliffe librarian at Oxford. 'These 
preferments he retained,with that of Elsfield, 
until Ilia deatb. He was elected F.^.A. on ' 
6 April 1749, and collected an excellent 
library, particularly rich in works of northern ; 
lit«rature. In 1754 Thomas Warton and 
Johnson, who liiied his society, paid him j 
several visits at Elafidd, and Wise took i 
much interest in obtaining for Johnson from | 
his uniTersity the degree by diploma ofi 
M:.A. (Wooll, JoK^h Warton, p. 228). He , 




being buried in the churchyard, but without 
■tone or monument. He gai'e during his 
lifetime many coins to the ^dleian Library, 
mod alter hia death his sifter gave to tfie 
Bodcliffe Library ' a large and valuable 
cabinet of his meditls.' 

The other works of Wise comprised : 
1. 'Annales rerum gostarum .'Klfredi Magni 
suetore Aaserin Menevenei,' 1722. A copy, 
with many notes, supposed to be by William 
Iluddesford [q. v.], is in Goueh's ' Uiford- 
ahire ' (67) at the Bodleian Library. The 
editing is ' unusually careful,' but the su- 
ihenticitytif the original has often been ques- 
tioned {.^afc-r, 1^1 March 1899, pp. 313-14). 
3. ■ EpLstola ad Joannem Mosson de nummo 
' Abgari regis,' 1730, 3. ' Nummorum anti- 

Siorum Serin iia Bodleianis reconditorum 
atalogU8,'1760; dedicated to Lord Guilford. 
4, ' Some Enquiries on the First Inhabitants, 




Language, Religion, Learning, and Letters 
of Europe, by u Member of the Society of 
Antiquaries In London,' 1758 ; signed at end 
'F.W.R.L.' 5. ■ History and Chronology 
of the Fabulous .\ges,' 1704; also anonymous 
and similarly signed. This bad been drawn 
up for some years, having been read to 
Johnson and Warton lo their amusement. 
Printed letters to aud from him are in 
Nichols's 'Literary Anecdotes' (v. 452, ix. 
617), Nichols's ' Literary Illustrations' (iii. 
632-7, iv. 206-7, 226-6, 433-56, e68-9); 
two of his manuscript letters are in Cough's 
' Berkshire ' (5, Bodl. Libr.) 

Wise assisted Warton in his 'Life of Dr. 
Bathurst.' The passages stated by Thomas 
Warton in his 'Life of Sir Thomas Pope' 
(1st and 2nd edits, pre f.) to have been copied 
by Wise from other manuscripts are for^ 
cerles by some one (Blakiaton \n Engl. Hist. 
£ev. xi. 282-SOO). In reference to them 
Mr. Btakiston calls Wise ' a competent, 
perhaps too competent, arclueologist. 

[FonCar's Alanmi Oxon. ; Gent. Mag. 17S7, 
p. 624 T Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. S12, v. 621-9; 
Lit. niuBtr. iv. 47)>-Sa; Boiwell's Johnson, ed. 
Hill, i. 273-82, 322; Msdnn's Western MSS. 
(Bodl. Libr.) iv. 189, 2fi9: Macrny's BodL Libr. 
2ad Bd. pp. 34, 190, 2n7. 221, 372, 481; 
Blakiston'n Trio. Coll, pp. 194. IBS ; information 
From Rev. H. E. D. Blakiuton of Trinity Col- 
lege.] W. P. 0. 

WISE, HENBY (1053-1738), gardener 
to William III, .\nne, and George I, was 
born in 1653, and claimed descent from 
Itichard Wise of Cadiaton, Warwickshire. 
He studied horticulture under George Lon- 
don, and during the reign of James II was 
admitted as sole partner in London's lucra- 
tive nursery at Brompton, the largest at that 
time near London. Shortly after William Ill's 
accession W'ise was appointed denuty-ranger 
of Hyde Park and superintendent of the 
royal gardens at Ilnmpton Court, Kensing- 
ton, and eleewUere. In April 1694 Evelyn 
speaks of the methodical manner in whiuh 
the ' noble nursery' at Brompton was culti- 
■vated.aud he describes another visit to Wise'a 
plantations and gardens on 2 Sept. 1701. 
Besides Che royal gardens, London and Wise 
directed most of the great gardens of Eng- 
land, including Blenheim, Wanstead, Edger, 
and Melbourne in Derbyshire. Tliis last waa 
a splendid example of the French style of 
formal garden handed down to London by 
Ills master Rose, who bad studied under 
Andr6 Le Notre, the French gardener of 
Charles II. The Melbourne gardens were 
remodelled from designs by Wise between 
1704 and 1711, including a bosquet after 
the Versailles pattern, aud ' a water-piece,' 



I 

I 



I 



i 



e of Wise in prulersncp to London, 
hsd the mortification of seeing ihe demoli- 
tion of all tha box-work which he had dn- 
Bi^ed at Hampton Court in conformity with 
the Dutch taele. In 1700 London and Wise 
Iftid out a town garden at Nottingham for 
Count Tallsrd, the French general who bnd 
fallen into Marlborough's hands nl Ihe battle 
of Blenheim. A description of this garden 
was appended to London and Wise's ' Tlie 
Retir'd Uard'ner. being a translation of "1/e 
Jardinier Solitaire"" [from the French of the 
IHieur Louis Liger], or rather a cnmbinntion 
of two French maDuala on gardening, with 
a small admixture of original matter (for 
Jacob Tonson, a vols. 8vo, 1"00), ' 
hie papers in the ' Spectator,' ridiculing the 
newlj introduced opera, Addison writes 
S March 1711 : ' I hear there is a treaty on 
foot with Ijondon and \\'isa (who will he 
appointed Gardeners of the Plaj-house) 
furnish the Opera of "Rinaldo and Arinida" 
with an Orange Qrove; and that the next 
time it is acted, the Singing Birds will 
be personated by Tom-Tits.' In the same 
journal, on 6 Sept. 1712, Addison describes 
the partners as 'the heroic poets' of garden- 
ing, citing tha upper garden at Keosington 
as a signal example of their skill. Bj this 
time tlie famous nursery at Drnmpton had 
passed into the hands of'^ a g'ardener named 
Qwinhoe; but Wise had not .vet definitely 
ijiiitted his profession, for in 1711 he w>s 
reappointed head-gardener to George L In 
1709 Wise had bought the estate and mansion 
of the Priory, Warwick, where he spent his 
declining vears. He died at Warwick on 
IB Dec. 17'38, being then 'worth SOO.OOOi.,' 
and was buried in St. Mary's Church. By 
his wife. Patience Banks, he had issue Mat- 
thew (rf. 13 Sept. 1776), llenrr, and John, 
Horace Walpole visited the Priory, and de- 
clares that he unintentionally offended one 
of the sons by asking him if lie had planted 
much, A portrait of the ganlener ia in tha 
possession of the Wise family of Woodcote 
in Warwickshire. 

Elwin nipres^nts Pope's 'Fourth Moral 
I'^say' on false taste as especially directed 
against Wise; lint Wise was less a typical 
representslireoftho formal Dutch style than 
his predecessors and teachers, though he was 
nne of the last upholders of the old French 
trtdition against the innovations of Bridge- 
man and Kent. In addition to the ' Retir'd 
flard'ner' WiM collaborated with London in 
•The Onnpleat Oard'ner, or Directions for 

...•-• — ., ^ right ordering of Fruit Oar- 

n Gardens,' abridged and im- I 




I HI, proved from John Evelyn's translation from 

) the the French of J. de La Quintinye (London, 

1699, 1704, ITIO, 17^>5, enlargiid). 

[Geot. Mng. 1738 p. 660, I8IB ii. 392; Eist. 
Rt^. 1738 (Chron. Diary); Burke's L»ndoJ 
Olintry; Cokile's Warwi.kshire Wonbia: 
Swittser'B Iitbnugmphia Rixtini, 1718.- Beeva- 
relJ'sLesDilicude la Grande Urslagne, Lvydeo, 
1717: Johnsan's Hist, of English OnnleaiiU!. 
l»29,pp. 121, I4S, 146: Si'dding'tGnrdru Craft, 
p 102; QuzliU's Gleanings in Uld Garden Ll, 
1887 : Uaxliti's CoUeciious anri Moim : Smith's 
, Ilist R»col lections of Hyde Park, p. iC; Ixw'a 
I HiimptnnOuttrti Btomfipldaod'ThiiBiu'sFornMl 
I Garvlen in England, 1892. pp. 65. T^. till. 1S3. 
M-inning and Bniy's Surrey, ii. 191; Walpule'* 
I CorrmpondBncB, vi. 442, vii. 337 ; Pope'i Works. 
ed. Elvin Hod Counhope, iii. ISO, v. 183, ii. 
118; Delany's Corresp. i. 146, M8, 1»(>. 202, 
472i Evelyn's Works, ii. 341, 370.] T, S. 

WISE, JOHN RICHARD de CAPEL 

(1831-1890), author and ornithologist, bora 
in 1831, was eldest son of John Itobert 
Wise( 1792- 1842), British consul- general in 
Sweden, by his wife Jane, daughter of Ri- 
chard Ellison of Sudbrooke. The eldest 
branch of the Wise familv has been long 
seated at Clayton Hall, Staftordshire. John 
Wise(1751-I807), the author's grandfather, 
was a younger son ; he was recorder of Tot nea, 
and married Elitabeth, sUterof Robert Hur- 
rell Fronde, archdearon of Totnes, the father 
of James Anthony Froude the historian. 
After attending Grantham grammar school. 
Wise proceeded to Lincoln College, Oifnrd, 
whence be matriculated on 15 March 1849 
at the age of eighteen. He took no degree, 
and left the university to travel abroad. 
Deeply interested in ornithology, he began 
at an early age to collect birds' eggs, and 
he devoted much energy through life to 
perfecting his collection. At the same 
time all aspects of nature attracted him, and 
wherever he wandered he studied carefully 
Ihe (oology, botany, and scenery of the dis- 
trict. Nor did he neglect the dialect of the 
inhabitants. He was also a devoted student 
of literature, and wrote both prose and 
verse with directness and feeling. 

On returning to England he wandered 
through country districts, frequently chan- 
ging his residence and maintaining little 
communication with his friends. In 1865 
he published a pamphlet of poems called 
'Robin Hood,' and in 1857 a lecture on 'The 
Beautiasof Shakespeare,' which he delivered 
at Stratford-on-Avon. In 1860 he issued ■ 
novel in two volumes called 'The Cousin'i 
Courtship;' but it achieved little success. 
Repeated visits to the neighbourhood of 
Shakespeare's birthplace suggested a d)ff»- 



■lent bind of literary work — a dpscription of 
\tbe loctil ecenery, Ihe nntiiral liistory, the 
r literarr BSSociationB and dialect of Stratford- 
on-Avon. Wise's wide reading' in Shalte- 
qieare'e works, his powers of observation, 
and his skill ae a naturalist, gave genuine 
ebarm to liia volume on ' Shaksitere : bis 
Birthplace and its Neighbourhood ' (18131), 
which was published in December ISUO. 



I 



I 



I 



Ther 






graved by W. J. tinton, 
glossary of words to be found in Shakeepeare 
vhicb were peculiar to Warwickabire dis- 
^cCa. Thia book Wise foUowt^ up next 
yeai in a volume in the same vein called 
'The New Forest: its History and its 
jMneiy; with siity-two Views by Walter 
Crane '^ (December 1862, am. 4to; Ihid ed. 
1863 : 3rd ed. ie«7; and 4tb ed. 18ft3, with 
twelve additional etchings by Hevwood 
Bnmner). Wisewalked through the district 
with Mr. Crane, then a lad of sixteen, and 
the young artist's illuBtrntions of the sylvan 
scenery are excellent. The book, which in- 
cludes u glossary of local words, is admirable 
also from the naturalist's point of 
remains a standard work. Wisi 
George Henry Lewes favourably 
it, on its appearance, in the ' Cornhill Maga- 
sine' (December 1862). 

Wise, who held advanced views on re- 
union and politics, came to know Dr. John 
Chapman, editor of the 'Westminster Re- 
view." For many years he wrote the section 
on ' Belles-Lettres ' in that magiiiiuei but 
withdrew suddenly owing to ]>olitical dif- 
ferences with Chapman. His relations with 
the 'Westminster' brought him the no- 
quaintanco of George ifenry Lewes and 
ueorge Eliot. Subsequently be waa a con- 
tributor to the 'Reader,' a weekly periodical 
which also advocated advanced views. To 
tlie 'Cornhill Magazine' Wise contributed 
in July 1866 an admirable paper on ' The 
Poet^ of Provincialism a,' 

It IS said that in 1870 he went out as a 
newapaper correspondent to the Franco- 
Oerman war, and met with many stirring 
adventures. Subsenuenlly he resumed bis 
wanderings in England. In 1875 he was 
settled at Sandsend, near Whitby. Some 
years later he had migrated to Edwinstow, 
Nottinerhamabire, whence he explored Sher- 
wood Forest, with the apparent intention, 
which he abandoned, of writing on it in the 
eame manner ae he had written on the New 
Forest. In 1881 he came into some nro- 

Krty by the death of his mother's brother, 
enry Ellison, author (under the pseudo- 
nym of Henry Browne) of ' Stones from a 
Quarry' (1876). A part of hb newly acquired 



wealth he expended in the product io 
elaborate volume called ' The First of May : 
a fairy Masque,' which he dedicsttid to 
Charles Darwin (1881, oblong folio). The 
text, a collection of lyrics from Wise's pen, 
was elaborately illustrated by Mr. Walter 
Crane, Mr. Crane's fifty-two designs, of 
which B transcription of the author's text by 
the artist formed part, were (inely reproduced 
in photogravure. Wise's name did nut ap- 
pear in the volume, which was financially 
unsuccessful. Uia latest years were passed 
at Lyndhurst in Hampshire, and there he 
died, unmarried, on 1 April 1890, aged 59. 
He was buried in Lyndhurst cemetery. 
[Private iaforniation.] S. L. 

WISE, MICHAEL (Iftl6Me87), mu- 
sician and composer, was bom in Wiltshire 
not earlier than ItMO, if he was, as generally 
stated, one of the finit aet of the children 
of the Chapel Royal in 1660, and in 1663 
lay-clerk of St. George's, Windsor. On 
6 April 1668 he waa appointed organist and 
master of the choristers of Salisbury Cathe- 
dral ; on 6 Jan. 1675-6 be was admitted 
gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and entered 
ae a counter-tenor from Salisbury. When 
attending Charles II on his progresses. Wise 
was said to have claimed the privilege of 

f (laying the ormn in any churcli visited by 
lis majesty. The charge against Wise of 
active participation in the schemes of the 
countiy party (ItiSO) cannot stand after a 
careful examination of the 'Wiltshire Bal- 
lad ' {Bagford Balladt, p. 741). and that con- 
temporary rumour gave Wise the credit of 
being a loyal abborrer is evident from tha 
tory preacher's approval of the musician's 
ready wit (cf. Modtm Fanattck, 1710, p. 60). 
Ilis absence from the coronation procession 
of 1685 has f(iven rise to the belief that 
social or political misconduct had led to his 
dismissal ; but in a great representative cere- 
mony it was inevitable that a singer holding 
appointments at Westminster and the Chapel 
Hoyal should abandon one or the other choir, 
and no fewer than twelve singers were thus 
represented by subsl itutea (SiNDFORD, Cun- 
nation of Jamet 11, p. 70J. Oo 37 Jan. 
1686-7 Wise wm appointed almoner and 
master of the boys at St. Pnul's Cathedral. 

Wise's character for conviviality and un- 
certain temper (Ebswobth) ia best supported 
by the manner of bis end. He quarrelled 
one night with bis wife, and rushed out 
of his house nt Salisbury only to stumble 
upon a watchman, who returned hie assaults 
by n blow from a bill, fracturing Wise's 
skull. He died on 24 Aug. 11187, and was 
buried near the great west door of Salisbury 



I 



Ofttliedral (BuMFtis). Hie first wife, Jane, 
the (laugbter of Kobart Hamard, died on 
10 Julj 1682, aged 30, and waa buried id 
the chuTchjard, The adminiHtratioii grant 
of Wise'a Boods, of 28 Sept. 1687, gives the 
names Jane and Flarward as those of two 
elder children, while his joungeBt girl bears 
the name of a second and surviving wife, 
Barbara, and not Margaret, as erroneoualj 
stated by Hoare. She reoounced probate, 
and the children, all minors, were placed 
under the guardianship of John Uoplflna 

Dr. Aldrich is said to have composed the 
second part of the anthem, ' Thy beauty, 
Israel," on the death of Wise (BUMPUs). 

Wise, Blow, and Humphrey, who were 
all trained together by Henry CooVe, form 
a transition school of English church music, 
and constitute a link between the foreign 
style which, encouraged by the king, strug- 
gled for mastery after the Restoration, and the 
original genius of Henry Purcell, for whose 
bold new harmonies and modulations they 
paved the way. 

Among publisbed music bv Wise are : 
1. "Old Chiron thus preached. 2. Catches 
in the 'Musical Companion,' 1067. 3. 'I 
charge you, Daughters,' in Dering's ' Gsm- 
tico Sacra,' 1674. 4. ' New Ayres and Dia- 
logues,' 1678. 6. ' I will sing,' in Langdon's 
' Divine Harmony,' 1774. 6. Six Anthems 
in Boyce's 'Cathedral Music,' 1849, vis, 
' Prepare ye the way,' a 4 ; ' Awake, put on,' 
a 3 ; ' The Ways of Sion,' a 3 : ' Thy Beauty, 
O Israel,' n 4 ; Awake up, my Glory,' a 3 ; 
' Blessed is he,' a 3. Several of these an- 
thems have also been republished in No- 
Tello'a ■ Collections.' 

The following remain in manuscript : 
1. In Tudway's' Collections:' 'OpraiseGod,' 
a 3j 'Behold how good,' a 3; ' I will sing 
a new Song,'a4; 'How are the Mighty 
fallen!' Morning and Evening Service inD 
{ffarl. MSS. 7338, 7339). 2. 'Open me the 
Gales,' n 3 ; ' Comfort ye ' (ascrilwd to W ise 
or Aldrich) (Aiidit. MS. 17840); 3. Bass 
part: ■ Have Fityon me;" By the Waters;' 
'Thy Strength, Sion' (i*. 17784). 4. Alto 
part: 'Christ risinjt again' (i6. 17S20i. 
0. Organ part: 'Anse, O Loiii;' 'I will 
arise ;' 'The Lord is my Shepherd,' a 2 (I'i. 
30932). 6. 'Cafflhes' (i». 1/481, 22099). 

7. Song, with Chorus, ' Justly now let's 
tribute pay' {«. 83234). 8. Service in E 
flat, at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. 

8. ' Gloria in escebis,' and ten Anthems, 
besides those published by Boyce, at Ely 
Cathedral. 10. Anthems in the Gloucester 
Cathedral Library. 11, 'Christ beingrlsen,' 
composed by Wise for Easter, and for a long 



time in use instead of ' Venite' at Salishurv 
Cathedral. Other volumes of hie churcli 
music are in the British Museum Addi- 
tional KLSS. 30933, 31314-5, 31404, and 
31460; and of secular music in Additional 
MSS. 30362 and 31462. 

tHftwkiliB's Hist, of Mosio, Znd adit. ii. 719; 
Barney's Hist, of Music, iii, 4S1; Grace's Dirt. 
of ISwK. iv. 331, 471 ; Old Chfqa»-U>ok of th» 
Chapel Rojal, pp. 18, I2&, 218; Bnrapua's Or- 
ganists and CDmrHwers. p. 270 ; Honre'a VTilt- 
Bhire, Ti. 634; Harris's Salisbury EpiUphs; 
P. C. C. Admun. Gmnts ; Begisters □( Salisbury 
Cathedrftl, through the courtesy of the Rev. Pre- 
ceotor Ciirpeat«r.] L. M. M. 

WISE, WILLIAM FtJBLONG (1784- 

1644), rear-admiral, sou of George Furlong 
Wise of Woolaton, Devonshire, by Jane, 
sister of Vice-admiral James Hichard Dacres 
(1749-I810)and of Vice-admiral Sir Richard 
Dacrea (1761-1837), waa bom at Woolston 
on 21 Aug. 1784. He entered the navy in 
February 1797 on board the Astnea frigate 
with his uncle Richard Dacrea, and served, 
for the most part, with him, or with James 
Richard Dacres, on the home station, the 
coast of France, and in the West Indies, till 
promoted to be lieutenant of the Franchise 
at Jamaica on 1 May 1804. He continued 
in the Theseus and afterwards in the Her- 
cule, flagships of James Richard Dacres, 
commander-in-chief at Jamaica, till pro- 
moted (1 Nov. 1806, confirmed 22 Feb. 
1806) to be commander of the Drake, from 
which he waa moved in April to the Elk ; on 
18 May 1806 he was posted to the Mediator, 
and invaUded from her in July 1807. In 
November 1813 he commissioned the Gn- 
nicus of thirty-sis guns, which after neatly 
three years on the home station and the 
coast of Portugal was one of the ships with 
Lord Exmouth at the bombardment of 
t Algiers on 27 Aog. 1816 [see Pellew, E»- 
/ WAKD, VisrocifT Eimoutr], in which aba 
took a part beyond what was expected from 
a frigate, and sustained a loss of Miteen 
killed and forty-two wounded. On 21 Sept. 
1816 Wise waa nominated a G.B. In Jonn- 
arv 1818 he was appointed to the Spartan, 
wbich he commanded on the home station 
and In the West Indies till 1821. He had 
no further service, but became a rear-admiral 
on 23 Nov. 1841, and died at his residence 
in Plymouth, after a week's illness, on 
2»Aprill8U. Hemarried,onl6.TuneI810, 
Fanny, only daughter of William QrenfelL 
[MarBhairB Boy. Nar. Biogr- t, (suppL pt. i.) 
ISI : Oeat. Mag, 1810 i. 386. 1814 i). 208, 338; 
Service book in the Public Record Office.] 

J.K.L. 



a, \ 



Wiseman 



Wiseman 






the 



WISEMAN, NICHOLAS PATRICK 
BTEPIIEN (1802-1865), cardmBl-nrch- 
bishop of Westminster, bom at Seville 
on 2 Aug. 1802, was jounger of the two 
eons hv b Becond marriage of James Wise- 
man, an Irish catholic who had settled hs a 
merchant in Spain. The family claimed 
descent from Capel Wiseman, protestant 
bishop of Dromore, third eon of Sir William 
Wiseman, bart., and great-grandson of Sir 
John Wiseman, one of the auditors of the 
exchequer in the reign of Henry VIII. Tlie 
family baronetcy is now represented by Sir 
William Wiseman of Lynton in Bedford- 
shire. The cardinal's father married, first, 
Mariana Dunphy, the dauehter of a Spanish 
general ; by her he had three daughters, of 
-whom Marianne married Thomas Tuclier, 
and their only child became the wife of Wil- 
liam Burke of KnocknagTir, and mother of 
~' B present Sir Theobald Burke, and of 

Lomas Henry Burke [q-v.], Under-Secretary 

state for Ireland. The cardinal's father 
while on a visit to London married, in the 
church of SS. Mary and Michael in the Com- 
mercial Road,Loudon, on 18 April ISOI), his 
second wife, Xaviera, daughter of Peter 
Strange of Aylwardston Caslle, co, Kil- 
kenny. Two sous and a daughter were the 
result of the union. The elder son was named 
James, and Ihe younger was the cardinal. 
Frances, the youngest child, married Count 
Andrea Oahrielli,ofFano, councillor of state 
itnder the papal government; she was mother 
of Count Randal Gahrielli. The cardinal's 
mother lived for many years at Fano, where 
the poet Browning met her in 1848. 

Wiseman's parents returned from London 
^, Seville early in 1803. On 3 Aug. in 
Ahat year, the day after his birth, he was 
iptised at the church of Santa Oruz in that 
His paternal uncle, Patrick Wise- 
man, was his sponsor; 3 Aug. was com- 
raemorative of St. Stephen, whence his 
names Patrick and Stephen. While he was 
ftill an infant his mother laid him on one 
the altars of Seville Cathedral, where 

was solemnly consecrated to the service 

the church. His father died suddenly of 
»t Seville in 1804. The young 
:th her three children, left Spain 

1805for Waterford. There they remamed 
years, during which the hoys received 
instruction at a local boarding-school. On 
S3 March ISlONicbolas and hiseldur brother 
entered St. Cuthbert's College at Ushaw,near 
Durham, Thomas Eyre (1748-lfilO) [q.v.], 
the president, died just two months after 
the boys' arrival. His post was tempo- 
rarily filled for a year by the vice-presi- 
dent, John Lingard the liietorian. Despite 



the disparity in years, Wiseman and Lingard 
'hen laid the foundation of a lifelong friend- 



ship. 



dent of Ushaw. Wiseman describes himself 
as appearing 'dull and stupid' to his com- 
panions when not in class, as never having 
'eoidawitty or clever thing white at college,' 
but he was always readingand thinking wlii la 
others played, 'No pastime,' as Cardinal 
Manning said of him at his funeral, was ' so 
sweet as a book.' It was only in his last year 
at St. Cuthbert's that his name appeared at 
the top of his class. 

Before leaving St. Cuthbert's Nicholas 
made up his mind to become a priest. A 
cottage not far from the college on the road 
to Durham is still pointed out as that in 
which ha took shelter from a terrific thunder- 
storm, in the course of which he is said to 
have received his religious vocation. Before 
quitting St. Cuthbert's, on 28 Sept. 1818, at 
the age of sixteen, Nicholas received the four 
minor orders. He was to complete his edu- 
cation at the English College at Kome. 
Embarking at Liverpool on 2 Oct. for Italy 
with five other clerical students from 
llsbaw. Wiseman reached Rome on 18 Dec. 
1818. Si^ days afterwards the six youths 
were admitted to an audience at the 
Qnirinal by Piua VII, to whom they were 
presented by Robert O red well Rl- v.], 
rector of the newly reconstituted English. 
College in the Via di Monserrato. At his 
own wish, Nicholas began at an early date 
to study at the Sapienia the Syriac and 
other oriental languages. Already in 1820 
ha was infer parei lor the second priie in 
schola physico-matbematica, and also ob- 
tained the second prixe ' in schola physico- 
chimicB.' In 1822 be gained first priie in 
dogmatic theology, and the second pri«e in 
scholastic theology. Again, in l(j23, he 
took the first pritu in dogmatic and was 
'laudatus ' in scholastic thetitogy, winning 
also the first prize in Hebrew, On 27 July 
1823 Wiseman in a public discussion 
undertook to answer twelve objections, and 
to maintain as many ofl four hundred pro- 
positions. Cardinal Capetlari (afterwards 
tiregory XVI) and the Abb£ de Lamennais 
were among the auditors. In 1824 he was 
created doctor in divinity 'cum pnemio.' 
On 18 Dec. of that year he was ordained 
subdeacon, on 23 Jan. in Ihe following year 
deacon, and on 19 March 182-j priest. 

By a special rescript of Leo Sn, Wise- 
man was appointed assistant to the Abbate 
Molza, who was compiling aSjriac grammar, 
anthology, and lexicon, with the encourage- 
ro«Dt of the pope. In 1828 the result of 
b3 



I 



i 



Wiseman 



Wiseman 



Wiaemnn's res^archea appeared under tile 
title 'Horie Sjrittcie, Beu Commentationes 
et AnecdotB res-vel Litteraa Sjriacas spec- 
t&nti&, tnmus i.,' and it at once won him a 
^European reputation among oriental Ecliolsre, 
although hia interpretation of some ^yriac 
texts were controverted bv Samuel L.e« 
(1783-1862) [q^ v,] In this work he first 
uescribed tue Sjriac version known as the 
Karkaphensian Codex of the Old Testa- 
ment, which was praseTred in the VaticBn 
library. At the time that he was engaged in 
these researches he suffered the onl; tempta- 
tion, according to Uis own account, of his 
lifti, from * venomous suggestions of a fiend- 
like in&delitj,' but the trial proved temporary 
and never recurred. 

In October of the year in which Wise- 
man's ' Horni Syriacffi ' was published, 
Leo XII nominated him pruf<!ssnr super- 
numerary in the two chairs of Hebrew and 
Syro-Cbaldaic in the Roman Archigym- 
nasium of theSapienia.with the provlsiiinal 
assignment of one hundred ecudi until the 
chairs fell vacant. 

Meanwhile, in November 1827, Wiaeman 
hecame vice-rector of the English CollcKf^, 
and next year was appointed rector upon the 
election of Qradwell by propaganda (19 May 
1838) OS coadjutor to Bishop James Yorke 
Bramslon [q, v.] He held the office of rector 
for twelve years, and the English College 
under his guidance enjoyed a new era of 
activity. He welcomed and entertained a 
throng of celebrated persons. Ha won high 
reputation as a preacher, and Leo XII ap- 
point«dhimspecialEng1i8h preacher at Itome . 
In 18Sa John Henry Newman [q. v.] came 
with lUcbard Hurreil Froude [q. v.] to con- 
sult Wiseman, hitherto a stranger to them 
both, as to the course they ought to pursue 
in thespiritualcrisistbrough which the An- 
glican church was passing. 

During the Lent of 18S5 Wiseman de- 
livered in the drawing-room of Cardinal 
ThomosWeld [q- v.] in the PalamoOdescalchi 
a course of twelve lectures chiefly dealing 
with geology, ' On the Connection between 
Science ana Revealed Religion.' In the fol- 
lowing year the lectures were published in 
two volumes, and awakened widespread in- 
terest and much discussion. The book is a 
powerful espositiou and defence of the ortho- ' 
doz position, and has been repeatedly n^- 
issued. A Frencli translation appeared in ^ 
imi.and it is included in Migue's 'Dtoon- i 
Btralions fevangeliques " (IS43-r>3). 

Later in 1635 Wiseman returned to Enf^ I 
land. He had arranged to exchange duties 
for a twelvemonth with the Abbale Biilda- 
couui of the Sardinian embassy chapel in 1 



Lincoln's Inn Fields. In December 1835 he 
began a course of ' I-ectures on the Principal 
Doctrines and Practices of the Catholic 
Church ' at the Sardinian embassy chapel, 
which he repeated at the request of Bisbop 
Bramaton in the Advent and Lent of the 
following year at St. Mary's, Moorfields. 
These lectures were published in 183Q, and 
excited much public attention, not only in 
England but in France and America. Lord 
Brougham was conspicuous among Wise- 
man's hearers when they were first delivered. 
In May 1836, in aasociation with Daniel 
O'Connell and Michael Joseph Quin [q. v.], 
Wiseman founded under his own directions 
catholic quarterly magazine, with the title 
of the ' Dublin Review,' Quin was the first 
editor. Outside catholic circles Wiseman's 
ilerary abilities were fully recognised, and 






viled t 






the 



catholic church tn the ' Penny CyclopH^dia.' 
In October la36Wisemau returned to the 
English College in Rome. During the fol- 
lowing Lent he published 'Four L«;tures on 
the Oflices and Ceremonies of Holy Week, 
as performed in the Papal Chapels, and de- 
livered at the college ' Eight Lectures on the 
Bodv and Blood of Our I,ord in the Blessed 
Eucharist,' London, 1836,8vo, Thomas Tup. 
ton [q.v,] assailed Wiseman's treatment of the 
last subject, and Wiseman retorted to him and 
other critics in a published ' Replv' (1839). 
By Wiseman's advice Gregory XVI in- 
creased the number of vicars-apostolic is 
England in 1839, and in the following sum- 
mer Wiseman was appointed coadjutor to 
Dr.Walsh,the vicar-apostolic of the Midland 
district, but was almost immediately trans- 
ferred to the newly created central district. 
On 8 June 1840 he was consecrated the 
bishop of MelipotamuB in partibut by Car- 
dinal Fransoni in the chapel of the English 
College at Rome, and was olso appointed 

S resident ofOscott College. He took up his 
utiea there on 16 Sept. 1840. The Oxford 
movement was at the lime in full pn^ress, 
and Wiseman's writings and actions largely 
influenced its development. Hia article in the 
' Dublin Review ' on "St. Augustine and the 
Donatists'was pronounced bv Newman 'ih* 
first real hit from Romanism, Preaching at 
Derby. Wiseman argued tliat ' there is a 
natural growth in every institution,' and de- 
fined the position of the Roman church in 
much the some manner as Newman in his 
' Esaay on Development.' In February 1841 
' Tract XC ' was published. Later in the year 
U'iseman addressed a published * Letter ' to 
Newman.besides contributing several papers 
on the illogical position of the traclarians to 
the 'Dublin Review;' these were collected 



Wiseman 



245 



Wiseman 



into a volume called ' High Church Claims * 
(1S41). 

In 1840 Pius IX was elected supreme 
pontiff, and he inaugurated his reign by a 
general amnesty and a complete reform of 
the pontifical government. W iseman visited 
him in Rome next year. He returned to 
England as Pio Nono*s diplomatic envoy to 
Viscount Palmerston in the year of revolu- 
tion (1848). At his instance Lord Palmers- 
ton sent Lord Minto to Italy. In the same 
year Wiseman became pro-vicar-apostolic of 
the London district, and next year succeeded 
to the vicarial e-apostolic on the death of his 
superior, Dr. Walsh. Already a re-establish- 
ment by the pope of the Uoman catholic 
hierarchy in England was talked of, but 
events were delayed by reason of the revolu- 
tions of 1848. Wiseman sought to prepare 
the way for the new rdgime by fusing the old 
and unchanging with the new and progressive 
elements in English Catholicism. In the 
spring of 1850 tne news came that he was 
to be made a cardinal. On 6 Aug. he was 
summoned by the pope to Home, and there 
learned quite unexpectedly that the hie- 
rarchy in England was to be restoredwithout 
further delay. On 29 Sept. the pope issued 
an apostolic letter to that effect, as well as 
a papal briefelevating Wiseman to the dignity 
of archbishop of Westminster. Next day, 
in a private consistory, the new archbishop 
was created a cardinal, with the title of St. 
Pudentiana. The announcement of the pope*s 
act was made to English catholics bv Wise- 
man in a published * Pastoral appointed to 
be read ... in the Archdiocese of West- 
minster and the Diocese of Southwark.' He 
further explained his new position in * Three 
Lectures on the Catholic Hierarchy, delivered 
in St. George's, Southwark* (1850). The 
news of the pope's action excited through- 
out the protestants of Great Britain a frenzy 
of indignation which Wiseman's first pas- 
toral failed to allay. In August 1851 parlia- 
ment identified itself with the popular out- 
cry against 'papal aggression,' and passed 
into law the * ecclesiastical titles bill,' 
which prohibited the catholics from assum- 
ing the title of bishops under a penalty of 
100/. The statute, however, remained a 
dead letter, and was repealed in 1872. 
Wiseman issued a powerful * appeal to the 
reason and good feeling* of the English 
people, and the antagonism which he, in the 
capacity of reviver of the Roman catholic 
hierarchy, had provoked gradually subsided. 
For fourteen years he ruled the province of 
Westminster benignly, and lived down the 
events which marked the inauguration of 
his archiepiscopate. 



Wiseman still found time for literature. 
In 1854 he published ' Fabiola, or the Church 
of the Catacombs,' a charming story of the 
third century, which was widely read. The 
archbishop of Milan wittily said of it that 
' it was the first good book that had had the 
success of a bad one.' The book was written 
as Wiseman slowly journeyed towards Rome 
during illness. It was popular in Italy, where 
no fewer than seven translations (one of them 
by the author) were published. It was 
translated besides into most of the European 
languages, and into many of the Asiatic. 
It has taken its place as a classic of Catholi- 
cism. In 1858 Wiseman issued another 
popular work, called ' Recollections of the 
last Four Popes' (Pius VII, Leo XII, 
Pius Vin, and Gregory XVI). An adverse 

* Answer ' to the book appeared in a volume 
from the pen of Alessandro Gavazzi in the 
same year. Soon afterwards Wiseman pro- 
duced a drama in , two acts, called ' The 
Hidden Gem,' written for the jubilee of his 
old college of St. Cuthbert's. After its 
publication, in 1858, it was acted in a Liver- 
pool theatre during the following year. 

In the autumn of 1858 the cardinal made 
a public tour through Ireland, where he 
was received with enthusiasm. A volume 
of sermons, lectures, and speeches delivered 
on the occasion appeared in 1859. Mean- 
while he gained wide repute as an admirable 
lecturer on social, artistic, and literary topics. 

* The Highways of Peaceful Commerce have 
been the Highways of Art,' a lecture de- 
livered to Liverpool merchants, and a lecture 
*0n the Connection between the Arts of 
Design and the Arts of Production,' ad- 
dressed to Manchester artisans, were pub- 
lished in a single volume in 1854. On 
30 Jan. 1863 he lectured at the Royal In- 
stitution in London on * Points of Contact 
between Science and Art ' (London, 1863, 
8vo), and subsequently at the same place on 
Shakespeare. A fragment of the last lecture, 
edited by his successor. Cardinal Manning, 
was published posthumously in 1866 (Ger- 
man transl. Cologne, 1865). A lecture de- 
livered in 1864 at the South Kensington 
Museum on * Prospects of Good Architecture 
in London,' and another on * Self-Culture' 
delivered at Southampton in 1863, were also 
published soon after their delivery. 

In 1866 George Errington [q. v.l, a man 
of iron will, was translated from Plymouth 
to become coadjutor to the archbishop of 
Westminster ; but Wiseman and his coad- 
jutor were of different temperaments, and the 
pope in 1862 severed Errington's connection 
with the Westminster archdiocese. 

Wiseman died at his town house, 8 York 



Wiseman 



346 



Wiseman 



Place, Portman Squure, on 15 Feb. 1865. 
On Tuesday the 21st the bodywiiH conveyed 
to ito pro-CBthedral at Moorfields — new 
(1000) in coitrse of damoUtioo — where Henry 
Edward Manning, Wiseman's successor in 
the uchbiahopric, preached the funeral oi'a- 
tion in the presence of the princiiml catholic 
ambouadors of Europe and the dignitaries 
of the catholic church in Oreal Britain and 
Ireland. The interment took place in Ken- 
eal Green cemetery, amid an extraordinary 
demonstration of public mourning. In 1868 
it was resolved to build in AV'iseman'a me- 
mory a catholic cathedral in Westminster. 
Land was aojuired, but building operatiuns 
were not begun until after Cardinal Vaughan 
became archbishop of Westminster in 1892. 
The street at Seville to which Wiseman was 
bom was renamed on hia death, by order of 
the town council, ' Collo del Cardenal Wise- 

Beaides the works mentioned and nume- 
rous separate sermons, lectures, and jiastorsla, 
Wiseman published ' Essays on Various Sub- 
ject*,' chiefly from the ' Dublin Review '( 1 853, 
3 vols. 8vo, and with biographical introduc- 
tion by J Murphy, 1888), and ' Sermons on 
our Lord Jeaus Christ,' Dublin, 1864, 8vo. 

Wiseman'sreputfllion was worldwide. He 
was conspicuouH for rare intellect and abili- 
ties, for ' the general justice of his mind,' for 
the suavity of his demeanour, and the wide 
range of his literary and artistic knowledge 
and sympathies. As alingujet and scholar he 
was especially distinguished. Ue was often 
called the English Meziofanti. Speaking of 
bis linguistic facility to the present writ«r, 
he once said that, if he were allowed to 
choose hia own path westwards, he could 
talk all the way from the most eastern point 
of the coast of Asia to the most western 

Kint of the coast of Europe. The poet 
owning attempted an unfavourable in- 
terpretation of Wiseman's character in his 
' Bishop_ Blougram's Apology ' (first pub- 
lished in Browning's 'Men and Women,' 
1865); 'Sylvester Blougrara,' Browning's bi- 
shop, was undoubtedly intended for Wiseman, 
but Blougram's worldly and aelf-iodulsent 
justification of his successful pursuit of the 
clerical career in the Roman catholic church, 
although dramatically most effective, cannot 
be accepted as a serious description of 
Wiseman's aims in life or conduct. Ac- 
cordiuK to Father Prout, Wiseman in 'The 
BambUr' temperately reviewed 'Men and 
Women'on its publication, and favourably 
noticed 'Bishop Blougram's Apology' as a 
masterly intellectual achievement, although 
lie regarded it as an b^msuU on the ground- 
worka of religion. 



AViseman woe in youth tall, thin, and 
comely. Mscaulay described him in middle 
age as ' a ruddy, strapping ecclesiastic,' in a 
certain sense resembling the famous roaster 
of Trinity, William Whewell [q. t.] Three 
portraits are reproduced in Mr. WilfKd 
Ward's'Biography.'vii. afull-lengtb walet- 
colour picture of bira as Monsignor Wise- 
man ; an etigmving from the painting by 
J. R, Uerberl ; and a photograph taken of 
the cardinal in 1802. A magnificent gold 
medal, bearing Wiseman's portrait, was pre- 
sented to bim in 1830, in commemoration 
of his visit to England when rector of the 
English College at Rome. 

[A full blogFnphy of the cardinal was Qadri^ 
taken, on Ca^ioal Vaughan'a Beleclion, by Mr. 
Wilfrid Ward tbirtj-t«o ycui after the car- 
dinal's di>ttlh. aad was pubUsbed in IBST in two 
volumes. PBrwinnl recollections of the writer 
of tba present memoir; Brady's Episcopal Siuv 
CFusiou. 1877. iii. SfiS-Sl ; White's Life of 
Cardinal Wiwmin ; Lord Houghton's Hono- 
gntphs, 1873. pp. 30-61 ; Cauon Moirii's Last 
IllDeas of Cardinal Wiseman ; Men of thn 
TimR, Stb edit. 1S62 ; Anu.Reg. 18S£, ii. 217.1 
C. K, 

WISEMAN, RICHARD (1622 P-I6T8), 
suigeoo, bom in London between 1621 and 
1 623, was possibly the illegitimate son of Sir 
Itichard Wiseman, bort. ((f. 164S), of Thun- 
dersley Hall in Essex. AboutJanuary 1637 
he was apprenticed at the Barber-Surgeons' 
Uall to Richard Smith, surgeon. His master 
was probably a naval surgeon, for as soon as 
Wiseman's apprenliceship wasended, but be- 
fore he was admitted to the freedom of the 
company, he. seems to have entered the 
Dutch naval service at a time when that 
nation was engaged in war with Spwn. 
Here he saw much active service, but in 
1643, or early in 1644, he joined the royalist 
army of the west, then under tbe nominal 
command of the Prince of Wales. He was 
present at the surprise of the Weymouth 
forts on 9 Feb. lau~5. He remained in 
Weymouth during the8iege,andsubso(iuently 
seems to have nccomponied the troops intji 
Somerset and Cornwall, for he was present at 
the siege at Taunton, and took part in tbe 
fighting of Truro. The army was then under 
the general command of Lord Hopton, and 
Wiseman seems to have been espraiially at- 
tached to the guards, for he describes how 
they were beaten, and how be himself ran 
away in May 1645. After the rout at Truro, 
he says that he was the only surgeon who 
continuously attended Prince Charles from 
tbe west of England to Scilly, and afterwards 
to Jersey, France, Holland, and Scotland. 
He waa at first merely attached to the 




Wiseman 



Wiseman 



Q Btteudanca upon tbe princo, but 
1 Surgeon Pyle relumed to England 
Jersey, jierhaps upou n political 
I nission. Lord Uopton Beems to have re- 
I ODmniended Wiseman aa a proper person to 
r become the prince's immediate medical at- 
tendant. Wisemnn therefore accompanied 
Prince Charles from Jersey to France, and 
bam France to The Hague, vhere news 
arrived in February 1649 of the execution of 
Charlea I. From The ilague Wiseman ae- 
compuiied Charles II to Breda, thence to 
Flanders and back to France, sn-iring at St. 
Gennains iu Au^st 1649. He tlien went 
to Jersey again, and when Charles left Hol- 
land in June 1650 Wiseman accompanied 
him to Scotland. He waa taken prisoner at 
Worcester (3 Sept. 1651) and marcbed to 
Chester. He was kept in captivity for 
many weeks, though he was occaaion ally per- 
mitted by the governor to exercise his pro- 
fesKiona! skill. 

Having procured a pass, lie arrived in 
London about February 1661-2, and at once 
made himself free of the Barber-Surgeons' 
Company. His admission to the freedom 
was ' per servicium,' and it is dated 23 March 
lOQl'^. He then acted for a time aa assis- 
tant to Edward Molines of St. Thomas's 
Hospital, but soon set up in practice for him- 
self, living in the Old Bailey at the sign of 
the Kings Head, where he was much fre- 

Sueniedby the royalists from all parts of the 
ingdom. Early in 1654 he was rearreeted 
on a charge of assisting Read, one of his 
patients, to escape from the Tower, and in 
March 1664 he was sent a prisoner to Lam- 
beth House (now Lambeth Palace). It 
appear* that during bis imprisonment he was 
oermitted to practise, and tliat he owed his 
liberty to the intercession of his friends. 
There seems Ui be some ground for sup- 
ing that Wiseman spent apart of his time 
HI the Spanish navy between the perim) of 
Itw release from Ijambeth and the eve of the 
Bestoration. His writings, however, show 
that he did not leave London for at least two 

£!ars after his imprisonment, and he wan in 
ngland again at some time in 1657. Yet 
he says that he served for three years in the 
aervice of the Spanish king, a part of the 
time being spent in the tropics and Bome 
part at Dunkirk, then held by the Spaniards, 
Early in 16SU he seems to have returned 
to his house in the Old Bailey, where 
be was living at the time of tlie return 
of Charles if; but shortly after the He- 
Btoration he moved westward to Co vent 
Oarden, then recently built, and forming an I 
ontskirt of London. Ten days after the 
■irival of Oharles II in London, on 8 June i 




_, Ebei 

■_ Tl 



imO, Wiseman wos made ■Bur^( 
nary for the person.' The appoint; 
made at the instance of the king himself, for 
it was supernumerary to the regular esta- 
blishment, and it was not until 5 Aug. 1661 
that VN'iseman waa formally appointed sur- 
geon by royal warrant at the usual salary of 
iOI. 0, year. He waa promoted to the grade 
of principal EUrgBon and aeijeant-Burgeon to 
the king on 15 Feb. 1671-2, and on 20 March 
he was duly sworn ini'D office. In June 1661 
a grant of an annuity or pension of loU/. a 
year bad been confeireduponhim.anditwas 
renewed in February 1674-5, with the stnte- 
luent that it was a pension for life, and that 
it was to commence from 25 March 1671-:^. 
He was elected a member of the Barber- 
Sui^eons' court of assistenta in 1064, and in 
the following year was appointed master of 
the company, though he had never filled the 
subordinate otBcea of warden. He died 
suddenly at Bath about 20 Aug. 1676, but 
was buried at the upper end of the church 
of St. Paul in Coveut Garden, London, on 
29 Aug. 

Wiseman'e first wife, named Dorothy, 
died on 23 Feb. 1674, and was buried in the 
chaneelof St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden { 
his second wife was MbiTi daughter of Sir 
Kichard Mauleverer of Allerton Mauleverer 
in Yorkshire, and granddaughter of Sir Tho- 
mas Mauleverer [q. v.] the regicide. His 
only child was a posthumous son, who waa 
buried near his lather in November 1678. 
His widow married Thomas Harrison of 
Gray's Inn, the lawyer who settled her hus- 
band's affairs, ond died in February 1678. 

Wiseman deserves notice as the first of 
the really great surgeons who lifted the sur- 
gical profession from its state of subordina- 
tion to the physicians. His work was con- 
tinued hj Samuel Sharp (1700 P~1778)[q. v.], 
by Percivoll Pott [q. v.], and by John 
Hunter (1726-1798) [q. 'J, until the social 
position of a surgeon waa sufficiently high 
to enable the sovereign to confer hereditary 
rank upon him as in the case of Sir Astley 
Paston Cooper and Sir Beniomin Brodle. 
Wiseman was professionally the descendant 
of the great surgeons of the reign of Eliza- 
liefh, Clowes, Gale, and perhaps Read and 
f lalle. Like them, he was essentially a cli- 
nical observer ; unlike them, it ia possible 
to find in his writings some trace of a scien- 
tific spirit. His cases are clearly described, 
and their treatment is carried out to a suc- 
cessful issue upon a rational plan. A fervent 
royalist, he believed in the royal touch for 
the cure of scrofulaeven when it was ?■""'■■"' 
through BO degenerate a hand as that 
master. He believed too in the miracles 



I 

lied m 



Wishart 2 

wTOuglit by l.lie blood of Cbarles 1, yet he 
nuLrrmd the grnnddHugliler of n regicide. 

A minifiture in waterco lours, duled 1660, 
by Samuel Cooper, is at IJelToLr Caatle in 
the possession of tlie Uuke of Rutland, Hud 
is the picture of a m&o aged about forty 
years. A life-gixe holf-kngth in oval at- 
tributed to air Bftlthiwar Gerbier (l^Ol- 
1667) is in the secretary's office at tlie Koyal 
College of Surgeons of England in Lincoln's 
Inn Fields. It represents Wiseman about ten 
years older than Gerhier's portrait, and ob- 
vioufily in delicate health. 

Wiseman's works are written in so plain 
and simple a style tlint they were selected 
by Dr. Johnson, in the compilation of his 
dictionary, as a mine of good snrgical no- 
menclalure. They are; 1. 'A Treatise of 
Wounds,' London, 1672, 8td (printed by 
Richard Rovston). S. 'SeveiallChirurgical 
Treatises,' London, 1676, fol. (Royslon and 
Took) ! 3nd edit. 1086 i 3rd edit. Ifiafl ; 4th 
edit. 1705; 6ih edit. 1719; 0th edit. 1734. 
A pirated edition was published by Samuel 
Clement at the Swan m St. Paul's Church- 
vardiDl6D2. It is called the second edition, 
but it seems to have been made by printing 
a new title-page and inserting it into copies 
of the lti76 and 1686 editions. 

[LoDgmore's Biographical Study of liichurd 
Wiseman, Loudon, 1B91 ; maDasiM'iptacmnatby 
tb« late JnniN Uiion ; contributioDK tiiwards a 
meraoir of ItiL'bnnl WisBman, Medical Times and 
OaEelte, 1S72, ii. 441 ; ABclepiad, 18X6, iii. S3I- 
2fiS : Wispmnn'a Works.] D'A. P. 

WISHART. GEOKOE (1513?-1646), 

Scottish reformer, was a cadet of the family 
of Wiahart of I'ittarrow, near Montrose [cf. 
Wishart, Rohebt], but whether he was a 
younger son of Jaraes Wishart of Fittarrow, 
who was Justice clerk between 1513 atid 
15'iO, or his nephew, both of which conjec- 
tures have been made, is uncertain. The 
supposed date of his birth is taken from the 
inscription ' 1.143 ffitotis suk 30 ' on a por- 
trait which belonged to Archibald Wishart, 
W.S., Edinburgh, who died in 1850, and is 
now in the National Portrait Gallery, Edin- 
bui^h. It ia believed by good judges to be 
genuine, though its ascription to flolbein.who 
died in I5J3, is very improbable. Wishart 
first appears on record as witness to acliarter 
by John Erskine (1509-1591) [q.v.] of Dim 
on m March 1535 ( Great Seat litffufer, No. 
146:2), in which he is styled ' Master G. 
Wishart;' and, as he is unlikely to have 
acted as witness under the age of twenty- 
one, His birth can scarcely have bt-en later 
than 1514. and so corroborates the date on 
the portrait. Ithasbeenuonjeclured that he 
iras ediM»tpdand graduated in arts at King's 



f8 Wishart ^^^^ 

College, Aberdeen ; his designation on the 
above portrait as m&ster appears to show he 
had taken a degree in arts. Alexander 
I'etrie [q. v.], in his 'Compendious Church 
History, 1662, snya he heard when young, 
' from very antient men,' that Wishart ' had 
hyena schoolmaster at Montrose, and there 
did teach his disciples the New Testament 
iuGreek.' Ifao,itwasnodoubtatthegram- 
mar school of that town, whither Erskine 
of Dun bad brought in 1534 a Frenuhman, 
Marailier, to teach Greek, the first introduc- 
tion of that language into the schools of 
Scotland. Wishart probably acted as assis- 
tant after learning the language from Mar- 
silier. Richard, the father of James MetvUlo 
[q. v.], is said in his son's diary to have been 
one of Wisbart's companions at Montrose. 
Petrie also relates tliat in 1538 Wiahart was 
summoned on a charge of heresy by John 
Hepburn, bishop of Brechin, for teaching 
the Greek New 'Testament, and Red the coun- 
try, but after six years returned ' with more 
knowledge of the truth and more zeal.' 

In 1538, or more probably in 1539, a 
Scotsman, ^^'ishart, is mentioned in two 
English documents as lecturing in Bristol, 
at that date in the diocese of Worcester, of 
which Hugh Latimer [(). v.] was then bishop. 
He was accused of heresy by John Keme, 
dean of Worcester, and sent to the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, hy whom, the bishops 
of Bath, Norwich, and Chichester, and other 
doctors, he was convicted and condemned; 
he bore his fagot (i.e. recanted his here«y) 
on 15 July in the church of St. Nicholas, 
and on 30 July in Christ Church (Ric4KT, 
Kati^dar, Camden Soc, p. 55; cf. Letlen 
and Papen iff Heary Fill, Sir. i, 184, 
1095). It has been doubled by Dr. Grub 
(Ecclesiatiicat HUtury of Saitlaiui^vhel^ei 
these documents refer to George Wishart; 
but as they name George ' Wischarde,' a 
Scotsman born (the difference in spelling 
the name meaning nothing at that date), and 
corre«pond precisely to the time when ha 
fled from Scotland, where also be had been 
accused of heresy, the inference ia strong 
that thev do. Dr. McCrie, in his 'Lifa of 
Knox,' through the miswriting of tbe word 
' nouiher ' as ' mother ' in the copy sent him 
of the Bristol entry, was misled into the 
belief that Wishart s heresy was a denial, 
not of the merit of Christ, but of the Virgin 
Mary ; but Dr. Lorimer (Seottuh IlfformU' 
tioH, 1800) corrected this by inspection of 
the original record, which has been alsn 
correctly printed in Seyer's ' Mentoirs of Bris- 
tol.' It may be doubted, however, whether 
the denial of tbe merit of Christ attributed 
to Wiahart was not the misrepresentation of 



Wishart 



249 



Wishart 



his accusers. No similar charge was brought 
against him in Scotland either before or after 
his visit to Bristol. 

Either in 1539 or in 1640 Wishart left 
England and visited probably both Germany 
and Switzerland. After his return he trans- 
lated from the Latin the * Confession of 
Faith of the Church and Congregation of 
Switzerland/ called the * Helvetic Confes- 
sion.' It was not printed till after his death, 
probably in 1648 ; it was reprinted in 1844 
by David Laing in the * Wodrow Miscellany ' 
(i. 11), from a copy belonging to William 
Henrv Miller of Craigentinny, which is be- 
lieved to be unique. About 1543 Wishart 
returned to England and became a member 
of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. One 
of his pupils, Emery Tylney, has left a graphic 
portrait of his person, habits, and character. 
* Master George Wishart, commonly called 
Master George, of Benet's College, who was 
a man of tall stature, polled headed, and on 
the same a round French cap of the best, 
judged to be of melancholy complexion from 
his physiognomy, black-haired, long-bearded, 
comely of personage, well spoken after his 
country of Scotland, courteous, lovely, glad 
to teach, desirous to learn, and was well 
travelled; having on him for his habit a 
clothing never but a mantle or frieze gown 
to the shoes, a black Millian fustian doublet 
and plain black hosen, coarse new canvas 
for his shirts and white falling bands and 
cuffs at the hands, all the which apparel 
he gave to the poor, some monthly, some 
quarterly, as he liked saving his French cap, 
which he kept the year of my being with 
him. He was a man modest, temperate, 
fearing God, hating covetousness, for his 
charity had never end night, hour, nor 
day ; he forbore one meal in three one day 
in four for the most part except something 
to comfort nature ; he lay hard upon a puff 
of straw, coarse new canvas sheets which, 
when he changed, he gave away. . . . He 
loved me tenderly and I him for my age as 
effectually.* He went into Scotland, Tylney 
adds, ' with divers of the nobility that came 
for a treaty to King Henry VIII,* probably 
in July 1643. 

The Scottish reformer has often been 
identified, even by Tytler and Burton, with 
the Wishart who was concerned in the plot 
to murder Cardinal Beaton (cf. Stat^ Papers, 
Henry VIII, v. 377; Haynes, Burc/hley 
State Papers, i. 32-3 ; Hamilton Papers^ ii. 
344 ; art. Wishart, Sib John). This Wis- 
hart had relations with Cricliton, laird of 
Brunston in Midlothian, who was un- 
doubtedly willing to engage in a plot to 
murder Beaton, and who became in 1546 an 



active supporter of the reformer when he 
made a preaching tour in that county. 
Froude (iv. 28) argues that, whether this 
was so or not, the murder of such a prelate 
as Beaton would not have been alien to the 
temper of such reformers as Wishart or 
Knox; and Bellesheim and Canon Dixon 
naturally adopt 'the identification (Hist, 
Church of England, 3rd ed. ii. 389-90). 
The evidence, however, is inadequate to 
identify the two Wisharts, and it has been 
shown not only that the name was common, 
but even that there was a George Wishart, 
merchant and baillie, of Dundee, who had 
allied himself with the plotters against the 
cardinaFs life (Laing*s edition of Knox's 
History 0/ the He/ormation, App. ix. p. 536 ; 
Maxwell, Old Dundee, p. 92). Such a part 
as the Wishart who came from the laird of 
Brunston in April 1544 played is, in spite 
of Froude's opinion, out of keeping with the 
character of George Wishart. There is no 
evidence that he returned to England in 
1544. Nothing came of the Brunston plot, 
and the burning of Wishart preceded the 
assassination of the cardinal. 

Petrie, who had private information, men- 
tions that Wishart * came home * in 1544, 
and this agrees with Knox. It is possible 
that by * home ' Petrie means Montrose, and 
not merely Scotland, whither Wishart seems 
to have returned about July 1543, for 
he goes on to say, *He preached first in 
Montrose within a private house next to the 
church except one,* which had evidently been 
pointed out to Petrie. If he went to Mont- 
rose and began preaching there in 1544, it is 
extremely unlikely that he went back to 
England from East Lothian in the spring of 
the same year. He is credited by tradition 
with painting some frescoes in the house of 
Pittarrow, now destroyed, one of which 
showed a procession at Rome of the pope and 
cardinals, and had satirical verses written 
under it. 

From this point till his death the life of 
Wishart has been told by John Knox, his 
disciple and intimate friend. Knox*s vivid 
narrative may be relied on for facts within 
his personal knowledge or communicated to 
him by Wishart himself, or, as regards his 
trial and execution, by eye-witnesses, but 
must be received with caution when it con- 
tains inferences against Cardinal Beaton or 
prophecies attributed to Wishart. In 1545 
Wishart went from Montrose to Dundee, 
where he preached on the epistle to the 
Komans, till Kobert Myll, one of the prin- 
cipal men of the town, inhibited him in the 
name of Mary of Guise and the governor 
Arran. He came down from the pulpit into 



Wishart 



Wishart 



the klrli, but not beftire he had threatened 
bis adveraories with God's veneea nee hy Sre 
and flword for interfering with His mea- 
senger. The earl marshnl and oiher noble- 
men entreated hiin to slay. He declined 
and pasBed ' with bU expedition' to AyrBhire, 
anotner centre of the reformers, where th« 
lollarde of Kyle had eown seed which had 
never beeawtoUy rooted out bypereecmion. 
He waa driven from Ayr bv Dunbar, the 
biahop of Glasgow, who took possession of 
the church and preached against him, though 
the Earl of Olencaim and the gentlemen of 
Kyle supported him. Before ieaviug he 
preached at the market cross ' so notable a 
sernion that the very enemies themselves 
were confounded.' In Kyle he remained 
some time, preaching commonly at the 
kirk of Galflton, residing aC the house of 
liockhart of Barrs in that parish. In sum- 
mer he preached at Mauchhn, and being de- 
barred mim using the kirk by Campbell of 
Mongaawood and other catholic gentlemen, 
he preached from a dyke on the Muir, near 
Mauchhn, saying to his supporter Campbell 
of Kiniieancleiicb, afterwards the devoted 
friend of Knox, that Chriet is ' as potent in 
the field as in the kirk.' News haying come 
that Dundee was suffering from the plague, 
he returned thither probably in August, and 
preached at the head of the East I'ort, the 
eick sitting or standing outside the port, 
from the t«xt, ' He sent his word and heated 
them,' Psalm cvii. Not content with 
'lie was his special office, 
fue-stricken and aided 
poor. A desperate priest, Sir John 
Wighton,was,accordingtoKDOi, sentby the 
cardinal to murder him. Wishart, suspecting 
hia design, drew the whinger out of biaband, 
but aaved Wighlon from the vengeance of 
his followers. He remained in Dundee till 
the plague ceased, and then passed to 
Montrose, where the cardinal, by a forged 
letter pretending to be an invitation from 
Wishan'a friend John Kinnear of that ilk in 
Fife, tried to draw him into an ambuscade 
laid for him within a mile and a half from 
Montrose. Suspecting the plot, Wishart 
declined to go until his followers had exa- 
mined the road and discovered the ambush, 
Wishart, when told, exclaimed, according to 
Knox, ' I know I shall finish this my life 
by this bloodthirsty man's hands, but it will 
not be in this manner,' Uaving trysted the 

Egntleman of the west to meet him at Edin- 
urgh, be returned to Dundee and stayed a 
night at Invergowrie with ' a faithful 
brother,' James Watson, where also he pro- 
phesied his own early death and the tri- 
umph of the Iteformation, Next day lie 



preaching, though thia v 
he visited the plague-, 
the poor. A aesperai 



went to I'erth, and so by the Fife ferry 
crossed the Forth to Edinburgh. On Sun- 
day, 10 Dec., he preached at Leitb from 
the parable of the Bowers. Continuously 

E reaching in various parishes in the neigh- 
Durhood, he passed after Chriatmai to 
Haddington, where hia audience, which had 
been lai^e at his other semons, diminished 
through the influence of Patrick Hepburn, 
third earl of Bothwell [q. v.] He stayed 
at the house of David Forres (afterwards 
general of the mint), and at Lethingtan 
with Sir Richard Maitland [q. v.1, who was 
' eTer civil albeit not persuaded in religion.' 
Next day he received a note that the gentle- 
men who promised to come from Kyle lo 
him could not come, and he told John Knox, 
then acting as tutor at Longniddry, who had 
been with him since be came to Lothian, 
that ' he wearied of the world,' He had 
again few hearers, and in his sermon he 
inveighed against their absence. Like Knox, 
be had full assurance of bis own mission, 
and never spared the denunciation of his 
opponents. The same day, before midnight, 
he was aeiKed by Bothwell in the house of 
Ormiston, to which he bad been taken by 
Cockbum, its laird, Sandilands the younger 
of Calder, and Crichton of Bninston. He 
had refused the company of Knox, who 
attended him since he came to Lothian with 
a two-handed sword, saying to him, ' Be- 
tum to your bairns, and God blesse you: 
one is sufficient for one sacrifice.' After 
supper he had spoken of the death of Ood's 
chosen children, asked his host and fellow 
guests to join in singingthe fifty- first Psalm 
in Scots metre, and gone earlier than his 
wont to bed, praying ' God grant qwyet 
rest.' His rest was broken by Bothwell, 
who declared that opposition was vain, as 
the governor and cardinal, who wore at El- 

Ehinston Tower, were coming after him. 
In a promise being given by £ilhwell that 
he would preserve him from violence and 
not deliver him to the will of the governor 
or the cardinal, he surrendered. Botbwetl 
took Wishattto Edinburgh, and thenbrouglit 
hira hack to his own house of Hales. There, 
soon after 19 Jan. 1545-6, on a warrant of 
the privycouncil, he delivered Wishart, who 
was transported to Edinburgh Castle. At 
the end of January the governor gave him 
up to the cardinal, who took him to the Sea 
Tower in hia castle of St. Andrews, where 
he remained in strict confinement. On 
38 Feb. be was tried by a convocation of 
bishops and other clergy. 

Knox and Pitscottie both give a full ac- 
count of the trial and articles of accusation 
brought forward by J ohn Lauder, archdeacon 



of Teviotdale, and Andrew Oliiiliant, with 
■Wisliart's answers from a tracl (irintBd by 
John Duye, &nd embodied in tbe tiHt edition 
of Foxe's ' Book of &Iartyrs,' printed at BobIs 
in 1550, with many affect log particulars of 
thelaat. day of Wishart'slife. The substance 
of Wishsrt's defence was an appeal to scrip- 
ture from the leading doctrines of the catho- 
lic chufck on the mass, auricular confession, 
purgatory, the celibacy of the clei^y, and the 
authority of the church, than which there 
could be in the eyes of his judges no more 
damning herefiy. How far tbe narrative of 
the trial is nccurate it would be hard tosaj. 
It was certainly em beltislied by Fo\e and 
Knoi with Wishart's prophecy of the cardi- 
nal's speedy death, which Pitscottie also 
gives : ' God forgive that yon man that lies 
HO glorious on yon wall head ; but within 
B few days he shall lye as sbnmeful as he 
lyea glorious now.' Wisburt was convicted 
of heresy, and burnt ou I March 1545-6 on 
the ground at the foot of the castle wynd 
opposite the castle gate. His last words 
given by Knox were spoht 



when be was come kissed his cheek, and 
said, " Lo, here is a token that I forgive 
thee. My hart«, do thine office."' 

Lindsay of Htscotlie (Scottish Text So- 
ciety's edit. ii. 5-1, 66) mentions that the 
caralnal sent Co ibe governor for a criminal 
judge to ' give doom on Master George if 
tbe clergy found him guilty,' and the go- 



o tbe CI 



cose until they had spoken together, hut if 
he would not, that ' his own blood would be 
on his own head.' If this is true, Beaton 
accepted the responsibility. He seems cer- 
tAinly to have been present at the burning, 
Tralcliing it witli the other bishops from tlie 
tower near the gate, nor is ihere any record 
of a sentence by a temporal j udge. Beaton's 
m urder was avowedly in re venge for W i shart 'b 
death, though some of tbe actors had other 
grievances. 

Besides tbe portrait above referred to, 
there are portraits profesKing to be ofGeor^ 
Wishart in the college of Olnsffow, and in 
the Roman catholic college of Blairs, Aber- 
deenshire, which are of doubtful authen- 
ticity. Wiahart's only known writing is 
the translation of the ' Helvetic Confession ' 
ftboTB referred to. It has been conjectured 
that he may have had some share in an 
' Order for Burial of the Dead ' used at Mont- 
rose, also printed in the ' Wodrow Society 
Miscellany.' 

(Tjlnej'a NarrativB in Foia's Book of Miirtjrs, 
£dux'b nceoant of Wisbari ia bin HiBtory of the 



Iterarmation, und Pitai'ottie'n Chroijivles are tlie 
primury aad cuniempDniry uuthorilieB; Laiog'i 
tiotis!! are. bb always, ioauuctive. There is, OD- 
fonumttely.nDaci^ouatofWiE^hurtonthecatholiii 
side, except ihxt of X-mloy in his History, vtaieh is 
very brief. Petrie, in his CompfDilioUH History 
of the Church (Tbe Hague. 1tIS2}, adds a few 
particuUra. By modtra writers more than one 
conlroverBy hns Wi-D raisod over Wiahart's life, 
■wUich of couttB could not be poawd over by 
■uiy church biiloriaa. GrubU's Eccleaisstical 
History is the aiost impartisl. The bite Pro- 
fessor Weir's article in Che North British Review, 
186B,audProfesi<orMitehe11'Btioteinhi>edition 
of the 6ude and Oodlis Bullatea (Scottish Text 
Society. 1 897) i Rngers's Memoir of OeoiBe Wis- 
hart, 18TS ; Hay FJeming's Marlyre anil Con- 
fipfisorB of St. Andrews; The Truth nboQt Georga 
Wishart. by W. CmmDnd, 1898.] JE. M. 

WISHART, GEORGE (1699-1671), 
bishop of Edinliurgh, was the younger son 
of Jofin Wishart of Logie- Wishart, Forfar- 
shire, and grandson of Sir John Wishart of 
that ilk. IIiB father did not succeed to the 
property till 1629, and had settled in East 
Lolnian, where George was born in 1699 
(not 1 609, OS stated by Chambers). He is said 
to have studied at Edinburgh University, 
but his name does not appear in the roll of 
graduates. In 1612 a George Wishart 
matriculated at St. I^alvator's College, St. 
Andrews, graduating in 1613, and it has 
been conjectured from this unusual circum- 
stance that this was the future bishop, who 
had begun his course at Edinburgn and 

Cdunted at St. Andrews, though then onlj 
rteea vears old, It is supposed that ha 
afterwards travelled on the continent, and 
acted as secretary to Archlnshop John 
Spottiswood (lii65-1637) [q. v.] According 
to Hew 8cott {f'ruti, iii. i24) he was pre- 
sented by James VI to the parish of Moni' 
fieth, Forfarshire, on 28 Aug. 1624. Mur- 
doch and Simpson (Deedt of Montrote,'fni, 
p. viii) suggest that this is a clerical error 
for 162-5 ; but as James VI died on 27 March 
1626, Scott is probubiy correct, otherwise 
Charles I must nave made the jiresentatioa. 
"W'iahart was ordained at Dairsie by Spottis- 
wood in September 1626, and then entered 
on his charge at Monitietb. Be continued 
there till 10 April 1626, when he was trans- 
ferred to the second charge in St. Andrews, 
as colleague to Ale^cander Gledstaues, then 
minister of the first chaige. 

In the following year the Marquis of Mont- 
rose entered St. Andrews University, and 
there is evidence that Wisbart then formed an 
acquaintance with him that Iiad en important 
influence upon his career. He received the 
degree of II. D. from St. Andrews prior to 
October 1634, as he is so described in the 



I 

I 
I 



VVishart 



'S' 



Wishart 



n appointed for the main- 
ten&nca of church discipline. When the 
presbTterians obtained the ascendencj, 
Archbiahnp Spottiawood and several of the 
bishops fled t^i England, and Wiehart and 
others joined them at Morpeth. Tlience 
Wishart weat with Spottiawood to New- 
caetle, and prohablv 'o London. The ^neraL 
aasemblv of 1638 deposed the bishopa, and 
in December 1638 the case of Wisliart was 
before the assembly, aa the congregation 
complained that he ' had deserted them. 
aboTe eight months,' hut expressed willing- 
ness to have him back arain. The uiatter 
was continued; but at length, in 1639, 
Wishart was deposed hy the general asseoi- 
blj, having been absent for eig'hteen months. 
He returned with Spottlswood early in 1639 
to Newcastle, and on 19 Oct. of that year ha 
was appointed to a lectureship there in All 
Saints. 

ScQlt (fKrfi, ii. 3i}-l) states that in 1640 
Wishart also held an afternoon lecture- 
ehip at St. Nicholas, Newcastle, in conjunc- 
tion with Ilia other appointment. When 
the covenanters under Leslie besieged the 
town, Wishart was forced to flee; biit after 
the departure of the S^'ots arm; on 35 Sept. 
1B41, he returned to Newcastle. From tlie 
journal of the House of Commons for 
18 June 1642 it appears that he was ' dis- 
missed from his prefemjent as a frequenter 
of taverns,' thoiish ihia order seems to have 
heen disregarded. On I'J May 1643, accord- 
ing to Brand's ' History of Newcastle,' 
Wishart was appointed (or reappointed) to 
the lectureship at St. Nicholas, He was 
certainly in Newcaslle during the second 
siege of that place by Leslie from February 
to October 1644, for a manuscript volume of 
sermons written by him at that time is in 
the possession of the Rev. W. D. Macray of 
the Bodleian Library (Hut. MSS. Comm. 
13th Kep. iv. 60"). "Newcastle fell into the 
hands of Leslie on 19 Oct., and 'S^'ishart 
was sent to Edinburgh with other captives, 
and imprisoned in the Thieves' Hnh, the 
worst part of the Tolbooth. Wiahart's 
house at Newcastle had been plundered, and 
his wife and 6ve survivors ot hie nine chil- 
dren had been turned adrift. For nearly 
twelve months (October- August) he was 
confined in Edinburgh Tolbooth. On 
S3 Jan. 1645 he petitioned the Scottish par- 
liament for 'some reasonable maintenance'' 
for himself and family, which apparently 
was granted, 

Montrosri won the victory at Kilsyth on 
15 Aug. 1645, and immediately sent orders 
for the release of the prisoners nt Edin- 
burgh. Wishart joined the royalist army 



at BothwelL. and was appointed chaplain to 
Montrose, then governor-general of Scotland. 
From this time Wishart was constantly 
with the army, and his narrative of the cam- 
paign is that of an eve-witness. After the 
decisive battle of Pliiliphaugh be accom- 
panied the remnantof the troope, and shared 
in the dangers of Montrose's flight. On 
3 .Sept. 1646 Montrose, with Wishart and 
a few faithful companions, sailed from Iha 
harhourof Montrose and set out for Norv 
Wishart remained with Montrose dm 
his wanderings in Europe, and at li 
reached The Hague, where the story' 
the campaign of 1644-6 was written 
Wishart. The dedication of this wc 
dated 1 Oct. 1647, and it has been 
jectured, in default of precise informaliou 
from the hook itself, that the first edition 
was printed at The Hague, Shortly after 
this date Wishart obtained the chaplaincy of 
a regiment of Scots soldiers in the pav of 
the Prince of Orange. In I6S0 he WM 
minister to the Scots congregation at Schie- 
dam, and he was in that office in 165:!. It 
has been said, on slight evidence, that 
Wishart woe chaplain to Elizabeth, queen 
of Bohemia, though it is more reasonahle to 
suppose that she only extended her favour 
and protection to him, After the Restora- 
tion Wishart returned to England, and in 
September 1660 he was appointed lecturer 
at St. Andrews, ^Newcastle, but he seems to 
have at once passed to the more important 
charge of St. Nicholas, where he had for^ 
merl^ been lecturer. In April 1661 he 
applied to the Scots parliament for Boms 
assistance out of the vacant stlpemls in their 

Sift, and he received a grant of 300/, On 
June 16G2 Wishart was consecrated bishop 
of Edinburgh. This position he retained 
till his death on 26 {?) July 1671. He was 
buried ' wiibinthe kirk of Holyrood bouse' 
on S9 July, and a Latin epitaph on a mural 
tablet beside his grave is still legible. Ha 
married, in early life, Margaret OgilTy,snr'' 
posed to be connected with the Aitl 
family, and had two sons. 

Estimates of Wiahart's character 
according to the religious convictlc 
different writers. Wodrow, with charac- 
taristic prejudice against prelacy, wrote: 
' This man could not refrain from profana 
swearing, even upon the streets of Edin- 
burgh ; and he was a known drunkard. Ha 
published somewhat in divinity ; but then, 
as I find it remarked by a very good hand, 
his lascivious poems, which, compared with 
the most luscious parts of Ovid, " De Arte 
Amandi," are modest, gave scandal to all the 
world.' Keith, on the other band, describes 



irway . 
lu^^^H 

m 



Ha 



Wishart 



"Wishsrl M ' a person of great religion,' who 
'held in grest veneration for his un- 

r tied loyally ;' and lie relates that after 
aining the bishopric Wiithart'B benevolent 
iBpirtt led him to remember and relieve the 
wonts of prcsbyterian prisoners, being miod- 
fiil of his own Bufferings. 

All the known works by Wishart are his 
Xatin account of the catnpaigns of Montrose 
i(l&17^, which passed into a third edition 
Vithin four months ; his Latin ' Anniversary 
Poem' on the death of Montrose (I60I); 
iUid the manuscript sermoas delivered at 
Mewcastla in 1644. A passage in this 
manuscript refers to some work which the 
Uithor bad written on the question of the 
original language of St. Matthew's gospel ; 
lut this work is not known, though it may 
be the book referred to by Wodrow as 
'aomewhat in divinity.' The 'lascivioiiB 
poems' which Wodrow mentions are quite 

[Thr latest and best aathorlty is Murdoch 
Bnd SimpooTi'ii Deeds of Montruie (1393), which 
contains Wishart'ii Lntin tut. no Enelish ti^ns- 
InlioD. and a full bibliotfrsphy, togelh(<r with a 
biazrnphy of Wishart ns prefsce. The sketch 
of Wishnrt in Chambem's Eminent Scotsmen is 
' incorrect. Keith's Cat. of Biahopa; Wod- 
s Hist, of Church uf Scotland, ]g:;»ed. i. 
; Lyone Hirt. of St, Andrews, ii. 13; cf. 
>'Api<'i-'s Memoirs of Moatri»e.| A. H. M. 

WIBHAET, Sir JA5IES (rf. 1729), ad- 
; miral, is first mentioned on 4 July 1689 as 
appointed captain of the Pearl. In 16i)0-l 
lie commanded the Mary galley, employed 
1 convoying the trade to and from the 
Baltic ; and in 160:2 the GO-gun ship Ox- 
ford at the battle of Barlleur. In 1095 be 
rst captain to Sir George Itooke [q, v.] 
n the Queen ; and in 1696-7 commanded 
the Dorsetshire of eighty guns, one of the 
grand Heet under John, ford Berkeley of 
Btrattou (1663-1697) [q. v.], and, after his 
.'death, under Rooke. In 1699 he was cap- 
tain of the Mary, in 1700 of the Windsor, 
in 1791 of the Expedition, and later in the 
Tear of the Dartmouth. These seem all to 
lave been guard ships during the peace; in 
170*2 he commnndea the EbkIs in the tieet 
«ff Cadiz and at Vigo under Kooke ; in 1703 
is again Kooke's first captain in the 
Channel fleet. In the following January, 
'When Captain William Whetstone [q. v!], 
,nrho was a few days junior to Wishart on 
^thepoBt list, was promoted to be renr-udm irul 
\fd the blue, Rooke took the matter up very 
T»Brm!y ae an injustice to Wishart and a 
^Teflectionon himself (Crarsocx, ii. 301-3; 
Journal of Sir Geurgr liooke. pp. 2IJ8-62), 
Snd practically compelled Prince George, 




the lord high admiral, to promote Wishart, 
antedating nis commission to 8 Jan., 
to restiiru his seniority ; at the same time 
Wishart was knighted, apparently out of 
compliment to Rooke, with whom he 
continued through 1704 ae first captain, 
or, as it is now called, captain of tha 
fleet. On 20 June 1708 Wishart was ap- 
pointed one of the prince's council, an office 
which came to an end on the prince's death 
on 3!it Oct. 

On 20 Dec. 1708 he was promoted to be 
admiral of the blue. This revived the old 

Snestion of his relative seniority, and Sir 
ohn Jennings [q. v.] and Sir John Norris 
(1660?-i;49) [q, v.], who were both senior 
to him on the post list, and John Baker 
(1661-1716) [q. v.] and Sir Edward Whi- 
taker [q. v.], who, though junior, had hoisted 
their Hags as vice-admirals, were antedated 
to 17, 18, and 20 Dec, with special minutes 
that they took post before Wishart. By an 
order from the queen signified by Lord 
Bnlingbroke on 8 Dec. 1713, these minutes 
were carefully obliterated, and can now only 
be read with great ditficulty. On 20 Dec. 
1710 Wishart, who had identified himsi'lf 
with the tories, was appointed one of the lords 
of the admiralty, and in February 1711-13 
he was sent to Holland as commissioner to 
regulate the relative strength of the Dutch 
contingent of the fleet. (In 8 Dec. 1713, the 
date of the obliterations, he was pro 
to be admiral of the white pqua^t, 
appointed commander-in-chief in the Medi- 
terranean, On the accession of George I, 
however, he paid the penalty for dabblingin 
politics, lie was summarily superseded 
from his command and had no further em- 

Eloyment. His later years seem to have 
een passed at an estate which be had pur- 
chased with his own and his wife's money, 
near Bedale in Yorkshire, and there he died 
in ]72it. 

[Charroik's Biogr. Nav. ii. 299 ; Official Ut- 
ters Hnd muiioisoioD and warrant boots in tbo 
Public Record Office.] J. K. L. 

WISHART, Sib JOHN (d. 1570), Scot- 
tish judge, wns the eldest son of Jamea 
Wishart of Caimbeg in the parish of For- 
doun,KincardtueHhire,and grandson of Jamea 
Wishart of Pittarrow in the same parish, 
clerk of the justiciary court and king's advo- 
cate. He succeeded his uncle, John Wishart, 
in the lands and barony of Pittarrow. 

Wishart, like his grandfather, studied law 
at Edinburgh. It is conjectured with some 
probability that he was identical with the 
Wishart employed as an envoy to the English 
court in the conspiracy against Cardinal 



I 



Wishart 



'54 



Wishart 



Beaton, John waa (.■onnected by marriage 
■witb Jnmes Learmont of Balcomie, the car- 
dinal's avowed enemy, and it issuroilfiedthat 
while at Edinburgh he became ncquainled 
with Alesander Crichton of Bruneton, Nor- 
man Leslie [q. v.], and olhers who were 
engaged in the plot. The whole question of 
the iUeutity of the enyov, however, la in- 
volved in doubt [see WlSHAEr, Qboboe, 
1513P-1547]. After succeeding to hia pater- 
nal estates in 1545 he took no great sliftre in 
Tublic affairs for the next twelve years. On 
i March 1550-7 he joined Archibald Camp- 
bell, fourth earl of Argyll [q.v.], Alexander 
Cunningham, fifth earl of Qlencaim [q.v.]. 
Lord James Stewart (afterwards Earl oiMar 
and Earl of Morav) fq.v.l and John Erskine 
ofDun (1509-1591) [q.vr], in signingalelter 
to John Knox, who was then at Geneva, in- 
viting him to return to Scotland (KnOX, 
MUtory, 1846, i. 287-74). Knoi accepted 
the invitation, hut on reaching Dieppe In 
October he learned that the zeal of tte re- 
formers had considerably abated, lie re- 
Bolved to return to Geneva, but before leav- 
ing Dieppe he addressed letters of exhorta- 
tion lo the leading reformers and private 
epistles to Wishart and Erskine. On the 
receipt of these letters the two men called 
ttiguther the heads of the reforming party 
and urged them to immediate action. In 
consequence the reformers on S Dec. 1557 
signed the ' band.' or first covenant, and con- 
federated themselves under the name of the 
congregation for the destruction of the Ro- 
man catholic church in Scotland (cf. Sari. 
MS. 289, f. 7 a). 

During the next few years Wishart con- 
tinued one of the leading members of the 
congregation. When, on^ May 1659, they 
met at Perth to concert resistance to the 

aueen regent, Wishart and Erskine were 
eputed to assure the royal envoys that, 
while the members of the congregation 
cherished no disloyal intentions, they would 
firmly aasert their privileges. On 4 June 
Wisiiart and Erskine bad a conference ot 
St. Andrews with Argyll and Lord Jamos 
Stewart, who had been suspected of lean- 
ings towards the regent's party since the 
spoiling of the monasteries by the rabble in 
May. The rrault was favourable to the re- 
formers, and Knox commenced an open on- 
slaught, on Catholicism at St. Andrews, which 
was immediately followed by renewed icono- 
olastic outbrealra. Soon afterwards ^'ishMt 
and William Cunningham of Cunningham- 
head were appointed to negotiate with the 
queen regent, Mary of Goisa, on the subject 
of liberty of worship. A second deputation, 
of which Wishart wss one, failed to obtain 



more than vague promises, and Ib*^ proceeded 
to demand the banishment of her French sap- 
porters from the kingdom. Finding it impos- 
sible to gain aatisfactaty assurances from her, 
the protestant lords met at Edinburgh in 
October and elected a council of authority, 
to which Wishttrt was chosen (Cal. Stale 
Pnpcra,Scottish,l547-63,p,2S5). Themem- 
bera of this body drew up and Bubscribi:d 
a manifesto in which, in return for her 
duplicity, it was declared that Mary had 
forfeited the office of regent. In Fe&ruary 
1559-60 he attended its commissioner the 
convention of Berwick, where the Duke 
of Norfolk, on behalf of Queen Elizabeth, 
agreed Co support the congregation against 
the power of France, and terma of treaty 
were arranged (ib. pp, 313, 324). In April 
the English army reached Edinburgh, and 
W'ishart was prominent in welcoming it and 
promising cordial co-operation {id. p. 'AVi). 
On 11 April he took part in a conference 
with the English envoys (ib, p. 357). 

Wishart was named one of the com- 
missioners of burghs in the parliament held 
at Edinburgh on I Aug. 1560 (Act* tif 
Scoitiiih Pari. ii. 026), and on 10 Aug. lis 
was chosen a temporal lord of the articles 
(Cal. State Paperi, Scottish, 1547-63, p. 
458). This parliament ratiSed the confee- 
sion of faith. The government of the state 
in the interval between the death of the 
queen regent and the arrival of Mary Stuart 
was entrusted to a body of fourteen chosen 
from twenty-four persons nominated by par- 
liament, of whom air, including Wislmrt, 
were selected by the nobility, and eight by 
Mary. On 24 Jan. 15CI-2 he was appoiuteil 
a commissioner to value ecclesiastical pro- 
perty, with a view to compelling the Roman 
catholic clergy to surrender a third of their 
revenues. On 8 Feb. 1561-2 he was 
knighted on the occasion of the roarriogE 
of the Earl of Mur, and on I March ho was 
appointed comptroller and collector- general 
of teinds, in which capacity he became a 
member of the privy council (Keff. Scall. 
iViiy founciV, ed. Burton, 164.5-69, p. 21), 
where, however, he had sat as early as 6 Dec. 
1660 iib. Addends, 1545-1625, p. 3001. In 
this capacity hebecame paymaster of the re- 
formed clergy, many of whom resented the 
scantinesa of their stipends. According to 
Knox, the saying was current, ' The good 
laird of Pittarro was aue earnest profeasour 
of Christ; but the mekle Devill receave the 
comptrollar' (Khox, Ifi*t. ii. 311). 

W ishnrt distinguished himself at the 
battle of Corrichie, near Aberdeen, on 
5 Nov. 1562, bv his services against the 
followers of the Eorlof Huntly [see GoBMii, 



Wishart 



Wishart 



I 



Gbobsb, fourth Earl]. In the parliament 
held at Edinbui^h on 5 June 1S63 be was 
one of ihoee appointed to detenoine who 
should be included in the act of oblivion 
for offences comniitied between 6 March 
IS-Wand lSept.l5m(ActiiofSculti«AParl. 
ii. fiSflV 

While thus employed in state aSain 
Wishart did not neglect his private in- 
terests. Between 1557 and li)65 be obtained 
liberal grants of lands in Kincardineshire 
and Aberdeenshire. But hi« fortunes met with 
a Budilen reverse. According; to Knox, the 
queen bated him 'because ha flattered her 
not in her dancing and other thinifs.' In 
August 1565 he joined the Earl of Moray 
in opposing Mary's marriage with Lord i 
Denuev, waa denounced as a rebel, and 
compeited to fly to England, where he 
remained until the assassination of David ' 
Rizzioon 9 March 156o-6 and the alienation 
of Mary from Damlej enabled him to return. 
He received a royal pardon on 31 March, but 
he did Dot recover the office of comptroller, 
which was held bv BJr William Murray {d. 
1583) [q. v.] In'l5fl7 he joined the con- 
federacy a^inst the Earl of Bothwell, and on 
25 July subscribed the articles in the general 
assembly. On 19 Nov. he was appointed an 
extraordinary lord of session, and in October 
IMS accompanied the regent Morav to 
York to support his cbar^jea against Maty 
(Memoirt of Sir Janir» Melville, Bannatyne 
Club, 15^7, p. 205). IleprBserved his loyalty 
during the Earl of Iluntly's rebellion in 
1A66 [see Gobdox, Gbobob, fifth Eirl], 
and was appointed an arbitrator in regard 
to the compensation to be made to those 
who had suffered by it (Rfff. Sfott, Priry 
Counal, JH5-69 pp. Wo, BG.'i, 667, 1569- 
1578 p, 9). Before Moray's assassination 
in 1570, however, he had left hi.H parly, and 
attached himself to that of the Duke of 
ChitelherauU [see Hamilton, Jambs]. In 
1570 he was protected from debts incurred 
during his term of office as comptroller by nn 
act of the privy council (li. Add. 1545- 
1625, p. 320). in February 1572-3 he was 

S)pflint«d in the pacification between 
hStelhernult and the Earl of Morton [see 
DouQLAB, Jamss, fourth Earl] one of the 
Bibitrators to see that the conditions were 
Carried out north of the Tay (i6. 1669-78, 

f. 195). He joined Sir William Kirkcaldy 
q. v.] in Eilinburgh Castle, and became 
constattle of the fortress. He was one of 
the eight persons by whose assistance 
Kirkcaldy undert«)k to hold the castle 
Bsainst all assailants, and on the capitula- 
tion to Morton in May 15T3 he became a 
prisoner (Spottibwoode, Hiit. of Church of 



Scotland, Bannatyne Club, ii. 193). On 
11 June he was denounced as a rebel, and 
his lands and goods conferred on his nephew 
John Wishart, ' son to Mr. Jamea Wishart 
of Balfeeth.' He was also deprived of lus 
judicial office, but on 18 Jan. 1573^ he 
was reappointed an extraordinary lord of 
session, and on 20 March took his seat ii 
the privy council (Reg. Priiy Council, 1B69- 
1578, p. SIB). Wishart died without issut 
on a5 Sept. 1576. He married Janet, aistei 
of Sir AleKander Falconer of Halkertou ir 
Kincardineshire. He was succeeded in his 
estates by hjs nephew John Wishart, eldest 
son of Jamea Wishart of Balfeith. In 1573 
John Davidson(l549?-I603)[q, v.] dedicated 
to Wishart hia poem on Knox, ' Ana Brief 
IJomraendatio™ of Vprichtnes.' The English 
ambassador, Thomas Randolph (1523-1590) 
[q. v.], had a very high opinion of Wishart) 
whom he described as ' a man men-ileos 
wyse, discryte, and godly, withowte spotte or 
wryncle" (Cn/.S(/r(e fo;)eM, Scottish, 1547- 
1563, p. 513). Wishart was one of those 
wittily portrayed in Thomas Maitlnnd's 
squib representing a conference of the lords 
with the regent Moray [see under Maitlakp, 
Sir RicHABs, Lord LbthikstonI. 

[Bogers'B Life of George Wiehnrt. 1879, 
pp. 82-8 ; ReKister of the Saottish Privy 
Council, ed. Burton, 1.546-78: Cormsp. of 
Randolph in Cal. Suta Papcrv, Srottish, Ifit?.- 
IfiSS, ed. Hnin; McCris's Lifa of Knai, 1855, 
pp. 99, 185. -107, 180, 148 ; Knoi'a Works, ed. 
Luing, 1848, vula. i. ii. ; Koith's Hist, of Soot- 
Uad, 1734. pp. 96. 117-19.316; Bannstyne'i 
Men>oriiilf3(BHnDntyneClub},pp. 011,149, 308; 
Calderwood^s Hisl. of Scotland (Wodro* Soe.), 
vols, i-iii. ; BruntoD and Haig'a Senators of the 
Collie of JuBtico, 1832, pp. 137-8.] B. L C. 

WISHART, ROBERT (rf. 1316), bishop 
of Glasgow, belonged to the family of Wia- 
bart or Wiseheart of Pittnrrow, Forfarshire, 
and was either nephew or cousin of William 
Wishart, bishop of St. Andrews and chan- 
cellor of Scotland. Williari Wishart was 
bishop-elect of Glasgow in 1270, but before 
he was installed he was tronsferred to the 
b ishopricof St. Andrews, and Robert Wishart, 
then archdeacon of St. Andrews, was pre- 
ferred to the see of Glasgow. No record 
exists of his early career, and his name first 
appears as bishopof Glasgow, in which office 
he was consecrated at Aberdeen in 1372 
( CAnm. Melroie). Wishart rapidly achieved 
a. leading position among the prelates who 
directed affairs of slate during the reign of 
Alexander III, andafler that monarch'adealh 
on 10 March 1285-6 he was appointed one of 
the six guardians of the realm, the govern- 
ment of the land south of the Forth bebg 



I 



J 



Wishart 



Wissing 



committed to Wishart, John Comyn, lord of 
Badenoch. and Jsnms, high stewanl of Scot- 
land, TLu succeasion to the crown had been 
settled upon M&rgnret, the Maid of Korwaj, 
gnuiddauE-hter of Alexander III, and daugh- 
ter of Eric, Iting of Norway, who was then 
only three years old. SofaraBcanbejud^d, 
WisilDit remained true to her intereetB, and 
when Eric sent plenipotentiaries to England 
to consult with her grand-uncle. Edward t,as 
to the settlement of Scottish aiTairB, Wishart 
was invited by Edward to meet these com- 
miMioneni at Salisbury, The treaty drawn 
up in 1280-90 left it in the power of Edward 
to detain ths Maid in England until he was 
satisfied that Scotland was in a stale of 
tranquillity. Meanwhile Edward had ob- 
tained a dispensation from the pope to enable 
his son Edward to marry the Scottish queen, 
OS they were within the prohibited degreea ; 
and when this project was announced to 
the Scottish parliament at Brighara, it was 
accepted readily, and Wiabart appended his 
signature to a letter from the four surviving 
guardians informing Eric of their consent to 
the proposal iFcedera, ii. 471). Wishart, 
bishop of Glasgow, and Eraser, bishop of St. 
Andrews, were thus won over to the support 
of Edward I ; but James, the high steward, 
favoured the claims of Bruce, while Comyn 
was himself a claimant. 

When news was brought to Scotland that 
Margaret of Norway had died in September 
1290 on her way to assume the crown, Ed- 
ward as lord-paramount placed John Baliol 
on the throne with the concurrence of 
Wiahartjwho swore fealty to Edward during 
luB triumphal progress through Scotland in 
1296. lie was high in favour with the king 
in 1298, but the encroachments of Edward 
upon the liberties of Scotland, which had 
been apparently secured by the treaty of 
Salisbury, at length provoked Wishart to re- 
volt, and he earnestly took up and prosecuted 
the cause of Rol*rt Bruce. So active was 
Wishart's bostilitv to Edward that when he 
was captured in 1301 and thrown into prison 
he was not released until he had once more 
sworn fealty to Edward. His patriotism or 
love of intrigue soon ledhimtooisregard this 
«aeredobligation,and Edward wrotespecially 
to Boniface VIII asking to have Wishart de- 
prived of his see. To this the pope would 
not consent, but he directed a special missive 
to Wishart commanding him to desist from I 
his opposition to Edward, and denouncing 
him as 'the priine mover and instigator of 
•11 the tumult and dissension which has 
arisen between bis deareet son in Christ, 
Edward, king of England, and the Scots.' 
This remonstrance had no deterrent effect 



upon Wishart. He joined the little hand 
of patriots uuder Wallace, and the animosity 
with which Edward regarded him is shown 
by the exclusion of W'ishart from the fairly 
generotis terms offered to the defeBt«d Scots 
at Strathord in Februarv 1303-1. Wishart 
next appears prominently in histonf as offi- 
ciating at the coronation of Robert Bruceat 
Scone on 27 March 1^06, when he supplied 
robes for the king from his own wardrobe. 
He shared the misfortunes of Bruce during 
that eventful year. After the battle of 
Methven, Wishart fled to the castle of Cupar 
in Fife, where he was capture<l by Aymer de 
Valence,earl of Pembroke.and sent 'fettered, 
and in bis coat of mail,' as a prisoner to Not- 
tiogbam. Thence he was removed to Por- 
cbesterCastleandkept in strict confinement. 
Here he spent eight years in captivity, and 
while in prison be became blind. Not until 
after the battle of Bannockbum in 1314 did 
he regain his liberty, being one of the flvo 

Srisonersexchanged for Humphrey deBohnn, 
)urth earl of Hereford ^q. v.] Wishart re- 
turned to bis diocese, and died there on 
26 Nov. 1316, and was buried in Glasgow 
Cathedral, where his tomb, with a recum- 
bent effigy, is still in existence. 

In the character of Wishart the patriot 
was superior to the priest. Twice he swore 
allegiance to Edward, and twice be broke 
his vow when his conntir demanded his 
services. By a violation of the strict rules 
of the church, be granted absolution to 
Bruce for the slaughter of Comyn, though 
that murder bad been committed on the 



rendered everything. 

[KoiUi's Cat. of Bishops, p. U3 : Gordon'* 
Scotichronicon, ii. 18i ; Eyre-Twld's Book uf 
Gla^ow Cathedral, p. 162 aod othsr pasiagcs; 
fjough'a Scotland in r2SS, pp. 115 et seq.; 
Tyclor's Hist, of Scotland, i. iS, 8ft, 94, 123; 
Rymer's FiedBra, i. B46 et aeq. ; Fordun ; Win- 
ton : Hniles. pustim,] A. H. M. 

WISSING. WILLEM (16.56-1687), po^ 
trait-painler, born at Amsterdam in 16A(!, 
studied painting under W. Ooudyns at The 
Hague. After a short stay at Paris he came 
to England about 16S0, and worked for Sir 
Peter Lely [q. v.] After Irfly'e death he 
became a formidalile rival to Sir Oodfrer 
Kneller for the patronage of the court and 
nobility. He painted the Duke of Mon- 
month more than once. On the accession of 
James II be became the favourite painter of 
that king and Mary of Modena. He wa« 
sent to Holland to paint the IMuce and 



Witchell 



Withals 



Princess of Orniige, and aUo pn'mteil the 
Princess Anne and her huaband, I'rinL'i) 
GeorgH of DKnmavk. Wissing waa young 
and ffood-lookin^, and obtained a roputaCioa 
for lluttering Indiee in their portraits. He 
U said to have taken b; the hand those who 
Iiad too pale a complexion, and lo have 
danced them ahout the room until thecolour 
csme into their cheeks. His portraits of 
children were also much admired. He was 



Homo he died unexpectedly, on 10 Sept. 
1687, in Ilia thirty-second year. W'issing 
waa buried in St. Martin's Churcli at Scam- 
ibrd, where a monument was erected to his 



triLits were engraved in mezzotint, and ehow 
gretiler charm than most of the works of his 
contemporaries. Matthew Prior [q.v.l wrote 
4 ^oem ' To the Countess Dowager of Devon- 
ahiTV on a Piece of Wiessen's [nc], whereon 
were all her Grandsons painted.' His own 
portrait, by himself, was finely engraved in 
mentotiut by John Smith. In the National 
Portrait Onllery there are portrnita by Wis- 
sing of Mary of Modetva, Blary II, the Duke 
<if Monmouth, Prince George ot Denmark, 
John, lord Cutts, and the poet Earl of 
Eochesler. 

[WBlpok''«Anecaole«otPainting,ed.Wornuni, 
with manusoript noira b; O. Si^biirf ; lte<l|jriire's 
Diet, of Arliula ; D« Piless Lives of IhuPalnters ; 
Calatoguo of the Kntional Portrait ijBllerj.] 
L. C. 

WITCHELL, EDWIN (1823-1987), 
geologist, was 1>oru in June 1823, his father 
£dwud Witchell of Nymphsfield, Ulouces- 
terskire, being a yeoman of good standing. 
The boy showed an aptitude for stiid^v, and 
vae placed at the age of thirteen in the 
«ffiCB of a solicitor of Stroad, named Paris, 
to whom he was afterwards articled, and 
to whose practice he succeeded in 1847. 
'Though fond of out door sports, and especially 
of hunting, Witchell gradually devoted more 
id more lime to geology, perhaps incited 
lereto by George Julius Poulett Scrope 
'[q. ».], M. P. for Stroud, for whom he acted 
_M confidential agent for many years. From 
1684 he suffered at times from angina pectoris, 
Iiut he continued to work at bis profession 
■nd at science till be died suddenly on a 
KMlogical excursion at Swift's Hill, near 
■^roitd, on 20 Aug. 1887, 
. He was elected F.G.S. in 1861, com- 
miinicBting papers to that society and to 
"the ' Proceedings ' of the Cotleswold Club 
(of which he was treasurer), about ten lu 
all, and published a Kmall book on the 
geology of Stroud ^1862). He formed a 

TOL, LXIt. 




good collection of fo.'isils, which 
delineated by his own hand, 
energetic promoter of science in liis neigh- 
bourhood, where ho won universal respect. 
[Obilunrj notices in Quart. .lour. Geol. Sue 
vol. xlii. Proaedings, p. 41, ia Geol. Ung. 1887, 
p. *7B (from the Stroud News), and Royal So- 
ciety's Cutalogus of ScioDtific Papers.) 

■r. G. B. 

WITHALS or WHITHALS, JOHN 
(Jl, looti), lonicographer, probably a school- 
master, was author of an Euglisli-Liatin vo- 
cabuhiry for children. The English words, 
with tbeir Latin equivalents aBixed, were 
classified under suchheadingsas'skie/'four- 
footed beostes,' ' the partes of housinge,' 
'clothinge and apparell,' ■ instrumentes of 
■nusicbe,' and the like. A list of adjectives 
in alphabetical order is given at the end. 
The words reach a total of six thousand — a 
small number when compared with the nine- 
teen thousand in Palsgrave's ' LesclarciasB- 
ineut de la Langue P'rancoysa ' (^1630), an 
English -French dictionary, or with the 
twenty-six thousand in liichard Huloet's 
'AbecedariumAnglo-Latiuum,' I6o2,orwith 
the nine thousand in Peter Levina's English- 
Latin ' Manipulue Vocabulorum ' (167U). 

According to Herbert's edition of Ames'a 
'Typographical Antiquities,' the work was 
first printed by Wynkyn de Worde ' in the 
late house of William Cnxton ' about 1510, 
and was reissued in 1554 by Thomas Ber- 
thelet. No copies of these dates have been 
met with, and it seems doubtful if the book 
was sent to press before 1556. In that year 
the earliest edition now discoverable was 
published under the title; ' A Short Dic- 
tionarie for Yonge Beginners, gathered of 
good authours, specially of Columell[a1, Gra- 
pald[i] and Plini. Anno 1656.' Thecot'ophon 
ran: 'Thus endelh this Dictionarie veryne- 
cessarie for children. Compiled by Jhon 
Whithalg. Imprinted at London bv Jhon 
Kington for Jhon Waley and Abraham 
Vele, 1656 ' (4lo, Brit. Mus.) The author 
claimed no personal acquaintance with his 
patron, Sir Tliumaa Chalouer the elder [q, v.], 
to whom the work was dedicated, but Cha- 
loner was invited to aid in ' the finishing of 
this little book' 'after the mnnnerof Sir 
'I'homaa Etyote.' The aim of the book was 
to ' induce children to the Latin tongue ' and 
familiarise them in adult years' botfieindis- 
piitacion' and familiar cuurersation with 
' the proper and naturatl woord.' 

Withals's ' :^hDrt Dictionarie 
standard school book. After being reissued 
by Wykes in 136'i and 1.56'', it m'ss reprinted 
for the first of many times by Thomas I'ur- 
foot in 1572 with an appendix of phrases by 



I 

I 




Wiiham ==> Witham 



I>:Tr> Ertr.i iT I'Ti \\'^\ T:^t:I;:=;t r^r::r^^i ::• P&n&. and was crested D.D. at 

n'T V.-rr -.lir' :.-l<r- -ASir: l*jr-^:-^Lr.T :l-r >:rtt:-ii^ :n 14 Anc^. 166&. He taught 

zz^'j^. z.r:±ZL'.'.r ::? Y.:^ &fr-lij>rr5. -i-r : ie: I :tT i: I*: hit fr:»m Ite'* to 1092. After 

*^:r.-z ir. rjz^-z :-: TTrr.^z. ti. i t^*=.-T- t-ri -«--:l srrr.z^ : - : Ir Enr^isb mission at Newcastle- 

c.T^rse P^ir*.*'* !.- i :"i-=:r t":_^r^t^ -'=^^r^■sl^■.•^ :--Ttt.t l-e irras fcppointed vicar-general 

fci;-: : tT I^-»-r4 Z^ir^*.' Etlt^ zz.irz Bisirp J&!ne« ^mitli in the northern 



fciir^-.5r-5 & i'?-:l54-::<i :: h::^rr: I»z£l-rj. iijrrlr. t: l^X^l he was sent to Rome bj 

•at! '.f Lfr::-»:r:r, P.rf :•::'? *-ir:!: :: rriT- Ei*i::* Lr:rb^'.i^T:e. *.Tiffard, and Smitlx,and 

prAre-i it::;.-. .;•. c'i.i:^r :=. :-!p*1. "TiT :l:ri Lr ^::":ir ::■=•£ :o rrfiie there as Agent for the 

tlm*: c?:irr*c"r-i.' In I-!^?^ :: TrL-i >-:*i:ie£ Er-rlisi vl.::ar«-fcp?.*tolic until 1703, when he 

wi:h a g^-^-.ni tjT-rr.iii. It AtrtLin P.— wl* r:::n:i:A:*ri vicar- apostolic of the mid- 

mizLz 'c-T.'. .f • n:rr "iiz jii Lini>-i rrl- It- i £.«■ rlc: ■:•: England, beinsr con.secrated 

mi^il: T-:r*.ea. wL^r^f zlist br pr: ur rtlkl. a: M:nrr-£iiC"ni to the see of Marcopolia ta 

hftVL*: h*:rrt'::Vrr f:-:ni in >:*.£* a■::h:^l^§ tni j-jrTiyij inruie^ium. In 1715 he was trans- 

orhrrvjme n-turr 'Orfrr* :ii* ::=:* *^nr- t ItT-ri ::• the rionhrm district. He died at 

read in th- LA::r.-r T:r.z--r. a« hi'iinr their CLifV liili ?n 16 April 1725, and was buried 

orljrinali zraor in Er.rlian.' Thrrs- -ara* aif-e-i a: rh-r parish church of Mantield. 

to ETui«a dr^:ca"i:n :? Le:<v*":er a La* in Hi* br::hrr. Thoxjls Witham, D.D. (d, 

addres; bv Flrrminr. • Ai Phi'.on:.!*.:-? de is'.j 17i'^'. wa« educated at Douav and at the 

Dictionarl'^Io r.ir.o rircen* aT:c: ?/ and tier? EnzM*h seminary of St. Gregory at Paris, 

were commenda-orr vrrsr^ bTTbDmas New- Bein:: apr-^imed one of the chaplains of 

ton and S. H. Th:« t-dition r^^pp^-eared frr>m. James 11. he came to London and discharged 

Purfoot's press in l-j^i^ and 1602. In 1«5<> the duiirs of his office until the Revolution, 

a new edition, print r<i asain by Purf«>:t. He wa5 created a Doctor of the Sorbonne on 

supplied a fur her appendix by William 25 April 1692, was superior of St. Gregory's 

Clerk. In 101*j a riris^ue. which received seminarv from 1699 to 1717, and died at 

final additions from an anonymous pen. bDre Dunkirk on JS Jan. 1728. He wrote * A 

the title, 'A Dictionarie in Enzlish and Short Discourse upon the Life and Death of 

Latine deuised for the capacity of children Mr. George Throclnnorton,' n'tift loco^ 1706, 

and youn;? Beginners. At first set foorth by li'mo. pp. 120. and a volume of manuscript 

M. Withals, wiih Phrases b^-jth Khythmical sermons now in the possession of Mr. Joseph 

and Prouerbial : r^-coznis^d by I>r. Euans : Ciillow. who has prepared it for publication. 

afr*fr by Abr FWminr.and then by William rB«,a^'5^pi5^^p,^15^^.^ji<,n •- 54^. q^^^ 

Clerk. And now at this ltL*t impression \\S Mts'. and Review (Birmingham. Januarr- 

enlarged with an encrease of ^^ ords. Sen- Auju*: 1833\iii. 73, 98; Notes .-md Qofries. 

tence-i. Phrases Epiaram*. Histories. P->eti- Ist ser. vii. 243, 390.] T. C. 

call Fiction^, and Alphabetical! l^roverbs: 

with a Comp.ndious NomencUtor newly WITHAM, ROBERT (d, 173S), biblical 

adde<l at the ^nd.' This was reissued by scholar, brother of Bishop George Witham 

Purforjt in 1023 and 16.*U. No later edition ^q. v.], received his education in the English 

is known. . College at Douay, where he was for several 

( WithaLs's Diciiorarie in Brit. Mus. Librarv; " .\^f * professor of philosophy and divinity. 

II. B. Whe;itlev*8 Chrrmolopical Notice* on th- ! Subsequently he was sent to England on 

Dictionaries of'th'.- English Linfniaffe in Philo- 1 the mission, and was much esteemed by his 



loL'ical Society'H Transactions, 1865; British 
Bil^li'^T^pher, ii. 582.] S. L. 

WITHAM, GEOUGE (1655-1 72.5^ Ilo- 
man (;atliolic prelate, bom on 16 May 1655, 
w«4 the third H^m of (ieorjre Witham of Cliffe 
I Ittll, n<?ar Djirlin^'tun, Yorkshire, by his wife 
(Jnice, rlaufrhlfr of Sir Marmaduku Wyvill, 
burl., of Hiirton Constable in that county 
(Fo.siKK, YorA-Jt/iire Pedigrees). Robert 
Witham [q. v. J was liis brother. George 
eiitj-njd th»' English College at Douay in 
HKJ<), and subHfn|u<.*ntly ]>roceeded to tlie 
Hfiininary of St. Gn*.gory at Paris to take the 
tlwologifuil d«»gn*(!H. I laving graduated B.D. 
lit, tlu^ SorboniH*, he taught philosophy at 
IJouay in the vacations of 1684 and 16(55. He 



brethren. Ljwn the decease of Edward 
Past on ^q. v. ., president of Douay College, 
he was promoted to that dignity in 1714. 
Resuming his studies, he delivered lectures 
on divinitv and was created doctor in that 
facultv by the universitvof Doiiavon 8 July 
1092. lie built a handsome church and 
erect e<l a noble structure upon part of the 
ruins of the ancient college, and he was most 
diligent in promoting learning and discipline. 
He died on 20 May (N. S.) 1738. 

He was the author of: 1. * Theologia/ 
Douay, 1692, fol., containing the theses 
which he maintained on being created D.D. 
2. * Annotations on the New Testament of 
Jesus Christ, in which, 1. The literal sense 
is explained according to the Expositions of 



t Fatliers. 2, Tlie fulse Inter- 
prelatioas, both of tlio niicieiit tind modem 
Wrilera, whicli are contranr to the received 
Doctrine of t.he Catholic Church, are hrieflj 
eiamined and diaproved. 3. With an Ac- 
count of the chief diflereaces betwixt I.he 
Text of the ancient Lafin Voraion and the 
I Greek in the printed Editions and Manu- 
■ •cripla,' [Douay], 1730, 2 vol*. 8vo. This 
Wt worB conrains a translation of the whole of 
P the New Testament. The preface is re^ 
-printed In the BppendJi to ' Rhemes and 
I)owayH1856) by Archdeacon Henry Col ton 
To. v.], who Bays that the worlt ' stands in 
Iiigh feyour with Roman catholicsat present, 

I both Be to its text and its annotations,' The 
annotations were reprinted at Manchestfir in 
1813 in Oswald Syers'a ' Bible.' A reply to 
■UVitham'a work appeared under (he title of 
* Popery an Enemy to Scri^plure. By James 
'Berces, vicar of Applebv, Lincolnshire,' Lon- 
don, 1736, 8yo, 
[Barnafd's Life if Biahop Clialloner, p, 67; 
C'ltton's Blieraes and Doiiay; Dodd's Church 
Hist. iii. 488 ; Home's Iiitrod. to the Holy Scrip- 
lnres(1846). T. 109.] T. C. 



WITHENS or WITHLNS, Sir FltAN- 

LCISUt«H?-l"0*).judge. [See Wetuesa.] 




(158S-1607), poet and pamphleteer, the eldest 
of three sons of Oeor){e Wither, by his wife, 
Anne Serle, was born at Bentworth, near 
Alton, Hampshire, on 11 June 1588. He re- 
fers to ' BentwoTth's beechy shadows ' in his 
' Abuses striptandwhipt.' The Wither family 
ia said to have been originally set tied in Lan- 
cashire, but five ^reaerations had been settled 
before the poet's birth in Hampshire. The 
eldest branch of the family was lonf; settled 
at Manydown, near Wotton St. Lawrence. 
Bichard Wither, the poet's grandfather, who 
was a younger son, married a daughter of 
William Pojnter of Whitchurch, llamp- 
sbire, and her niece (dauffhter of her brother, 
Bichard PoynI«r^ married Ralph Starkey 
[q. v.], the archivist. From Starkey, whose 
-wife was thus the poet's cousin, he is said 
to have received some eitrly instruction. 
He deriyed his chief educatiuii from John 
Greaves, rector of Colemore, whose son, John 
Greaves [q. y.1, was the great mathematician. 
To his 'schoolmaster Greaves' Wither ad- 
dressed an aH'ectionate epigram in 1B13, 
Subsequently be proceeded to Mag'dalen Col- 
lege, Oxford, where he spent two years, 
1604-6. His tutor, according to Aubrey, 
IS John Wanier (1581-ir>U6) [q.v.], after- 
■wards bishop of Rochester, ila took no 
-degree, and aoout 1610 settled in London in 



idy law. In liondon the grealer 
long life was spent. After join- 
ing a minor inn of court lie was entered at 
Lincoln's Inn in 1015, 

Almost as soon as Wither settled in liOn- 
don be devoted his best energies to litera- 
ture, and proved himself the master not onl; 
of a lyric vein of very rare quality, but also 
of a satiric temper which could often express 
itself in finely pointed verse. His friends 
soon ineludeJ the most notable writers of 
the day. William Browne (1591-H14S?) 
[q.y.l seems to have been his enrliest literary 
associate, and through Browne he appears 
to have made the acquaintance of Michael 
Drayton. The earliest volume in the title- 
page of which his name figured was ' Prince 
Henries Obseouies or ftfournefull Elegies 
upou his Death: with A supposed Inter- 
locution Iwtweene the Qbost of prince Henrie 
and Great Brittnine. By George Wyther' 
(London, printed by Ed. Allde, for Arthur 
Johnson, 1612, 4to; reprinted in 1617, and 
with the 'Juvenilia' of 1022 and 1033). 
This was dedicated in a metrical epistle to 
Sir Robert. Sidney (afterwards Earl of Lei- 
cester) [q.v,] The elegies are in fort.y-five 
Blantas, each forming a sonnet, end the 
literary promise is high throughout. Next 
vear Wither celebrated the marriage of the 
IPrincess Eliiabeth with the elector palatine 
in a volume of ' Epithalamia : or Nuptiall 
Poems ' (London, for HJdward Marchant, 
1613-13, 4to, 1620, 1622; London, 1633, 
Svo). The poem pleased the l*rincesa Eliza- 
beth, whom Wither thenceforth reckoned 
Lis most powerfal patron. 

Less agreeable consequences attended 
snother literary effort of the period. In 
Iflll he first, according to his own account^ - 
took notice of 'public crimes' ( WamiTti/ 
Piece to London, 1662), and gave proof of 
his quality as a satirist. No publication by 
Wither dated in 1611 is known, but in 1013 
appeared his ' Abuses slript and whipt. Or 
SatiricnllEsaayes by George Wyther. Divided 
into two Bookea' (London, printed by G. Eld 
for Francis Burton. 1613, 8vo). The dedi- 
cation ran : ' To Him-selfe G. W. wisbeth alt 
happiness,' The satires are succeeded by a 
jHDem called ' The Scourge,' and a series of 
epigrams to patrons and friends, including 
his father, mother, cousin William Wither, 
and friend Thomas Cranley, A portrait by 
William Hole or Holle [q.v.] is dated 1611, 
and erroneously gives Wither'sagc as twenly- 
one. The book was popular (there were 
four editions in 1613, and others followed in 
ieU,1615,nnd 1617, the last -reviewed and 
enlarged '), but it gave on its first appear- 
ance serious olFonco to the authr--'— ■ '" 





I 



Wither " 

renmna that are not apparent. Each of the 
tweuty satiree disclosea Ihe evils lurking in 
abBtrautioDS lllie lievonge, Ambition, Lust, 
Weaknesa, and the like, and, altbough some 
of tha anecdotal digresBionti may have Lad 

SBCBona! appUcntion, the clue ia lost. Wither 
eclared that lie had, ' as opportunity was 
offered, glanced in j^eneral tearmea at tLe 
reproofe of a few thingea of such nature as 
I feared might disparage or prejudice ibe 
Commonwealth . . . [but] I unhapniiy fell 
into the displeasure of the state ; and all my 
apparent good ititpntions were »o mistaken 
by the aggrauutionB of ionie yll affected tu- 
wards my indeauours, that I was shutt up 
from the society of mankind ' ( The Schollera 
Puryatuty, Spenser Soc. pp. 2-3). Wither 
was committed to the Marshalaaa prison, but 
the Princeis Elizabeth is reported lo have 
intervened on bis beUall', and her interven- 
tion, supported by a poetic appeal to Ihe 
king from Wither himself, procured his re- 
leaae after a few months. The poet's appeal 
was entitled 'A Satyre : Dedicated to His 
Moat Excellent Maiestie' (London, printed 
by Thomas Snodhara for George Norton, 
1615, sm. 8vo; in some copies ' written' is 
found for 'dedicated'). 

Wither shed an unaccustomed lustre on 
the Marshalsea b^ penning some of liis beat 

Ctry while a prisoner there. He had some 
id in William Browne's pastoral poeme. 
In the first eclogue of Browne's ' Shepherd's 
Pipe ' (IflH) he was introduced oa an inter- 
locutor under the name of ' Itoget,' and to 
the same volume Wither contributed the 
second and fourth eclogues which were ap- 
pended to Browne'a work. In one of theae 
Wither introduced his friends Christopher 
Brooke and Browne under the names of 
'Cuttie' and 'Willy;' the other he dedicated 
' to hia truly loving and worthy friend Mr, 
W. Browne.' Fired by Browne's example. 
Wither straightway continued the 'Sliep- 
herd's Pipe' in a similar poem wholly of his 
own composition, which he entitled 'The 
Shepherd's Hunting.' This was published 
in 1615, and was described on the title-page 
as consisting of * certjiine eglogues, written 
during the time of the author's imprisoa- 
ment in the Marsbalsey ' (London, printed 
by W. White for George Norton, 161fi, 8vo ; 
reprinted in the * Workea,' 16^0, and in 
•Juvenilia,' 1622 and 1833). It was dedi- 
cated to the ' visitants ' to his prison cell. 
The interlocutors were Browne, under the 
name of Willie, and lUe poot Uimsolf, under 
the name of Itoget, a designation which he 
altered in e<litiona subsequent to 16'20 to 
Philarete. In the fourth eclogue appears, 
in his favourite seven-syllabled rhyming 



couplets (the metre of Milton's ' L'.Vllegro 1, 
his classical eulogy of the gift of poetry for 
tha wealth and strength it confers on its 
possessor. In 161>! Browne lauded Wither, 
in company with John Davies of Hereford, 
in the second song of the second book of 
•Britannia's I'aatflrala' (11. 323-6); to this 
volume Wither contributed commendatory 

' The Shepherd's Hunting ' was succeeded 
by another tittle volume of charming ver>e 
entitled ' Fidelia,'a poetical lament tn episto- 
lary form from a desolate maiden forsaken 
by her lover. It seems to have been first 
printed in small octavo in 1617 for private 
circulation. No copy of the private edition 
is now known. The earliest that is extant 
was published for sale under the title 
' Fidelia, written by O. W. of Lineolna 
Inne, Gentleman ' (Iiondon, printed by 
Nicholas Okes, I6I7, 12mo). In an edition 
' newly corrected and augmented,' dated 
in 1619, there were added ^r the first time 
two songs, one of them the matchless lyric 
' Shall I wasting in despair ' (a new edition 
of 1620 was printed bv John Beale for Walk- 
ley, and it reappeared in the 'Juvenilia'). 

Of literary interest, although of far smaller 
literary value than ' Fidelia, was the poem 
called ' Wither's Motto. Nee habeo, nee 
careo, nee euro' (London, printed for John 
Marriott, 1621, 8vo), which at once reached 
a second edition and achieved an eiti^ 
ordinary popularity. There is an engraved 
frontispiece with a whole-length figure of 
the author looking towards heaven. \\'ither, 
who confusingly dates its first appearance 
in 1818, says that about thirty thousand 
copies were printed and published Within a 
few months (Fragmenta Prophefica, p. 47). 
It is a fluent series of egotistical reflections 
on the conduct of life, intermingled with 
some spirited sarcasm at the expense of the 
mean and vicious. Its sound morality re- 
comtnended it to the serious-minded, and on 
the strength of it John Winthrop fq. v.l 
took a hopeful view of ' our modern spirit of 
poetry' { Wisthrop, Life and Lettrre. ISftl, 
p, 3(16). Some persons in high station deemed 
the poem a reflection on current politics and 
politicians, and Wither was for a second time 
ordered to the Marshalsea ( Court and Tima 
of Jnmei I, \\. 260). In the course of his 
examination he denied the charge of libel, 
and declared that Drayton had approved lbs 

?oem in manuscript ( Cal. State Papert, Dom. 
619-23, pp. 263, 274-.'>). It was admitted 
that the Stationers* Company had refused » 
license for the first edition, but that the se~ 
cond was licensed after some passages Lad 
been struck out. Wither was liberated with- 



Wither 



261 



Wither 



out undergoing formal trial. The * Motto ' 
had been defiantly dedicated * To anybody/ 
and, falling under the notice of John Taylor 
(1580-16o§) [q. V.J the water-poet, was good- 
humouredly satirised by that rhymester in 
* Et habeo, et careo, et euro * (* I have, I 
want, I care *) ; it was also unimpressively 
criticised in *An Answer to "Withers 
Motto," by T.G.* [perhaps Thomas Gainsford, 
q. v.] Oxford, 1625. 

Ofequally admirable literary quality with 
' Fidelia * was another love poem which was 
probably written at the same period. This 
was called * Faire-Virtve, the Mistresse of 
Phil* Arete. Written by himself, Geo. Wither' 
(London, printed for John Grismond, 1622, 
8vo; reprinted in 1633 with the * Juvenilia' 
of that year). According to the prefatory 
epistle of John Marriott the stationer, this was 
one of Wither's earliest performances; imper- 
fect copies had already gone abroad, and 
Wither had permitted the publication on con- 
dition that no author*s name appeared. The 
poem is a rapturous panegyric (mainly in 
heptosyllabic rhyme) of a half-imaginarj' 
beauty. 

* Faire Virtue ' was Wither's final contri- 
bution to pure literature, and few of his later 
works fulfil hisearlierpoeticpromise. Thence- 
forth his writings consist of pious exercises 
and political diatribes. Like his greater con- 
temporary Milton, 'he became a convinced 
puritan, and he made it a point of conscience 
to devote his ready pen solely to the advance- 
ment of the political and religious causes with 
which he had identified himself. In the volume 
of pious poems called *IIalelujah' (1641) 
his old power seemed to revive, but nowhere 
else in the wide range of his religious verse 
did his thought or diction reach a genuinely 
poetic level. Tlie long series of his religious 
works opened with a learned prose treatise in 
folio, entitled *A Preparation to the Psalter' 
(London, printed by Nicholas Okes, 1619, 
folio, with the title-page engraved by Dela- 
ram, and a portrait of Wither from the same 
hand, which is now rarely found with the 
book ; dedicated to Charles, prince of Wales). 
There quickly followed * Exercises Vpon the 
first Psalme. Both in Prose and Verse * 
(London, printed by Edward Griflin for John 
IIarrij*on, 1620, 8vo ; dedicated to Sir John 
Smith, knt., son of Sir Thomas Smith, 
governor of the East India Company). A 
more ambitious venture of the same charac- 
ter bore the title * The Songs of the Old 
Testament. Translated into English Mea- 
sures: preserving the Naturall Phrase and 
genuine sense of the Holy Text : and with 
as little circumlocution as in most prose 
Translations. To every song is added a new 



and easie Tune, and a short Prologue also * 
(London, printed by T. S. 1621, 8vo; dedi- 
cated to the archbishop of Canterbury, 
Abbot). 

Wither's reputation was now assured. 
Secular and reli^ous critics were equally 
enthusiastic in his praises, and in 1620 his 
popularity was paid a very equivocal com- 
pliment. A collection of his compositions 
was surreptitiously issued under the title : 

* The Workes of Master George Wither, 
of Lincolns-Inne, Gentleman, Containing 
Satyrs, Epigrammes, Eclogues, Sonnets and 
Poems. Whereunto is annexed a Para- 
phrase on the Creed, and the Lords Prayer ' 
(London, printed by John Beale for Thomas 
Walkley, 1620, 8vo). Wither retorted by 
issuing an authentic collection of his finest 
works, called * Jvvenilia. A collection of those 
Poemes which were heretofore imprinted, and 
written by George Witlier ' (London, printed 
for John Budge, 1622, 8vo, with an engraved 
title). There was a reissue of 1626 (*for 
Kobert Allot *). A new edition of 1633 in- 
cluded * Faire V'irtue.' It is mainly on the 
contents of this volume that Wither's posi- 
tion as a poet depends. 

Anxious to secure the full profits of his 
growing literary work. Wither sought an 
exceptional mode of guaranteeing his rights 
in his next volume. The book was called 

* The Ilymnes and Songs of the Church,' 
and Orlando Gibbons supplied ' the musick.' 
The volume was divided into two parts— the 
first consisting of 'Canonicall Ilymnes,' 
adapted from scripture and other sources, 
and the second consisting of original * Spiri- 
tuall Songs' for various seasons and festi- 
vals. Wither asserts that he was engaged 
on the work for three years, and he ob- 
tained by letters patent on 17 Feb. 1623 for 
a period of fifty-one years, not only a grant 
of monopoly or full copyright in the work, but 
also a compulsory order directing its * inser- 
tion ' and * addition ' to every copy of the au- 
thorised * Psalm-book in meeter which the 
Stationers' Company enjoyed the privilege 
under earlier patents of publishing (Arber, 
iv. 12, seq. ; cf. Pymer, Acta Ptiblica, xvii. 
454). The volume first appeared in 1623, in 
at least four forms. There was a 16mo im- 
pression * printed for George Wither ; ' another 
in quarto, * printed by the assignes of George 
Witlier . . . cum Privilegio llegis Regali ; ' 
athirdin 8vo, * printed by the assignes of 
George Wither, 1623, cum Privilegio Regis 
Regali ; ' and a fourth in folio * printed by 
the assignes of George Wither.' The Sta- 
tioners' Company regarded Wither's patent 
and independent method of business as a 
serious infringement of their privileges. Book- 



■ Wither j< 

sellers refused to bind up copies with the 
autliOTiaed psalter or to sell it in anj stiape, 
aud warned their cuatomecs that it was an 
incompetent performance. Wither pro- 
tested wnniily, but with little nroil. Un- 
fortunately lie did not carry with him the 
sympathy of all his fellow- craftsmen. ££e 
was still the friend of William Browne, of 
Itichard Brathwaite, who applied to him 
the epithet 'lovely 'in 1015, and of Drayton, 
to whose ' Folyolbiim ' (pt. ii.) he contri- 
buted in 1622aiientbusi8sticcommendatioii. 
But his auccoaaeB were viewed with jealousy 
by Ben Jonson and his hand of disciptea. 
Alexander Gill the elder [q. v.] had quoie-d 
Wither's work with approval in hia ' Logo- 
nomia An^lica ' (1619), and Jonson bad 
quarrelled in oonaenuence with Oil], whose 
son retorted with violence. .lonson revenged 
himMelf by caricaturing Wither under the 
title 'Chronomastix' (tlmt. ia, satirist of 
time) in the masquecalled' Time Vindicated,' 
which was pre»entedat court on Twelfth niffht 
lti23-4. Much sarcasm was here expended 
on Withers quarrel with hia printers, and 
finally Fame was represented aa disowning 
him, despite the outcry of friends who deify 

Wither vigorously slated his grievances 
against tlie booksellers in & highly interest- 
ing prose tract which he entitled 'TheSchul- 
lers Purgatory, discouered In the Stationers 
Commonwealth. . . . Imprinted for tliu 
Honest Stationers,' 12mo. Tliere is no men- 
tion of date or place of publication. It was 
Srobably print^ abroad about 1624. In the 
)rm of an address to the archbishop of Can- 
terbury and the bishops assembled in convo- 
cation. Wither narrated with spirit the long 
series cif wrongs which be and other authors 
of his day suffered at the hands of their pub- 
lishers. The stationers sought to stop the 
publication. They moved tlie court of high 
commission to institute an inquiry. Wither 
was called npon to explain why he issued the 
volume without a license, lie admitted tlint 
parts had been printed under his direction 
Ojr George Wood, and boasted that the edi- 
tion consinted of three thousand copies {Cal. 
State Papers, Dom. 1823-5, p. 143). 

Wither was in London during the plague 
of 1025, and, despite the di«tmctions of pei^ 
sonal controversy, penned two accounts of it. 
One be called' The Hiatorie of the Pestilence 
or the proceedini^of Juaticeond Mercv mani- 
fested an [>k] the Great Assizes holden about 
London in the yeare 162J>.' This remains in 
a folio manuscript in the author's autograpli 
in the Pepysian Collection at Magdalene Col- 
lege, Cambridge. At the same time he pub- 
liiited * eeeund treatise on the subject, as 



Wither 



' Britaius Remembrancer; Containing a Nar- 
rative of the Plague lately pest ; a Declara- 
tion of the Mischiefs present ; and a Predic- 
tion of Judgments to come (if Repentance 
preventnot),'1026, 12mo. lie was still under 
the stationers' ban. No license was obtain- 
able for this book, and he caused it to be 
printed 'for Great Briiaine' at Lis own 
risk, and, it is said, with lus own band 
(Court and Timet u/CAarte* I, i.S67). John 
Orismond undertook to sell copies. The im- 

?re8BiDn consisted of four thousand copies. 
here is a long preliminary address to the 
king in verse and a ' premonition ' in prose. 
The voluminous poem is itself in eight cantos 
of heroic rhjines. Vivid descriptions of the 
plague are mterspersed with much wild de- 
nunciation of the impiety of the nation and 
anticipation of future trouble. Mindful of 
Jonson's onslaught, he refwred to the 
' drunken conclave ' at which Jonson had de- 
nied him the title of poet. He claimed with 
much self-satisfaction in later years to have 
clearly foretold in this volume all the future 
misfortunes that the country witnessed in his 
lifetime. 
A visit to the continent seems to Lbtb 
r appears to have been 
by his early patroness, 
the Princess Elizabeth, now the exiled 

3uecn of Bohemia. To ber he gratefully de- 
icated his next puhlication,''nie Psalms of 
David, translated in to Lyrick verse occordine 
to the Scope of the Original, and illustr&t«a 
with a short Argument and a briefe Prayer 
or Meditation before and after every Psulme.' 
This was printed in the Netherlands by Cor- 
nelius Oerriis van Breughel in 1632, and 
formed a thick square octavo. As early as 
April 1(126 he had visited Cambridge in order 
to find a printer for the work, but bad met 
with none to undertake it (cf. i6. i. IS). 
Subsequently, in January 1633-4, Wither, 
in continuance of the warfare with the Lon- 
don stationers, summoned all or most of 
them before the council to answer for a ' con- 
tempt of the great seal ' in their continued 
defiance of his patent of 1623. The judg- 
ment of the court disallowed that part of 
Wither's patent which directed that his 
' Ilymnes should be bound up with ibe 
authorised ' Psalter ' (rt. ii. 23i!), Immedi- 
ately afterwards he made bis peace with the 
publiabera and his relations with them were 
thenceforth amicable. 

Thi! plates wbicli were originally engraved 
by Crispin Pass for the ' Emblems' of Itol- 
lenhagius, and bad appeared with moltnee 
in Greek, Utin, or Italian (Cologne, 1613: 
and Amheim. 1616), were purchased in 10.14 
by Henry Taunton, a London publisher, with 



a reissue. Wither was employed 
[ ty him to write illuatntiTe verses in Eng- 
" 'i. The volume appeared as -A Collec- 
tion of Emblemes, Ancient and Modeme 
quickened with Metrical 111 uBtrat ions, botli 
Mnralland Divine,' London, printed b; A.M. 
for Henry Taunton, 1835, fol. (tlie only per- 
fect copy known is in tko British Museum). 
About 1036 Wither retired to what he 
calls 'his rustic babitiitioa,' n cottage under 
the Beacon lUU at Farnham (Nature of 
Man, 16SQ), and there devoted himself to 
thecongenial study of theolo^. In 1036 he 
issued 'The Nature of Slan. A ieamed 
and useful tract, written in Greek by iN'eme- 
Bius, aumamed the Philosopher . . . one of 
the most ancient Fathers of the Oliurch.' 
' The translation was not made from the 
I Greek of Nemesius, but from two Latin 
Tersioas. It waa inscribed bj Wither to his 
' most learned and much honoured friend 
John Selden, esq.' 

Thepolitical crisis of the foUon- tug years 
drew Wither into public life. In 103!) he 
served as captain of horse in the expedition 
of Charles I against the Scottish covenanters. 
In 1641 he was sufficiently at leisure to pro- 
duce his best work as a religious poet — the 
interesting collection of ^73 ' hymiis,' en- 
titled 'Ilalelujah: or Britans Second Re- 
membrancer, brining to remcnibrance (in 
ornisefulland pcenitentiall Hymns, Spirit uitU 
Bongs, and Morall Odes) Meditations ad- 
■vancin^ the Glory of God, in (be practise 
ofpietie and virtue '(London, 1641, l:Jmo). 
' iGlelujah ■ is one of the scarcest of all 
Wither's publications; only four copies are 
known, of which one is in the British Mu- 
aeum, and a second belongs to Mr. Huth. 
At the same date Wither repeated his old 
waminj^ of the nation's impending peril in 
' A Prophesie written long since for this 
year 1B41,' London, n.d., 8vo (a reprint of 
the eiehthcanto of 'Britain's Remembrancer' 
of 1628). 

In 1642 he sold such estate as he pos- 
sessed and raised a troop of horse for tho 
parliament. He placed on his colours the 
motto ' Pro rege, lege, grege ' {cf. Campo- 
M%ita, frontispiece). Uo 1-1 Oct. 1642 
be was appointed, by a parliamentary com- 
mittee, eantain and commander of Farnham 
Castle, and of such foot as should be put ittto 
his hands by Sir Richard Onslow [q.v.|and 
Richard Stoughtou, for the defence of the 
king, parliament, and kingdom. But his go- 
Tflmmeot was of short duration. Wither 
knew little of military procedure, and under 
the advice, he declared, of his superiors he 
soon quitted the castle and drew away his 
men. lie was eubaequently captured by a 



troop of royalists, and owed his life to the 
intercessionof Sir John Den hnm, who pleaded 
that 'so long as Wither lived he [Denham] 
would not be accounted the worst poet in 
England.' Wither thenceforth regarded Den- 
ham with very bitter feelings. Farnham 
Castle was soon reoccupied (on I Dec.) by 
tlieparliainentarygeneral,Sir William Wal- 
ler. Wither retained his position in the 
parliamentary army, became a justice of the 
j>eace for Surrey, and was promoted to the 
rftukofmajor,but it is doubtful it he saw fur- 
ther active service. Ilis chief energies were 
thenceforth devoted to procuring a liveli- 
hood. On9Feb.l643-3,ii,000/.«aspranted 
him on his petition towards the repair of his 
plundered estate. Other payments were 
subsequently ordered by the parliament, but 

Meanwhile he was busier than ever with 
his pen. In 1643 he published three tracts, 
allofwhicbattractedattention. Tbeearliest 
was 'Mercurius Uusticus: or a Countrey 
Messenger. Informing divers things worthy 
to he taken notice of, for the furtberauce of 
those proceedings which conceme the pub- 
lique peace and safety ; ' this was in opposition 
to a royalist periodical, similarly named, by 
Brunohjves[q.v.] Wither's second literary 
labour 011643 was the poetic ' Campo-Muste, 
or the Field-musings of Captain George Wi- 
ther; touching his Military Ingagement for 
the King and Parliament, the Justnesse of 
the same, and tho present distractions of 
these Islands' (London, 1643, Svo; 1644, 
two editions; 1661); this woa dedicated to 
the parliamentary commander, the Earl of 
Essex ; in it Wither claimed to reconcile 
the king and parliament, while he narrated 
his personal dilficultles. In 'Aqua Muss' 
Wituer'a old opponent, John 'Taylor the 
water-poet, denounced the ambiguity of his 
attitude, describing him as a 'juggling rebel I.' 
Taylor affirmed that he had loved and re- 
spected Wither for thirty-five years, ' be- 
cause I thought him simply honest ; but now 
his hypocrisy is by himself discovered, I am 
bold to take my leave of him.' Further as- 
persions on his conduct drew from Wither 
(also in 1643) his prost- tract 'SeDefendcndo: 
a Shield and a Shaft against Detraction. 
Opposed and drawn by Cspt. Geo. Wither; 
by occasion of scandalous rumours, touching 
Ins desertion of Famham-Castle ; and some 
other malicious aspersions.' 

Next year Wither experienced new em- 
barrassments. Ho charged Sir Richard 
Onslow, whom he held responsible for his 
misfortunes at Farnham. wit h sending money 

Srivately to the king. Onslow retorted by 
epriving Wither of the nominal command 



I 



J 



^ Wither s( 

whicb he still held of tlie militia in tbe poet 
and middle diritilon of the countj, and con- 
trived his removnl from the commission of 
the peace (^August 1044). Witlier denounced 
Onslow with virulence in hia ' JiiBticiariua 
Jugtificalu9,'aud complaint was made to the 
House of Commons. The book was referred 
for examination to a committee on 10 April 
164G,and on 7 Aug. it was voted to be 'false 
and scandalous.' Wither was directed to 
pnj a fine of 500/., and the book was burned 
at Uuildford b; Cbe hangman ( Whiteixicke, 
p, 218> SubsBquenlly, Wither states, the 
houae discharged him ' botli from the said 
fine and imprisonment without hie petition- 
ing or mediation for it ' {Hint. MSS. Oomin. 
14th Kej). pt. ii., Onslow Papers, pp. 476-7). 

Wither pursued hia literarv labours un- 
dismayed. In a flood of furtlier tracts and 
poems he warned the Mouse of Commons or 
the nation of cominKdaneer in the Casaandm- 
like spirit of his 'Britain's Remembrancer' 
(cf. Zttterg of Adi-ice to the Elivton, lU-i, 
prose; Some Adi^ertUemeiitt for the Neic Elec- 
tion of Burgesies ; Speech vrithout Doors, 
9 July 1644; Vox Padfica, a long poem in 
four cantos, 1645, with a woodcut map of 
England, Scotland, and Ireland as fronti- 
spiece ; ^ercA U'lVAoufDoora Z><-/nufr(l, 164t>i 
Opobalmmum Anylkimum, 1646; Mryor 
Withei's Dinplaimer : being a Ditanowment 
of a late Paper, entitulfd ' The Dtnibtfiill 
Almanack'' [priue], lately pMUhed in the 
name of the mid Major Wither, 1616, 4to, 
prose; What Peace lo the Wltkedf lftl6,4to,* 
poem in short rhyming couplets, printed in 
double column, denouncing the clergy for the 
dissensions of 1645). 

AJl his old prophecies of calamity were 
repeated in his tedious poem, ' Prosopopceia 
Britanica: Britain's Genius, or Guod-An^el, 
Personated; reasoning and aviasinK, touching 
the Games now playins, and the Adventures 
now at batard in these Islands ; and presa^ng 
also aome future things not unlikely to cnme 
to pa«se,' London, 1648, 6vo. This work and 
'Britain's Remembrancer ' were the publica- 
tions which Wither regarded as of greatest 
value among all his publications (cf. Fides 
Attglicana, p. 53 ; Fiu'or Poetiau, p. 30). 

In 1647 he issued two poems in the in- 
terests of peace. Une was ' Carmen Ex- 
post ulatorium : or a timely Expostulation 
with those, both of the City of London and 
the present Armie, who nave either en- 
deavoured to engage these Kingdomes in a 
Second Warre, or neglected the prevention 
thereof.' The other was ' Amygdala Britaa- 
' ; Almonds for Parrels : a dish of stone 



fruit: partly she 
Witber'a privi 



il'd and partly unshel'd. 



year more acute, and he often Tarinl hia com- 
ments on public events by \oug petitions to 
the House of Commons describing his pM- 
Bonal embarraasmenta. ' A Single Siqilis, 
And a quadruple Quere,' in verse [1^], 
which was presented to members of parUi- 
ment in their private copacitiea, opens with 
a reference to Cromwell's victory over the 
Scots at Preston on 17 Aug. 1648, hot it 
dealt mainly with its author's pec uniarv dis- 
tress. A like appeal, called ' The Tired >vU- 
tioner,' appeared about the same time, on a 
single sheet, as well as ' ^'erst>s presented to 
several Members of the House of Cummont, 
repairing thither the 23rd of December 1648 
. , . witliaaimprinted petitioner lliertoan- 
neied.' His contemporary tracts, 'The true 
state of the case betwixt the King and Par- 
liament ;''TheProphet icalTrurapeterSound- 
ing an Allarum to Britaine ' (London, a.d., 
8vo). 'Carmen Eucharislicon,' on Michael 
Jonee'svictory in Ireland (I649,4la). touched 
lees personal topics. Of somewhat ambiguous 
import was ' Vaticinium Votivuni, Or Pal«- 
mons Prophetick Prayer, lately Presented 
Privately to Bis now Majestic in a Latin 
Poem ; and here Published in English ; Tit- 
jecti. AnnoCaroli Martyris primo ' [1649], 
8vo, with portrait of Charles II. 

After ilie king'sdeath Wither constituted 
himself the panegyrist of the new form of 
government. Some doubt exists as to hia 
responsibility for the sympathetic prose tract 
on recent political historv, called ' Respublica 
Anglicana,' lO/iO, 4tD, although assigned on 
the title-page to ' 0. W.' But he deacribed 
himself ' A faithful sen'ant to this llepnblik,' 
in ' A Timelie Cavtion, comprehended in 
thirty-seven Double Trimeters, occasioned 
by a late rumour of an intention suddenly 
to adjourn this Parliament, and supersctibed 
to those whome it most conccmes. Septem- 
ber lU, 1052.' In a postscript he not un- 
justly calls the publication ■ Wither'd leave* ■ 
— a play upon words which he frequently 
repeated. To a mystical tract in verse caUm 
' 'The dark Lantern ' he added ' A Poem con- 
cerning a Perpetuall Parliament,' 16.J.3, 8vo. 
Other lucubrations of the time were of a 
more eKclusivelyreligioustemper(cf. 'Three 
6rainsofSpiritualFrarikiiicease,']661,12mo, 
dedicated to President llradnhaw ; * A Letter 
to the Honourable Sir John Danvers, knighl,' 
at end of a ' Copy of a Petition from the Go- 
vernor and Company of the Sommer Islands,' 
1651, 4to ; > The British Appeals, with Gods 
MeruifuU Replies,' printed for the author, 
1651, 8vo, two editions). ' WestrowHeviv'd' 
(165S) was an elegy on Thnma« Westrow, » 
well-to-do neighbour to whom Wither had 
been under pecuniary obligations. Ibises 



Wither 



265 



Wither 



of Cromwell are the main theme of * The 
Modern States-man' (1653 and 1664); 'The 
Protector. A poem* (1656 and 1666, 8vo) ; 

* Vaticinium Causuale [sic] : a rapture occa- 
sioned by the late miraculous Deliverance of 
his Highnesse the Lord Protector from a des- 
perate danger/ a poem (1666, 14 Oct. 4to) ; 

* Boni Ominis Votum,* a congratulatory 
poem on the parliament of 1666 (28 July 
1666) ; * A Cause allegorically stated,' 1667 ; 
' A Sudden Flash ... by Britains Remem- 
brancer,' 1657, a long poem dedicated to the 
Protector ; and * A private Address to the 
said Oliver,' 1667-8. 

Wither's support of Cromwell's govern- 
ment did not go wholly without reward, 
although no substantial aid was afforded him. 
He had gained little hitherto by his political 
partisanship. From 1646 onwards he had 
occupied himself in * discovering' the estates 
of royalist delinquents, and was granted on 
paper much confiscated property in Surrey, 
but, owing to various accidents, he failed to 
secure permanent possession of any portion 
of it. Sir John I)enham's lands at East 
Horsley were for a short time under his con- 
trol, as well as the estate of Stanislaus Browne 
at Pirbright, but he gained little by the tem- 
porary seizure (cf. Cat. Committee for Ad- 
vance of Money f i. 616, ii. 872-3; CaL Com- 
mittee for Compounding, pp. 972-3, 1792 ; 
cf. Hist, MSS. Comjn.y Duke of Portland's 
MSS. i. 196). In * A Thankful lietribution ' 

il649, in verse) he expressed gratitude to a 
ew members of parliament who had vainly 
urged the bestowal on him of an office in 
the court of chancery. He seems to have 
been appointed later a commissioner for 
levying assessments in support of the army 
in the county of Surrey. In 1660, too, the 
commons, in reply to his numerous petitions, 
acknowledged that a sum approaching4,0(X)/. 
was due to him, and it was arranged that an 
annual income amounting to 8 per cent, on 
aportion of it should be secured to him (Co?n- 
jnoyis Journals, vi. 619). At the same time 
an order was made for settling 160/. a year 
upon him from Sir John Denham's lands 
' m full satisfaction of all other demands.' 
But his financial position was not perma- 
nently improved, and he sought further offi- 
cial work. In 1653 he was employed as a 
commissioner for the sale of the king's goods 
{Cal, Clarendon Papers, ii. 171). In 1656 
a clerkship in the statute office of the court 
of chancery was bestowed on him. But his 
needs were still unsatisfied, and he repeated 
hifl old grievances in a new series of printed 
petitions which only ceased with his life. 

On Cromwell's death Wither appealed 
to his son Kichard to carry on the traditions 



of his father's rule, as well as to relieve hig 
own sufferings (cf. Petition and Narrative of 
George Wither, Esq,, 1658 P; Epistolicum- 
Vagum-Prosa-Metricum, 1669). In * A Cor- 
dial of Confection ' (1659) he admitted the 
possibility of the restoration of Charles II 
under certain conditions. But when the 
Restoration was assured, he expressed his 
apprehensions with a frankness that gave 
him a new notoriety (cf. Salt upon Salt, a 
poem on Cromwell's death, 1659; Fides 
Anglicana, 1660; Furor Poeticus, 1660; 
Speculum Speculativum, 1660, three edi- 
tions, a long poem in verse dedicated to the 
king). In the last days of the Commonwealth 
he resided at Hambledon, Surrey, but he re- 
turned to London, to a house in the Savoy, 
in 1060. His attitude attracted the atten- 
tion of the authorities; his papers were 
searched, and an unpublished manuscript re- 
flecting on the reactionary temper of the 
House of Commons led to his prosecution 
by order of parliament. The paper, which 
was in verse, was entitled *\ox Vulgi. 
Being a welcome home from the Counties, 
Citties, and Burroughs, to their prevaricating 
Members : saving the honour of the House 
of Commons, and of every faithfull and dis- 
creet individual Member thereof.' * This was 
intended (he said) to have been offered to 
the private consideration of the Lord Chan- 
cellor [Earl of Clarendon] : but had been 
seized upon when unfinished, and its author 
taken into custody.' On his arrest in August 
1000 Wither was committed to Newgate. He 
was brought before the House of Commons 

; on 24 March 1061-2, and was then com- 

I mitted to the Tower to await impeach- 
ment (Duke of Somerset MSS., Hist. AfSS, 
Comm. 16th Rep. vii. 93). On 3 April 1062 

i the king was thanked for his arrest. Six 
days later a petition was read on his behalf, 

' and his wife was allowed access to him in 
order that he might be induced to recant 
(^Commojis Journals, 1602-3). Nofurtherpro- 
ceedings against him were taken. He re- 
mained a prisoner till 27 July 1603, when 
he was released on giving a bond for good 
behaviour. The offending poem, * Vox Vulgi,' 
was not printed at the time, and remained 
in manuscript among the Earl of Clarendon's 
papen in the Bodleian Library till 1880, 
when the Rev. W. D. Macray published it 
in * Anecdota Bodleiana ' (pt. ii.) 

During his imprisonment Wither's pen 
was never idle for a moment. lie explained 
the meaning of his * Vox Vulgi ' in a mis- 
cellaneous collection of verse entitled * An 
Improvement . . . evidenced in Crums and 
Scraps,' 1661 (cf. The Triple Paradox, 
printed for the author, 1661, moralisings in 



Wither 



s66 



Wither 



verse ; The Primner'i Plea, 1062, pr.jse). , 
While still a prisoner ha hIho reEunied his , 
propliiitic mantle in hia medlej of prose , 
and terse called 'A rroclamatioD, in iha 
name of the Kin^ of Kings, Xa all the In- 
habitants of the Ulw (if Great Britain. . . . 
Whereto are added some Fragments of the 
same Author's omitted in the first impression 
of the booke intilled " Scraps and Crums " ' 
(1802, 8vi>). From Newgate on 8 March he 
dated, too, his prose ' ParaIellogTa.mniaton : 
an Epistle to the three Nations of England, 
Scotland, and Ireland. Whereby their sini 
being parallel'd with those of Judah and 
Israel, they are forewarned and ejliorted to 
a timelj; repentance ' (3 May 1663. Svo). 
' Verses intended to the Kins's ilajesty. By 
Major GeorgB Wither, whist [«ic] he was 
prisoner in Newgate,' hore the date 



issued 'Tuha Pacifica: Seasonable PrEecau- 
tiooB, whereby is sounded forth a Retreat 
from the War intended between Englatid 
and the United Provinces of Lower Ger- 
many. . . . Imprinted for the Author, and 
are to be dis))osed of rather for Love than 
Money,' 1S64 (8vo, in verae). He remained 
in London during the great plague of 16G5, 
and drew from it many pious morals in his 
verse ' Memorandum to London occasioned 
by the Pestilence,' 1065, with a ■ Womiug 
piece to London,' 8vo. In 1665 there also 
appeared ' Meditations upon the Lord's 
ftayer, with a Preparatory Preamble to the 
' iRight Understanding and True Use of this 
Pattern,' London, 8to ; and next year ' Three 
Private Meditations, for ihe most part, of 
Publick Concernment,' London, 1660, &vo 
(in verse). Once again be ventured into the 
political arena with a poem called ' Sigts 
lor the Pitchers: Breathed out in a Per- 
sonal Contribution to the National Humi- 
liation, the last day of May 1660, in the 
Cities of London and ^^'eBtmini1er, upon 
the near approaching engagement then ex- 
pected between the English and Dutch 
Navies;' there iaawaminnprefiiedofmany 
faults escaped in the printing owing to 'the 
author's absence;' a woodcut on the title 
presents two pitchers (England and Hol- 
land); there were two editions in 1& 6. The 
government viewed the pamphlet wit!i sus- 
piuiou, and warrants were issued lor the 
arrest of those who sold it(Ca(. Stale Fapere, 
1665-6, p. o6B). 

The last work that Wither published was 
'Ihefirstpiirt'of a series of extracts from his 
old prophetic books, which bore the general 
title 'I'ragnienta Poellca.' 'The first part' 
had the suljsidlury title 'Ecchoes from the 



Siiith Trumpet. Heverberated by a Review 
of Neglected Remembrances' (1666); a por- 
trait of the author at t be age of seventj-nine 
was prefixed. The volume, which supplies 
an account of Wither'e chief works, was 
twice reissued posthumously in 1669— fint 
with the new title 'Nil Vltra, or the Last 
Works of Captain George Wither ; ' and 
again with the title ' Fmgmenta Prophetica, 
or ihe Remains of George Wither, esq.' 

Wither died in his house in the precincis 
of the Savoy on 3 May 1667, afler living in 
London 'almost sixty years together;' he 
was hurled 'within the east door' at the 
church of the Savoy Hospital in the Strand. 
An ' epitaph composed by himself upon s 
common &me of his being dead and buried ' 
was published in his ' MetDoraudum to Lon- 
don,' 1665. 

He married Elizabeth, daughter of John 
Emerson or Emerton of South Lambeth. 
She sun-ived him ; lier will, dated Ifi May 
167T, was proved 19 Jan. 1H82-3. 'Shews* 
a great wtt,' according (o Aubrey, * and 
would write in verse too.' Wither fre- 
quently refers to 'his dear Betty' in his 
poems in terms of deep devotion. By her he 
bad six children, only two of vrhom — a son 
and a daughter — seem to have survived the 

Set. The daughter Elizabeth married Adrian 
irry, citizen of London, and of Thame, Ox- 
fordshire, and died about 1708. She pre- 
pared for publication in 1888 her father's 
' Divine I'oems by way of a paraphrase on 
the Ten Commandments ; ' she wrote under 
the initials ' E. B.,' and dedicated Ihe work 
to her father's friends. The poet's surviving 
son, Robert, was buried at Bentworth in 
1077, and by hie wife Elizabeth, daughter 
of John Hunt of Fidding, left, with other 
issue, two sons — Hunt ^^^iber and Robert 
Wither (d. 1695)— and two daughters (cf. 
Shepherds Hunting, ed. Brydges, 1B14, pp. 

Besides the engraved portraits prefixed to 
'Juvenilia,' 'The Emblems,' ' Fragmenla 
Poetica,' and other of his books, an original 
portrait of Wither, painted in oil by Cor- 
nelius Janseen, was sold at Dutch's sale in 
1858. This is probably the picture from 
which the likeness by John Payne was en- 
gravedforWither's'Emb!emes'(1635). The 
head prefixed to the tliirty-first emblem in 
Thomas Jenncr's 'Soules Solace ' ^1631, 4to) 
is supposed to be intended for Wither. 

In bis ' Fides Anglicana' (1600) Wither 
enumerated eighty-six of hia works. Uis 
'Ecchoes from the Sixth Trumpet' (1B66) 
gives a far briefer list. The full total of hta 
publications reached a hundred, and others 
remsiued in manuscript. Various reissuescf 



Wither 



267 



Wither 



books by him, as well as many new publi- 
cations that were doubtfully assigned t^> 
him, besides the * Divine Poems ' edited by 
his daughter in 1688, appeared before the end 
of the seventeenth century. Among these 
are : * Vox et LacrimsB Anglorum ' (London, 
1668, 8vo); *Mr. George Wither lievived, 
or his l^ophesie of our present Calamity, and 
(except we repent) future Misery, written in 
the year 1628* (1683, fol. extracts from the 
eighth canto of * Britain's Remembrancer ') ; 

* Gemitus de Carcere Nat us, or Prison Signs 
and Supports, being a few broken Scraps and 
Crums of Comfort * (1684,4to); * The Grate- 
ful Acknowledgment of a late trimming 
Regulator, with a most Strange and won- 
derful Prophecy taken out of Britain's Genius, 
written by Captain George Wither' (1688, 
4to, a selection from * Prosopopoeia Britan- 
nica ') ; * W^ither's prophecy of the downfal 
of Antichrist,* * a collection of many wonder- 
ful prophecies,* 1691, 4to); * A Strange and 
wonderful prophecy concerning the King- 
dom of England . . . taken out of an old 
manuscript by G. W^,' 1689, fol. In • Won- 
derful Prophecies relating of the English 
Nation * (1691, 4to) one of the prophecies is 
by Wither. 

* Wither Redivivus : in a small new years 
gift pro rege et grege. To his Royal High- 
ness the Prince of Orange,* 1689, 4to, is a 
medley in the manner of W^ither, but is 
probably not by Wither himself. Of other 
works doubtfully assigned the most interest- 
ing is * The Great Assizes holden in Par- 
nassus by Apollo* (1646), where Wither is 
introduced in the jury. 

Among the lost works which Wither 
claimed to have written are : * Iter Iliber- 
nicum of his Irish Voyage ; * * Iter Boreale ; * 

* Patrick's l*urgatory;' *Philaretes Com- 
plaint.' In Ashmolean MS. 38 are some un- 
printed verses by him, including * Mr. George 
Withers to the king when he was Prince of 
Wales ; ' * Uppon a gentlewoman that had 
foretold the time of her death ; * and * An 
Epitaph on the Ladie Scott.' 

Wither has verses, besides those already 
specified, before Smith's * Description of New 
England* (1616); Ilayman's *Quodlibets* 
(1629); WasteVs * Microbiblion * (1626); 
Butler's * Female Monarchv ' (1634) ; Blax- 
ton's* English Usurer '(1638); beneath the 
portrait of Lancelot Andrews prefixed to his 

* Moral Law Expounded ' (1642) ; Carters 

* Relation of the Expedition of Kent, Essex, 
and Colchester* (1650) ; and Payne Fisher's 

* Panegyric on the Protector' (I606). In 
Mercers * Angliae Speculum ' (1646, &c.) 
thfre are an anagram and epigram to the 

* famous Poet Captain George Withers.* 



Cockain's * Divine Blossoms * (1656) is dedi- 
cated to him. 

The largest collection of W^ither's works 
was in the library of Thomas Corser. Two 
earher collectors were Alexander Dalrymple 
and John Matthew Gutch, and many copies 
that belonged to them are now in the Bri- 
tish Museum. 

The history of Wither's reputation is 
curious. Ilis early reputation as a lyric 
poet died out in his lifetime ; he himself ad- 
mitted that it * withered.* For some years 
after his death his name was usually regarded 
as a synonym for a hack rhymester. Royalists 
ranked him with Robert Wild [q. v.], the 
presbyterian poet. Butler, in *IIudibras,' 
classed him with Prynne and Vicars. 
Phillips, in his * Theatrum Poetarum * (1675), 
more justly wrote : * George Wither, a most 
profuse pourer forth of English rhime, not 
without great pretence to a poetical zeal 
a^inst the vices of his times, in his " Motto," 
his " Remembrancer,*' and other such like 
satirical works. . . . But the most of poeti- 
cal fancy which I remember to have found 
in any of his writings is a little piece of 
nastoral poetry called " The Shepherd's 
Hunting.'* * luchard Baxter, in the prefa- 
tory address to his * Poetica Fragmenta * 
(1681), declared: * Honest George Withers, 
though a rustic poet, hath been very ac- 
ceptable ; as to some for his prophecies, so 
to others, for his plain country honesty.' 
Dryden declared : 

He fagotted his notions as they fell. 

And if they rhymed and rattled, all was well. 

Pope, in the * Dunciad ' (i. 126), expressed 
scorn for * wretched Withers.* Swift likened 
him to Bavins. Dr. Johnson and the edi- 
tors of the chief collections of English poetry 
did not mention him or his works. But 
towards the end of the eighteenth century 
his early poems were reprinted. Percy in- 
cluded his famous song, * Shall I wasting 
in despair,* and an extract from * Philarete,' 
in his * Reliques of Ancient Poetry.' Ellis 
quoted him in his * SiHicimens.* The result 
was that critics like Lamb, Coleridge, and 
Southey recognised his merit, and, ignoring 
the political and religious lucubrations of 
Wither's later years, by which alone he de- 
sired to be judged, gave his literary work 
unstinted praise. Southey declared that he 
had the * heart and soul ' of a poet. Lamb 
studied him with Quarles. In the * Annual 
Review ' (1807) Lamb wrote : * Quarles is a 
wittier writer, but Wither lays more hold of 
the heart. Quarles thinks of his audience 
when he lectures ; Wither soliloquises in 
company with a full heart.* In an essay on 



' The Poelical Works of George Wither " 
(published inliBmlj'a'WorkB' in 1818) he ei- 
prusBed unbounded failh in his poetic Ei^at- 
ne«e. It is now universally recognisea thst 
Wither waa a poet of exquisite grace, li- 
tbough onlj for a short seaaon in hia long 
career. Had his last work been his ' Faire 
Virtue," he would have figured ia literary 
history in the single capacity of a fasciDBting 
lyric poot. He was one of the few masters 
in English of Che heptasyllabic couplet, and 
disclosed almost all its curious felicities. 
But hia fine gifts failed him after 1622, and 
during the lost forty-five yean of hia life 
Lis verse is oininly remarlvable fur its mass, 
fluidity, and flatness. It usually lacks any 
genuine literary quality and often sinks into 
imbecile doggerel. Ceasing to be a, poet, 
Wither became in middle life a garrulous and 
tedious preaclier, in platitudinous prose and 
Terse, of the political and religious creeds of 
the commonplace middle-class puritan. At 
times he enjoyed considerable influence ; but 
his political philosophy amounted only to an 
assertion that kings ought not to be tyran- 
nical nor parliaments exacting, and his reCi- 
gious views led merely to a self-complacent 
conviction of the sinfulness of his neigh* 
hours and of the ^leril to which their failings 
exposed the world, owing to the working of 
the vengeance of God. 

Extracts from 'Juvenilia' by Alexander 
Dalryuple (London, 178o, 8vo) formed the 
earliest attempt at a full reprint of Wilher's 
poems. Selections from Wither figured in 
a very thin volume called ' Select Lyrical 
Ballads, written about 1622,' which was 
printed by Sir 3. E, Brydgea {1816, 8vo). 
Brydges also printed 'Shepherds Hunting' 
<18U), 'Fair Virtue '{1815), and 'Fidelia' 
(1818) in separate volumes. In ISlOOutch 
reprinted a few specimens of Wither's early 
work, and sent to Lamb an early interleaved 
copy for corrections and suggestions. ' I 
could not forbear scribbling certain critiques 
in pencil on the blank leaves,' Lamb wrote 
to Gutch on 9 .\pril 1810. The book, with 
these pencilled notes, was afterwards sent 
to Dr. George Frederick Nott [q. v.], the 
editor of Surrey's and Wyatl's poems. Nott 
added emendations of his own, and the volume 
again found iti^way to Lamb, who amusingly 
recorded his low opinions of Nott's taste. 
The volume, with the triple set of annota- 
tions, was subseiittently acquired by Mr. 
Bwinburae, who humorouEty described it in 
the 'Nineteenth Century' in January 1885; 
Mr. Swinburne's esaav is reprinted in his 
'Uiscellanies,']886. J.M. Gutch also edited 
the ' Juvenilia' and other works in 'Poems 
Wither,' without notea or intro- 






duction (Bristol, 1820, 3 vols.); this collec- 
tion was never completed; some copies ore 
divided into four volumes, and bear the date 
1839. Sheets containing a life of Wither 
by Gutch, intended to accompany his edi- 
tion, were accidentally destroyed ; only one 
impression was preserved by Gutch (cf.^-ifAe- 
TUtum, 1858, i. 500). Stanford printed a few 
of Wither's poems in bis ' WoAis of British 
I'oeU' (1819, vol. V.) Southey included the 
' Shepherd's Hunting' in his ' Select Works 
of English Poeta' (1831). Wither's ' Hale- 
lujah ' end' Hymnes and Songs of theChurch,* 
edited by Edward Farr, were reprinted in 
the ' Library of Old Authors,' 1857-8. The 
greater number of Wither's works were re- 
printed by the Spenser Society between 1870 
and 1833 in twenty parts. A selection wu 
edited by Professor Henry Morley in his 
'Companion Poets,' 1891. 'Fidelia' 
'Faire Virtue' are included in Mr. Ai 
' English Gamer.' 

fTliD genoral facts ore collected in W( 
Alhenie Oxon. ed. liliss, iii. 761-TS (a catOi 
bibliography); Aubny's Lives, ed. Andn* 
Clark.!. 221, ii.SDS-T; Huater'sCboros Vatum 
(Brit. Uus, Addit. MS. 21401, p. 49); Klaxon's 
Millun; Farts British Bibliographer, an elnbo- 



; Wither's pohlicaljons in tbe 
reprint of ths Spenser Society, ecpeciiilly th* 
.SfboUe™ Pnrgatorj. 1B25, and Ecchoea from thB 
Sixth Trumpet, 16 6S. Some further iMographi- 
cn\ parlicutars may be gleaned from the follow* 
ing tracts, in which incideots in Wither's poll- 
ttciLl Had literary carefr are nd Tersely criticised: 
A letter to George Wither, touching his soi- 
dissnt Military Exploits in Kent, Surrey, Gton- 
cester, and Middlesex. Sold by the Cryen of 
' New, new, nud true News,' iu all the streets of 
London, IG46. iu> ; A leiter to Qeotge Wither 
to prevGDt his future Psondograpby, London. 
1648, 4to; Mr. Wither his Propbesie of oiir 
preSL-Dt Calamity and (ej:cept we repeat) futnra 
Mispry, written in the year IfliS, n.p. or d. 4la 
(two editioDS): Withers Remenibraacer : or Ex- 
tracts out of Master Withers his books called 
Biitnin'sBemembrancor. Worthyof the review 
and coDsideration of himaelfe, and nil other mm, 
1643, 8vo: A letterto GwiTge Wither. Poetiot 
Licentia Ki>q., published for the bpller informA- 
tion of SBch wbo by bis perpetual Mribbling 
hats been screwed into an opinion of his wortli 
and good oflection to thepuhlick, Loudon. 1S4S, 
4tD.| S. L. 

WITHEBLNG, WILLIAM (i; 

17911), pliyaiciau, botanist, and minei .._ 
gist, was bom at Wellington, Shropehinj3 
in March 1741, being tbe only son of Ed- 
mund Withering, a surgeon, and his wifn 
Sarah Hector, a kinswoman of Richard Ilurd 




Withering 



269 



Withering 



a, v.], bishop of Wori'eater. WithoringWM 
ucBted by Henry AVood of Ercftii until 
1762, wliBQ ha enrered tlie UDivGriiily of 
Edinburgb.gradiwtinjT M,D. in 1766, He 
deroted bimflelf specially to the studv of 
chenUtry and anatoray, joined tbit Medical 
Society of Edinbttrgh, and became a free- 
mason, devoting' liis hours of leisure to the 
German flute and harpsichord. At Bdin- 
burgh he made the acquaintance of Bichard 
Palleney [q. v.], the historian of British 
botany. After a visit to Paris Withering 
settled down in practice at Stafford, where 
he remained from 1767 to 1775, actingduring 
most of that time as aole physician lo the 
county inWrmary. Here, too, he began to 
collect plants, doing so at first for the Udy 
patient who become liia wife. In 1775, on 
the death of Dr, Small, Withering removed 
to Birmingham, where he soon acquired a 
practice us lai^ and as lucrative as that 
«f any [iliysician out of London, and for 
thirteen veara acted as chief physician to the 
Birmingfiam General Hospital. In 1776, 
the year after his settling in Birmingham, 
Withering publbhed hia most important 
irorh, ' A Botanical Arrangement of all tlie 
Vegetables naturally growing in Great 
Britain, according to tlie System of the 
I celebrated Linnieus ; with an easy Intro- 
I Auction to the Study of Botany;' and about 
the same lime he evinced bia interest in 
Spain by; assisting (Sir) John Talbot Dillon 



Promoting tha Abolition of the Slave Trade 
«nd of the celebrated Lunar Society, in 
which he was associated with Joaepb Priest- 
ley [q. v.], Maltbow Boulton [a. v.], and 
James Watt [(]. v.], and was lor a time 
engaged in chemical researches to combat, 
■s he save, 'that monster Phlogiston' — a 
subject wnich be, however, handed over to 
bia friend Priestlev. His attention being 
(or a time directed to mineralogy, be com- 

[ municated to the ' Pbilosophical Transac- 
tions ' of the Hoyal Society — ^of which hn 

' was elected a fellow in 1784 — -analyses of 
Bowlej mgstone and loadstone in 1733, and 
experiments and observations on 'terra ponde- 
roBB,'orbarium carbonate (afterwards nomed 
Witherile in his honour), in 17K4, and in 
1783 published a translation of Sir Torbern 
Beigmann's ' Scingntphia Itegni Mineralis,' 
witE notes bv himseir, under the (itle of 
'Outlines of flinerology.' In 1786 Wither- 
ing moved to Edgbaaton Hall, until then 
tba residence of Sir Henry Gough Caltborpe, 
■where be amused himself by breeding New- 
foundland doga and French cattle, and 




where he completed the second edition of 
the 'Botanical Arrangement,' for which 
work be constantly emplnved two profeS' 
sional pi ant^^MiI lectors. Withering was not 
himselt present at the dinner in July 1791 
in commemoration of the French revolu- 
tion which gave rise to the riots in which 
Priestley's house was sacked ; but, the dis- 
turbance growing, he felt compelled to tl^, 
taking with him his books and specimens in 
wagons loaded up with bay, though the 
arrival of the military ultimately saved his 
house from destruction. In December 1792, 
after the publication of the third volume of 
the ' Botanical Arrangement,' which dealt 
in a most original manner -n-ilh the fungi 
and other cryptogams. Withering, who was 
long threatened with consumption, eailed 
for Lisbon, where be remained until the fol- 
lowing June. While there, at the request of 
the Portuguese court he analysed the hot 
mineral waters of Caldaa da Rainha, and 
on revisiting Lisbon in October 1793 pre- 
sented a memoir on the subject to the Ro^al 
AcademyofSciences,and was mode a foreign 
corresponding member of that body. Tha 
mt-moir was published both in the ' Trans- 
actions ' of the Academy and in the ' Philo- 
sophical Transactions.' As the result of his 
pt an t-collectingin Lisbon bedrewupa'Florte 
UlyasipponensiB Specimen,' which is included 
in his 'Miscellaneous Tracts,' collected by 
bis son in 1822. Withering came to the 
conclusion that the climate of Lisbon was 
of no service in cases of consumption, and, 
travelling througb the south of England on 
his return, decided that the Undercliff of 
the Isle of Wight would be far preferable. 
He then purchased from Priestley bis house, 
' The Larches,' which had been sacked by 
the mob in 1791, and here he spent the five 
remaining years of his life, living mainly in 
bis library, which was maintained arti- 
ficially at a uniform temperature of 66° F. 
Hie eon, indeed, maintains in the memoir 
prefixed by him to his father's ■ Miscella- 
neous Tracts' that nothing showed his skill 
aa a physician more than the way in which 
he prolonged bis own frail existence. 
Among the distinguished men who visited 
him at Birmingham were Camper, Necker, 
Calonne, Iteinhold Forster, and Afxelius. 
The lost-mentioned botanist, demonstrator 
ill the university of Upsal, revised Wither- 
ing's herbarium in preparation for the third 
edition of the ' Botanical Arrangement,' 
which appeared in 1796; and Tbunberg, 
the successor of LinnS, sent him Swedish 
plants for the purposes of the same work, 
and lent bis sanction to Withi^rlng's modifica- 
tion of LiunC's clasbification by the merging 



I 



J 



Witherington 



270 



Witherow 



of tlte Oynandriai, MonicciB, Uiixcia, and I 
Polvgainia in the other clasBSS. Withering I 
died on U Oct. 1799, it \>eiag wittily eaid I 
during' his long iUnega th&t * the Bother of I 
pbyeicians ia indeed Wilbering.' He was 
buried at Edgbnston old church, where his 
monument bears a bust and ia ornamented 
with the foxglore, which he did muck to 
introduce into the pharmacopoeia, and witb 
Wittieringia, a genus of Solanace* dedi- 
cated to bis honour by L'Ufritier. The 
fine portrait of Withering painted by 
Charles Frederick von Breda in 1792 was 
engraved bv W. Bond aa n frontiBpiece to 
the ' MisceilaneouB Tracts,' as well as by 
lUdiey for Thornton's collection. Withering 
roarried, on 12Stipt. 1772, Helena, only cbild 
of George Cooke* of Stafford, by whom he 
had two children, who survived him — 
William (177a-18;i2) and Charlotte. 

Uis chief works, in addition to those 
already sufficiently described, were: 1. 'Dis- 
sertatio Inauguralis de Angina Oangnenosa,' 
Edinburgh, 1766. 3. 'A Botanical Arrange- 
ment of all the Vegetables naturally grow- 
ing in Great Britain,' London, 1776, i vols. 
8to ; 2nd edit., much iraproTed by Dr. 
Jonatlian Stokes, Birmingham, S voU., vols, 
i. and ii. 1787, vol. lii. 1792; Srd edit.. 
Birminffham, 1796, 4 vols.; 4lh edit., en- 
larged by William Withering the younyer, 
London, 1801, 4 vols. : 6th edit,, 'corrected 
and considerably enlarged,' Birmingham, 
1812, 4 vols.; 6th edit., London, 1818, 
4 vols.! Tth edit,, London, 1830, 4 vols.; 
another edit., 'corrected and condensed' by 
William MacgillitTny, London, 1830, 4to 
(Srd edit, of this abbreviation, London, 18^5, 
8vo); 8th edit., London, 1862, 8vo. 3. ' An 
Account of the Scarlet Fever and Sore 
Throat, or Scarlatina Anginosa,' 1778; ^'nd 
edit. 1793. 4. ' An Account of the Fox- 
glove and some of its Medical Uses,' 178.3, 
8vo. 

[Momoir by his son prefiied to MiBCDllBunQUS 
Tnu.-U', I/)ndou, 1822, 8i-o ; Colvile'a Worthies 
of Warwickshire, 1870, 4to.] G, S. B. 

WITHEEINOTON. WILLIAM FRE- 
DERICK (1785-1866), londscape-painler, 
WHS bom in Goswell Street, Loudon, on 
36 May 1786. At school and afterwards in 
business he cultivated a taste for drawing, 
and at length, in 1805, became a student at 
the Royal Academy, though he did not de- 
cide till some time later to become a painter 
by profession. In 1808 he exhibited hisSrat 
picture, ' Tintern Abbey,' at the British In- 
Btitulion, and made his first appearanca at 
the Royal Academy in 1811,with two views 
of Hart well, Buckinghatnshire. He re- 
mained a constant contributor to the Royal 



Academy exhibitions till the year of hit 
death, sending 138 pictures in all, in addi- 
tion to sixtv-two at the British Institution. 
He also exhibited for several years in aue- 
cession at the Birmingham Society of Arts, 
founded in 1821, His earlv pictures wera 
principally landscapes, but be varied thetn 
with such' subjects as ' Lavinia,' ' The Sol- 
dier's Wife,' 'Pancho Pan«n,' and "John 
Gilpin.' In 1880 he was elected an associate 
of the Hoyal Academy, He hod lived 
hitherto chiefly in London, but his health 
fuiled about this time, and he was compelled 
to spend several months of each year m the 
country, chiefly in Kent. 

In 1840 lie became an acodemieiitn. 
Henceforth he employed his renewed health 
and vigour in painting views in Devonshire, 
the lake country, Wales, and other parts of 
England, though Kent was still his favourito 
county. His pictures are simple unaffectoJ 
studies of English scenery, varied with inci- 
denta of country life, in which the figuiet 
are well painted. Two of his best known 
works, ''Hie Hop Garland," engraved by II, 
Bourne, and ' The Stepping Stones,' en- 
graved by E, Brandard, were presented to 
the National Gallery as part of the Vemnn 
collection in 1847, but they are among the 
pictures temporarily on loan to other gal- 
leries. 'The Hop Garden' (1834), one ot 
his best works, is in the Sheepshanks col- 
lection at the South Kensington Museum. 
'Angling,' 'The Beggar's Petition,' and 
several other pictures have been engraved. 
There in a lithograph, ' The Young Anglers,' 
by Witherington himself. lit? died at 
Momington Crescent, London, on 10 April 
1866. 

[BeilgraTe's Diet, of Artist.?: Exhibition 
Calalogues; Times, 15 April 1886.] C. », 

WITHEROW, THOMAS (183^1680), 
Irish divine and historian, was son of Hugh 
Witherow, a farmer at Ballycastle, nesf 
Limavady, Londonderry, by Elixnbeth Uu> 
(in, and was bom there on 29 May ISSI, 
He received his early education at a ' hedgt 
school,' from which he passed to the cam 
of James Bryce (1806-1877) [q. v.], and. 
later on, successively to the Academy and 
the Royal Academical Institution in BelfasL 
In 1838 he entered the collegiate department 
of the latter seminary, and here, with tfas 
exception of a session at Edinburgh, all hb 
college days were spent. In 18M he wu 
licensed to preach by the presbytery of Glca- 
dermot, and in 1845 ordained at Maghen, 
Londonderry, by the presbytery of .Maghera- 
felt as colleague to Charles liennedv. Bs 
proved himself B most able and fatthfid 



L clei^yniiin. In 1865, cm the opening of the 

r Uagee presbyterian college, Londonderry, he 

was appointEtd by the geDiira.1 assembly {in> 

feasorot church history and pasloral theoli^. 

The duties of this chair he aischarffed during 

the remainder of his life with much zeal and 

efficiency. In 1878 he was elected moderator 

Hof the general assembly, and in 1884 a eenator 

i of the royal university of Ireland. He died 

^ on 25 Jan. 18SK) at Londonderry, and was 

buried in the city cemetery there. 

He married Cotharine.daughter of Thomas 
Milling, Maghera, by whom he had seren 
daughters and one son. 

Witherow was author of a number of 
valuable works, the chief of which are : 
1. ' Three Prophets of our own,' 1 S56. 2. ' The 
Apoatolic Church— which is it ? ' ltW>6. 3. ' A 
Defence of the Apostolic Church," 1667. 
4, 'Scriptural Baptism; its Mode and Sub- 
jects,' 1867. 5. ' Derry and Enniakilten in 
the year 1689,' 1873. 6. ' The Bopie and 
AgUrim,' 187i). 7. ' Hisiorical and Literary 
Uemorials of Presbyterianism in Ireland* 
(1623-1800), 2 vols. 1879. 8. 'Histonrof 
the Reformation ; a primer,' 1883. 9. ' Life 
of Kev. A. P. Gondy, D.D.' (commenced hv 
ThomasCtosliery [q.v.l, but loft unfinisbedj, 
1887. 10. ' Two Diaries of Derry in 1689, 
being Richards's Diary of the Fleet and Ash's 
Journal of the Siege, with Introduction and 
Notes,'1888. ll.'TheFormoftheChriatian 
Temple/ 1889. He was a frequent contri- 
butor to the ' British and Foreign Evange- 
lical Review,' the Belfast ' Witnew,' and the 
Londonderry ' Standard,' and was one of the 
editors of the ' I'reabyterian Review.' lie 
. received the honorary degree of D.D. in 1883 
[ tram ' the Presbyterian 'Theological Faculty, 
I Ireland.' 

[Porsonal knunledge; Minuto-i of General 
Assenilily of Preshyleriftn Clinrch in IrBland ; 
obitaaiy notice in Gelfast Witness; ioformatinn 
acppiiod by Rev. R. O. Milling, B.D., Bailyna- 
hiuch.] T. H. 

WITHERS, THOMAS (1769-1843), 
captain in the navy, son of Thomaa Withers, 
yeoman, of Knapton, North Walsham, Nor- 
folk, and Priscilla his wife, was baptised on 
17 Sept. 1769. On 4 June 1779 he was 
admitted one of the nautical scholars of 
Christ's Hospital, where be continued for 
upwards of si x years, though for part of the 
time (14 July 1781-31 Jan. 1784) he was 
borne on the books of the Grana as servant 
of the purser, Joseph Withers, presumably 
his uncle. On 1 Dec. 1786 he was dis- 
oharged from Christ's Hospital and bound 

S prentice to Richard Harding, commander 
the East India Company's fillip Kent, for 
A term of seven years ' unless his majesty 



should require his last year's 
formation from Christ's Hospital per Mr. 
W. Lempriere). In May 1793 he entered 
on board the Agamemnon, then newly com- 
missioned by Captain Horatio (afterwards 
Viscount) Nelson [q. v.], to whom his North 
Walsham connection had probably inl 
duced him. In the Agamemnon Withers 
continued as midshipman. schoolmaster, and 
master's mate till Julv 1796, when be fol- 
lowed Nelson to the (Captain. During this 
rime he bad seen much exceptional service ; 
had been landed at Bastia andCalvi; had 
been wounded at Oneglia on 39 Aug. 1796, 
and been captured at \'ado in November 
(Nicolas, Affoon lieipatcket. ii. 77, 111). 
On the day after the battle of Cape St. 
Vincent he was made lieutenant into the 
pri«e-shipSalvadordelMundo(15Feb.l797, 
confirmed 22 March). FromFehruary 1798 
to December 1800 he was serving in the 
Terrible in the Channel, with Sir Richard 
Uusse^ Bickerton[q. v.], as afterwards in the 
Kent in the Mediterranean and on the const 
of Egypt till August 1802. when he was 
made acting commander of the expedition. 
The commission was confirmed on 11 April 
1803. Fora few months in the end of 1804 
he commanded the Tariarus sloop in the 
Channel, and in 1805 was apjHiinted agent 
for transports to the Elbe and Weser. In 
this service he continued : in Sicily, the 
Ionian Islands, and Alexandria, 1806-7; 
Halifax and Martinique, 1808-10, During 
1810-16 he was principal agent in the 
Mediterranean — coast of Spain and It-aly. 
He was made post-captain on 13 Mav 1809. 
After the war he had no service, ani lived 
in retirement at North Walahara till bis 
dtiathon4Ju1y 1843. 

[Marshall's Royal Naval Biogr. r.(Sappl. pt. 
ii.). 476; ScrriCB-booX in the Public Ke«jrd 
Office; Gent. Mag. IBt3, ii. 43A.] J. K. L. 

"WITHERSPOON, JOHN (1723-1794), 
presbyterian divine and statesman, bom on 
5 Feb. \~-22-S in the paiinh of Veater in Had- 
dingtonshire, was the eldest sou of Jamea 
Witherspoon [d. 12 Aug. 1759), minister of 
that pariah, by his wife Anne, daughter of 
David Walker (d. 1787), minister of Temple 
in Midlothian. His mother's family claimed 
descent from John Knox and his son-in-law, 
John Welch, Witherspoon was educated 
al the grammar school at Haddington, where 
he was distinguished by his diligence and 
proficiency in the classics, and proceeded to 
Edinburgh University, where he was lau- 
reated on 8 May 1739. On 6 Sept. 1743 he 
was licensed to preach by the presbytery of 
Haddington, and, after assisting bis father 



J 



Witherspoon 



Withers! 



for It few months, he was presenteil in 1741 
to the parish of Beith by Alexander Mont- 
gnmerie, tenth earl of Eglinton [q. v.], 
called on 24 Jan. l"44-(), and ordained on 
11 April. Ou the outbreak of the rehellion 
in 1745 WitherBpoon, influenced hy loyalty, 
placed himself at the bead of a »mall body 
of volunCeersandmarchadtoGlasgow. Being 
ordered to return, he disobeyed, continued 
his advance, and was made priitoner by the 
rebels after the battle of Falkirk, in wliich, 
however, be look no part. Ub was coiifitieil 
in the caatle of Doune with other prisoners, 
until they managed to escape by a rope of 
knotted blankets. 

Witberspoon's fame as a preacher steadily 
increased, and on 16 June 1753 he attained 
(listinciion aa un author by bia 'Eccleains- 
tieal Characteristics, or the Arcana of 
Church Policy, be'ma an Attempt to open 
up the Mystery of Moderation ' (Glasgow, 
8vo), written in a vein of delicate humour 
against the ' moderate' party in the Scottish 
church. The work was deservedly popular, 
tind reached a fifth edition in 1703 (Edin- 
hurgh, 8vo). It at flrsC appeared anony- 
mously, hut. it was followed in 1763 by n 
' Serious Apology " for the ' Characleri sties,' 
in which WitEerspoon acknowledged the 
aulborahip (Edinburgh, 8vo). It also earned 
ibe praise of Warbiirton and of llowland 
lliU, and was lauded by the bishops of Lon- 
don and Oxford as an exquisite exposure of 
' a party tbey were no Btrangera to in tile 
church of l'..n|(land.' In hia warfare with 
the moderates no had to encounter almost 
alone writers of the calibre of Hugh Blair 
[q.v.J, Alexander Gerard (1728-1795) [q. v.], 
and William Itobertsou the historian. 

In 1766 Witherspoon established bis repu- 
tation by his ' Essay on the Connection Ite' 
tween the Doctrine of Justification by the 
imputed Righteousness of Christ and Iloli- 
nessofLife' (Glasgow, lOmo), one of the 
ubitsi expositions of the Calvinistic doc- 
trine in any language. It hag been re- 
Kiatedly republished, lie Increased his popu- 
city by hie ' Serious Enquirv into the 
Nature and Elfect of the Stage' (Glasgow, 
Hvo). Jolin Home fq. v.^ had scandalised 
popular ideas of ministerial propriety by 
placing 'Douglas' on the Edinburgh stage 
in 1756, and Wilherspoon's grave and tem- 
perate rebuke came as a solace to outraged 
sentiment. It was reprinted in 1842 as the 
first ofa series of ' Reprints of Scarce Tmcls 
connected with the Church of Scotland' 
(Edinburgh, 8 vo), with an ironical preface 
by Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Slurrav- 
Dunlop [q. v,], directed against the ' mode- , 



'^fhis^c 



No I 



) of the 



series appeared. A new edition by William 
Moffnt was published in 1S76 (Edinhurgli, 
8vo). On H Dec. 1756 Witherspoon was 
called to the town church at Paisley, and on 
1« June 1757 he was admitted. He con- 
tinued to publish pamphlets and aennonsfor 
some years, until in 1763adiBcours«>,entitled 
' Sinners sitting in the Seat of the Scornful r 
Seasonable Advice to Young Persons,' in- 
volved bim in unexpected difficulties. In 
the preface he rebuked by name, and with 
some severity, some young men who had 
travestied the Lord's Supper on the night 
before its celebration at Paisley. In conse- 
ijuence he was prosecuted for libel and de- 
tumation, and, after proceedings extending 
over thirteen years, he was sentenced by the 
supreme court on ^8 Feb. 1776 lo pay 
damages to the extent of ISO/. Much sym- 
pathy was shown him, and on 28 June 1780 
the university of St. Andrews hestovred on 
him the honorary degree of D,D. 

In 1765 Witherspoon published a delight- 
ful satire, ' The History of a Corporation of 
ServantH discovered a Few Yeajs Ago in 
the Interior Parts of South America ' (Glas- 
gow, 4to), in which, after tracing the growth 
of ecclesiosticlsm before and after the Refor- 
mation under the guise of the history oft 
guild of servants, he proceeded to hold up to 
ridicule the abuses prevalent in the Scottish 
church. In the meantime his fame was 
growing daily. lie declined invitations to 
become minister of a congregation in Dublin 
and of the Scottish church at Rotterdam. 
On 9 May 1768, however, having received 
two invitationa to become principal of 
Princeton College, New Jersey, he resigned 
his charge, and in July sailed for America. 
Ho was received in New England with 
Kreat enthusiasm, and hia jouruev from 
Philadelphia to Princeton was a triumphal 
procession. 11 is reputation was ereat 
enough to ensure Princeton a marked in- 
crease in prosperity after his arrival. He 
and his friends presented a large number 
of books to the college library, and he 
exertedhimselftoohtainiiecuniary aid fortbe 
college from the Nortli American colonies. 
He effected a revolution in the system of 
instruction by introducing the Scottith 
system of lectures, greatly extending the 
study of mathematical science, impmTinfc 
the course of instruction in natural pbilo- 
Aupby, and in 1773 introducing Hebrew and 
French to the curriculum. He himself lec- 
tured on eloquence, history, philosophy, and 
divinity, Under his auspices were educated 
many ministers and early patriots and legis- 
lators of the United States, among tliem 
James Madison. 



Witherspoon 



Witherspoon 



Oil the outbreak of the American revo- 
lation Witlienpoon's varied talenls na a 
preacher, dabster, poliliciun, and man ol' 
aSiiirs at laat found full room for action in 
the turmoil of the war of independence. He 
strongly supported the cause of tlie colonies, 
B,Dd in the Bpringof 1776 he took hi« sent in 
the convention for fnuninglhe first constitu- 
tion for New Jersey. His conduct in this 
aesembly established his capacity for affairs. 
After serving there during the deposition of 
WiUism Franklin, the royalist governor, on 
21 June 1776, be was elected by the citizens 
of New Jersey as their represeotative in the 
general congress by which the constitution 
of the United States was framed. All his 
influence was exerted in farourof the deela- 
tstion of independence. Wheuamember of 
congress expressed a fear that they ' were 
not yet ripe for such a d ecla rat ion, 'Wither- 
spoon replied, 'In niy judgment, sir, we are 
not only ripe but rotting.' At his instance 
the Scottiafi soldiers were omitted from the 
list of mercenaries whom, according to the 
declaration of independence, England had 
employed against the colonists. He was 
among those who signed the declaration on 
4 July, and, with the exception of a brief 
interval, he remained in congress until the 
virtual close of the revolution. His eru- 
dition gave him weight in an nasembl]' 
in loTe with theory, and his training in 
Scottish ecclesiastical polilica prepared him 
for the secular politics of .America. On 
7 Oct. he was appointed a member of the 

member of the board of war, and on '27 Aug. 
1778 was made a member of the committee 
of the Gnances. In 1781 he was one of the 
commissioners who brought about an accom- 
modation between congress and the muti- 
neers from Washington's army at Trenton 
{Ann. Sfg. 1781, i. 7). During the whole of 
thestrugKlehecontinually influenced public 
opinion Dy sermons, pamphlets, and ad- 
dresses, in which, white strenuous for inde- 
pendence, he showed the dangers of exces- 
■ive decentralisation and urged the neces- 
sity of leaving sufficient strength to the 
executive. He also strongly deprecated an 
undue resort lo a paper currency, and urged 
the propriety of making loans and esta- 
blishing funds for the payment of interest. 

On the settlement of the question of 
American independence early in 1783, 
Witherspoon resumed his academic duties, 
and two years later he visited Great Britain 
to obtain subscriptions for the college, which 
lud sufiered severely during the war. He 
I found, however, that the feeling against the 
\ colonists was too strong to afford him much 
.. LXil. 



chance of success, and, after a brief 
finally returned ro the United StJites. 
1785 he received the honorary degrei 
LL.D. from Yale College. Two 
his death he became blind, but, in spite of 
this infirmity, he continued to preach and to 
lecture until the end of his life. He died on 
15 Nov, 1794, and was buried at Princeton. 
He waa twice married: first, in 1746, to Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Robert Montgomery of 
Craighouse; and secondly, in 1791, to Anne, 
widow ofDr. Dill of York Oounty,New York. 
B; the former be had three sons and two 
ilaughiers. The eldest son, James, became a 
major in the American army,aiid was killed 
at Oennantown. Of his daughters, Anne 
married Samuel Stanhope Smith, who suc- 
ceeded him as president of Princeton College; 
and Frances married David Ramsay, the 
historian. John Cabell Breckinridge, the 
confederate leader, was a descendant of 
Witherspoon (Notes and Querici, Srd ser. 
XL. 25). Witherspoon's portrait was en- 
graved from life by Trotter in 1785, and a. 
colossal status was erected to him on 30 Oct. 
1676 in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. He 
was brilliant in conversation, and was said 
to have a more imposing presence than any 
American leader, except Washington. 

Witherspoon, both from his attainments 
■nd bis position, exercised a considitrablc in- 
fluence on theological development in the 
United States, and he has been credited 
with moulding presbyterian thought in New 
Etigland(cr. miiot/ifca Sacra, July 1863; 
Biblical jRepfrtory and Princeton Sevifv;, 
October 1863). Besides the works already 
mentioned, he was the author of ; 1. ' Seven 
Single Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1768, 8vo; 
Philadelphia, 1778, 8vo, -J. 'A Practical 
Treatise on Regeneration,' London, 1764, 
I^moj Tith ed. London, 1816, 12mo. 3. 'Eseava 
on Important SubjeclB,' London, 1704, 2 vols. 
ISmo, This collection included No. 2 as well 
aa ' Ecclesiastical Charoc I eristics.' 4. ' Dis- 
courses on Practical Subjects.'Qlasgow, 17118, 
12mo ; Edinburgh, 18(M, limo. 5. ' Prac- 
tical Discourses on Leading Truths of the 
Gospel,' Edinbuiph, 1768, 12moi 1804, 
12ino. 6. 'Considerations on the Nature 
and Extent of the Legislative Authority 
of the British Pariiament,' Philadelphia, 
1774, 8vo; erroneously attributed to Ben- 
jamin Franklin. 7. 'The Dominion of 
I'rovidence over the Passions of Men,' a ser- 
mon, Philadelphia, 1776, Svo ; this discourse, 
a defence of revolutionary theories, was re- 
published in Glasgow in 1777, with severe 
annotations, in which he was styled a rebel 
and a traitor. To the American edition be 
added an ' Address to the Natives of Scot- 




I 
J 



land,' whicU appeared Beparalely in 1778, 
S. ' StfrmousOQ various 3ubJecta,not alreudy 
published . . . with tlie Hirtory of a Corpora- 
tion of Servants, and other Tracts,' Edin- 
burgb, I79S, 12mD. He also published nume- 
rous single sermons, lectures, and essays. A 
collective edition of his works, with a me- 
moir by Ilia son-in-law, Samuel Stanhoye , 
Smith, tvBS published in New York in four | 
volumes in 1800 and 1801, and a second 
edition in I'hiladelphia in 180t^. Nfiw edi- 
tions were published at New York in 1802 
in four volumes, and at EdiobuTK-h in I804'6, 
and in 181G in nine volumes. His ' Miscel- 
laneous Works ' appeared at PhJladeluhia in 
1803, Lis ' Select Works ' at London in 
1804 (-2 rols. 8vo), and his ' Essays, Lectures, 
and Sermons' at Edinburgh in W2'i (6 vols, 
lijma). Several of his sermona are included 
in David Austin's 'American Preacher,' 
Elizabeth Town, 1793-4, 4 vols. 8\-o. 
Witherspoon edited the ' Sermons' of James 
Muir of Alexandria, United States of 
America, in 1787. To bim is also doubtfully 
ascribed ' A Letter from a Blacksmith to Iho 
Ministers and Elders of the Church of Scot- 
land, in wbicli the Manner of Public Wor- 
ship there is pointed out, the Inconveniences 
Bna Defects considered, and Methods for re- 
movin));' them humbly proposed,' Londnn, 
1759, 8vo; Sth ed. Edinburgh. 1826, 8voi 
and with still less probability ' A Series of 
Letters on Education by a Blacksmith, 
edited by Isaac James,' Bristol, 1798, Sro ; 
Southampton, 1808, I2mo. Witbersponn 
was severely satirised by Jonathan Odell, 
the loyalist poet (see Loj/ali'et Poftry of tie 
Snvlution, pp. 17-18). 

[Sanderson's Biogr. nf Steers of rhe DecliLra- 
tion of liidependfccB. 1865. pp. 206-314; Tylar'e 
Litflrary History of iha Amurlciin Rsvolution, 
Sow York. 1897, li. 319-30 ; Spraeup's AiiiihIb. 
iii. 288-300 ; Chambers's Biogr. Diot. of Emi- 
nent Scotsmen, ISSaiScoU'ayastlEiTcIa". Scoti- 
eaiue. 1.1,304, ii.i. 160,203-6; Ailiboo«'s Diirt. 
of Engl. Lit. ; Notes and Queries. 3rd ser. >i. 
35.6th ser. viii. 16; Ana. Itoi;. 1780. i. 366; 
The Fwibful Servant Howarded, fnnersl sermon 
by John Bodgors, 17S5; lislkett and Laing's 
Did. of Anon, and Fsendon. Lit. 188'i ; Life of 
WitberKpnon, preRiedto bis Worha, IMinbucg^h, 
1804; Nev Statistical Annant.ii. it. I59-6U: 
Bromley's Cat. of Engr, Portraits, p. 372; Collw;- 
rions uf Hist Soe of New JerMv, ii. 182, iii, 
1B3-6. 198; The Princeton BoDk,'l879, pp. 45- 
47; Hendli-y's Chaplains and Clergy of IheRr- 
Tolution, 1884; Coi^hrane Corresp. (Maitknd 
riutO.p. 119.] E. I. C. 

WITHMAN(rf.l047f),BbbotofRem8ey, 
called also Leucander and Andrew, was n 
Germanbybirth(CAron..^A4. iin»K-».p. 121. 
Holla Ser,), one of those apparently whom 



Cnut gathered round him. Qreua, on what 
authority does not appear, places Withmsn 
amonf the royal chaplains who. under Cnut, 
were first organised fur administrative pur- 
poses (Conquest of England, pp. r>lf~5). 
Withmsn was promoted in lOItt to the great 
abbacy of Ramsey (Chnm. Abb. Haraes. App, 
p. 340). He was a hsrd student and a man 
of stem character, whose discipline involved 
him in serious disputes with his monks. 
Against the latter he appealed to the difr- 
cesan, /Etheric; but tne bishop, having 
visited the house, g»ve decision in favour of 
the monks, reminding the abbot of the 
breadth and tolerance of St. Benedict's great 
rule (id pp. 121-3). Withman thereupon set 
out on a piigrim^e to Jerusalem, whence he 
returned to find his successor in the abbacy 
appointed. The new ablwt, .i^tlielstan, at 
once oftered to resign, butWithman refused 
to allow him, and himself retired to a solitary 
spot near liamsey, called NorCheye. Here, 
with one companion and two servants, and 
supported fay the abbey, he lived over twenty- 
six years, dying probably about 10-17 (i6. pp. 
125,340). Withman issaid to have emoyed 
the (Headship of Edward the Confessor, 
whom he persuaded to give certain lands 
to the abbey in 1047 (lA.pp. 160,a40). He 
wrote a life of the Persian bishop St. Ivo or 
St. Ives, whose remains were supposed lo 
be buried at llamsey. The original is appa- 
rently lost, but a revision by Qoscelin [q.v.l 
is printed in the ' Acta Sanctorum' (ii. 288 
seq.JandiaMigne's* Pfttrologia'(clv. p, 80). 
Bale also attributes to Witliman a narra- 
tive of his journey to Jerusalem {^Ser^tt. 
llluttr. Brit, i, 151), of which, however, no- 
thing further seems to be known, 

[In addition to the chief authorities montionad 
in the text, sea Leiand's Couimenc de Scriptt. 
160; Pila, 00 Illustr. Angl. Striptt. p. 



Lit. i. Sll-12; Frreman's Kor 
79, 598.] A. M. C-H. 

WTTHBINGTON. [SeeWtDDRINGTOJI.] 

WITTLESEY, WILLIAM U. 1374), 
archUisliup of Canterbury. [See WHtrrtB- 

WIVELL, ABRAHAM {1760-I&I8), 
porlrait-painter, was boru on 9 July ITflS 
in the parish of St. Marylebone, London. 
He was tlie fourth child and only son of a 
tradesman who had left Launceston, Corn- 
wall, a year previously, and died soon aflw 
his sons birth, leaving his vridow very 
badly off. Young Wivell began to work fi« 
his living at the age of six as a farmer's boy. 
Ue returned to London two years later, and. 



yae-n. At the and of this term he set up 
for himself in the same trade, and advHrtise J 
hia Ekill in taking hkeneseea bj exhibiting 
minintitres among the wigs in bis ehop- 
window. He made the acqunintance of 
Joseph NoUekens and James Northcote 
[q. v.], who helped him to extend his practice I 
as tt pnrtrait'paiuter, though he could not 
yet anord to live by that alone. lie made 
some unaacces«ful experiments about this 
time in etching and mezzotint engraving. 
A meMOtint portrait by hiro, after John 
Smith, was published in Itodd'a ' Portraits 
to iltiuitrate Granger's Biographical History 
of England,' 1819. In ISUO he took portraits 
of Arthur 'Thistlewood [q. v.J and the othef 
Cnto k^treet conspirators in Gierke nvrell 
prison, and recei^'ed n commission from the 

fublisher Thomas Kelly of 17 Paternoster 
tow to draw them agnin during their trial 
at the Old Bailey. These pottrail-s met 
with great success. I^ter in the same year 
he took a sketcb of Queen Caroline as she 
appeared on a balcony to receive the greetings 
of the people on her return to London. The 
sketch was brought to the queen's notice, 
und she gave Wivell a sitting to enable him 
to linish the portrait. At the queen's trial 
in the House of Lords Wivell, who had 
gained a surreptitious entrance among the 
barristers, took rapid sketches of all the 
persons concerned, which were circulated at 
tbe time among the company present, and 
afterwards publLflhed. This was the starting- 
point of Wivell's career of prosperity. He 
eoon obtained abundant commissions from 
the royal family and the aristocracy, and 
painted portraits, which were afterwards 
engraved, of George IV, the Dukes of York, 



Gloucester, and Clarence, Prince Ge 



irpeai 



Princess Augusta of Cambridge as ch ddi 
Lord Holland, Sir Francis Burdett, Oeorgo 
Canning, Sir Astley Cooper, Lord John 
Russell, and many more of^the leading men 
of the day. He painted the portraits of 
nearly two hundred members of parliament 
for a view of the interior of the House of 
Commons which was published by Bowyer 
and Parkea, and received numerous commis- 
sions for theatrical portraits. He seldom 
exhibited at the Royal Academy or other 
galleries, and few of his portraits were 
painted in oils ; the majority were highly 
linislied pencil-drawings on a minidture 
Bcale. In 1825 he went to Stratford-on- 
Avon and made a drawing of the bust of 
Shakespeare in Stratford chureh, which was 
engraved by J. S. Agar. In 18?7 he pub- 
lished ' An Inquiry into tbe History, Auti 



ticity, and Characteristics of the Shakespeare 
Portraits,' and lost a large sum of manvy by 
the venture, since tbe sale of the book was 
not nearlvBufficient to coverthe expense of the 
plates. 'He waa relieved at this juncture by 
the death of his uncle, Abram Wivell of 
Camden Town, who left him his house and 
furniture and an annuity of 100/. for life. 
In IS'JS Wivell became interested in the 
subject of fire-escapes, in which he invented 
several improvements. In 1B39 a society 
waa formed which developed into the Hoyal 
Society for the Protection of Life from Fire, 
established in 1836. Wivell became super- 
intendent of fire-escapes to this societT, with 
a. salary of 100/., and held this post lU'l 1841, 
when he left London for Birmingham. 
There he resumed his practice as a portrait- 
painter and had sittings from many of the 
important residents. In 1847 he took 
portraits of railway celebrities for the 
' Monthly Railway Record.* He died at 
Birmingham on L>9 March 1849. He was 
twice married, in 1810 and 1B21. Hia 
second wife and ten children survived him. 
His eldest son, Abraham, also became an 
artist, and paint«d a portrait of Sir Rowland 
Hill, which was engraved in mezzotint by 
W. 0. Gellerml848. A portrait of Wivell, 
drawn by himself, was engraved by William 
Holl. 
[Art Journal, 1849, p. 206.] C. D. 

WIX, SAMUEL (1771-1861), divine, 
bom in London on 9 Feb. 1771, was the 
second son of Edward Wii of St. Peter's, 
Coruhill. He was educated at the Charter- 
house under Samuel Berdmore [q. v.], and 
at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he 
was admitted pensioner on 8 Nov. 1791, and 
elected scholar on 6 Dec. 17Q2. He gra- 
duated B.A. in 1796 and M.A. in 1799. He 
was iipparentlyadmittedat the Inner Temple 
(16 Aug. 1783;, but was ordained deacon in 
1798 and priest in IWO. After holdingcura- 
cies in Chelsea, Ealing, Eynsford, Kent, and 
Faulkboume, Essex, successively, be was pre- 
sented in 1802 to the living of In worth, Essex. 
Six yeara biter he was elected hospitaller and 
vicar of St. Bartholomew's the Less In Lon- 
don. He was also for a time president of 
Sion College. An adherent of the old high- 
church party, he cared more for devotion 
than polemics, yet he involved himself in 
controversy, His first publication was ' Scrip- 
tural niuatrations of tbe Thirty-nine Ar- 
ticles, with a practical Commentary on each 
. . . affectionately intended to promote Reli- 
gious P«ace and Unity,' 1808, 8vo. It waa 
followed in IB18 by a more ambitious ei- 
renicon, published originally in the ' Eclectic 



Wode 



276 



Wodehou; 



Review,' enlitW 'Reflecti( 
the Exnediency of a Council of the Church 
of England and the Church of Rome being 
holden, with n view to accoinmodste Kali- 
ipoua DiSerenceH.' This produced, among 
other nnswers, an aiigrv rejily from TboniBa 
TiurKess (1756-18^7) [q, v.], bishop of Si. 
DaTid'e. Wis wrote two temperate re- 
joiDders, Hia ' Reflections' attracled the 
attention of Jerome, comte de Salia, who 
beciune Wix's lifelong friend, and caused hia 
booli to be translated at hia own expense 
into aeveral foreign laiiatiaged. But Wix 
was opposed to granting Rom anista political 
Tight^.andinlSSj isBued a pamphlet in eiip- 
port of hia views. 

Wix, who wrote many similar pamphlets, 
was aman of singular simplicity of character 
and of vigorous intellect. He was a fellow 
of the lioyal Society and the Society of 
Anliijuaries. He died at the vicarage, St. 
BartUotoioew's, London, on 4 Sept. 1861, 
A tablet to his memory was erected in the 
church by ordtr of the govemora of St, 
Bartholnmew'a Hospital. By bis wife, a 
Miss Walford of the Essex family, he had 
several children. The eldest son, Edward 
Wii (.1802-1866), a graduate of Trinity 
Co11<tfo, Oxford, was sometime archdeacon of 
Newfoundland, and afterwards vicar of St. 
Michael's, Swanmore, near Ryde, where Tie 
died on 24 Nov. 1866. being succeeded in 
the ntriith by his son, Richard Hooher Ed- 
ward Wi.v 0832-16K4}. Hewaa a frequent 
contributor lo the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' 
and the author of 'Six Uouths of a New- 
foundland Missionary's Journal,' 1836, 8vo, 
and of ' A Retrospect of the Operations of 
tile Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
in North America,' 2nd edit. 1833, 8vo. 

[Admis'ioD entry at Christ's Call, per the 
M«Blflr; Gent, Mag. 1861 ii. 453, 1863 i. 94-6, 
18B6ii. 649; Faalsr'« Alumni Oxon. 1716-IRI«6; 
Alliiiane'B Diet, of Eoglish Lit.; Brit. Mua. 
Cat,] O. Le G. K. 

WODE. [See Wood.] 

WODEHOUSE. [Se.' al 30 "Wood 110 use.] 

WODEH0U8EorWOODHOUSE,RO- 
BEHT OE (rf. 1345^), treasurer of the ex- 
chequer, was son of Bertram de Wodehouse, 
aNorfolk knight who fought with distinction 
against the Scots under Edward I, by his 
wife Muriel, daughter and heir of Hamo, lord 
of Felton. His eldest brother. Sir William 
Wodehouse, was ancestor of the present Earl 
of Kimberley (see J'iat NarfoUc, Hail. Soc. ; 
Blokkfield, B.i»t. iVor/o/A, passim ; Bdbkb, 
Pferagf). 

Bobert, who probably accompanied bis 



father to Scotland, was {ireaented to ths 
church of Ellon in the diocese of .\berdeen 
on 9 Sept. 1298. He was king's clerk, and 
travelled into Scotland with moiiev on tlis 
king's service in July 1306, rec^ving on 
2 April 1307, as his reward apparently, tie 
church of Staunton-upon-Wye. These pn- 
ferments were among the first of a long vri«s 
wliich Wodehouse received at the hands of 
three kings in succession, for most of thn 
churches which were bestowed upon bim had 
fallen, for some reason or other, into tfas 
■al gift. On 4 Dec. 1310 he » 
the church of Plumbland i 
land, and from May 1311 onward he ap- 
pears in numerous entries in the patent rolla 
as king's escheator both north and south of 
Trent. This otlice he seems to have vacated 
at the close of 1312. From this time his rise 
in the royal favour was rapid. On 7 Oct. 
1314 he received the prebend of Ketton in 
l^incoln Cathedral, and two royal mandates, 
directed to the civil and ecclesiaatical officers 
respectively, were issued for the repression 
of The opposition which the appointoaent ap- 
parently excited. On 16 Oct. 13lfl he ob- 
tained a license for a grant of land nt Bunny 
in Nottinghamshire. He was at this time 
pastor of the church of Torrington ill Vork- 
abire, where he had a bouse, and on 15 Feb. 
1317 received a grant of land in London. 
On 24 March the king gave him a prebend 
of York, on 30 March the church of Arick- 
land belongine (o Durham, and on 10 April 
the church of Hackney in London. Ed- 
ward II abo gave Wodehouse the custody 
for life of the nospital of St, Kicholna, Pon- 
tefract. 

On 24 July 1318 Wodehouse was ^ 
pointed a baron of the exchequer, and wa> 
summoned to parliament among tlie judgas 
untilNovemberl32S,whcnhe resigned orwaa 
removed, and became keeper of the wardrobe. 
He retained this office under Edward III 
(from 5 Sept. 1327 till 2 March 1328). Ha 
apparently held properly in Ireland whi^ 
ho administered by attorneys. In 1328Wo^ 
house became arcndeacon of Richmond, and 
on 16 April 1329 was appointed second baron 
of the exchequer. On 16 Sept. following ha 
was made treasurer of the exchequer. Ai 
treasurer he was brought into relations with 
the papal agents, for to him fell the duty of 
receiving from the papal nuncio, also a kjng'a 
clerk, the king's moiety of the flrst-fVuitSi 
on 8 June 1331 the king ratified hisappoint- 
ment by ^apal provision to the prebend of 
Colewich in Lincoln Cathedral. Some time 
befora this he had received the prebend of 
Northwell in St. Mary's, Southwell. On 
28 Nov. isao Wodehouse gave up the 



Wodelarke 



Wodenote 



treesartnliip 1o William de Melton (d. 1340) 
fq. v.], archbisliop of Yorit, only to receive 
tBechiLncellorshipofCbeexchequeronlTDtic. 
The Iiittur office he held merely for a few 
months, possibly for Robert de Stratford 
fq. v.], who was abroftd part of the year: 
M'odeliotwe delivered up the seal to Strnlford 
(in 16 Oct, 1331. For a few years Wode- 
housQ appears only once in the rolls, and then 
merely in connection with the dutien of 
bis ftrchdeaconry. On 10 jSIareb 1333 be 
was ag'ain appointed treasurer of the ex- 
chequer, but delivered up the keys to 
"William la Zoiich [q. r.], from wboai he 
had received them, on 16 Dec. of the same 
year. On 3 May 1S40 he got license to 
ftlienate in mortmain certain lands for the 
support of two chaplains who were to per- 
form divine service for his good estate in life 
and in death. Ileprobably diedabout 134r>, 
ne his will was proved on 3 Feb. 1340 (Lb 
Keve, iii. 138). 

Wodehouse seems to have been a faithful 
if not an indispensable servant of kings, who 
held many arduous offices, but he waa un- 
doubtedly a notable pluralist. It is impro- 
babli' that the above list of his preferments is 
an exhaiutivu one (Le Neve, Faiti, i. 61)1 
et passim), 

[TJie detHila of Wodebouae's biography are 
dr.iwn almost pjn^lusively from Ihn rewntlj pub- 
lished Calond'irs nf PHtcnt and Clou R.ilU. Ed- 
warJ I-Edw;.rtl III ; a^e also Le Neves F.isti ; 
Bot. R.rl, vol. ii.; BlomBlield's Norfolk; Foa»a 
Judges.] A. M. C-B. 

WODBLAKKE, ROBERT, D.D. (rf. 
1470), founder of St. Catharine's College, 
Cambridge, was tbe son of Richard and 
Joan IVodelorke (/Je precibia statutes of 
the callef^). llu was one of the six ori^nal 
fellows of King's College, was the third 
■surveyor of King's College chapel during 
its buildine, and superintended the works 
till Henry Vl's deposition in 1455. Henry 
had promised 1,000'. n year, and when this 
payment ceased Wodelarke paid the sum of 
3l'8/. 10., W. out of his own means. He 
was provost of King's from 1452 to 1479, 
and did much to promote learning in the 
university. He bought a site on 10 Sept. 
1459. and on St. Catharine's day, 25 Nov. 
1473, he formally founded a college, or hall, 
or bouse, dedicated lo the Bleased Virgin 
tmd to St.Catharine of Ale.vandria, patroness 
of Christian learning. He intended to 
endow a master and ten fellows learned in 
philosophy and theology, hut the troubles 
of civil war obliged him to reduce his 
original scheme to a master and three fellows. 
lie built tbe college on two tenements in 
Mill Street, Cambridge, and endowed il with 



funds described in a memorandum drawn 
up by him and still preserved in the college 
(Philpott, Doeumfw^jf, p. 1). The college 
was to be called St. Catharine's Hall or 
Catharine Hall, a name which it retained 
till, on the general revision of collegiate 
statutes in 1860, with the other ancient 
collegiate foundations of Clare and Pem- 
broke, always before called halU, it waa 



a subordinate position. He drew up the 
original statutes {ih. p. 11), and obtained 
a charter from Edward IV on 16 Aug. 147S 
{ib. p. H). He obtjiined licenses for divine 
worship in the college chapel on 16 Jan. 
1475 and 26Sept. 1478 (ifi. 11(1.30, 31). His 
sister Isatiel, wife first of William Bryan of 
Swyneshed, Lincolnshire, and afterwards of 
John Canterbury, added lo the endowment 
in 1479 {ib. p. 32). He gave tbe college a 
library of eighty-seven volumes of manu- 
script, including three books of Aristotle, 
' Acero de olBciis,' one book on medicine, one 
on geometry, five histories, the 'Etymolo- 
gite' of Isidore, and all the standard works 
in theology. The college thus founded has 
ever since been pre-eminent for learning, 
and has produced, besides eminent men in 
most branches of knowledge, more than 
twenty bishops and three senior wranglerB. 
Wodelarke was chancellor of the university 
in 1459 and in 1462, and died in 1479. 

[Corria's Citnloguo of the Orij^nal Library 
of 3t. CarhariDo's Hull {Cambridge Antiqaariao 
Sociely), 1S4U: Philpntt's Documents reUtinf; to 
St. Catharine's Collrge, Cnmbridt'e, 1861: Wil- 
lis and Clark's ArchilKtursl Uibtory of ths 
University of Cambridge; Austin Leigh's His- 
iDrj of Kings College,] N. M. 

WODENOTE,THEOPHILUS(rf.l«62), 

royalist divine, boni at Linkinhorne. near 
Lannceston, Cornwall, was son of Thomas 
Wodenote, M.A,, fellow of King's College, 
Cambridge, and vicur of that pariah, who 
was descended from the Wodenolhs or 
Woodnoths of Cheshire [see Wobbnoth, 
Abthus]. His mother was Francisca, 
daughter of Henry Clifford of Boscombe, 
Wiitahire. He was educated at Eton school, 
and was elected in 1606 to King's Colle^, 
Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. 
He proceeded M.A. in due course, and was 
incorporated in that degree at Oxford on 
13 July 1619 (Wood, Fatti Oion. ed. Blisa, 
i. 3!>0). He graduated B.D. at Cambridgo 
in 16:i3, and was c-reat.-d D.U. in 1630. He 
was vicar of Linkinhorne from 1619to 1 651 
when he was sequestered from his bonefics 
on account of his adhemnce to the royalist 



Wodenoth 



Wodhull 



He 1 



a reslored lo bia vicarage in 
iDoO, and was buried at Linkiiihorne ou 
1 Oct. 1662. 

He married at Linkinhorne, in 1815, Mary, 
daughter of James Spioer of St. Gorran, ' wbo 
camit out of the East Countrey.' His eon 
TbeopbiluH was matriculated at Eieter Ool- 
lege, Oxford, in 1062, and, like bis father, 
furnished John Aubrey [q. v.] with no^es 
for his ' Brief Lives ' (ed. Clark, i. 139, 245, 
281,308, ii. 203, 807). 

His principal works were: 1. 'Hermes 
Theologus; or a Divine Mercurie dispatdit 
with a grave Message of New DescaaiR upon 
Old Records,' London, 1649, 12nio, edited 
■with a preface by the Rev. Edward Simmons. 
There is a portrait of Wodenote in the en- 

g'aved title-page. 2. ' Good Thoughts iu 
ad Times,' London, 1652 ? Wood says this 
manual was written at Broad Chalk, Wilt' 
shire, while the author 'absconded in the 
house of a near relation of his (vicar of that 
place), being then obnoxious to arrests.' 
3. 'Eremicus Theologus; or a Sequestred 
Divine his Aphorisms or Greviats of Spe- 
culations,' London, 16.54, 8vo. 

[Brit. Mua.Addit. MS. Sfi2tf. 1664; Arbers 
Tteg. of Stalionem" Company, 187T. iv. 90 ; 
Boassand Conitnoy'a BibLCoraabisnsiB,- Cole's 
Hist, of King's Colt. Cambridge, iii. fil ; Viaila- 
tioB of Cornwall, 1 620 (HarL Sue.), p. 286; Life 
ofNichola8FiMnir(Mayor), pp. 179,365; Foatitr'a 
Alumni Oxoa. 1600-1714; Orangnr's Biogr. 
Hist, of EDglaDd, eth sdit. li. 73 ; HarTood's 
Alnmni Eton. pp. 177. 211; Praf, to HermBS 
Tlieologus; Kennett's Rcgiawr. p. 231 ; Walker's 
SufTerings, ii. 392.] T. C. 

WODENOTH or WOODNOTH, 
ARTHUR (1690?-1(}60?), colonial pioneer, 
born about loW, was doacended from the 
Wodenoths or Woodnotha of Savington, 
Cheshire {Two Ltvt* qf Ferrar, ed. Alayor, 
p. 33D; Vuitatian of CAeiktre, pp. 254-6; 
Addit.MSS.m2S{.7S,0O32t.l32; Okmb- 
KOD, CMriMrf, iii. 448, 483-4). He was 
second son of John Wodenoth of Savington, 
b^ bis second wife, Jane, daughter of John 
"Touehet of Whitley. Mary Wodunoth, the 
mother of Nicholas Ferrar [q. v.], was bis 
father's aisler ; and his father^ brother Tho- 
mas, who settled at Linkinhorne, Cornwall, 
and spelt the name Wodenote, was father 
of TheophiluH Wodenote [q. v.] {Srit. Mus. 
Addtt. MS. 5524, f. 157). 

At one time Arthur thought of taking 
holy orders, but was dissuaded by Ferrar, 
and returned to bis business, which' was that 
of a goldsmith in Fosler l.ane, London. 
His Intimacy with the Ferrars is shown by 
the numeroua letters to him from Ferrar a 
sister, Mrs. Collet, printed by Mayor; it 



ho who arranged the purchase o[ Littl« 
Gidding by Mrs. Ferrar, and supervised 1 be 
restoration of the Duigbourin^ church at 
Leighton, to which Ferrar's friend George 
Herbert fq. v.l had been presented in 162S; 
with Herbert Wodenoth became as intimate 
as he was with the FerraTs. He witnessed 
Mrs. Ferrar's will in 1628, was pres«nt at 
Herbert's death in I(t33, and wan executor 
orhiswiU(W*LTi>s,ii.«s,ed.l827,pp.2:i, 
279, 281, 283, 287, 312-13). He was also 
well known to Izaak Walton fq. v.], whom 
he supplied with details of Herbert's lite 
(Hehbert, Cmnitry Parson, ed. Bceching, 
pp. lix-xxvi). 

It was probably through Ferrar and Mrs, 
Ferrar's second husband. Sir John Dsnvers 
[q. v.], that Wodenoth became interesttj 
in the Virginia Company. He was not s 
member till some time after 1612, but he 
took an active part in the aSalrs of the 
company till the revocation of its charter, 
siding, like Ferrar, with the party of Sir 
Edwin Sandys [q. v.] against that of Sit 
ThomasSmitb(1568?-lfi25)[q.v.] In 1641 
he was deputy governor of the Somtn 
Islands Company, and before bis deatb he 
drew up B ' Short Collection of the most 
Remarkable Passages from the Originall tn 
the Dissolution of the Virginia Company,' 
London, 1651, 4to ; it is in the main a de- 
fence of Sandys, Ferrar, and Danvers, and ha* 
been often quoted liy the historians of Vir- 
ginia. Wodenoth was dead before the pub- 
lication, and in the preface by ' A. P.' is 
said to have been ' a true friend and servant 
to . . , the parliament interest.' He wis 
married, and had a son Ralph. 

[Two Lives of Ferrar. od. Mayor. pesBiio: 
Herl^rt'sCoontryPapson, od. Beeclung; buk 
Walton's Lives ; Br.)wn'e G«DS«is of the Unita] 
States ; authorities cited,] A. F. 1', 

WODHULL, MICHAEL (1740-1816), 
book-collector and transistor, son of Joba 
Wodhull (1678-1754) of Thenford, Nonh- 
amptonsliire, by bis second wife, Bebeceak 
(1702-1794), daughter of Charles Watkim 
of Aynhoe, Northamptonshire, was bom at 
Thenford on 16 Aug. 1740. He wu Mnl 
from a private school at Twyford to Winr 
chester College, where he was known il 
the ' long-legged Republican ' (WKlKSItlK, 
EnglUh Library, p. 520). On 13 Jan. 1758 
ho matriculated from Braaenose CoUege,Ox- 
ford, but did not take a degree. 

Wodhull was possessed of a large fortune. 
His town house was in Berkeley Squtn, 
and about 1766 be built the existing mtaist- 
house (replacing an Elizabethan nunuoo) 
near the church at Thenford, a good view of 



Wodhull 



279 



Wodhull 



which is in Baker's * Northamptonshire.' 
His figurC; tall and handsome, with a military 
appearance, was familiar from 1764 at the 
chief book-sales of London. J. T. Smith 
describes him as *very thin, with a long 
nose and thick lips,' and clad in a coat 
which was tightly buttoned from under his 
chin. He sat the whole day long with great 
patience and was very rigid in his bids, not 
advancing a sixpenny-bit heyond his reserve 
{Book for a liainy Day, 1861, p. 100). 
"\Vodhull was a keen whig, ardent for the 
spread of civil and religious liberty, and 
his poems show sympathy with the views of 
Rousseau. He filled no public office save 
that of high sheriff for Northamptonshire in 
1783. He deprecated the long war with 
France, and aft«r the treaty of Amiens 
visited Paris to make acquaintance with its 
libraries. For a time he was among the 
cUtenus of Napoleon, and he suffered so much 
from the dampness of the prison and the con- 
finement within its walls that he came back 
to England an invalid. His sight gradually 
failed and his voice became inaudible. 
Dibdin and lleber visited him in the winter 
of 1815 and found him in bad health. He 
died at Thenford on 10 Nov. 1816, and was 
buried in an altar-tomb under a fine yew-tree 
on the south side of the chancel. On 30 Nov. 
1761 Wodhull married at Newbottle, near 
Banbury, Catherine Milcah, fourth daughter 
of the Kev. John Ingram of Wolford, War- 
wickshire. She died, leaving no issue, at 
Wolford on 28 May 1808, aged 64, and was 
buried at Thenford. A whole-length por- 
trait of her, painted by Zofiany, was in 
the south library at Thenford, and a mezzo- 
tint engraving of it, by Richard Houston, 
was published on 28 May 1772 (see also 
Smith, Mezzo Port rait s, ii. 692-3). By his 
will, dated 21 Aug. 1815, \yodhull devised 
Thenford, the library, and his other estates 
to Mary Ingram, his wife's sister, who died 
on 14 Dec. 1824, and left them to Samuel 
Amy Seveme. 

Wodhull was the first translator into Eng- 
lish verse of all the extant writings, the 
nineteen tragedies and fragments, of Euri- 
pides, lie advertised in February 1774 his 
intention of publishing this translation, and 
thought that one year would have sufficed 
for his task ; but the work was not com- 
pleted (in 4 vols.) until 1782; a new edition, 
• corrected throughout by the translator,' was 
published in 1809 (3 vols.) His translation 
of the * Medea' forms part of vol. Ixix. of 
Sir John Lubbock's * Hundred Books ; * five 
more of the plays in his translation are in 
Henry Morley's * Universal Library (vol. 
Iviii.), and * Hecuba,' with seven others of 



his rendering, is in vol. Ixi. His version is 
accurate, but not imbued with much poetic 
feeling. 

His other writings included 2. ' Ode to 
the Muses,' 1760. 3. ' A Poetical Epistle to 
xxxx xxxxxxx [John Cleaver] M.A., Stu- 
dent of Christ Church,' 1761 ; 2nd edit, 
corrected, 1762. 4. 'Two Odes,' 1703. 
5. * Equality of Mankind, a Poem,' 1705; 
this, with the previous pieces, was included 
in his poems (1772 and 1804), and in Pearch's 

* Collection of Poetry ' (vol. iv.) ; it was also 
issued, * revised and corrected with addi- 
tions,' in 1798 and 1799. 6. * Poems,' 1772 ; 
a collection of the pieces published sepa- 
rately (150 copies only printed for presents). 
7. * Poems,' revised eoit. 1804; prefixed is a 
portrait of Wodhull, painted by Gardiner in 
1801 and engraved by E. Harding; it is re-, 
produced in Quaritch's 'Collectors.' Two 
of his poetical pieces are in the * Poetical 
Register' for 1806-7 (pp. 241-4 and 481-3). 
He suppressed his * Ode to Criticism,' which 
he wrote when very young, in satire of some 
peculiarities in Thomas Warton's poems ; but 
Warton inserted it in * The Oxford Sausage ' 
(1814, pp. 131-8). He helped in the fourth 
edition of Harwood's * View of the Classics ' 
(1790) and Hibdin's * Introduction to the 
Classics' (3rd edit.), and was a frequent 
correspondent of the * Gentleman's Maga- 
zine,* chiefly as *L.L.,' the terminating 
letters of his name. 

Some of the duplicates in W^odhull's 
library were sold in 1801 (a five days' sale), 
and more in 1803 (an eight days' sale). The 
rest of his collections, aoout four thousand 
volumes and many manuscripts, remained at 
Thenford, the property of the family of 
Severne, until 1886. The printed books 
were chiefly first editions of the classics and 
rare specimens of early printing in the 
fifteenth century, many being bound by 
Roger Payne in WodhuU's * favourite Russia 
leather ' with his arms on the cover. They 
also contained about fifteen hundred tracts 
of the seventeenth century, collected by Sir 
Mward Walker [q v.], and many poems 
and pamphlets of the eighteenth century. 
They were sold in January 1886 (a ten days* 
sale), and realised 11,972/. 14s. 6d, The sale 
of his manuscripts took place on 29 and 
30 Nov. 1886. Wodhull not only bought 
but read his books. He was an admirable 
Greek scholar, and without an equal in his 
knowledge of French editions and printers 
in the sixteenth century. His portrait is 
reproduced in Dibdin's * Bibliographical De- 
cameron' (iii. 363-6), and he figures in the 

* Bibliomania' as Orlando (of. also Biblio^ 
mania, 1876, pp. 576-7). 



Wodrow 



Wodrow 



[Foster'* Alnroni Oson. ; Notes nnd ttat-rles, 
Tib HHr. i. iei-6; Book L>nj, iii. 76-82. CD- 103; 
Athunieum, 1888, i. 103. 13S. 187; Oonl. JUe. 
181E, ii. 1B3-4, M*~6; Uunriu^b's Buuk C<il- 
laetor-a, pt. ii. Ij Proderiek Clarke; Biker's 
NorlbiimptDnBhire, i, 7IUI7.) W. P. C. 

WODROW, ROBERT (1679-1734), 
ecclesiastical historian, sMiand doii of James 
WoJrow, professor of divinity in the iini- 
Terait^ of OlBBgtJW, by Marijaret, daugliter 
of Williain Hair, a small proprietor in Kil- 
barcban parish, U?nfrewabire, was bom at 
01aa)^w m 1079. In 1691 he entered the 
university of Olaagow, where, after taking 
the degree of M, A., aad while attending tLe 
theological classc>s, lie was on 18 Jan. 1697 
appointed university librarian, an otHce which 
lie held for four ;eara. After resigning the 
librarianship he went to reside in the house 
of a relative. Sir John Maxwell of Nether 
Pollock, lord of aeasion under the title of 
Lord Pollock; and while there he was, 
6 Jan. 1703, licensed to preach by the pres- 
bytery of Poislej, with the view, probably, 
of qualifying him for presentation to the 
pariah of Eastwood, near Ulsagow, which 
was in the gift of Lord Pollock, and to 
which he was presented on the death of the 
incumbent in the following summer, the or- 
dination taking place on 28 Oct, Not- 
withBtandinf; calls from Glasgow in 1713, 
and from Stirling in 1717 and again in 
1726, he preferred the quietude of Eastwood, 
and remained there till his death, 21 March 
1TS4. lie was buried at Eoatwood. lie 
married, in 1708, Margaret, daughter of 
Patrick Warner, minisler of Irvine, and 
granddaughter of William Guthrie, minister 
of Fenwick : he had sixteen children, ten 
sons and six daughters, of whom Robert 
succeeded him at Eastwood, Patrick— the 
'auld Wodrow' of Duma's 'Twa Ilerda' 
who 'lang has wrought miaciilof '^heoame 
minister of Tarbolton, and James became 
minister of Dunlop and afterward;) of 
Stevenstnn. 

Though specially devoted to historical 
and antiquarian studies, Wodrow not only 
enjoyed great popularity aa a preacher, but 
took au ardent interest in ecclesiastical 

rolitics. On the union of the kingdoms in 
707 he waa nominated bj the Paisley pros- 
bytery one of a committee to consult with 
the assembly's commission at Edinburgh as 
to the methods to be adopted for (guarding 
the interests of the presbyterian kirk, and 
on the accession of George I in 1714 he took 
an active part in the fruitless endeavour lo 
obtain the abolition of the law of patronage. 
He, however, systematically discouraged 
everj attempt to avoid compliance with the 



law of patronage while it remained in force, 
and in I'UI he assisted Principal Iladowia 
drawing up the act of the assembly aaent 
the method of planting of vacant churches, 
the passing of which in (he following year 
gave rise lo the associate presbytery, which 
was lo develop into the secession church, 
ond latterly, after union with the rehef 
church, into the united presbyterian church. 

In 1721-2 Wodrow published, in two 
volumes, 'The History of the Sufferiagsef 
the Church of Scotland from the Restoratioa 
totbeRevolution'(Edinbiirgh,fol.'),of which 
a second edition, with a memoir bj Robert 
Bums, D.D., appeared at Glasgow in four 
volumes, 1828-30. It dispUys enormous la- 
bour, and contains a mostdtttailed and, con- 
sidering the immense difficulties of his task, 
a remarkably authentic, though not by any 
means an impartial or sufficient, account of 
the CO venantmg persecution. It was approved 
by the general assembly of the kirk, and de- 
dicated to George I, who recognised its 
semi-official character by, on 26 April 1725, 
Buthoriain^the payment out of the exchequer 
of 100 guineas to the author. In defence 
of the episcopal aide of the dispute, Alex- 
ander Bruce, a member of the faculty of 
advocates, projected a work to be entitled 
'An Impartial History of the Affairs in 
Church and State in Scotland from the Re- 
formation to the Revolution.' IIehad,bow< 
ever, only begun to collect maleriaU for it 
when it was interrupted bv his death in 1734, 
and although it was undertaken by Biahop 
Robert Keith (,1681-1757) [q. v.], only the 
first volume, bringing the narrative down ta 
1568, appeared. 

Wodrow was also the author of: 2. 'The 
Oath of Abnegation considered in a Letter 
to a Friend,' 1712. And he left in manuscript; 
3. A ' Life' of his father, James Wodrow, pro- 
fessor of divinity in the university of oW- 
gow, which was published in 1^8. 4. A 
series of Memoirs of Reformers and Hint- 
sters of the Church of Scotland,' which is 
preserved in the library of the university of 
Glasgow, and of which two volumes were 
printed by the Maitland Club, 1831^6, 
under the title 'Collections upon the LivM 
of the Reformers and most eminent UinisCcn 
of the Church of Scotland,' and another 
volume, having special reference to ministers 
in the north-east of Scotland, by the New 
Spalding Club in 1890. 6. 'Analecta; or, 
Materials for a Ilistorv of remarkable Pro- 
vidences, mostly relating to Scotch Mini- 
sters and Christiana,' in the library of the 
faculty of advocatea, Edinburgh, and printed 
in four volumes by the Maitland Club, 
1842-3, contaioiiig a good deal of intereat- 




Woffington 



Woffington 



KlDK go^ip B-oi anecdotes rclatiu)^ to tlie 

BAuthor's own time, but much of it by no 

1 truBiworthy. 6. Twenty-four to- 

s of correspondence, partly preserved 

I in the Advocates' Ltbnry, Edinbiirgb, and 

Cly in tbo possession of the church of 
land, of which three voIumeB were 
published In 1842-3. In 1841 the Wodrow 
Society was eatablislied at Edinburgh for 
the publication of works of the early writers 
of the church of Scotland ; it was (tissolved 
in 1847 After publishing twelve works. 

[Lifa prefixed 'o the Bwond eilttion of Wod- 
rows History ; Hew Scolt'n Fasii Ewles, Scot.] 
T. F. H, 
WOFFINGTON, MARGARET (1714P- 
1760),actress, the daughter of John Woffing- 
ton, a journeyman bricklayer, was bom, it 
la commonly said, on 18 Oct, 1718 in Dublin, 
but probably four or five years earlier. Her 
father, dying in 17^0, received a pauper's 
funeral, and left his wife, with two children, 
tn debt. An effort on the part of the 
widow to keep a huckster's shop on Urmonde 
Quav failed, and Mrs. Woffington earned a 
' fimtill and precarious livtrlihoou by hawking 
fruit or watercress in the street. At this 
time Madame Violanle, a Frenchwoman, 
Lad opened, with a miscellaneous entertaiu- 
ment consistbg largely of rope-dancing, an 
edifice, partly theatre partly booth, con- 
Btructed in a house formerly occupied by 
Lord-cbief-justice Whitehead, fronting on 
Fawnes' Court, near Collie Green. One of 
her feats was to cross the stnge ou a tight- 
rope with a basket containing an inunt 
euspended to each foot. Among the children 
so carried was ' Peg' Woffington. When, 
after a season, the experiment failed, Peg 
look to her mother's occupation of selling 
fruit or vegetables in the street. When 
ten years gf age she was engaged afresh by 
Hadame Violante for a lilliputian company, 
and played Polly in the ' Beggar's Opera.' 
Subsequently she played Nell in the ' Devil 
to Pay,' and other ^art.a. Her performance 
attracted the attention of Thomas Elrington 
(1688-1732) [q. v.], who engaged her ot 
Aungier Street Theatre, where, besides danc- 
ing between the acts, she played elderl^V parts, 
■ucb OS Mrs. Peachum and Mother Midnight 
in Farquhar's 'Twin Rivals.' For a time 
she Bct^ with Sparks, Barriogton, and others 
at the Rainsford Street theatre, a house on 
the outskirts of Dublin. Her first serious 
attempt was as Ophelia, which she played 
Buccessfiilly on 12 April 1737 at Smock 
Alley Theatre. She repeated her perform- 
KlMce of Polly Peachum, and played Mrs. 
^^^ve's part of Miss Lucy in Fieldinjj^'s ' Old 
^Bfan taught Wisdom, or the Virgin Un- 



' ' Spanish 



masked.' Her name also stands to Female 
Ulhcer and to PhiUis in the ' Conscious 
Lovers.' In April 1740 she gave what to 
the end was considered her moai bewitching 
impersonation, that of Sir Harry Wildair in 
the ' Constant Couple.' 

The fame of this secured her an engajfo- 
ment from Rich for Covent Garden, at which 
house she appeared on 6 Nov. 1740 as Silvia 
in the ' Recruiting Officer.' She was then 
announced as ' Miss Woffington." When on 
the 8th she repeated the part, it was os 
Mrs. Woffington, which name she eubse- 
qitently bore. In this character slie had to 
masquerade as a boy, and immediately took 
llie town by storm. On 13 Nov. abe was 
Lady Sadlife in the ' Double Oallanl,' and on 
the Iflth Aura in Charles Johnson's 'Country 
Lasses,' On the 21si she appeared, by 
particular desire, as Sir Harry Wildair. 
She acted the character twenty nightsduring 
tbe season, ten of them being consecutive, 
and was so successful in the part that no 
male actor was thenceforth acceptabh ' '' 
On 5 Dec she was Elvira in the 'S 
Friar,' and was seen during the at 
lante In the ' Double Fafsehood,' Lietitia in 
tbe ' Old Bachelor,' Victoria in the ' Fatal 
Marriage,' some part (presumably Florelia) 
in ' Greenwich Park, Angelica in tbe 
'Gamester.'Phillis, and Cherry in the' Heaui' 
Stratagem.' Next year she was engaged at 
Drury Lane, where she made, it is believed, 
I ber first appearance on 8 Sept. 1741 as 
' Silvia, plaving Sir Harry Wildair on 4 Jan. 
1742. Ruth in the 'Committee," Lady Brute 
in the ' Provoked Wife,' Neriasa in tbe 
' Merchant of Venice,' Rosalind in ■ As you 
lilie il,' Helena in 'All's well that enda 
well' (in which, through illness, she broke 
down), Mrs. Sullen in the ' Beaux' Stratagem,' 
Clarinda in tbe ' Double Gallant," Berinthia 
in the ■ Relapse,' Belinda in ' Man of tha 
Mode,' Lady Betty Modish in the ' Careless 
Husband,' Clarissa in the ' Confederacy.' and 
Cordelia to the Lear of Garrick followed. 
In the summer she returned to Dublin, 
when she sprang to the heijjht of popularity. 
She reouj)eared at Drury Lane on 15 June 
1742 as Sir Harry Wildair, and on the 
arrival of Garrick two days later she played 
Lady Anne to his Richard III. She also 
supported him as Angelina in < Love mBk«B 
a Mau, or the Fop's Fortune,' and other 
pnrts. She had her share in bringing about 
what was called the "Garrick fever' [see 
OABnicK,DiviDl,and when Garrick returned 
to London, she accompanieil bira, or followed 
immediately after him. They were known 
loverSpGarrick'a affection for her dating, it is 
thought, from a period before he ■ -' 



1 



Woffington 



282 



Woffineton 



aUge, and Ihey begun on iheir arrival a tri- 
partite domextii^arraniremeDtat 6 Bow Street, 
mwhic)iC]iarle8Mack1in[q. v.Jwastlietbiril. 
This impromisinK experiment speedily broke 
down, ttnd Mrs. WofflngWn and tiarrick re- 
tired to Southsmpton Screet, Strand [for the 
DBTticulare of tbia experiment, and for the 
lines in wUiehGarrickor H anbury- Williams 
berhymed ' lovely Peggy,' see Oa.RB[ck, 
UatidI. Mrs. Woffington was less seen at 
Drury Ijine (ban might have been eipected 
from her Dublin triumphs. She had to face, 
however, the Formidable rivalry of Mre. Clive 
and Mra.Pritchard. Sbeappeared as Quaen 
Anne for Che first time in England; epoku An 
epilogue to the ' Merchant of Venice ' on 
Sliakeapeare's n'onien characters ; played 
Lady Lurewell in the ' Constant Couple ' to 
the Sir Harry WildairofGarrick, which, after 
hei own, was a failure ; and was, IT Feb. 
1743, the first OharlolCe in Fielding's ' Wed- 
ding Day.' In the following season sho was 
seen for the first lime in London as Ophelia, 
Mrs. Ford, Lndy Townley, Portia in ' Mer- 
chant of Venice,' and Millamant in the • Way 
of the World;' and was, 3 April 1744, (he 
first Lstitia in lialph's ' Astrologer,' an 
alteration of ' Albumaiar.' The season 
1744-fi saw her as Mrs. Frail in ■ Love for 
Love,' Uriana in ■ The Inconstant,' Naccissa 
in ' Love's last Shift,' and Belinda in the 
'Provoked Ilujiband;' and the following sea- 
son as Maria in the ' Nonjurors,' Florimel in 
' Comical Lovers,' Constanlia in the ' She 
Gallants,' the scornful Lady, Penelope in the 
' Lying Lover,' Mrs. Conqueal in the ' Lady's 
last iitake,' Isabella in ' Measure for Measure,' 
Viola in 'Twelfth Night,' Aminta in the 
' Sea Voyage,' Female Officer in ' Humours of 
the Army,' and Mariana in the ' Miser.' On 
18 Jan. 174(1 she was the original Lady 
Katherine Gordon in Macklin's ' Ilenry Vlf, 
or the Popish Impostor.' 

On 30 April of the previous year, for Mrs. 
"Woffinglon's benefit, the part of Cherry in 
the ' Beaux' Stratagem ' had been played 
by UisR M. Woffington, being her first ap- 

fiaranGe on any stage. This was her sister 
aty, who subsequently married Captmn 
(aftwwards the Hon. and Hev j George Cbol- 
mondelcy, second son of the Earl Cholman- 
delev, and a nephewof Horace Walpole,and 
flurvived Margaret over half a century. 

In the following season, 1746-7, when 
Garrick had become associaled with Lacy 
in the management of Drury Lane, Mrs. 
Woffington ' crealed' no ni-w part, but was 
seen far the first time as Charlotte in the 
' Hefusal,' Lady Percy, Cleopatra in 'AH for 
Love,' Belinda in ' Artful Husband," Mrs, 
Lovett in'ManufthuModej'Silviain'Marry 



or do Worse,' and Ladv Bodomont in 'Fiae 
Lady's Airs.' On 13 I'eb. 1748 she wm the 
first Kosetta in Moore's ' Foundling,' and vu 
seen during the season as Sulpitia in * Alba- 
mniar,' Jaciniha in 'Suspicious Hitslianil,' 
liippolito in Dryden's alteration oflho ' Turn- 
pest,' Flora in ' She would and she would 
not,' and Jane Shore. In the next feaain. 
the busiest of her later career, she rv- 
appeured at Covent Garden, where she mi, 
13 Jnn. 1749, the oricinal Veturia in Thom- 
son's ' Coriolanus,' Mrs. Woffington, accord- 
ing to the epilopue, painted with wrinkler h« 
beautiful face in order to play the cbaraeter. 
She was also Arabella, otherwise My Lady 
No, in ' London Cuckolds,' Helena in the 
' Rover,' Portia in 'Julius Ciesar,' Ladv in 
' Comus,' Elvira in ' I^ive makes a ^an,' 
Beliemante in ' Emperor of the Moon,' .\b- 
dromache in ' Distressed Mother.' Calisca in 
' Fair Penitent,' Lady Touchwood in ' Doahln 
Dealer,' Leonora in ' Sir Courtly Nice,' and 
Queen Katharine in ' Heniy VIH.' In 
1749-fiO shewasDe^emona,Ladr Macbeth. 
Clariuda in ' Suspicious Husband,' Aspasia 
in ' Tamerlane." Estifania in ' Rule a Wife 
and have a Wife,' Lady Jane Grey in piece 
BO named (a performance that added greatly 
to her reputation, high as this was), Anne 
Bullen in ' Virtue Betrayed,' and Queen 
Mary in ' Albion Queens.' The years 17S0 
and 1761 added to the list Queen in ' Hamlet,' 
Hippolita in ' She would and she wonld 
not, Lady Fanciful in 'Provoked Wife,'Hi-t- 
mione in ' Distressed Mother," and Oonslauce 
in ' King John." 

During the three following seasons »lie 
was in Dublin. Hersuccess was even greater 
than before. Writing to the Countess of 
Orrery on 21 Oct. 1761, Victor, the histo- 
rian of the stage, says : 'Mrs. Woffington is 
the only theme either in or out of the theatre 
^ber performances are in general admirable.' 
He compares her with Mrs. Otdfield and 
Mrs. Porter, Some tolerable verses signed 
by her name, asking for an annual repeti- 
tion of a kisa given her in 1746 by the Duke 
of Dorset, are in the ' Oentleman"3 Maga- 
zine' for Decemlier 1751, During ber stay 
she added to her repertory Zara in the 
' Mourning Bride," Lothario, Widow Lackit 
in 'Oroonoko,' and Palmira in 'Mahomet.' 
By her performances in four stock plays she 
brought her management 4,000/,, a record 
quite unprecedented. Taking what proved 
to be a final farewell of Ireland, she re- 
turned with Sheridan, her manager, to Eng- 
land, and reappeared at Covent Oarden 
22 Oct. 1754, as Maria in the ' Nonjuror," 
adding during the season to her repertory 
Ptucdra in ' Phiedra and Hippolitus,' I.adi} 



Woffington 



283 



Woffington 



Plyant in * Double Dealer/ Aurelia in * Twin 
Kivals/ Jocasta in 'CEdipus/ and Isabella 
in * Fatal Marriage/ Next season saw her 
as Angelica in ' Love for Love/ Lady Dainty 
in ' Double Gallant/ lloxana in * Rival 
Queens/ Penelope in * Ulysses/ and Violante 
in the * Wonder.* She was also, 23 March 
1756, the first Melantha in * Frenchified 
Lady.' It was in this season that Mrs. 
Woffington, who was on bad terms with 
Mrs. Bellamy, while performing Roxana to 
her rival's Statira, drove her ofi^ the stage 
and stabbed her almost in sight of the audi- 
ence. In consequence of the quarrel Foot« 
wrote his * Green-room Squabble, or a Battle- 
Royal between the Queen of Babylon and 
the Daughter of Darius.' Even more bitter 
than this feud was that between Woflington 
and Mrs. Clive — * no two women ever hated 
each other more ' (Davies). In her last season 
on the stage Mrs. Woffington played Celia 
in the * Humourous Lieutenant,' Almeria in 
* Mourning Bride,' Queen in * Richard 111/ 
and Lothario, and was on 14 March 1757 the 
first Lady Randolph in Home's * Douglas.' 

On 3 May she played Rosalind in * As vou 
like it.' This was her last performance. She 
had been declining in health all the season. 
Tate Wilkinson, to whom she had shown her- 
self tyrannical and venomous, was standing 
by her when in the fifth act she complained 
of indisposition. He gave her his arm and 
took her away. She changed her dress and 
returned on the stage, saying she was ill. 
She got half through the epilogue when her 
voice broke. She strove vainly to recall her 
w^ords, screamed with terror, and tottered to 
the door, where she was caught. * The audi- 
ence, of course, applauded till she was out of 
sight, and then sunk into awful looks of 
astonishment at seeing a favourite actress 
struck so suddenly by the hand of death (for 
so it seemed) in such a situation of time and 
place, and in her prime of life. . . . She was 
that night given over, and for several days, 
but she afterwards so far recovered as to 
linger till 1760, but existed as a mere skele- 
ton ' ^Tate Wilkinson, A/6»7no/r/f, i. 118-19). 
She died on 28 March 1760 in Queen Square, 
Westminster, whither she had been removed 
from Teddington. In Teddington she was 
buried, and a tablet to her memory was 
placed on the east wall of the northern aisle 
of the church ; she is in the inscription 
called * spinster.* In the register she is de- 
scribed as * of London.' 

Mrs. W^offington is said to have been the 
handsomest woman that ever appeared on 
the stage, though Wilkinson, whom her sar- 
casms and persecution stung, awards a slight 
preference to Miss Farren, subsequently Coun- 



tess of Derby. ' A bold Irish-faced girl ' 
was the description of her by Conway, the 
correspondent of Horace Walpole. She had 
vivacity (as Walpole himself admitted, though 
he disliked her acting) and wit, and a rarer 
gift — conscientiousness towards the public, 
scarcely ever disappointing an audience even 
when really too ill to act. She was content 
also, while the entire range of characters in 
tragedy and comedy was assigned to her, to 
take secondary parts. Her society was 
sought by all ranks, and she was one of the 
most courted and caressed of women. Her 
amours were numerous. She frankly avowed 
that she preferred the society of men to that 
of women, and told concerning herself the 
story that, after acting Sir Harry Wildair 
amid thunders of applause, she said to James 
Quin [q.v.] in the green-room, * I have played 
the part so often that half the town believes 
me to be a real man,' receiving from Quin 
the rough retort, * Madam, the other half 
knows you to be a woman.' She was, when 
she died, under the protection of Colonel 
Caesar, and was held by some to be secretly 
married to him. Brought up as a Roman 
catholic, she changed her religion late in 
life, the reason, it is said, being the promise, 
subsequently fulfilled, of a legacy of 200/. a 
year Irom Owen MacSwinny [q. v.] 

Mrs. Woffington was seen to highest advan- 
tage in ladies of rank and elegance — Milla- 
mant, Lady Townley, Lady Betty Modish, 
Lady Plyant, Maria in the * Non-juror/ 
Angelica, and the like. She won also in 
tragedy high recognition, including that of 
so competent and prejudiced an observer as 
Wilkinson. Andromache and Calista were 
her most popular tragic ])arts. In breeches 
parts, ana notably in Sir Henry Wildair, 
she carried the town captive. Neither 
Garrick nor Woodward was equally wel- 
come in this character. Her voice was 
bad, and she was charged in tragedy with 
imitating the rather artificial method 
of Marie-Franco ise Dumesnil, the famous 
actress of the Com^die-FrauQaise. Camp- 
bell, who could not have seen her, says * she 
used to bark out the " Fair Penitent " with 
the most dissonant notes.' Both Cibber 
and Quick thought highly of her acting. 
The singular honour was accorded her in 
Dublin, during her last visit in 1753, of being 
elected president of the Beefsteak Club in 
that city. She assisted regularly at its 
meetings, being the only woman admitted. 
The privilege aroused some popular prejudice 
against her and her manager, Sheridan, and 
was partly the cause of her quitting Ireland. 
Innumerable stories, many of them apocry- 
phal bat some doubtless true, are told about 



her, sbowlnir her generally e 
good-lieartea woojaii wiih unequalled ji 
of fasciiifttion, but subject to ' tantri 
Oarrick bought the wedding-ring for thepur- 



— .-J esBentiallv feminii— , 

Uurphj' crediled her with the possession of 
every virtue, ' honour, truth, beneTolence, 
ADd charii;,' and with abundance o( wit. 
She took great care of her sister's educa- 
tion, allowed her mother through life, and 
eettltid on her, a pension, and built and en- 
dowed almshouses at Teddington. Shu lent 
her dresses to the beautiful Misses Gunning', 
facilitating thus their conquests. 

■ A Monody on the Death of Mrs. Woffing- 
ton ' bj John Hoole [q. v.] appeared in 17tiU, 
and she has been commemorated in our own 
da; in the Eucce^wful drama 'Masks and 
Faces' (1852) by Tom Taylor aud Uharles 
Reode. In December I8i>2 Charles Iteade 
inscribed ' lo the memory of Margaret Wof- 
fington' the 'dramatic story' of which ehe 
is the heroine. 

Many fine portraits of Margaret Wolfing- 
ton are in existence. These show her gene- 
rally in her own hair, with a long and rather 
Sinsive face. Her portrait as Penelope, by 
evnolds, was tent by Iiord Sackville to the 
Onelph Exhibition. Portraits of her by 
Hogarth, Mercier, and Wilson are in the 
Mathews collection in the Garrick Club. 
She was also painted by Vanloo and bv 
ZofTany {Cat. Setvnd Loan Eihih. No. 378, 
Third'Loan, No. 745). Smith's 'Catalogue' 
mentions ten, and reproduces one by Pond 
(now in the National Portrait Gallery, 
London), engraved by Ardoll. Augustin 
Daly printed in aumptuoua form, and in 
a limited edition, a life of Woffinglon, in 
■which he reproduced many portraits, includ- 
ing one by Hogarth as Sir Harry Wildair) 
one tVom the Kensington Qallery, and others 
as Pbebe (bv Van Bleeck, 1747), and as Mrs. 
Ford (by fidward Hnytley [q. v.], 17r.l, 
engraved by J. Fabt-r). A portrait by 
Hogarth is nt Bcwood. In Daly's bonk 
numerous references to lier in prose and 
verae are collected, and the whole, in spite 
nf some errors in printing, is a Sne and un- 
fortunatelv, as regards the general public, 
almost inaccessible tribute (cf. Saturday 
Seeieir. -2 June 1888), Mr. Austin Dobs™ 
contributed to the 'Magaiine of Art'fviii. 
2B6) a paper on portraits of 'Peg' Wolfing- 

[The chiL'f BopiratB bingraphy ia Augu'tia 
Dale's Lifn of Pog W..tBn«l«n, Philadelphia. 
1888, pritately prinlpd. Another modem com- 
pilation is the Lifa add AdventuriHi of Psg Wof- 



by J. Fitigorald Molloy, 1884, 'I Toll, 
ovu. vjpnest's Aivoant of iho English Slug* 
and Hi1';hi?o<?k'< llisloiy of tlio Irish Stage an 
responsible for mci-t of Ihe fuels preacrred con- 
rararog Hrs. Wuffiouton. Biogniphies or* in 
the Urorjiian Em. Gnlt'a Uvea of the Flavar% 
and tho Manngars' Not»-b.>ok. Tate Wilkiosoa 
in bis Memoirs snppliea many important partieg- 
lars, as do Ibe Lives of Garrick by D>vi«« and 
Murphy. Among other w.Tks whifh bars bean 
UoOBulled aro Walpalo'a Lstters, «d. Cunning- 
ham ; Uaabury-Willtama's Worts, 1S22, vol. 
ii. possifn ; Borweli's Life of Johnson, ed. Q. 6. 
Hill; Doran's Stage AddsIh, ed. Love; Chet' 
wood's History of tba Sl-ge ; Menoita of Lea 
Lewis; Wheatley and Cunningham's ' ' 
T horn a's Environs of Ijondun; Smith's i 
of Meraotinto Poftmils ; Msrshalfs Cat, ot% 
lional PortraiU; Clark Rugaell'i tUprwmtl 
Actors; Daviea's Uriunatic MiKellauJMi 
ilin'a English Stage ; Campbell's Life nf Siddo 
Boaden's Life of Jocdsn ; O'Kosffc's BiMolitv 
tioas; Victor's History of the Stage and Leiien; 
Fitzgerntd's History of tbe Stage ; Bellamy'B 
Apology; Lowu's Bibliography of the Stage; 
Notes aud Queries, 6th ser. vula. ri. vii.J J. K. 

WOOAN, ^SiB) CHARLES (leflfiP- 

175^:-), Jacobite soldier of fortune, known 
as the Chevalier Wogan, bom about 1698, 
was the second son of William Wogan snd 
his wife, Anne Gaydon. His great-grand- 
father, William Wogan of lUthcoffev (1644- 
1(116), was twelfth in descent from Sir John 
Wogan [q. v.], chief justice of Ireland. In 
1715 Charles and hia younger brother Xi- 
cholas (see below) took service under 
Colonel Ileury Oifaurgh fq, vj, whose force 
ignominiously surrendered to deneral Wills 
at Preston on 14 Nov. In the following 
April the grand jury of Westminster found 
a. true bill against Wogan, and his trial for 
high treason was apiiointed to take place in 
Westminster Hall on 5 May 171C (cf. Bitt. 
llfff. Chnn. Diary, p, 221), At midnight 
on the eve of the trial Wogan took part in 
the successful escape from Newgale planned 
by Jlrigadier Mackinroth, He was one of 
the lucky seven (out of the fifteen) who 
made good tli<rir escape, and for whose re- 
capture a reward of SOO/. was vainly oftered 
(GlBtPFlTH, Chronielea of Neutgate, i. 313). 
He succeeded in getting to France, where 
he took service in Dillon's regiment until 
1716. In that year he followed the chevalier 
to Rome. At the close of the same year 
he served with Ormonde on a diplomatic 
mission to win a Russian prineesa's hand 
for the eiiled prince. ile failed, and 
selected Maria Clementina Sobieska, grand- 
daughter of the famous John Sobieski, de- 
liverer of Europe, Clementina, on her way 
to jointheohevalier at Dologna, wasatrested 



[ liy the order of the emperor (lo whom thi 
goodwill of the BrilLsh f^vemment vae of 

I paramount itnportiLncp)atInnspruck, whence 

I Wogan, with three iinsmen, Richard Gay- 

} don, Captain Mifi»elt, and Ensign Edward 
OToole, released her in n romantic manner 
(27 April 1719). For thia exploit the pope, 
Clement XI, conferred upoaWofjan the title 
of Roman senator (13 June 1719). Junes 
rewarded Wogan by a baronetcy. 

lie took service as a colonel in the 
Spanish army, and in 1723 distinguished 
himself at the relief of Santa Cruz, besieged 
by the MoorB under the Bey Bigotellos. 
He wiis promoted to the rank of brigadiei^ 
general and made governor of La Mancha, 
an appropriate charge. Thenca he sent to 

; Swift in 1732 a cask of Spanish wine and a. 

[ ^rcel of his writings for the dean to correct. 
Swift wrote him iu return a characteristic 
letter deploring that he did not see his way 
to get Wogan'seffiisinospubliahed: 'Dublin 
booKsellers,' lie says, ■ have not the least 
notion of payinr for copy." On 27 Feb. 1733 
Wogan despatched to Swift, in his capacity 
as the ' mentor and champion of the Irish 
nation,' a long budget of gjievances (printed 
in Scott's »oi//,"xvii. 447-97). He fol- 
lowed this up with another cask of Spanish 

, wine, the merits of which Swift acknow- 
ledged in another entertaining letter {ib. 

[ xviii. 341). In 1746 the Chevalier Wogan 
wan with the Duke of Vork at Dunkirk in 
the hope of being able to join Prince Charles 
Edward in England (see Stuart MSB. at 
Windsor, Wognn lo Edgar, 1762). He 
aeems to have returned to La Mancha, and 
to have died there soon after 1762. Por- 
traits of the chevalier are in possession of 
Lord ATlmer,ofnaronTBnnegiiyde Wo^n, 
and of Lord Talbot de Molahide. 

An entertaining account of the escape of 
the Princess Clementina from Innspruck, 
and the hurried flight of tlie piirty through 
Brixen into Venetian territory, appeared in 
1722 luider the title 'Female Fortitude, 
Exemplifyd in an impartial Narrative of the 
Seiiure, Escape, and Marriage of the 
Princess Clementina Sobiesky, As it was 
particularly set down by Mr. Cnarles Wogan 
(formerly oneot the Preston prisoners), who 
was a chief Manager in the ^Miole Affair. 
"Quo ducant fata sequantur"' (London, 
8vo ; the British Museum has several copies 
with slightly variant title). The matenalB 
for this version of the alTair may have been 
provided by Wognn or his comrades, but his 
own more detailed narrative was drawn up 
in French, dated ' St. Clement de la Manche,' 
4 March 1745, and dedicated lo the queen 
of France, Marie lieczinska. Two eicelleut 



modern narratives of the elopement {baaed 
upon the French version) are printed, one in 
the ' Dublin Review,' October 1890, and Iba 
other in ' Longman's Magazine,' March 1895, 
The texts of the various narratives of the 
elopement were first printed by Sir J. T. 
GilhertatDublinin 1894 in the Irish Archteo- 
logical and Celtic Society's publications. 
; Wogan's letters to Edgar (in the Stuart 
MSS.) display an uncommonly attractive, 
bright, and cheerful character. 

Charles's younger brother, Nicholas 
WosAS (1700-1770), was bom on 13 March 
1700, and was thus only fifteen when he 
saved the life of an English officer at Preston 
on 13 Nov. 1715, carrying bini out of a 
cross-fire. On 16 May 1716 he was found 
guihy of high treason with Charles Rad- 
cliffe and Mackintosh, but was pardoned, 
' doubtless on account of his youth and his 
i chivalrous action. In 1722 he was deep in 
I the Jacobite plot which involved Atterhury 
I and proved fatal to Christopher Layer 
[q. v.] The report of the lords' commission 
IB full of references to ' Nick,' who was on 
shipboard waiting for a chance to land with 
troops in England. One or two notes from 
' Nick ' are pleasant cheerful compositions, 
lie waa naturalised as a French subject on 
5 March 1724, joined Berwick's regiment, and 
was at Fontenoy (1745), where he lost on 
arm. During 174o-6 lie wosalso with Prince 
Charles Edward in Scotland. He was made 
Chevalier de St, LouiB,andpen8ioned in 1754, 
He died in France in 1770. He married Rosa, 
eldest daughter of Sir Neiil O'Neill [q.v.l. 
but neither he nor the Chevalier Charles left 
issue. The ItathcolTey line was continued 
in the persons of the nephew of Charles and 
Nicholas, (Sir) FranQois de Wogan, 'baron- 
net,' who distinguished himself with th» 
Irish brigade at I.Auffeld in 1747. His 
great-grandson is the present Baron Emile 
Tanneguy De Wogan (6. a3 Nov. 1850), a 
well-known litterateur and member of the 
Yacht Club de France. 

[Mimoirr hiatoriqus et gfuialoeique sar U 
rn-milla i!e Wogan par leCointe Alpi. O'Kelly da 
Gslway, Prtris, 1888; Wogao'a Narrative, ed. 
J. T. Gilbert, 1894; Wogan's (?) Femalo Forti- 
tude, 17ia : PHtlens Hist, of tha Rebellion of 
1715 1 O'Gallaghaa's Irish Brigndes in the Ser- 
vice of Franc?. 1870, pp. 300 aq. : D'Altou'l 
Army Ii«la of Jnioeii II, pp. 4SS, OtO; De Bur- 
go's Hib. Di>m. p. 2SS; Hist. MK3. Comm. 10th 
KBp.App.vi, 2iaBq.; Swift's Works. «d. Scott, 
vols. xvii. iviii. ; Popn's Works, ©il. Elirio and 
Coiirthope, iv. 8, vii. 137 ; OHorl's Irish Pedi- 
grees; Stuart Papers. vol. i.; Lang's Compnnions 
of Pickle, 18eB,pp.20~S, 224; MacmillaDBMags- 
ziue, March 181)5; Jesse's Pretenders and thtir 
Adherents, 1S33, p.55; Ewald'» Life of Cbotles 



I 



Wogan 



\\ 



ogan 



EdvardSnart. pp. 3bc). ; Slunltops's Hist. 18S3, 
i. 33B ; Beott'i TnUs of a Qruadfuther, 1830. ii. 
21 2, 1 A. L. 

WOOA2J, EDWARD (d. 1654), royaliat 
captain, vrna a j^ndson of David ^^'ogaIl of 
New Hall, CO. Kildiire, sod would appear to 
have been the third son of Nicholas Woga-n 
((f. July 1636) of Blackhall, by Margaret, 
daughter of WiUiftm Holywood of Herberts- 
town, CO. Mealh (O'Hart, Iruh Pedi^rei^ti, 
"i, 447). He miiy almost cEitaiiuy be 

oA -nrllli tliD ' nnntnlTi IViunlTi ' nt 



' Captni: 



identified -wilh the 

Okej's dragoons in the 'new model,' bb when 
in 1648 he descTted the parliament's service 
and wentover to Langdate we learn that the 
offence was seriously atrgravated by the faot 
that he took over 'his troop' with liicn 
(GiSDiSEB, CiVi Jfar. iv. »I). He marched 
safely to Scotland with this troop (Hrsn- 
troBTii, vii. 1021-4), his surrender being 
indignantly but vainly demanded by the 
parliament. Later, in 1648, he joined 
Ormonde in Ireland (Cartb, ii. 97). _0r- 



ford, in place of Captain Thomas Roche, 
who had begged for the transference of his 
responsibinty ; at the »anie time one hundred 
and twenty of Ormonde's ' life guard ' were 
sent to aid in the defence. Wogan made a 
brilliant sortie in the spring of 1U49(C«8TLE- 
HATEIT, Meinoin, 1680, p, 116), and held the 
fortress successfully against Ireton during 
the BUinmer, though both places were taken 
tinder Cromwell's immediate direction in the 
middle of December. Wogan himself had 
been captured by Colonel Sankey on 9 Dec. 
164i), having previously sallied out of Dun- 
cannon to ibe assnult of I'ossage Fort, a 
costle some five miles out of Waterford. In 
February 1650 Wogan, ' that perfidious 
fellow,' corrupted the provost- marshal and 
escaped from his prison in Cork(WRiTB- 
T.OCEE, p. 420). Had ho not escaped, Crom- 
well intended to execute him as ' a renegade 
and a traitor,' who not only ' did betray his 
trust in Eniland, but counterfeited the 
general's hand (thereby to carry his men 
whom he bad eeduced into a foreign nation 
to invade England^, under whom he bad 
taken pay.' In December 1650 he soiled 
with Ormonde for Brittany, and he is next 
beard of at Worcester fight (3 Sept. 1651), 
rallying a troop of royalist horse, effectually 
covwing Charles's retreat, and joining him 
in the evening at Barbon'a Drii^ge, a&iut a 
mile out of fiie city (BoHciiicl Traci/i, ed. 
Hughes, 1857, p. 4.1) ; he then escaped into 
France. In the autumn of 1653, having 
with difficulty obtained the king'sconsent to 



bis enterprise, be boldly landed at Dots' 
wtllt seven or eifht companies, made hit 
arrangements in London, and enlisted over 
a score of meu (some account^; say as many 
as two hundrel) in the neighbourhood of 
Bamet for the ting's service. With ihwe 
be marched through England, gaining a few 
recruits on the way, giving out that his 
troopers were Commonwealth soldiers, and 
actually escaping detection imtil he arrived 
at Durham, where he bod a smart brush 
with some of Cromwell's horse, but got 
through ; and lome months later ( Januaij 
1654) successfully joined the highland force 
of Middleton [see Middlbtok, Jokh, first 
Earl] at Dornoch in the south of Suther- 
landshire. A few weeks later he was run 
through the shoulder in a skirmiah; bis 
wound mortified and, no efficient aumca! 
aid being at band, proved fatal (4 Feb.) 
He was buried on 10 Feb. in the kirk of 
Kenmore, near Aberfeldy, The troop that 
he commanded was handed over to Robert 
Dungnn {Cat. Stale Papfn, Horn. 16oS, p. 
225 ; Cat. Clarmdon State Papfr*, ii. 286)j 
several of bis comrades made Ibeir waj 
back to France. 

Clarendon gives an interesting, if not 
ver^ exact, sketch of Wogan's charnoter and 
of his adventurous journey to Scotland in 
his ' Histo^.' Scott, in the description 
which be gives of Captain Wogan in the 
twenty-ninth chapter of ' Waverlev ' (con- 
taining some verses by 'Flora Mac-Ivor* 
upon Captain Wogan's tomb), unaccount- 
ably gives 1649 as the date of his death. 

A portrait of Edward Wogan, whom 
Clarendon described in 1653 as ' a beautiful 
person of the age of three- or four-and- 
twenty ' (he was probably somewhat more 
than this), is in the possession of Lord Talbot 
de Alalahide. 

Wogaa briefly sketched his experiences 
as a Commonwealth soldier in 'The Pro- 
ceedings of the New-Moiilded Army from 
the time they were brought together in 16W 
till the King's going to the Isle of Wight 
in 1647;'^Carte printed half of this narra- 
tive, bringing down the sketch umtJI February 
1646; the remainder is printed as Appendix 
A to the 'Clnrke Papers,' from the original 
in the Clarendon stat« papers (Bodleian, 
No, 2607). 

Cnptaiu Edward Wogan's younger brother 
Thomas, who must bo distinguished from 
Thomas Wogan [q. v.], is stated to have 
fought Bt ■VVor(«ster,and to have died shortly 
afterwards. His eldest brother. Williani, 
was sheriff of Kildare in 1687, and repre- 
sented the county in James ll's parliament 
of 1689. 



Wogan 



287 



Wogan 



■ rO'H»«'« Irish Podigcea, 18S8. ii. 4*7; 
Lwlge'B Irish PeeragB, 178B, iii. aS8 ; Clnron- 
dun's Hi«'. of tbe Oreut Rebellion. 188H, r. 
313-16; CsrljIe'B CroniKBll. ii. 328-9, v. 233, 
App. iri; Citrte'i Ormonde, ti. 97; CUrfce 
Papom (Canid. Sm.). i. HI ; Denis Mnrphjs 
Cromvetl in Irelund, 1883, pp. 1748q., IttT.^iSOi 
Hil. MemoiTBof Jobn GirvnDs. 1822, pp. ZiOsq.. 
188; Cnrtes Collect, ot Originul Papers. 1739; 
WhitelocWa Memonals under dales 24 Jno. ■»<! 
17 Feb. 16fi3;Giiljfn"»Wat-in Ireland, iii.2ia, 
Ti. 80-a- Firlli'ii Scotliind and tbe Common- 
vfslth (ScolB HiHl. Sot:.}. ISaS, pp. 396, 297, 
aB8. 302; Gordiurr's Qreat CiriL War, iv. 01, 
and Cammanveallb, ii. 403-i: Hasson'a Milton. 
iii. 730 ; Hentb'a CbronUla of the Ute loteBtinfl 
War, 1676. p. 385; Spnttiawoode Society's Mis- 
collnny, vol. ii. ; Sinclaira Guide up tlie Valley 
of tbi- Tay. 1883; notts kindly furnished l,y 
John Christie, eaq.] T. S. 

WOGAN, 81B JOHN (d. 1321 ?), chief 
joslice and goremor of Ireland, was, nccord- 
mg; to pedigrees supplied to Lewis Dwnn 
about 1500, a son of 811 Matthew Wogau 
(by Avieia, heirew of Walter Malepliant), 
and great-grandson of Clwgan, son of uledd- 
jnapMaenarch, lordof Drecknock, Gwgan, 

I whose name In course of time waa softened 
inta Wogan, married fiwenllian, the heiress 
of Wiaton in Pembrokeshire, where his de- 

[ BCendnntsweresul^equentlysettled. Others, 
with leu probubility, trace tbe family from 

i tbe De Cognns, two of whom, Milo and 

' Bicbard, accompanied liobert Fitz-8Cephen 
from Pembrokeshire to Ireland in 1170, and 
then began tbe English conquest of that 
country (Laws, Little England beyonit WaUt, 
pp. 123, 131-2). Still more fanciful is the 
descent from a Koman patrician named Ugus, 
given by a writer of the last century, on tbe 
authority of a manuscript pedigree shown 
him in 1743 at Florence by a ChavaLer 
Uffhi (Dti BuBGO, Uihemia Dominica). 

A\'ogan was urobablr first introduced to 
Edward Ts notice by William de Valence, 
earl of Pembroke [q. r.], when in November 
1284 tbe king and bis consort visited 8t, 
David's shrtne on the completion of the 
Welsh war. At all erenls, his name first 
Appears undertbe date of22 May 1285, when 
Bdward 1 granted him letters of protectinn 
with tbe view of his proceeding to Ireland 
(Cat. of DommenU relating to Irtland,\2&?i- 
1292, p. 33). In 1290 be was areferee with 
Hugh Cresaingbam [q. v.] in a dispute be- 
tween the queen and William de Valence, 
earl of Pembroke, and his wifi? {Rot. Pari. 
I. 31, 38). In 1292 be was one of the jus- 
tices itinerant assifrned to the four northern 
counties, and in 1295 was appointed chief 
inatice of Ireland. Wogan arrived in Ire- 

I wnd on 18 Oct. 1295, and among bis first 



acts he made a truce for two yean be- 
tween tbe Burkes and tbe Geraldines. In 
tb« same venr he also convoked a parlia- 
ment in Kilkenny, where it was enacted 
that the En([liBh colonists should not adopt 
Irish names. Immediately after, he took a 
truop of the English settlers to aid the king 
in Scotland, and it is mentioned that on 
13 May 1296 tbe leaders were ontertained 
by tbe king at Roxburgh Gaatle. On his 
I return in 129S he bad the task of again re- 
conciling the Burkes and the Geraldines, 
and thenceforward he 'kept everj'thing so 
quiet that we hear of no trouble in a great 
while' (Cox). In 1300 be made a second 
expedition to Scotland, and on bis return 
cnlk'd another parliament in 1302, when be 
also tried to levy a subsidy on the clergy. 
Edward II charged him with thti duty of 
suppressing tbe knights templars in Ireland, 
which he carried out successfully in Fe- 
bruary 1307-8. In the following August ha 
WHS recalled home, and some writers (e.g. 
O'KELir) have erroneously fixed bis deaUi 
nt this date, hut in June 1309 be was re- 
appointed to his former office. He convoked 
two more parliaments at Kilkennv, one on 
2 Feb. 130B-10, tbe other in iSll. Ha 
sulTered defeat at the hands of the rebels on 
7 ,Iuly 1312, but they afterwards volun- 
torily surrendered to tbe king's mercy, 
whereupon Wogan towards tbe end of the 
month finally quitted Ireland, leaving behind 
him a great reputation as a firm admini- 
strator. Ue probably retired to live in his 
niitive county of Pembroke, his interest in 
which had been sliown during his absence 
in Ireland by bis founding in 1302 a chantry 
at St. David's in tbe chapel of St. Nicholas 
(also called the Wogan chapel) for tbe souls 
of himself, Kdward I, and Bishop David Mar- 
tin ; and in grateful memory of the king's 
visit to St. David's in 12S4 be also founded 
the chapel of King Edward ('ActaetSta- 
tuta Ecclesire Menevensis' in Uarl. MS. 
1249; Fbebman and Joxes. p. 100; Fes- 
TOH, Pembrokeshire, p. 88). He also procured 
from tbe kin^ the livings of Llanhowel and 
Llandeloy (in Dewisland), and from tbe 
heirs of Hugo, baron of Naas in Kildare 
(a descendant of Maurice Fitz-Gerald), tbe 
manor of Maurice Castle, also in Dewisland 
(OwEK, Pembrokeshire, p. 40G). 

Wogan appears to have died in 1321. A 
tomb with the efHgy of a knigbt, cross- 
legged, generally supposed to lie Wogan's, 
formerly stood in the Wogan chapel at St. 
David's, but is now in Bishop Vaughan'H 
chapel {Book of Howth, tf. 140; c^ Cnl, 
Close RolU, 1318 and 1323, pp. 175, 200). 
He married Joan, sole heiress of Sir William 



I^ctoQ of Picton Castle in Pembrokeshi.., 
whicU proportj was therefore added to his 
previous estate of Wiston. His offspring by 
her ia variously given bv dilterent geoitalo- 

SisU. Dwnn mentiona three sons, viz. Wil- 
am, from wbom the Wogpans of Wiston 



who settled at Milton, all in Pembroke- 
abire. Wogan is said to have had by a 
second marriage another son, named Harry, 
who married Margaret, heiress of \\'ilcr>ck 
Dyer of lioulston, and became the founder 
of that branch of the family which in tira< 
absorbed the Milton estate (pHiLUpfe 
Olamorgarahire Pediffreee, p. 41). 

According to another pedigree of Wogan" 
descendants, said to have been compiled ii 
184U by Sir William Beetham, Ulster klng^ 
at-arma, his children arc eaid to have settl^ 
in Ireland. Thomas, who is described as i 
eldest son, is said to have succeeded 
father as justiciary of Ireland, but onfaili 
of hie issue the second son John became the 
bead of the familv and the founder of the 
Wogansof Rathco'tfey in Ireland. The ori- 
ginal grant of Rathcoffey to John de Wogan 
on 27 Aug. 1317 is found in the Exchequer 
Roil (9 Edward II, 'So._ 1200). The names 
of the other children in this pedigree are 
Walter (described as escheator of Ireland), 
Bartholomovr, Jane, and Eleanor. In spite 
of this discrepancy there is no doubt that 
both the Wogans of RathcoHey and the Pem- 
brokeshire families of that name were de- 
scended from Wogan the iusiiciary, but 
perhaps they represent the offspring of dif- 

[LsTfia Dwnn gives pedigrees showing tha 
ancestors and descendiintB of -Sir John Wngan, 
in his Heraltiic Visitations of Wales, i. 42. 90, 
100, IDS (correcting an erroneous pedigree on 
p. 107) and 220, especially footnWe. ii. ftfl. The | 
chief sourcB nf informntion as to Wognn's ad- i 
miniatration in Irebnd is the Calondiira oF i 
QocnmeDlB relating to Ireland, vola. for 1293- 
1301, and 1302-7. The aumeroas doeumanis ' 
here calaadared ore also snmmaritiad (and other i 
informalion added) in un article onthe Wogans j 
of Bathcoffey by the Rev. Denis Murphy, printed 
in tiie Proc. of the Itoyul Sue. of Autiqnnries of 
Ireland (18B0-1), Sth ser. i. 119 el h«j. (cf. p. 
716), and in M^moire hiatorique et gdn^loglque 
Bur la Famille de Wogan ... par le Comte 
Alph. O'Kelly de Galway (Parin, 1899). There 
are otber docammts tmnmsrised in the ChI. of 
the Carew MSS. (Book of Howth), pp. 12S-7 
(cf. p. 116). ^aalaoCox's Biberniii AngUcana 
(leBB). pp. 8,5-92 ; Fobb'h LIvbh of the JndKe* ; 
Funton's Pembrokeshire, pp. 333. 135, 27B, 3:11 ; 
Arch^ologis Cambreosis, 2nd lor. V. 33, 39. Sth 
ser. IV. 22a-37.] D. Lu T. 



WOGAN, THOMAS (jl I640-I6G6>, re- 
gicide, was a member of the Wogan family of 
Pern hroheeh ire. He waselectedaearNniiler 
to represent the borough of Cardigan in 
the Long parliament on -2i Aug. 1616. Be 
is said to have aerved in the parliameniary 
army as captain of drsgoona, though proba- 
bly this is a confusion with Edward Wogan 
[q. V,] On 23 Jan. 1647 he presented to a 
committee of the House of Lords a petition 
from the town of Cardigan for the establish- 
ment of a free school there. At the end of 
March 1648 he received the leave of the 
House of Commons to go to 'N\'ale« to en- 
deavour to restore peace in Pembrokeshire 
and the adjoining counties. He then semd 
under Colonel Thomas Horton [q. v.], and in 
June he was voted the sum of ;tOO/. as part 
□f the arrears due to him. 

Wogan waa one of the king's judges. He 
was present at the trial on 18, 22, 23, and 
20 Jan. 1649. and was in Westminster Hall 
on the 29lh when sentence was pronounced. 
He signed the death-warrant. In April 
1662 lands belonging to the Commonwealth 
of England were settled upon Wogan and 
his heirs in satisfaction of all arrears. He 
sat in the restored Kump parliament <rf 
1069. At the Restoralion be vas sum- 
moned to trial with other regicides, and on 
9 June 1060 was excepted from the Act of 
Oblivion. He surrendered oa 27 June, andl 
although not within the prescribed period 
for doing so, his surrender wew accepted, 
and he was one of the nineteen included in 
JBving clause of BUspenaiou from ezeca- 
in case of attainder till the passing of 
ure act. His forfeited landsat Wiston, 
Haverfordwest, were granted to Robert 
Werdeu [q. v.] in August 1662. On 27 July 
1(!64 he wsB staled to have escaped from 
York Tower, and a proclamation was issaed 
for his arrest. The last reference that has 
been discovered to him is dated September 
166(1, when he is spoken of as 'at Utrecht, 
plotting ' ICal. State Paper*, Dom- 1666-7. 
p. 156). 



8tb Rep. p. 184; Nelson's Trial of Charles I, 
passim ; Com mons' Journal, v. 86, 230, 510. 964. 
eOB.vi. 168, 688. vii. 119, 129, viii. 61.75, 189; 
Cat. of Stjite Papers, Dom. 1651 ; Notes and 
Queries, 2nd ser. iii. 16-, Hasson's Milton, iii. 
7:20, V. 1S4, vi. 28, 44, 49, 54, 01, 4S ».] 

B. P. 
WOGAN. WILLIAM (1678-1758), n- 
ligious writer, bom in 1678 at Oumfre«t«n, 
Pembrokeshire.wasa younger son of Etbelred 
Wogan, rector of Qumfreston ond vitjor of 
Penally. The father, who was instituted to 



the rectory of Gumfreston on 10 Aug. 1665 
{Epixopai Acti at Diocetan Ee^try, Car- 
marthen), belonged to tbe Wogans of Lis- 
burn in Ireland. On his death in 16)^6 the 
family was dispersed; tbe elder brother, it tso 
cbIIkcI Ethelred, eoiiig to Lisbum (where he 
died on 10 April 1712), while William was 
sent to nn uncle (probablv his mother's 
brother), Robert Williftma of Cefn-gorwydd 
in the parish of Loughor, Glamorgan su ire 
(cf. CLiKK, Glamoi-gan Genealogio, p. fitil). 
He was educated first underaqunker school- 
master in this neighbourhood, and then at 
the newly established grammar Echool of 
Swansu. In 1694 be was admitted scholar 
of Westminster, and became captain of tbe 
school, proceeding thence in 1700 to Trinity 
College, Cambridge (Welch, Alumni 
Westnvtn. pp. 226, 237). While here he 
contributed gome verses to tbe CambridgB 
poems on the death of the Duke of Olouces- 
ter. He left, without taking his degree, to 
become tutor in tbe family of Sir Robert 
Southwell [q. v.], and in 1710 became clerk 
to his son, who was then secretary to the 
Duke of Ormond, lord lieutenant of Ireland, 
This took bim to Ireland, where he soon after 
entered tbe army, and was for rears stationed 
at Dublin. On 7 Dec. 17l'tl he married 
Catherine Stanhope, a friend andprotSgfie of 
Lady Elizabeth Hastings, Uy her (who 
died on 19 June 1T^») he had an only 
daughter, who was married to Robert 
Baynes, rector of Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, 
From about 1727 on, Wogan lived at Ealing 
in Middlesex, but died at hie daughter's 
house at Stonham Aspal on 24 Jan. 1758, 
and was buried at Ealing on W .Ian, 

Wogan was a man of distinguished pictv, 
and was on intimnte terms with many of 
the evangelical leaders of tbe time, a selec- 
tion from his correspondence with White field 
and Wesley being printed in his ' Life.' 
his retirement at Ealing be wrote a lai^e 
number of religious works, including the 
following: 1. 'A Penitential Office,' London, 
1721, 12mo, 2, ' The liight Use of Lent, or 
Help^to Penitents,' London, 1733, 8vo. 
8. ' Uharactt^r of the Times delineated.' Lon- 
don, 1735, 8vo. 4. ' Scripture Doctrine of 
Predestination, Election, and Reprobation ;' 
a reprint was issued from Carmarthen in 
1894, two editions of a Welsh translation of 
the work having been previously published 
from the same press in IfWS and 1810 re- 
spectively (Cat. Cardiff Wet»h Library, p, 
G36), 6. ' Essay on the Proper Lessons of the 
Church of England.' This, his most important 
work, was first piiblisbed anonymously in 
1753 in four volumes (London, 8vol, but to 
.the second edition published after his death 

VOL. LXII. 




17154 bis nnmewas attached. It was also 
published in Dublin in 176fi, and an edition 
described as the third was brought out in 
1818 (London, 4 vols.), to which is prefixed 
a memoir of tbe author by James OatlifT. 
At leant four other editions have been sub- 
setjuently published (Lowndes, B.V.; Ali,I~ 
BONE, Dict.ofEnffl.Lit.) He also left several 
works in manuscript, one of which, entitled 
'Penitential Offices for the Season of Lent,' 
compiled about 1748, is at present in the 
possession of the Rev. W. G. D. Fletcher of 
bt. Michael's, Shrewsbury, 

[Thpchief authority is GatelifT's Life of Wil- 
'mm WogaTi. Esq.. mKntinaed nbovs, See alan 
WilliamsB Eminent Welabmen, p. 5*3,] 

D. Lt,. T, 
WOIDE, CHARLES GODFREY (1725- 
1790), oriental scholar, a native of Poland, 
was bom on 4 July 1735. He waseducated 
at the universities of Frankfort an der Oder 
andLeyden,and then became minister of the 
Socinlan church at Lissa in Poland, near 
tbe border of Sile«ia. In 1750, white he was 
residing at Leyden, he began to transcribe 
tbe ' Lejticon ^gyptiaco-Lstinuni ' of Mar- 
tinus Veyssiere la Croie, and, under the 
iiition of Cbristianus Scholtz, became an 
sperl in the language of Lower Egypt. 

From June 1770 Woide held tbe post of 
ircacher at the Dutch chapel royal in St. 
iames's Palace, London, and soon afterwards 
joined with it the duties of reader. (Jn the 
'■"' of the archbishop of Can- 



pense of George III, for four months inl773 
and 1774, studying oriental manuscripts, 
and on his return sent to the 'Journal des 
Savans ' a short article on La Croze's lexicon 
and on the scholars beet acquainted with 
the languages of ancient Egypt. He had now 

terfected himself in the Sahidic language of 
IpperEgypt. At a later date he also served 
as reader and chaplain of the reformed pro- 
testant church in the Savoy, London. 

In 1775 the university of Oxford pub- 
lished at the Clarendon Press the ' Lexicon 
/Egyptiaco-Lalinum," which La Ctata had 
drawn up and Scholtz bad revised, Woide 
was engaged to edit the work, and he added 
to it notes and indexes. He then reduced 
from four volumes into one the manuscript 
' Grammatica /EoTptiaca utriusque Dialecti ' 
of Scholtz, and illuBtrated it with notes. It 
was published in 1 778 by the Clarendon Press 
under Woide'saunervision, the Sahidic por- 
tion being entirely his own work. About 
1778 he was living at 5 Lissou Street, Pad- 
dington. On 12 Feb, in that year he 
elected F.8,A. 



I 

I 

I 
I 

<r- H 

i 



Woide 



2((0 



Woida WM appointed aaeiEtaat librarian 
at t)ii> British Museum in 176-J. He was at 
tint tngBged in the natural histoiy section, 
but was afterwards transferred to tlie more 
congfenial department of ptinted bouks. Dr. 
Thoniii«SomeiTille[q,Tj, whiktn London in 
1796 at work in tbe British Must-um. was 
'under the dt^epcsL obligations' to Woide, 
whom he describes as ' the oriental secretary 
who had the charge of the Hebrew and 
Arabic manuscripts ' {Life and Timet, ^ p. 
SlO-11). He was at Ibis time engaged upon 
hiR noble fawimite edition of the 'Novum 
Teitunenlum Onecum,' from the ' Codex 
Atexandrinus' or 'Codex A,' at the British 
Museum. It was published by John Nichols 
iu 1T86, through the mumficencc of the 
trustees of the British Museum, and ~ 



copy 



the 



Tliere i 



i', ii. 497-8). 
about 450 copies on common 
paper at two guineas each, and Iwenty-Sve 
on fine psper at five ^ineas apiece. Ten 
were on vellum, but only six of tbtm had 
the notes and illustrations. lie added to it 
' admirable prolegomena and notes.' 

An appendix to this work, bogiin by 
'Wt)Jde and completed by Henry Ford, pro- 
ft>ssor of Arabic at Oxford, was published by 
thu' university in 1799. It contained the 
fragments of the New Testament, about a 
third in all, in the Sahidic diali-ct, mostly 
taken from manueeripta at Oxford, with a 
dissertntioR on the Eay^ian versions of the 
Bcripturea, and a collation of the "Vatican 
Codex.' On the publication of the ' Codex 
Alexandrians' in 1786 J. G. BurckhHrdt 
printed a thesis at Leipiig in justification 
of tUo reading 6toc in the manuscript in 
1 Tim. iii. 16, and in 1788 O. L, Spohn pub- 
lished at the same place the 'notitin' of 
Woido, ' cum variisejus lectionibus omnibus.' 

Woide waa a D.D. of the university of 
Copenhagen. He was elected F.H.S. on 
21 April 1785, created D.U.L. by the uni- 
versity of Oxford on 28 June 1786, and 
wne also a fellow of many foreign societies. 
A 6t of apoplexy seixed him at a conver- 
sazione in the house of Bir Joseph Banks 
on 6 May 1790, and on 9 May he died in 
his rooms at the British Museum. His wife 
had died on 12 Aug. 1T64, tearing two 
daughters. 

Woide supplied information to Frauclscus 
Perexius Bayerius for his book ' Dc Nuinmis 
Hebrieo-SiunaritaniB,' which was printed at 
Valentia in 1781, and several of his commu- 
nicHtions are in the appendix (pp. i-iii1. 
He contributed to the ' Archieolo|ciB ' (vi. 
130-2) a paper on a ' Palmvrene Com," com- 
municated for the fourth edition of William , 



Bowyer's 'Crilieal ConjectBrcs on the New 
TestAment' (1812) the noles of Profomr 
Schultz, and revised the Oreek notes in the 
1788 edition of Bishop Warburton'a woriu. 
Uis portrait was engraved byBartflloin 

[Forter'e Alunmi Oion. 171S-I886; Shep- 
perJ's St. Jamcs'i Pslaoc, ii. -2*1-7 ; GbdI. Itig. 
ITSi ii.638. 17B0 i. -178: Biogr. I^aiv. 1S28; 
Didoti KoDvells Biogr. O^D^rale ; KichoU'a Lit. 
Anm). Tj. 4SS. 803, is. U-U ; Nicholj's Lit. 
Blu.lr.»iii.**S.] W. I'.C. 

WOLCOT, JOHN (1738-1819), satinet 
and poet, under thp title of Peter Pindar, 
was the son and fourth child of Alexander 
Wolcot, by Mary Kyder. his wife. He yrn 
bom at Dodbrouke, nearKingsbridge.Devtm, 
and baptised on 9 May 1738 (Ilaptirmat lle- 
ffie/er, Dodbrooke). His father, who wu a 
country surgeon and son of a Burgeon, died 
on 14 June 1751, and the future poet fell 
under the care of his uncle, John Wolcot of 
Fowey. He waa educated at Kinrsbridge 
grammar school, and afterwards at Liakwd 
and Bodmin. In or about 1760 be was sent 
on his uncle's advice for twelre months to 
France to learn the language. He, however, 
acquired no love for the French, of whom hv 
afterwards wrote : 



(CoU. TForA*, i. 107). Medicine being deter- 
mined on as a profession, Wolcot went in 
1763 to London for the purpose of stu^, 
and lodged with his uncle by marriage. Mi. 
Oiddy of Penzance. In 1764 he returned to 
bis uncle at Fowev, with whom he lived, 
acting as aA.^istBnt tiU 1767. On 6 Sept. d 
this vear he graduated M.D. at Aberdeen 
(A'ofu and Querieg, 6th ser. zi. 94). Wcdeot 
was well acqutunted and ^tantly connected 
with Sir William Trelan-ny of Trelawne, 
Fowey l^ee under Trelawitv, Edwabd], 
and, on Trel a wny's appointment as governor 
of Jamaica in 1767, wolcot was chosen to 
accompany him as physician, Handing, how- 
ever, that medical prospects in Jamaica vetv 
not encouraging, he returned home in 1769 
for thepurpope of taking orders, with a view 
to securing the valuable living of St. Anne, 
which was in the gift of his patron, and tbsn 
apparently soon likely to become vacant 
He was without difficulty admitted bv tlis 
bishop of London deacon on '2i June 17Wi 
and priest on the following day (^Regiitrr af 
Bithopric of London). Thus equipped he re- 
turned toJamaica in March 1770, but found 
the hoped-for living was not vacant. Heww 
granted the ineuinbency of Vere, but lived 
most of bis time at the governor's hoiU«i 



Srfarmine Ilia olmoat noramal dutiea hj 
puly. Revertiog tohiaorigiual profeai ' 



}Ie lived OQ terms of (^lo^ friendship with 
the TrekwQy fnmilv, and ooe of the first 
of his poums publianed in London was an 
elegj on tha death of Miss Anne Trelnwn;, 
•the Nymph of Tfturis' (Anmtnl Register, 
1773, p. 240). Oa llie death of Trelawnj 
he obtained leave ot nbst'uce from the new 
governor. Bailing, on 20 Feb. 1773, and re- 
turned to En);taud in company with I^ady 
Trelawny, whose death shortly afterwards 
possibly robbed him of a future wife (ItED- 
niNS, Recollectiont, Literal';/ and Pergonal, 
i. 258). 

Dropping his clerical profession very com- 
pletely. Wolcot now settled at Truro, where 
he entabliahed himself in a hoLue on the 
Green, with the view of practising as a doctor. 
His peculiar medicinal methoda, which 
consisted in encouraging his fever patients 
to drink cold water, and his opinion that a 
physioian could do Htile more than watch 
nature and ' ^ve her a shove on the hack if 
lie Bees her inclined to do right' (t'A. i. '26!i), 
involved him in disputes with bis profes- 
Bional brethren. He quarrelled alao with 
the corporation of Truro, and when that 
body attempted to revenge the lampoons he 
tad written upon their ill managenieat by 

Slanting a parish apprentice upon him, the 
octor removed to Helstone (November 
3779), leaving behind a characteristic letter: 
' Gen lie men, — Your blunderbuss has missed 
fire, — Yours, John Wolcot.' He remained 
At Helatone and E:teter for the next two 
years, but the succens of some songs set 
to music by Jackson of Bieter, and of 
a small number of poema, with a ' suppli- 
cating Epistle to the Reviewers,' pub- 
lishea in London in 1778, inclined him to 
Bbaodon medicine and remove to the metro- 
polis. Another reason waa his friendship 
with John Opie [ii. v.], whose developing 
eeniuswasnowreaujforlhe town, Wolcot 
first became acquamted with the young 

{winter at the house of Mr. Zankwell at 
lithian in 1776 (BoiaB, CoiUclnnen Comu- 
biemia), and instantly detected his abilities. 
He took him into his own house at Truro, 
provided all necessary material, and gave 
instruction and advice, and, when fully satis- 
fled with the genius of the artist, persuaded 
him to move to London in 1781. In the 
first instance there appears to hare been an 
BLgreement between the two to share equally 
all profits made by the painter, and for a 
time they lived together in London, but after 
a quarrel separat«d, and were never again 




cordially united. The origin of the quarrel 
ia Bometiuies attributed to Opie's frank criti- 
cism of Wolcot's paintiugs, but ia more 
likely to have arisen owing to the painter, 
on becoming fasbionable, refusing to carry 
out the orrangement as to proBts. There is, 
however, no doubt that Opie's immediate 
success in town waa due to Wolcot, who in- 
troduced him to Mrs. Boscawen, and extolled 
his geniua in verse. In 1782 appeared 'Lyric 
Odes to the Royal Academiciana by Heler 
Pindar, Esq., a distant relative of the Poet 
of Thebes and Laureat to the Academy.' 
The instant success of this amusing criticism 
on the academicians and Iheir works made 
Wolcot repeat the publication In 1763, I78r., 
and, with his 'Farewell Odes' on the same 
subject, in 1780, Benjamin West [q. T.j 
was tlie especial butt of^the poet's humour, 
which waa generally coarse, and not infre- 
quently proinne ; few of the academicians 
escaped punishment at Peter's hands. His 
highly e^tpressed appreciation of the land- 
scapes of Gainsborough and BIchard Wilson 
[q. v.] proved his discrimination. 

In the first instance the lyric od6s did 
not prove a source of profit, costing their au- 
thor some 401. (Tayior, Jiecordt of my Life, 
i. 228), but he soon discovered a more pay- 
ing enterprise in ridiculing the private life 
of the king. The first of the five cantos of 
the ' Lousiad, an heroi-comic poem,' ap- 

f eared in 1786, and the last in 1795. In 
787 the poet pursued the same fruitful sub- 
ject in ' Ode upon Ode, or a Peep at St. 
James and Instructions to a celebrated Lau- 
reat, being a comic Account of the Visit of 
the Sovereign to Whitbreod'a Brewery.' In 
all these three productions, though the satire 
waa coarse, it was often extremoly humorous, 
and gTBat sales were effected. Peter Pindar ^^ 

was well supplied with Information us to the ^H 
doings of the royal hoasehold ( Jbksan, Auto- ^H 
biography, ii. 264), and he described with ^^| 



much point the king's plainni 



nind and 



bod^, his pride, his parsimony, and bis it 
nerisms of speech. On the other hand, the 
vices of thePrince of Wales were treated as 
virtues in tbe ' Expostulaton^ Odes' (ode iii,), 
and an obvious bid made for bis favour hv 
the poet. Whether or no ' the king as well 
OS the nation delighted in the bard ' (H«Z- 
LiTT, 8th Lecture, EngUth Comic Writera), 
the popular conception of royalty was doubt- 
less affected hv his writings. The queen 
seems by Peters confession to have checked 
his attentions by the action of her solicitor 
(ode ii:.,Erpo»tulaton/ OrfMj.and the govern- 
ment attempted to secure silence by the *■" 
stowal of a pension of 300/. ( Jebdan, v 
biography, li, 204). This appears to have 



o2 



be- ^ 
tto- ^M 
ave ^^^^ 

m 



Wolcot 



291 



Wolcot 



been actiiallj settled, Yorke acting as inter- 
mediary (I'A.) But ibe BiTsngement came 
abruptly to on end, owing to a difference of 
opinion as to the amount in question and 
tte duties involved (Tat lor, Rfeords of my 
Life, i. 228), Whether from fear of prosecu- 
tion or promise of pension, he certainlj in 
I790conlined himself to smaller game, such 
as Sir Joseph Banks [q. v.], Sylvanus Urban, 
and James Bruce (1730-1794) [q. v.], the 
African trareller. The same year he vented 
his opinions on social matters in a. ' How land 
"" -."but he returned in 1792 to the 



time forward be contrived to make as offen- 
sive aa possible. In I7D3 he sold for an 
annuity of 250i. the copyright of liia existing 
works to J. Walker, the publisher, and it was 
St the same time stipulated that the refusal 
of his future work should rest with the same 
publisher. Disputes and eventually liti)^ 
tioQ arose with respect to the agreement, 
but the poet was completely successful, and 
the annuity was paid him to the end of bis 
hmg life. 

After running a free course for twenty 
years the satirist was, however, to meet with 
more tban bis match. In vol. iv, art. xxvi. 
of the ' Anti-Jacobin ' his ' Nil admirari. or a 
Smile at a Bishop,' was savagely considered, 
and a review of the authors life given, in 
which he woe termed 'this disgustful subject, 
the profligate reviler of his sovereign and 
impious blasphemer of his Uod.' Peter was 

S[uite unable to stand bis ground with Oif- 
ord, the savagery of whose ' Epistle to P. 
Pindar" (1800, 4to) was equalled only by its 



sought a personal encounter with the aulhor. 
The two met in Wright's shop in Piccadilly, 
18 Aug. 1400, when a sculfle took place, in 
which Wolcot was the aggressor, and un- 
doubtedly got the worst of it (cf. The Batile 
of the Bardtby MaunHui Moonghine; Peter's 
M»op, a SI. Gile»'e Eclogue, &c.) The com- 
monplace oRensiveness of Peter's ' Cut at a 
Gobbler' fell flat. But Peter was by no 
means silenced. The resignation of Pitt gave 
him an opportunity of expressing his rejoic- 
ing in ' Out at Last ! or the Fallen Minister,' 
1801. Canning also was specially singled 
out for abuse. 

The appreciation once exhibited by the 
Prince of Wales, who is said to hare had 
the poet's proof-sheet-s forwarded to him 
before publication (Jebdan, AtitobingrnpA)/, 
ii. 274), was not continued by the prince as 
regent, and the indignant Peter in 181 1 ex- 
presses his feelingB in being thus forsaken 



in ' Carlion House Pete, or the Disappointed 
Bard.' Tn 1807 a charge was made agiainst 
him by his landlady which appears to have 
been entirely groundless, as on his trill 
before Lord Ellenborough on 27 June 1807, 
the jury found for him without leaving tha 
box ( '/Via/ of Peter Pindar for Crim. Con. 
London, 1807). In Wolcot's later years h« 
wax atUicted by failure of sight, and in May 
1811 was almost blind (Ckabb Kobisso!!, 
Diary, vol. i.); he, however, still continued 
to write and publish. His last work was an 
' Epistle to the Emperor of China,' published 
in 1817 on the occasion of Lord AmherstV un- 
fortunate embassy. Wolcot died on 14 Jan. 
1819 at Montgomery Cottage, SomersTown, 
and was buried on ^1 Jan. in St. Paul'i 
Church, Covent Garden, where by his own 
wish his coffin was placed touching that of 
Samuel Butler (1612-1 680) [q.v.], the author 
of ' Hudibras." 

In appearance Wolcot was ' a thick rauat 
man with a large dark and flat face, and no 
speculation in his eye.' He possessed con- 
siderable accoraplishmenlj>, being a fair 
artist and good musician, and, despite the 
character of his compositions, his friends 
described him as of a ' kind and hearty dis- 

Ksition.' He was probably influenced in 
• writings by no real animosity towards 
royalty (Mrs. Uobinson, Memoir*, 1801, 
vol. iv.), and himself confessed that 'the 
king had been a good subject to him, and ba 
a bad one to the king.' His writings, despit* 
their ephemeral interest, still furnish clock 
quotations. 

In London he frequently changed hi* 
place of residence, living in 1703 in South- 
ampton Itow, Covent Garden; in 1791 at 
13 Tavistock Row, Coveut Garden; al 
1 Chapel Street, Portland Place, in 1600; 
8 Delany Place, Camden Town, in 1802; in 
1807 be was at 94 Tottenham Court Road; 
and he moved to Somera Town in 1816. 

There are at least eijfht portraits of Wol- 
cot bv Opie, one of which is now in the Na- 
tional Portrait Gallery. London ; one was 
engraved by C. H. Hodges in 1787, and by 
G. Kearsleyin 1788. A miniature on ivory, 
nainted by W. E. I^thbridge, is now in the 
National Portrwt Gallery, London. Among 
other existing engravings maybe mentioned 
a bust in oval by Comer, in the ' European 
Magazine ' ( vol. xii.) ; half-length by Ridley, 
1792, in the ' Gentleman's Magaiine;' bu»t 
as frontispiece to an edition of works in tlirM 
volumes (IT&4) ; and bust by K. Mackenue lo 
the fourth edition of ■ Tales of the Hoy," 1798, 

The following is a list of Wolcot's works : 
1. < Poetical Epistle to Reviewers,' Londoa, 
1778, 4to. 2. 'Poems on variotu SubjvctS)' 



London, 1778,4to. 3. 'TheNoMeCricketers,' 
4to. 4. ' Lvric Odes to tbe Hojal Acade- 
jniciaasfor 1 7 83,' 1782, 4 to. fi. 'More Lyric 
Odea to the Royal Academicians for 1783,' 
1783, 4to. 6. 'Lyric Odes for 178*j,' 1785, 
4to. 7. 'The Lousiad; an Heroi-comic 
PoeminFiveCantos,'17S5-95,4to. 8. 'Fare- 
' weUOdeatoAcBdeniiciimB,'1786,4to. 9.'A 
Congratulatory Epistle to Jamas Boawell,' 
J78e, 4to. 10. ■ Bojay and Piowii, or the 
British Biographers,' 1786, 4to; SIth edit. 
1788. 11.' Ode upon Ud& or a Peep at St. 
James,' 1787, 4to. 12. ' Instructions to a 
Celebrated Laureat,' ]787, 4to. 13. 'An 
Apologetic Postscript to Ode upon Ode,' 1787, 

t4to. 14. ' Brother Peter to Brother Tom 
n.e. T. Warton],' 1788, 4to. 15. 'Peter's 
Pension: a Soleniu Epistle,' 1783, 4to. 
16. * Sir Joseph Banks aud the Emperor of 
Horocco,' 17S8,4to. 17. "Peler's Prophecy, 
or the President and Poet,' 1788, 4lo. 
18. ' Epistle to his Pretended Cousin Peter,' 
3J88, 4to, 19. ■ Lvric Odes to the Acade- 

JmiciansandSubjecta for Puinters,' 1789, 4to. 
50. ' A Poetical Epistle to a Palling Minister 
rW. Pitt],' 1789, 4lo, 21. ' Eipoatultttory 
Odes to a Great Duke and a Little Lord,' 
1789, 4to. 23. ' A Benevolent Epistle to 
Sylvanus Urban,' 1790, 4to. 33. 'A Row- 
land for an Oliver,' 1790, 4to. 24. ' Advice 
to the Future Laureat," 1790, 4to. 25. 'A 
Letter to the Sloat Insolent Man Alive,' 1 790, 
4to. 2(1. ' A ComplimentBry Letter to James 
Bruce, Esq., the Abyssinian Traveller,' 
1790, 4to. 27. ' The Kights of Kings, or 
Loyal Odes to Disloyal Academicians,' 1791. 
4to. 28. 'Odea to Mr. Paine, Author of 
" Rights of Man," ' 1791, 4to. 29. ' The Re- 
monatrance,' 1791, 4to. SO. 'A Commise- 
rating Epistle to James Lowther, Earl of 
Lon^ale,' 1791, 4to. 31. ' More Money, or 
0<lesofInstnictioDtoMr.Pitt,'1792.32.'The 
Tears of St. Margaret,' 1792, 4to. 33. ' Odes 
of Importance,' 1792, 4to. 34. 'A Pair of 
Lyric Epistles to Lord Macartney and his 
Ship,* 1792, Jto. 35. ' Odes lo Kiuti Long, 
Emperor of China,' 1792, 4to. 36. 'A 
Poetical . . . Epistle to Pope,' 1793, 4lo. 
37. 'Pathetic Odea to the Duke of HicU- 
mond's Dog Thunder,' 1794, 8vo. 38. ' Cele- 
bration, or the Academic l*rocesBion to 8c. 
Jamefl,'1794,4to. 39. 'Hair-powder; aplnin- 
tive EpUtle to Mr. Pitt,' 1 796, 4to. 40. ' Pin- 
dariona," 1794, 4to. 41. -The Convention 
Bill : an Ode,' 1795, 4to. 42. ' The Cap : a 
Satiric Poem," 1795, 4to. 43. 'The Koyal 
Yiait to Eie[er,'1795. 44. 'The Itoyal Tour 
m And Weymouth Amusements,' 1795, 4to. 
It 46. ' An Admirable Satire on Burke's De- 
■ fence of his Pension,' 1796. 4to. 46. ' One 
K ThousandSeven UundredandNtnety Six:a 



SBtire,'1707,4to. 47. 'An Ode to the Livery 
of London,' 1797, 4lo. 48. 'Picturesque Views 
with Poetical Allusions,' 1797,fol. 49. 'Tales 
of the Hoy,' 1798, 4to. 50. ' Nil AdmirBri,or 
a Smile at a Biehop,' 1799, 4ta. 51. ■ Lord 
Auckland's Triumph, or the Death of Grim. 
Con.,' 1800, 4to. 62. 'Out Ot last, or the 
Fallen Minister,' 1801, 4to. 53. ' Odes to 
the Ins and Out«,' 1801, 4to. 64. ' Tears and 
Smiles,' 1801, 8vo. 56. 'The Island of In- 
nocence,' 1802, 4to. 56 'Pitt and bLsStalue; 
an Epistle to the I^ubaeribere,' 1802, 4to. 

67. 'The Middleeei Election," 1802, 4to. 
58. 'The Horrors of Bribery,' 1802. 4to. 
69, 'LirealCry and Little Wool,' 1801, 4to. 
60. ' An Instructive Epistle to the Ixird 
Mavor,'1804,4to. 61, 'Tri8tia,orthe Sorrows 
of Peter,' 1806, 4to. 62. 'One more Peep at 
the Royal Academy," 1808. 63. 'Tlie Fallof 
Portugal, or the Itoyal Exiles: a Tragedy,' 
1808, 8vo. 64. 'A Solemn Epistle to Mrs. 
Clark,'1809,4to. 65. ' Carlton House Fete, 
ortheDiBappointedBard,"lell,4to. 66. 'An 
Addresstobe spoken at the openingofDrury 
Ijuie Theatre,' 1813, 4to. 67. ' Royalty Fog- 
bound, or the Perils of a Night," 1814, 8to. 

68. 'The Regent and the King: a Poem," 
1814, 8vo. 69. ' A most Solemn Epistle lo 
the Emperor of China," 1817, 4to. 

Editions of his collected works were pub- 
lished—Dublin, 1788, 1 vol.; in 3 vols., 
Dublin, 1792, 12mo; in 4 vols., London, 
1794-6, 8voj in 6 vols., 1812, with a me- 
moir and portrait; and selections from his 
works in 1824 and 1834, l2mo. 

Wolcnt edited in 1799 the ' Dictionary of 
Painters ' of Matthew Pilkington [ci.v.], 4to. 
He left a iiuantiCy of unpublished poems, 
some of which and a portion of his corre- 
spondence were sold on 17 May 1877 by 
Messrs. Puttick & Simpson. 

Wolcot had many imitators ; one, C. F. 
Lawler, wrote under the same name ; others, 
under very similar names, such as ' Peter 
Piudarjun.,' ' Peter Pindar minimus," 'Peter 
Pindar the elder,' ' Peter Pindar the younger ' 
(Brit. MuB. Cat.) 

[Annual Biography nnd Obitanry for 1820 
(the socood part o! tbis nottcu of Wolcot is by 
hisoephaw, kr.Qiddy); Aim. Reg. 1B19, Cliron. 
p, llSj European Mug, xii. Ul : Gent. Hag. 
LXKXix. J. 93, 116; Rogers's Life of Oy\e; 
Polwhsle's Traditions, i. 7*-80, ii. 613 ; Fol- 
vheWe Uoaeied Females, IBOO, la which ii 
attached a short and hostiU acconnl of Wolcot 
R«dcling's Fifty Yeuts' Recollectioni 
257 ; Boaso nnd Courtney's BiTiliolheoi Cor- 



nubiensiii; 
Georgian t 


Boa«--s 
ra. iii. 37 


t;„llect 
-1 


W. C-B. 


WOLF 

WooLF, a 


[See also 
d WoDLtE.] 


WolFE, WotFF, 



J 



" Wolf 

WOLF, JUSEF (1820-1899), animal 
jiiLnter, 111'; oldest sou of Anton Wolf, a 
larmer and llsuptmann of Mora, near 
Munatermajfield, lu KheDish Prussia, and 
his wife Elizabeth, was bom in Mcirz on 
2 IJ an. 16:20. He was wducatiid at the school 
al Mutternich, and from very earliest dajs 
exhibited that love of nature and its por- 
traiture that distinguished lum throughout 
life, sparing no pains in the acquisition of 
subjects, and showing great ingeuuity in iin.- 
proviaing drawine materials. After leaving 
school he worked some time on the farm, 
but at length hia father was induced to let 
tbe ' bird-fool' follow his natural bent, and 
he was apprenticed, when sixteen, for three 
years to the Gebriider Becker, lithographers 
at Coblenz, where he was soon employed 
an designer, principally of trade circulars. 
On the expiration of Ilia apprenticeship he 
spent a year at home, and next accepted 
a temporary engagement as wine-gauger. 
fie then, when unsuccessfully seeking work 
at Frankfort, made the acquaintance of 
ItiippeU, the traveller and omithologiat, 
from whom for tbe first time be received 
encouragement and an introduction to the 
naturalist Kaup at Darmstadt, Passing to 
that town, he obtained employment with a 
lithographer, and in his oTertime worked far 
Kiippell, executing drawings foe Ihe 'Sys- 
tMnatisehe Uebersicht der Vog'ol Nord-Ost- 
Afrikas.' <^ubaequBntly getting work far 
Schlegel and Wulverhorst's ■ Trait£ de Fau- 
connerio,' he was able to give up lithographv, 
and removed to Leyden to carry on llie task. 
An attack of ague compelled his return 
about 1843 to Darmstadt, where be attended 
tho art school, going in 1817 to study at 
the Antwerp academy. 

InFebru&ry 1848, affairs heingunsettled on 
the continent, Wolf came to IjOndon, whither 
hia fame had preceded him, and at onc-e 
found employment at the Uritiah Museum, 
illustrating liobert Gray's 'ftenera of Birds,' 
and afterwards assisting Oould with his 
* Birds of Great Britain.'^ In 1849 his flrat 
picture for the academy, ' Woodcocks seek- 
ing Shelter,' was accepted and hung on the 
lino. His career as an illustrator now 
began, and he drew for the publications of 
the Zoological Society, for ' Ibis,' and for 
many other works. 'Two books, though he 
did not write the text, may be considered 
specially his : ' Zoological Sketches,' issued 
in two aoriee, 1861 and 1867, and ■ I.ifo aud 
Ilabits of Wild Animals,' with letterpress 
Ly D. G. RUiot (London, 1874, foi.), which 
was n'isnued in 1882 as ' Wild Animals and 
Bird*: thpir Ilnunts and Hnbits.' In 18W) 
^ ]iad ttkea a studio in BeTuoia Stteel, 




Wolfe 

thence he removed in 1874 to The Avenne, 
FulLam Koad (afterwards Boehm'^ rtudio), 
but, finding this too far from the Zoological 
Oanlena, went a few months lat^r to the 
I'rimroseHiIlstudios,Fitxro^Boad,R«g«irs 
Park, where he died unmarried oa 20 April 
1899. 

Of kindly genial nature and a keen sports- 
man, visiting Scotland aud Norwaj to shoot, 
he had the greatest aversion to wanton 
slaughter in ' sport.' He loved and studied 
hia subjects, and his ocqunlntonce with the 
habits and actions of wild animals from oer- 
sonal observation enabled him to trace tlieir 
forms upon canvas with a fidelity to uatum 
tbat has never been ezcellvd. In the opinion 
of Sir Edwiu Landseer he was, 'wit Lout m- 
ception, the best all-round animal paintvr 
that ever lived.' 

[Prtlmera Lifa of J. Wolf, 1896, with por- 
trait, sketches, and a cninplr'te biblingmplij at 
his work ; Brjt. Mus. Cat. ; Artist. May 1899.1 
B. B. W. 

WOLIIE, ARTHUR, first ViscoDST 
KlLWABDEN (1739-1803), lord chief justiee 
of Ireland, bom on 19 Jan. 1738-9, was the 
son of John Wolfe of Foreuanghta, co. KJl- 
dare, and of Mary, only daughter of William 
PhilpoC. He entOTed at Trinity College, Dub- 
lin, in IToTi, and, having obtained a scholar- 
ship, graduated B. A. in 1760. He entered as 
a student at the Middle Temple, and was 
called to the Irish bar in 1706. He quickly 
acquired a considerable practice, and was ap- 

tointed a king's counsel in 1778. Sis yean 
iter Wolfe entered the Irish House of Com- 
mons as member for Goleraine. He 6ut>- 
gefjiiently (1790J exchanged this seat for 
Jaraeatown.andm 1796 was returned for tlw 
city of Dublin and for Ardfert, but elected Ui 
sit for the city. In 1787, on ihi- promotion 
of Hugh Carleton [g. v.] to the bench, Wolfe 
was uppointed solicitor-general, and In 1789, 
on the elevation of John FittGibbon [q.v.Jto 
the Irish woolsack, he became attorney-^ne- 
ral and was sworn a member of the priw 
council in Ireland. Wolfe retained the posi- 
tion of chief law officer of the crown for nine 
years,digchargingitsimportant duties in Tery 
difficult times with much ability. Inr«co(f- 
nition of his distinguished services in this 
office Wolfe's wife was raised to thepeeran 
of Ireland as Baroness Kilwarden in 1795. 
In Julv 1796, on the death of John SooK, 
lord Clonmell [q, v.], he was aiipointed chief 
justice of Ihe kins's bench and was created 
u peer by the title of Baron Kilwarden of 
Newlands. In 1800, on the passing of the 
Act of Union, of which he was a convinced 
advocate, he was further odrnnced la the 
di^vtj of viscount, and created a pcet of Uw... 



Volfe 295 

United Kingdom. On 23 July 1803, while 
dciviog with his daughter andanephew from 
his country residence to Dublin Castle on 
ihe night of the Emmet inaurrection, Wolfe's 
carriage was stopped in Thomaa Street by 
llie rebels, and the chief juallce and lus 
nephew were barbarously murdered. It was 
said that Wolfe was mistaken by his mur- 
derers for Oarleton, the chief juslica of the 
common pleas, a judge of much sterner cha- 
racter. Wolfe's tenure of his high judicial 
office was brief and unmarked by any ei- 
ceptional qualities, but his humanity and 
moderation were conspicuous. Ills conduct 
in relation to the trial and conviction of 
Wolfe Tone by court-martial is well known, 
and he displayed consistently tlie dignity 
and respect for law wliich breathe in his 
dying words, on hearing a desire eipressed 
for instant retribution on his assailants ; 
' Murder must be punished ; but let no man 
Buffer for my death but by the laws of my 
country.' 

Wolfe married Ann, daughter of William 
Ruxton of Ardee, co. Louth. A portriiit of 
Wolfe is in the dining-hall of Trinity 
College, Dublin. He was elected a -vice- 
chancellor of Dublin University in 1803. 

[Webb's Cimiieodinm 1 Wilis's lUuiitrioiia 
Irishmen ; Haddvo's Uailed Irishmen ; Hai- 
woH's Irish Rebellion ; Barringion's Poisonid 
Sketebes; Wi>lf a Tone's Antobiograpbj, i. 121); 
Todd's Graduates of Dublin UnivEreity ; Burte's 
Extinct Peerages ; Smyth's Law Officers of 
Irc^Iand ; Oflicial lUturns of Members of pHrlin- 
mant, ii. flao, 6B4. BBS.] C. L, F. 

WOLFE, CHAliLES (1791-1823), poet, 
was born at BiackhaU, co. Kildore, on 
14 Dec. 1701. He was one of a family of 
oleven children and the youngest of eight 
BODS of Theobald Wolfe of Blackball, first 
cousin to Arthur A^'olfe, first viscount Kil- 
worden [q, v.] Theobald Wolfe died when 
his son was but eight years old, and the poet 
was brought up in England by his motlier, 
Frances, daughter of Rev. Peter Lombard, 
and was educated first at Bath, and after- 
wards at the Abbey high school, Winches- 
ter, In i&yQ be matriculated at Trinity 
College, Dublin, wlieruheobtoinedascholar- 
ehip m 1612, and graduated li.A. in ISU; 
And it is within the eight years between his 
entnince at the university and bis ordination 
in 1817 that theperiod of hia poetical activity 
is almost exclusively comprised, He also 
attained great distinction In the college his- 
torical society. It was in competition for 
the medftlsofthissociety that Wolfe's talent 
for versification was first employed, and his 
poem on ' Patriotism,' and a more important 
one, ' Jugurtha,' written fur the vice-chan- 



Wolfe 

cellor's prixe, show considerable merit. 
Though his academic career was distin- 
guished, Wolfe declined to read for a fellow- 
ship, because he was unwilling to pledge 
himself to celibacy. In November 1817 
he took orders, being ordained for the curacy 
of Ballvclog, CO. Tyrone, which after a few 
weeks he exchanged for the more important 
one of Donoughmore, in co. Down. Here 
he laboured assiduously and successfully for 
three years ; but the disappointment at the 
reiectiou of his addresses by the lady for 
whose sake he had abandoned the prospect 
of on academic career, acting on a constitu- 
tion never robust, quickly sowed the seeds 
of consumption. In 1821 he was compelled 
to abandon his work. After two years passed 
in a vain quest of health he removed to the 
Cove of Cork, where he died, aged 31, on 
21 Feb. 1823. He was buried in the ruined 
church of Clonmel. 

Wolfe is remembered almost solely for his 
famous linesoD the burial of Sir John Moore. 
Their origin, and the many spurious claims 
put forward to their authorship, form an in- 
teresting chapter in literary history. Origi- 
nally published in the ' Newry 'Telegntpn ' 
on 19 April 1817, they had been for many- 
years forgotten when the praises bestowed 
on them by Byron in January 1822~>' such. 
an ode as only Campbell could have written,' 
aa reported by Medwininhis'Converaalions' 
(ed. 1824, pp. 164^6) — drew general atten- 
tion to t he elegy. Byron's regretful repudio- 
tion of their authorship, and Medwin's bints 
that the stanios were really by his hero, 
brought forward friends to justify Wolfe's 
title and tiBtablish his fame. It was clearly 
proved that the lines were written in 1816 
iQ the rooms of Samuel O'SuUivan, a college 
friend, their suggestion being immediately 
due to Wolfe's perusal of Southey's account 
in the ' EdinbuKfh Annual Eepster ' of Sir 
John Moore's death. After being handed 
about among Wolfe's college friends the lines 
were, through the Rev. Mark Perrin, pub- 
lished in the ' NewTy Telegraph,' whence 
they were transferred to various journals, and 
printed in ' Blackwood's Magozini^' in June 
1817 (i. 277). Notwithstanding O'SulUvan'a 
testimony, confirmed by that of other friends, 
several fictitious claims to the authorship of 
the poem were put forward. A curious ac- 
count of one of them, which ultimately 
proved to be ahoai, may be found in Richard- 
son's ' Borderer's Table Bonk,' 
1841 the claim of one Macintosh, a parish 
achoolmaal«r, was put forward in the ' Edin- 
burgh Advertiser and strongly supported. 
On this occasion the indignant remonstrances 
of W'olfe'a friends wero twafcrewii \i^ "Omi 



diBCovHiy by ThomsB Lub^ [q, v.], late \\ce- 
provoBt of Truiity College, Uublin, atoung 
the papersof a (ieceased hrotlierwhohftd bt-eit 
a, ciillege iriead of Wolfe, of an auta^B.pli 
letter &>m Wolfe coataining a cop; of the 
stanzas. ThiBletterwumsdebyJohn Aneler 
[q. v.], who was a friend of the poet, the sub- 
ject of a communication to the liojal Irish 
Academy which set all diacuesion. as to the 
authenticity of Wolfe's ekim finally at rest. 
The poetical achievemente of Wolfe fill 
but a few pages in the memorial Tolumee, 
mainly cumpuaed of seruion«, published in 
18:i5 by hU friend John RusbbU, archdeacon 
of Closer. Exclusive of some boyish pro- 
ductions, they number no more than fifteen 
piecea, all of them written almost »t random, 
without any ideBofpub1ication,andpreserved 
almost by accident. These, however, present 
the potentiala of a poet of no mean order. 
The testimony of many contemporaries, aftci^ 
wards eminent, confirms the impression 
which bis other lyrics convey, that the lines 
on the burial of Sir John Moore are not, as 
has been represented, a mere freak of in- 
tellect, hut the fruit of a temperament and 
genius essentially poetic. 

[RhebsU's KBrnains of the Rev. Charlw Wolfs, 
2 vols. 1825, 13ma. 1th edit. IS29, with n por- 
trait engnved by B, Uej^or from a drnwinf; liy 
J. J, RdsbpII : Collega Recollections. IS26 (pub. 
lishttd anonymously, but Tritten bj tha Ruv. 
Samusl O'Sullirnd, and contaioinga rivid akBtcli 
of Wolfe under the name of ■ Waller") ; Taylor's 
History of ihe UaiTemit; of Dublin ; Brooke'a 
S«coIlections of the Iriiih Church. lE>t ser. ; 
TraUBnctionB of the Royal Irish AradsiiiT, vol. 
vii.,- letter published in New Zealand Tabl«t. 
March IS77. by the Rev. Mark Perrio ; article 
in New Ireland Review, May 1S9S, by C. Litton 
Fflllrincr; iMblin Univ. Mac. Novombn 1842, 
vol. XI. 1 Blackwood's Mag. March IflSS; Notes 
ood Qaeries. 7th and 8th ser. pasaim ; Burke's 
I*ndBl Goiilry.] C. L. F. 

WOLFE, DAVID (d. 1578 P), papal 
legate in Ireland, was born ia himerick. 
After seven years spent in Itome, under the 

SiLdance of Ignatius Loyola and Francis 
argia, he entered the order of the Jesuits 
about IfloO, was rector of Ihe college at 
Modeoa, and about August Ia60 returned to 
Ireland to superintend ecclesiastical aRoirs, 
endowed by the pope with the powers of 
an apostolic legate. He was instructed 
to regulate public worship, and to keep up 
communication with the catholic princes, 
He npeediiy attracted the attention of the 
English officials by his activity, and in 1561 
Elizabeth stated to Pius IV, aa one of her 
chief reasons for not sending representa- 
tires to the council of Trent, that \\'olfu 



> had been sent from Ilome to Ireland to 

excite disaffection against her crown.' For 
several years he was unable to enter the 
pale, and on 7 Dec, 15ti3 he delegated hia 
juriadiction for Dublin and its viciniiv to 
Thady Newman, affirm ing that he fosrwl to 
visit the district on account of ths dangers 
besetting the joumev. In 15ft4 Pins V, hv a 
bull dated 31 ilay, "entrusted to Wolfe and 
to Itichard Creagh [q, v.], archbishop of 
Armagh, the erection of universities aad 
schools in Ireland (Mok^n, Spieileyam 
Ossor. i. 32-8). 

About 1560 Wolfe was arrested and im- 
prisoned in Dublin Castle, the influence of 
the nuncio at Madrid being exerted in his 
behalf in vain. In 157a he escaped ti> 
Spain { Oil. Stale Papers, Irish Ser. 1.509-78. 
pp. 472, 524), but in a short time returned 
again to Ireland. On 14 April 1577 Sir 
William Dcury [q. v.] informed Wnlsinghatn 
that Wolfe was to ba sent to tl^e Indies 
{ib. 1574-86, p. 112). On 24 Mawh 167S 
llrury informed the privy council that 
James Fitxmaurice had put to sea with 
Wolfe, and had captured an English ship, 
whose crew had been handed over to the 
inquisition (tb. p. 130), Un 28 June 
EverardMercurian.thegenerat of the Jesuits, 
wrote to James FittmnHrice Fitzgerald (i 
1679)[q,v.], whose chaphiin Wolfe had been 
at one time, stating that he would ' be glad 
of any employment for old Darid Wolf (tl, 
p. 136), A priest named David Wolfe was 
shortly afttirwards residing in Portugal, but 
according to another ac4-ount he ended his 
days in Ireland, on the bordera of Oalwiv, 
about 1578. 

[O'Reilly's Lives of Irish Hortvr* and Cm- 
fsoBorB, 1878, pp. 32-B: Fuley's llist, of iha 
English Priv. vii. 85S, Appended Cutaloaueof 
Ihe Iriili Prorince, p, 2; Lenihnu'a Uiel. of 
Limerii^k, ISGS. pp. GS2.-4: Original Letun 
and Papers in illuBtratiou of the Hist. ottliB 
Church in Ireland, 1851, pp. 128-9. 171-2; 
Henehun's Collections ou Iriah Church V.M. 
laOJ, i. 184.] E,l. a 



i.) at the vicarage, WesCerham, Kent, \ 
laest son of Edward Wolfe, by Hen * 
whose portrait - 



IVolfc'B 

father there is no trace, but his grandfather 
IB said to have been Captain Geotge Wolfe. 
who was one of the lending defenders of 
Limerick in 1651, and who belonged to a 
family, originally Welsh, but long settled ia 
Ireland (_ Wright, p, 4), 



I 



Bom in 1885, Edward Wolfe waa com- 
miasioned il9 sucoDd lieutenant of marinufi on 
10 Murch 1701-2. He served in ths NetLer- 
lande under Marlborough, and in Scotland 
during the rebellion of 1715. lie wag adju- 
tant^eneral in the expedition to Curtba- 
gena in 1740. On his return be was made 
inspector of marines. Ou 2.) April 1745 he 
was given the colonelcj of the 8th tbot, and 
on 4 June he waa promoted major-general. 
He was employed for a short time under 
Wade daring tberebellionof that year. He 
died, a lieutenant-general, on 26 March 1769, 
BiJt months beforeTiis aon. ' Extremely up- 
right and benevolent," be seems to have had 
no great force of character. 

The childhood of James Wolfe was spent 
at Wcsterham in a house now known as 
Quebec bouae, which his parents took soon 
after his birth, and there ha began a lifelong 
friendship with George Warde of Squerries 
Court. About 1737 his family removed to 
Greenwich, and he was sent to a achool 
there, kept by the Rev. Samuel Swindeii. 
In July 1740 he perauaded his father to let 
him go with him to the West Indies; but he 
fell ill before the expedition started, and was 
left behind. 

On 3 Nov. 1741 he waa given a commis- 
, sion as second lieutenant iu his father's re- 
iment of marines, then numbered the 44th 
Kit. From this he passed, on '27 March 1742, 
to an ensigncy iu the 12th foot (Durouru's), 
with which he embarked for Flanders a 
month afterwards. He was quartered at Ghent 
till February 1743, and then set out with the 
ormj on a long march to the Main. He 
soon found ' my slrengtb is not so great aal 
imagined i ' and he shared a horse with his 
brotuer Edward, an ensign in the same regi- 

Al the battle of Deltinffen on 27 June the 
regiment was in the middle of the first line, 
and was the one which suffered most. 
Wolfe wrote an excellent account of the 
battle to bis father as soon as he had re- 
covered from illness, brought on by fatigue. 
He waa acting adjutant, though only aii- 
teen, and his horse was shot ; ' so I was 
obliged to do the duty of an adjutant all that 
ajid the next day on foot, in a pair of heavy 
boots.' lie was commissioned as adjutant 
on 2 July, and promoted lieutenant on the 
14th. 

He spent the winter of 1743—1 at Ostend 
with his regiment. On 3 June 1744 he ob- 
tained a company in the 4th foot (Barrel's), 
snd served with it in the futile campaign of 
^ that year, under Wade. In October he lost 
I his brother, ' an honest and a good lad ; ' he 
H 'wtia now the only child of his parents. lie 




was in garrison at Ghent during the 
Eind his regiment did not join the ai 
tiller the battle of Fontenoy. On 12 June 
1745 he waa appointed brigade-major, and 
for the next three years he served on the 
etas'. In September he accompanied the re- 
giments which were recalled to Endand, 
and sent to join Wade at Newcastle, to 
oppose the advunce of the young Pretender. 
After the retreat of the latter from Derby, 
AVade's army marched under Uawley upon 
Stirling, and was beaten at Falkirk. Wolfe 
was present, and afterwards went with the 
army to Aberdeen. During their stay there 
he was sent by Hawley to Mrs. Gordon, 
whose house Hawley was occupying, and she 
has left a vivid but not quite trustworthy 
account of his visits and of the plunder of 
her property (Zyoii in .Afourumy, ill. 18U, &c.) 
He was on the staff at Culloden, and de- 
scribed the battle in a letter next day, but 
Rftid nothing of his own share in it. His 
I regiment was the one which suffered most, 
i losing one-third of its men. According to 
I an often-repeated story, Wolfe was told by 
the Duke of Cumberland, after the battle, to 
' ahoot a wounded highlonder, ' who seemed 
to smile defiance of them ; ' he refused, and 
from that day declined in the duke's favour 
I {Anli-JaoAin lUvifw, 1802, p. 12C). This 
' last statement is certainly unfounded, and 
the rest perhaps equally so. Wolfe's name 
was not mentioned in the earliest version 



I 



Bishop Forbes. His authority for it : 
was told by the aogars.' The highlander 
was Charles Fraaer of Invemllochy m/on in 
Maumiiig, a. 305, iii. 56; Mackbxsie, Hiit. 
qf the Fnaere of Laiat, p. 516). Among 
the ' Cumberland Papers ' at ^^'indsor there 
are several letters to him, probably found on 
his body at Culloden. 

Wolfe went back to the Netherlands in 
Janimry 1746-7, and was brigade-major of 
Mordaunt's brigade in the campnign which 
followed. He was wounded at Laetfelt, and 
is said to have been personally thanked by 
the duke for his services, ile went home 
for the winter, but rejoined the army in 
March, and remained till the end of the year 
with the troops quartered near Breda t 
Ruard the Dutch frontier. On his return t' 
England he saw a good deal of Mis» Elixa- 
beth Lawson, the eldest daughter of Sir 
Wilfred Lawson, and the niece of General 
Mordaunt, his late brigadier. He formed & 

' strong attachment for her, but bis parents 

idverae, and the lady herself refused 

mm. At the end of four years he gave up 

i' hope. She died unmarried in March 1759. 



On 6 Jnn. 1T48-9 be obtained a. mnjurity in 
the 20th foot ^Lord fteorge Snckville'a), and 
joined it at Stirling earlj ia FobTuaiy. The 
lieuien&nt-colonel, Cornnallis, went to Nova 
Scotia sooQ afterwards as governor, and 
Wolfa hod command of the regiment except 
when the colooel was presunt. This had its 
drawbocka ; ' My stay must be everlastiDg ; 
and thou know'at, Hal, how I hate compul- 
sion' (2 April 17491. The regimetit was 
sent to Glasguff in lUarch, and to I'ectb in 
November, Lord Bury became colonel of it 
there, and on 20 March 1749-50 Wolfe was 
given the lieutenant-cojonelcj. He felt his 
responsibility as ' a military parent' not yet 
twenty-threa, nnd was at great pains to set 
a good example, fiut the monotony soon 
iretted him ; ' The care of a regiment of foot 
is very heavv, exceeding troublesome, and 
not at all the thing I delight in ' (0 Nov. 
1761). The climate tried him, for he needed 
sunshine for health ; and ' the change of 
conversation, the fear of becoming a mere 
Tulhan . ■ . proud, in8olent,and intolerable,' 
made liim wish to get away from the regi- 
ment from time to time. 

Besides this, he had astrongdeaire to make 
good the deficiencieaof his education. He took 
lessons in mathematics and Latin while he 
ws< at Glasgow, and he wanted to go abroad 
for a year or two to perfect himself in FrencU, 
and at the same time study artilk'ry and en- 
gineering. But the Duke of Cumberland 
refused him leave, saying, not unreasonably, 
that a lieutenant-colonel ought not to be 
absent from his regiment for any consider- 
able time. 'This is a dreadful mistake,' 
Wolfe wrote, ' and, if obstinately pursued, 
will disgust a number of good iutentiuns, 
and preserve that prevailing ignorance of 
military affairs that has been so fatal to us 
in all our undertakings' (9 June 1761). 
Baulked of his purpose, he spent the winter 
of 1760-1 in London dissi^tiona, which in- 
jured his health. He rejoined his regiment 
at Banflf in April. In September they went 
to Inverness, and in Ulaj- 1753 to Fort 
AugiisFus. Ho formed a friendship with 
Mrs. Forbes of Culloden, danced with the 
daughter of Macdonald of Keppoch, and tried 
to capture Macpherson of Uluny, who was 
Btill hiding in hi* own country (\\'EialiT, 
p, 310). lie made the best of his ' exile," 
taking plenty of exercise, for he was a keen 
Bportsman, nnd reading much, lie recom- 
mended 'L'Esprit des Lois' to his friend 
Bichson, and found'Tbucydides'(ina French 
mparahle book." 



.-!.? then in Noi 



. Scotia, and 



nhis 
foriisecing that much would 



happen there in the next war with Franca. 
For the desultory frontier warfare which 
was going on, he said ; ' I should imagine 
that two or three independent highlandcom- 
panies might be of use ; thay are hardy, in- 
trepid, accustomed to a rough country, and 
no great mischief if they fall ' (9 June 1751). 

In June 1752 he got leave of absence, and 
after paying a viait to his uncle, Major 
Walter Wolfe, in Dublin, he was aUowed to 
go to Paris in October. He remained there 
Till March 1753, taking dailv lessons in 
French, riding, fencing, and ^ncing, but 
seeing a good deal of the cotirt and society. 
He asked leave to attend a French camp of 
exerci^ in tlie summer, and hoped to eee 
something of the Prussians and Austrian^; 
but he was recalled to the regiment owing to 
the sudden death of the major. 

The summer was spent in road-making on 
Loch Lomond. In September the regiment 
left Scotland for Dover, and for the next 
four years it was quartered in the eouili of 
England. In the winter of 1754—5 it was 
at Exeter, and Wolfe wrote : ' I have danced 
the officers into the good graces of the Jaco- 
bite women hereabouts.' A. year later it was 
at Oanterburv, preporino; to take the field in 
case of invasion, and Wolfe issued his ad- 
mirable ' instructions for the l^Oth regiment 
(in case the French land)' on 16 Dee. 1736. 
lie was often aevere both on officers and 
men, but at this time he wrot« : ' We have 
. . . some incomparable battalions, the like of 
which cannot, I'll venture to say, be found 
in any army,' and his own was one of them. 
Men of rank who wished to learn soldiering 
elected to serve in it. Wolfe had introduced 
a system of mancBuvres which continued in 
use long after liis death (see p, 18 of JJa- 
nteurrfs for n Battalion nf Infantry, pub- 
lished in 17B6), and had a wide reputation 
as a regimental officer. It seems to have 
been in reply to some mention of this by hi* 
mother that he wrote to her: ■ I reckon it a 
very great misfortune to this country that 
I, your son, who have, I know, but a very 
moderate capacity, and some degree of dili- 
gence a little above the ordinary run, should 
be thought, as I genurally am, one of the 
best officers of my rank in the service '(8 Nov. 
1766). But he did not strike others m 
diffident; 'the world could not expect mote 
from him than he thought himself ca|iabte of 
performing' (Walpolk, George II, ii. 240). 

He hud hopes of the colonelcy of the 20th 
when it became vacant in April 1766, but 
it was given to Philip Honeywood, and, 
when again vacant in May 1766, to William 
Kingsley. It was as ' Kingtley's ' ihM the 
regiment fought ut Minden. In Fcbruuj 



Wolfe 



299 



Wolfe 



1757 Wolfe accepted the post of quarter- 
master-general in Ireland, which was usually 
held by a colonel, in the hope of obtaining 
that rank; but he was still judged too young. 
The appointment (which he resigned in 
January 1758) did not take him away from 
his regiment, to which a second battalion 
was added in the spring of 1757. It 
was then stationed in Dorset, and a few 
months before part of it had been sent to 
Gloucestershire under Wolfe, on account of 
riots. He shared the general discontent at 
the mismanagement of affairs at this time : 
* We are the most egregious blunderers in 
war that ever took the hatchet in hand* 
(17 July 1756) ; * this country is going fast 
upon its ruin by the paltry projects and 
more ridiculous execution of those who are 
entrusted ' (undated). He begged his mother 
' to persuade the general (his father) to con- 
tribute all he can possibly afford towards the 
defence of the island — retrenching, if need 
be, his expenses, moderate as they are' 
(23 Feb. 1757). 

At the end of June 1757 Pitt entered on 
his great administration, and in September 
an expedition was sent against Rochefort at 
his instance. The troops were commanded 
by Wolfe's friend. Sir John Mordaunt [q. v.] 
Both battalions of the 20th went, and Wolfe 
was made quartermaster-general of the 
force. It arrived off the French coast on 
20 Sept., and remained there ten days, 
effecting nothing except the occupation of 
the He d'Aix. Wolfe came home very in- 
dignant : * We blundered most egregiously 
on all sides — sea and land ' (24 Oct.) ; * the 
public could not do better than dismiss six 
or eight of us from the service. No zeal, no 
ardour, no care and concern for the good 
and honour of the count rv ' (17 Oct.) There 
was much to be said on the other side, and 
it is doubtful if a landing would have fared 
better than that of Tollemache in 1694 (see 
Report of the Court of Inquiry ^ 1758, 
Wolfe's evidence is given at pp. 28-31 and 
46-8; cf. MSmoires de Litynes, xvi. 189, 
201). Hut Wolfe held that in such cases 
' the honour of our countrv is to have some 
weight, and that in particular circumstances 
and times the loss of a thousand men is 
rather an advantage to a nation than other- 
wise, seeing that gallant attempts raise its 
reputation and make it respectable; whereas 
the contrary appearances sink the credit of 
a country, rum the troops, and create in- 
finite uneasiness and discontent at home* 
(o Nov.) 

In the same letter he says : * I am not 
sorry that I went ; one may always pick up 
something useful from amongst the most 



fatal errors ; ' and he went on to develop the 
lessons he had learnt. He profited, too, in 
another wa^. His own zeal and ardour had 
been conspicuous, and the admiral. Sir Ed- 
ward Ilawke, gave the king a good opinion 
of him. He made him brevet colonel on 
21 Oct. ; and afterwards said to Newcastle : 
' Mad, is he P then I hope he will bite some 
others of my generals (Wright, p. 487). 
Above all, Pitt welcomed evidence that the 
failure of the expedition was due to faults of 
execution, not 01 conception, and he marked 
Wolfe as a man to be employed. He was, 
in fact, as Walpole said, * formed to execute 
the designs of such a master as Pitt.' 

On 7 Jan. 1758 he was summoned from 
Exeter to London, and made the journey, 
170 miles, in thirty-two hours. He was 
offered the command of a brigade in the 
force which was to be sent against Louis- 
bourg, and he accepted; 'though I know the 
very passage threatens my life, and that my 
constitution must be utterly ruined and un- 
done' (12 Jan.) His letter of service as 
brigadier in America was dated 23 Jan. He 
embarked on 12 Feb. and reached Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, on 8 May. On the 28th the 
expedition left Halifax, the fieet commanded 
by Boscawen ; the land forces, consisting of 
more than eleven thousand regulars and five 
hundred provincials, by Jeffrey (afterwards 
Baron) Amherst [q. v.] Louisbourg was 
sighted on 1 June, but for a week the 
weather prevented a landing. On the 8th, 
at dawn, the boat« rowed for the shore of 
Qabarus Bay in three divisions, two of which 
were meant to distract the attention of the 
enemy. The third, under Wolfe, was to 
force a landing at Freshwater Cove, a cres- 
cent-shaped beach a quarter of a mile long, 
with rocks at each end. Wolfe had twelve 
companies of grenadiers, 550 light infantry, 
Eraser's regiment of Highlanders, and some 
New England rangers. The cove was guarded 
by nearly a thousand French troops, behind 
intrenchments and abatis, and eight guns in 
masked batteries swept the beach and the 
approaches. These guns opened fire upon 
the boats at close range, and with such enect 
that Wolfe signalled to retire ; but some of 
the boats that were less exposed kept on, 
and landed their men on the rocks at one 
end. Wolfe followed with the rest, and, 
climbing the cliff, stormed the nearest battery 
with the bayonet. One of the other divisions 
landed soon afterwards at the other end of 
the beach, and the French, fearing they would 
be cut off from their fortress, left their in- 
trenchments and fled. The British loss was 
only 109. 

The siege of Loiu8boiii%fc>\Xss^^^» "^^S^&a 



Wolfe 



300 



Wolfe 



WM MenI round the harboar with wel< 
hundred men 10 occup]' the Lightbou 
point, and ibero he m&de batteries which 
AnKl on the ibipa in the harbour, and 
ialind battery which guarded the eiitraDce. 
Uj tlie end uf a fortnight the island batteij 
wu iilencH^, and on the Mlh Wolfe re- 
Jojum] the main force in front of Louisbourg. 
Ila look the letLdinr part in the later Htages 
of the lieiiie. Walpole, though prejudiced 
against him, wrote (7 Feb. 1T59) that he had 
' great merit, ipirit, and alacrity, and shone 
cxtremeij at Louisbourg.' 

On H6 July the garrieon, numbering 5637 
soldierB and Bailors, euireodered. Tberewaa 
great joy in England, but Wolfe was ill- 
Mtisfled; 'Our attempt to land where we 
did wu rash and injudicious, our success 
unexpected (by me) and undeserved. ■ ■ ■ 
Our proceedings in other Teepects were &s 
alow and t«dicuH as this undertaking wlb 
ill-advised and desperate. . . . We lost time 
at the siege, still more after the siege, and 
blundered from the beginning to the end of 
the campaign ' (1 Dee. 1756). He pressed 
Amherst either to make an attempt on Que- 
bec, Iste as it vas, or to send help to Abei- 
crombie, who had been repulsed at Ticon- 
deroga : ' if nothing further is to be done, I 
must desire leave to quit the anny ' (8 Aug-) 

Amherst himself went to reinlorce Aber- 
crombie, and Wolfe was sent with three 
battalions to destroy the French fishing 
settlements in the Gulf of St. l^wrence. 
He then went home, as he considered Ligo- 
nier, the commander-in-chief, had authorised 
him t^ do at the end of the campaign. In 
a farewell letter to Amherst he strongly ad- 
vised ' an offensive daring kind of war, and 
added, ' if you will attempt to cut up New 
France by the roots, I will come back with 
pleasure to assist' (30 Sept.) Orders were 
sent out for him to remnin in America, but 
tbey came too late. He found them at 
Louisbourg on his return next year, and 
obsolete as Ihey then were, he sent a hot 
reply to the secretarr at war. He would 
liave had to spend the winter at Halifax 
under the orders of Charles l^awrence {d. 
1700) [q. v.], who had beeniunior to him, but 
had been made colonel and brigadier a. month 
before him. -Though a very worthy man ' 
(and mauv year* older), yet rather than sub- 
mit to this, ' 1 should certainly have desired 
leave to resign my commission; for as I 
neither ask nor espectany favour, so I never 
intend to submit to any ill-usage whaLio- 
■' (6 June 1769 ; Gent. Mag, February 
3, p. 139). 

jt reached England on 1 Nov., andjoined 
I 2nd battalion of the 2Utli at Salis- 




bury. It had been made a separate fo- 
ment, the (i7tb, and the colonelcy of it laj 
been given to him on 21 April. He woulri 
have liked a cavalry command with the army 
in Germany — which would only have 
brought him the mortification of Mtndea— 
but bailing this, he wrote to Pitt offering hit 
services in America, ' particularly in iJie 
River St. Lawrence, if any operations are 
to be carried on there' (2i Nov.) By 
Christmas it was settled that he should 
command the force to be sent up the St. 
Lawrence against Quebec, while Amheret 
advanced on Montreal by way of Late 
Champlain, and Prideuui on Niagara. Ilia 
chief staff olficers were to be men of his own 
choice, Guy Carleton and Isaac Bbjt£ [ij. v.]; 
and he was given the rank of major-general 
in America on 12 Jan. 1769. Being " in ■ 
very bad condition, both with the gravel and 
rheumatism,' he spent some time at Bath, 
and became engaged to Katharine, daughter 
of Robert Lowthor, and sister of Sir Jsnie» 
LowtUer (afterwards first Earl of Lonsdale!. 
Before starting for America he dined with 
I'itt and Temple, and after dinner he is eaid 
to have drawn his sword and broken out 
'into a strain of gasconade and bravado' 
which shocked them (Stanhope, iv. 153). 
He had not taken much wine, but (or siica 
a man Pitt was a powerful stimulant: and 
the temperament which made him write of 
himself six months later as ' a man that 
must necessarily be ruined '(30 Aug,) was 
sure to have its moments of iatoiication. 
Nelson, whom Wolfe resembled in so many 
points, was similarly tempted, as Welling- 
ton's account of their one interview shown. 
\ On 17 Feb. he left Spitheod in the flag- 
ship of Admiral Saunders, the new nnval 
commander-in-chief, and arrived at Halifax, 
Nova Scotis, on 30 April. In the beginn'mg 
of June the expedition left Louisbourg, nai.' 
on the :?7th the troops landed on the Isle of 
Orleans, which is four miles below Quebec 
Tbey numbered nearly nine thousand iflEu, 
and consisted of ten battalions, forming 
three brigades under Robert MonettonTq-v^ 
GeorgeTownsbeud (afterwards first Marquia 
Townshend)[(i,v.],andJamesM urra j ( 1 735 '- - 
1791) fq. v.], three companies of grenadiers 
from the Louisbourg garrison, three eom- 

Siniee of light infantry, and six companiet of 
ew England ranrera. Quebec wasstronglt 
fortified, mounted more than a hundred 
guns, and had a garrison of two thou^nd 
men, while fourteen thousand more (besides 
a thousand Indians) were intrenched at 
1 Beauport, on the left bank of the St. Law- 
I rence, immediately below the town. Bui of 
I the whole number only two thousand were 



■■tegiilara ; and Wolfe wished ' for nolhing bo 
X- mufh as to fif^ht ' them on fairly equal 

On 30 June he occupied Point Levi, on 
the right bank of the St. Lawrence, with 
one brigade. This allowed the fleet to move 
lip into the baain of Quebec, and ou 12 Julj 
batteries near Point Levi began to bombard 
the town. On the 9lh Wolfe had trans- 
ferred his two other brigades from the I»le 
of Orleans to a camp on the right bank, 
sepftrated from the French camp only by the 
MoDtmorenci. Here his guns were able to 
enfilade some of their intrenchraents ; but 



but confined themselves to skirmishes and 
Indian warfare. (Jn his first arrival Wolfe 
had issued a manifesto informing the Cana- 
dian peasantry that they would be un- 
molested if they took no port in the contest, 
but finding that tliey helped to harass his 
troops, be retaliated by burning iheir settle- 
In the night of 18 July two English fri- 
aates and some smaller vessels passed the 
batteries of Quebec and ran up the St. Law- 
rence. Wolfe joined them and carefully 
reconnoitred the left bank above the town. 
He found it well guarded and very dilEculC 
to land on, and, as troops landed might be 
beaten before they could be supported from 
below, he thought the attempt too huardous. 
On 31 July he made an attack upon the 
east end of the camp at Beauport. It was 
begtin by troops brought over from Point 
I^vi and the Isle of Orleans, and was to be 
supported by those on the left bank, who 
were to cross the Montmorenci by a ford 
below the falls, A redoubt was tithen, but 
the grenadiers, who beitded the attack, 
hurried on in disorder ajrainst a stronger 
.poaition without waiting for their supports. 
They were repulsed ; and as the operation 
depended on tne tide, it had to be given up, 
with a loss of more than four hundred men. 
Wolfe blamed the grenadiers, who ' could 
not suppose that they alone could beat the 
French army; ' but he also blamed himself 
for putting too many men into boats, ' who 
migtit have been landed the day before and 
might have crossed the ford with certainty ' 
(30 Aug.) 

Immediately after this check Brigadier 
Murray was sent up the St. Lawrence with 
twelve hundred men, to asaisl in the de- 
struction of the French flotilla, and try to 
's of Amherst. He learnt that Am- 
) still at Crown Point, so that 
little help was to be had from him during 
I Che few weeks that the fleet could remain 




the St. Lawrence. By this time Wolfe's 
lessant activity, with anxiety and the heat 
of the weather, bad overtaxed 'a body u 
equal (as Burke said) to the vigorous and 
eaterprising soul that it lodg^;' in the 
latter part of August he was laid up with 
fever, and was suffering much. 'I know 
perfectly well,' he said to the doctor, ' you 
lot cure my complaint; but pray make 
ip so that I may be without pain for a 
davs, and able to do my duty ; that ia 
all I want' (Wright, p. rAS). 

Hitherto he had taken his own course, but 
he now thought it beat to consult his briga- 
diers. He suggested three different methods 
of attack upon the French camp, but the 
brigadiers were against them all, and were 
of opinion that ' the most probable method 
of striking an effectual blow is lo bring the 
troops to the south shore, and to carrv the 
operations above the town.' Wolfe ac- 
nuiesced. He wrote to the admiral, ' My 
ill stale of health hindersme from executing 
my own plan ; it is of too desperate a naturo 
to order others to execute ' (30 Aug.) ; and 
at once mode arrangements with him to 
carry out their recommendation. The 
Montmorenci comp was abandoned ; more 
ships were sent up the river, and 3,600 men 
were marched up the right bank, and were 
embarked in them on R Sept. 

The proposal of the brigadiers was that 
tbey should land on the left, bank, some- 
where above Cap Rouge, which is eight 
miles above Quebec, perhaps at two pointa 
simultaneously {Addit. MS. 3:.'895, fol. 
91). On 8 Sept. orders were issued accord- 
ingly. Some of the vessels were to go to 
Point au Tremble, ten miles higher up, and 
make a feint there, while five battalions 
were to be thrown ashore nearer to Oap 
Houge. Bad weather caused the postpone- 
ment of this attempt, Wolfe was not 
hopeful of it, and wrote next day to Lord 
Holdemess : ' I am so far recovered as to do 
business, but my constitution ia entirely 
ruined, without the consolation of having 
done any considerable service to the BtBt«, 
OT without any prospect of it.' Montcalm, 
the French commander, had detached a 
corps of three thousand men \o Cap liouge 
to oppose a landing; and even if the landinf 

were accomplished, the Cap Rouge 

several miles of woody country would still 
Ite between the British and Quebec, end 
would give Montcalm time to bring up 
iciforcements. 

By the 10th Wolfe had formed a i 
plan, the very audacity of which had 
charm. He chose a landing-place, the 
' Anse du Foulon,' now called Wolfe's Cove, 



till ^_ 

ind ^H 

:| 

Its ^H 

the ^^M 



I 



only a mile ntid a Lalf above Quebec, The 
ivooded clifi's were so high and steep that, 
as Moatcalm had said, ' it hundrpd men 
posted there would stop their whole armj ' 
(Parkhan, ii. 276) ; hut it was the more 
likely to be left ill-guarded, especiallj after 
Wolfe'8 demonstrations higher up, and it 
was a point on which he could quickly ci>n- 
centrate all hia troaps. 'This alteration of 
the plan of operations waa not, I believe, 
approved of by many beside himself. It bad 
been proposed to bim a month before, when 
the Hrst ships passed the town, and when it 
was entirely defenceless and unguarded, but 
Montmorency wna then bis favourite scheme, 
and he rujected it, He now laid hold of it 
when it was highly improbable be should 
succeed from every circumstance tbnt hud 
happened since ; ' so wrote Admiral Holmes, 
the commander of the up-stream squadron, 
on the 18th {Addit. MS. 32895, fol. 449). 

The admiral was not alone in his dispo- 
eition to find fault. Townshend had written 
to his wife on the 6th : ' I never served 
diiagreeable a campaign as this . . . General 
"Wolfs health is but very bad. Uis seneml- 
ship in my opinion is not abit better. Mur- 
ray wrote a month afterwards : ' llis orders 
throughout the campaign shows little sta~ 
bility, stratagem, or tixt resolution' (Hist. 
MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. pt. iv. pp. 309 and 
316). ^\'hen Wolfe issued his final orders 
on the morning of 12 Sept., the tbr-ec 
brigadiers sent him a joint letter, requcet. 
ing ' as distinct orders as the nature ol 
the thine will admit of, particularly [as] 
to the place or places we are to attack. 
This circumstance (perhaps very decisive) 
we cannot learn from the public orders.' 
Such a step implies rather {^trained rela- 
tions. Wolfe wrote to Monckton in reply, 
telling him the place, which he had indicated 
■" ' 'm the day before, ac ' " "' "' 

I usual thing to point 
orders the direct spot of our attack, 
any inferior officers not charged with a 
particular duty to ask instructions upon 
that point. I had the honour to inform you 
to-day that it is my duty to attack the 
French army. To the host of my knowledge 
and abilities I have fixed upon that spot 
where we can act with the most force, and 
are most likely to succeed. If I am mis- 
taken I am sorrv for it, and must be answer- 
able to bis mnfesty and the public for the 
consequences '(Ai^iV. M5. 32896, fol. 92>. 
Aiter dark seventeen hundred men entered 
the boats, and at 2 a.h., when the tide had 
turned, they dropped down the river to the 
point chosen. The light infantry climbed 
ih'^ drove away the guard, which 



was not on the alert ; the others quickly 
followed, Wolfe omong them. Tlie up- 
stream squadron had drifted down after Ihf 
bonis, and the troops that had been left on 
board were soon landed. Other troops had 
marched up the right bank from Point Leri. 
ond were ferried across. By daybrealc 4,500 
men with two guns were on the heights 
above <juebec. Meanwhile theline-of-batlle 
ships had been commanding the French 
camp at Beau^rt, and boata filled with 
sailors and marines had threatened a landing 
there with such success that when Mont- 
calm first heard the British wer^ on ehote 
above the town he took it for a feint. 

As soon as be knew the truthbe decided to 
engage them with all the troops he could 
collect, before they could entrench themsel ves. 
But besides the detachments he had made to 
Cap Itouze and to Montreal, a great many of 
bis men had deserted by this time, and some 
were detained by the governor in the camp. 
Montcalm was only able to muster a fotre 
about equal to the English in number, and 
farinferior in quality (Pabxhan, ii. 298). 

' The officers and men will remember what 
their county expects from them, and what 
a determined body of soldiers are capable of 
doing against five weak battalions, minelsd 
with a disorderly peasantry. The aoldieis 
must be attentive to their officers, and reso- 
lute in the execution of their duty.' Tlieso 
were the last words of Wolfe's last order, 
anticipating the signal of Trafalrar. Ris 
aim was not to entrench, but 'to bring the 
French and Canadians to battle,' and he had 
led his men forward to the plains of Abra- 
ham, an open tract within a mile of Quebec. 
They were drawn up with siic battalions in 
first lin^ facing Quebec, two covering the 
left flank, and one in reserve. One hadbeen 
left to ruard the landing-place. After some 
skirmishing Montcalm attacked in thrse 
columns about 10 A.H. These columns were 
allowed to come within forty paces, then 
the British first line shattered them with 
its fire, and charged. 

Wolfe went forward to some high ground 
on the right, where be bad an advanced 
post of the Louisbourg grenadiers much ei- 

Cased to the enemy's sharpshooters. He 
ad already been hit twice, and hen- a third 
bullet struck him in the breast. With tha 
help of two or three grenadiurs he walked 
about a hundred yards to the rear, and then 
had to lie down. ' Don't grieve for me,' he 
said lo one of them; ' I shall be happy in a 
few minutes. Take care of youreelf, as I 
see you are wounded.' He asked eogerly 
how the battle went, and some officers who 
came up told him that the French had giren 



I yray eTervwhere, and were beiii([ pursuBd 
r to the walls oflhe town. According to one 
eye-wilneB8, he 'ruiEed himBclT up on this 
news and Bmiled in my face. " ?iow," said 
he, " I die contented," and from that infltnnt 
the smile nevei left his face till he died' 
(13 Sept. 1769; Enoluh Hi/t. Seciejc. xii. 
763). Othtire add tliat ht> Bent an order to 
ibe reserve battalion to cut off tbu French 
retreat by the brides over the St. Cborles 
{Knox, ii. 79 ; cf. Notes and Queries, 6 Nor. 

III! hod had a preaentiment of his fate, 
irhich made him the night before take a 
miniature of Miaa Lomther from hia breaat, 
&nd band it over to bis old schoolfellow, 
Commander John Jervia (afterwards Lord 
Bt. Vincent), to be restored lo her. It was 
perhaps this feeling that prompted him to 
murmur the linca of Oray's ' Elegy ' as the 
boats dropped down the St. Lawrence, and 
to say, ' I would ratlier be the author of 
I that piece than take Quebec ' (Professor E. E. 
Morns in Engl. Hut. Rev. iv. 125-9 gives 
ason to Ihinh that this occurred 
earlier). A few lines of Sarpedon's speech 
to GlaiictiB (I'opB, Iliad, lii. 381, &c), 
'written down from memory, were found in 
the pocket of liis coat. 

Montcalm survived him only a few hours, 
and Quebec surrendered on the 18t!i. As 
Honckton was wounded, Townshend was in 
temporary command. No sense of loas found 
ion in hia despatch and general 
Wolfe's doath was barely men- 
\. tiooed. But it was otherwise with the 
' troops. Wolfe's illness bad caused 'the 
, greatest concern to the whole army,' and bis 
I recovery 'inconceivable joy;' and now Major 
"^ Enoi notes in his ' Diary ' (ii. 71) that ' our 
joy at this success ia ineEpressibly damped 
Dy the loss we sustained of one of the 
greatest heroes wbidi t hia or any other age 
can boast of.' 

In a masterly despatch, dated 2 Sept., 

Wolfe had described to I'itt the operations 

np to that time, and the obstacles which 

Stood in his way. This despatch arrived on 

14 Oct. and caused general despondency, 

' Mr. Pitt with reason gives it all over, and 

declares so publicly,' Newcastle wrote next 

.day. On the following night, the 16th, 

I .Pitt 'has the pleasure to send the Duke of 

. Newcastle the joyful nnws that Quebec is 

taken, after a signal and compleat victory 

over the French army. General Wolfe is 

killed. Brigadier Monckton wounded, but 

in a fair way. Brigadier Townshend per- 

■ fectly well. Montcalm ia killed and about 

K fifteen hundred French ' {Addit. MS. 3'28S7. 

» Ibla. 86 and 1 15). ' The effect of so joyful 



I 






I 



news immediately on such a dejection, and 
1 then the mininre of grief and pity which 
I attended the public congratulations and 
1 applauseH, was very singular and affecting' 
I (Burke in Ann. Iteg. 1759. p. 43; Wolfe's 
despatch ia given at p, 241). 

■The fleet brought home Wolfe's bod,, _. 
-was landed at Portsmouth with military 
honours on 17 Nov. 17/i9, and was buried iu 
the family vault at the patisli church, Green- 
wich, on the 20th, Next day Pitt moved an 
address for a public monument to Wolfe in 
a laboured speech, described by Walpole as 
' perhaps the worst harangue he ever ut- 
tered ' ( Memoirs of George II, ii. 393). The 
monument, by Joseph Wilton, was uncovered 
on 4 Oct. 1773. It stands between the north 
ambulatory and St. John the Evangelist's 
chapel in ft'eslminsler Abbey. At \\'eHler- 
ham a tablet was put up to bim in the parish 
church, and a cenotaph at Squerries Court, 
on the spot where he received his tirst com- 
mission. A column marks the place where 
he fell ; and in the public garden at Quebec 
there is an obelisk, erected in ISSS by Cana- 
dians of French and English descent, to the 
joint memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. On 
It is inscribed, ' Mortem virtus, communem 
famam historia, monumentum posturitas de- 
dit.' The Society for the Promotion of Arts 
and Commerce struck a medal to com- 



I the I 
Eni/litA Medale, l>Jo. 603). 

There is a portrait of Wolfe, at about the 
s^e of sixteen, at Squerries Court. In the 
National Portrait Qallery, London, there is 
also a good three-quarter-length portrait of 
n young officer, beReved to be Wolfe. 'The 
artist is unknown (see also Century Maga- 
zine, January 1898). A profile sketch was 
made by his aide-de-camp, Captain Hervey 
Smith, at Quebec, and is now at the Royal 
United Service Institution; and an engravmg 
Ife's friend, 
be ' the most like thingever 
done of him' '{Addit. MS. 33929, foL 44). 
This sketch is supposed to have been used by 
Schaak for his picture, of which there is a 
half-length in the National Portrait Gallery, 
London (together with a facsimile of Smith's 
sketch). They give the same singular pro- 
file, ' like the flap of an envelope,' but there 
is a marked difierence of expression. Tho 
death of Wolfe was painted by West, Itoin- 
ney, and Penny. The former, in his well- 
known picture now at Grosvenor IIouw, sc 
a new example of realism in costume, but 
otherwise disregarded accuracy. West also 
painted a picture of Wolfe in 1777 {Cat. 
Third Loan Eihib. No. 767; cf. tklso No- 
801). 



Wolfe w 
and wore liis red Lair undisguised. 
was B good son, a, ataiinch friend, a kindly 
though strict commanding officer. He 
owned ihot he was ' b whimsical sort of 









1 writing ho 
expressionB that were 'arrogant and rain.' 
But he claimed ihat thia warmth of temper 
enabled him to hold hin own, and 'will find 
the way to n gloriona. or at least n tirm aud 
manly end when I am of no further lue to 
my frienda or eounlrv, or when I can be 
serviceable by oft'ering my life for either" 
(29 June 1753). As a soldier he was a rare 
mixture of daah and painstaking, of Condt, 
and 'the old Desaauer.' 

Beltevinghimaelf tohave inherited part of 
his lather's property, nearly 20,000/., Wolfe 
left luge legacies to bis friends. Uis mother 
naked for a pension to enable her to pay 
them without diminution of her life interest. 
It was not granted, but they were paid after 
Lerdeath, on 3« Sept. 1764. His lettera to 
his parents than passed into the posseeaion 
of General Warde of Sqiieiries Court, where 
thejjT are still preserved. His aword is in the 
United Service Museum, his cloak at the 
Tower of IjOndon. Miss Lowther married 
iho last Duke of Bolton in 1765, and died 
inOroBvenorSquareon-21MBrchl809. The 
interesting imaginaij portrait of Wolfe in 
Thackeray's 'Virginians' brings out the en- 
tbusiaitiesideof his character and its affinity 
to that of Nelson. 

[Thwo is HD oiOBlleal Ufa nf Wolfs V Ho- 
bsrt Wright, poblishod in 1864. giriag fall 
ntracts Irom his letters. The only separate 
life preriuuily was 'a fustian eitlogiam ' by 

J P , pnHiHhKl in 1700; but Oleiga 

British Hililnry Comniindeni (1831) contained 
a memoir of him. 'An Apology for the Life 
and ActioDB of General Wolfe.' by IsmBl Man- 
doit. 1765. is mainly bd miHrk an Cieneral Con- 
way in coniici^tlon with the Roehefort eipeJi- 
tioD. Oaneral Wolfe's Insrructinns to Young 
Of&eers (1768 a-ail IT8(J) is VHlaabte. being 
made np »f eitracts from bis reiiimsatal orders, 
induding those 'in case the French land' in 
17fi6, and from his gsneral onlem in 17A9. 
The latter should ba compared with another 
cony printed in [ho fonrtb serifs of inanuscTJpts 
reUting Co the early history of Canada, by 
the Literary and nistorical Society of Qu-'boc. 
The Straatfeild iSSS. at the Biitish M[iM<um 
contain many eitrucle from his letters, but iheee 
have been used by Mr. Wright. Othpr letters, 
of I70S-9, are given id Hist. HS3. Comm. ath 
Bep. pt. iii. pp. 76-7. and in the Morrison 
Ai.tognipb.H. 4(b K.-r vi. 439-30. See alao 
Ann. I'-- '".;', i'. 'JSl. ■Chumcterof Gcneml 
W' •'). Suiuh^pc'silistoryof Eng- 



land ; Smyth's History of the dOth Bcgimcnt ; 
Hist. MSS. Comm. llth Itep. App. iv. (Tun- 
shond Pflpurs). 303-25. 14th Rep. App. i. US; 
Gent. Hag. Febraary 188S: Bndle;'* Wolb 
(Engliih Men of Aclioo, 1S93). From Cnio- 
wall to WellingtsD ; Twelve Soldiers (I89SX 
coiiLiins a memoir of Wolfe by Ganaral air 
Archibald Alison. For tbe American war, s«* 
especially Knox's Historical Ji>iimi<laf iheChrn- 
paigns in North America (1768) and Farkmnn's 
Montcalm iiudWa1fe(lB81).witbbiblio«(Taphical 



WOLFE. REYNER or REGIXALD 
id. 1573), printer and publisher, was a 
native of Straaburg, and seHms to hava 
learnt the art of printing there, probably 
from Conrad Neobarius, whose device he 
afterwards adopted. In both France and 
Germany many early printers bore the sama 
surname : George ^Volfe of Bnden, printed 
at Paris from US)I to 1499; Nicholas Wolfe 
at Lvona, in 1498 and 1199; and Thomas 
Wolfe at Basle in 1527. But Reyner was 
probably most closely related to John Wolfe, 
a printerof Ziirich, who rose to the position 
of a magistrate there, and was the host of 
many English protestant refugees (includ- 
ing John Jewell) during the reign of Queen 

While at Straaburg Heyner seems lo havo 
made the acquaintance of Martin Biicer 
[q. v.] Before 1637 he had settled in Eng- 
land, apparently at Archbishop Cranmer's 
invitation, but for some years later he 
annually visited Frankfort fair, bearing 
Iptters on these visits from Cromwell to 
English agents in Bermany.and from Cran- 
mer lo Bucer, Bulliuger, and other cod- 
linental reformers (I<tter» and Paptrt of 
Henry VIII, vols, xji-xv. passim). lie was 
a man of learning and a devoted protestAnt. 
lie established his press in London In St 
Paul's Churchyard, and, in imitation of 
Conrad Neobanua of Strasburg, he aet np 
the sign of the Brazen Serpent, which he 
adopted as his emblem and trade-mark in 
most of his publications. Wolfe occasion- 
ally employed another device, a cartouche 
German shield, on which appeared a fruit 
tree (bearing in its branches a scroll in- 
scribed 'Charitas') and two boys. Accord- 
ing to Stow, Wolfe built his dwelling in 
St. Paul's Churchyard ' from the ground, 
out of the old chapel which he purchased 
of the king al the dissolution nf the monw- 
teries ; on the same ground he had aoTeral 
other tenements, and afterwards purchased 
several leases of the dean and chapter of St. 
Paul's.' Stow also notes that in I W9 Wolfs 
removed to Fiusbury Fields at liis own ez- 



Dense ' t)i6 bonea of the dead in the cbnrnel- 
houae of St. fBul's.nmountingto more tbiiu 
l.tXK) cart-loada.' Wolfe prospored iu liis 
tradp. Edward VI patronised him and gave 



him the position of royal prinle 
tbe Jirst who enjoyed a patent as jir. 
I tbe king in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, 



The instrument also declared Wolfe to be 
bia majesty's bookseller and stationer, with 
an annuity of 2Bi. Bd. during life. Other 
bookselliTs and stationers were prohibitad 
from printing or selling any of his books. 
Despite his protestont zeal, Wolfe figured 
in the origiiml charter granted by King 
Philip and Queen Mary to the Stationers' 
Company in 1554. He took an active part 
in the new organisation, and wa« generous 
in his gifts to It, In Q.ueen Eliiabeth's con- 
firmation of the charter in 155^ Wolfe was 
described as master of tbe company. In 
1564, IJjfi", and l!i7'2 he again served in the 
same otfice. He proved a benefactor to many 
authors, including the Kentish antiquary 
John Twyne [q. v.] He died in 1573, and 
was burie'd in the church of St. Faith. 

Wolfe's earliest publications include the 
writings of Arcbbishop Cranmer and John 
l*land(1506P-I552)[q, v.] the antiquary. 
He appreciated Cranmer's religious views 
and Iceland's archsological zeal. As early 
as 1548 be designed a ' Universal History of 
Cosmography,' with maps and illustrations, 
and he amassed materials for the English, 
Scottish, and Irish portions of it during the 
remaining twenty-four years of his life. 
Before Leland's death in I55:j Wolfe acquired 
many of his manuscript collections. He 
employed William Harrison (1534-1693) 
[q. v.] and Raphael Holinslied [q. v.] to work 
on the cosmography and history under his 
direction, but no iiart of the scheme was 
completed at the date of Wolfe's death in 
1573. Holinshed and his colleague, with 
tbe aid of others, continued their labours on 
A narrower scale, and their results were 
yublished in 1577 under the title of Uol- 
lushed's ' Chronicles ' [see Hoi.imsbbd, 
Raphael]. Some part of Wolfe's anti- 
quarian collections was purchased by John 
Htcn, who made much use of them in his 
works. Stow prepared for publication a 
history of England, which he described as 
' iteyner Wolfe's Chronicle,' and was urged 
by Archbishop ^A~hit^ift to send it to press; 
but delays inlervened, and Stow died with- 
out carrying out that design [see Stow, 

A portrait doubtfully said to be of Wolfe 
■was drawn by Faitborne, and is reprinted 
in Ames's ' Typographical Antiquities. ' 
Wolfe left two sons, John and Robert, 

VOL. LXU. 



and a daughl^r, married to the printer ,lohn 
Harrison, who was one of those responsible 
for the issue of Holinshed's 'Chronicles.' 
Wolfe's widow Joan carried on the business 
in 1674. Wolfe's apprentices included Henry 
liynneman [q. v.] and John Shepperde. The 
latter subsequently used Wolfe's device of 
tbe braxen serpent. 

Wolfe's son, Johjt Wolm (rf. 1601), 
finally inherited his father's pressps, but 
endeavoured to carry on the business inde- 
pendently of the Stationers' Company. Ha 
joined in early lifethe Fishmongers Componv, 
Before 1580 he was carrying on the trade 
of a printer and publisher in DistalF Lane, 
near Did FisU Street and the Old Change, 
' over against the castle/ whence he issued 
four books in 1581. Next year he brought 
out, amongothervolumesi'Tbamas Watson's 
'Eiaro/inaft'o. In May 1583 the bishop of 
London ordered an investigation into the 
number of presses in London. Wolfe was 
reported to have five presses in all, of which 
two were discovered by the bishop's officers 
in a secret vault. On 1 July 1683 Wolfe 
left the Fishmongers' Company and joined 
the Stationers' Company (Arbee, ii. 688), 
Thenceforth be proved a loyal and respected 
member of the society. In 1689 he took 
an active part in tbe company's proceedings 
against Robert Waldepave [q. v.], t£e 

trinter of the Martin Mar-l^late trocta, 
elping to destroy his press. In the Mar- 
Prelate tract *0 read over Dr. Bridge' 
(1689) Wolfe was described as ' the beadle 
of the StAtioners' Company,' and was de- 
nounced as ' Macbiavel and ' the most tor- 
of Waldi 



goods. At the time he was tbe busiest 
printer and publisher of London. No fewer 
than seventeen volumes came from bia press 
in each of the years 1588 and 1680, many 
of them in Latin and Italian. Among those 
whose works be published were Qabriel 
Harvev, Robert (Ireene, Barnabe Barnes, 
and Ttomas Ohurtihyard. In tbe quarrel 
between Gabriel Harvey and Thomas Nash 
during 1592 and the following years, Wolfe 
ideutiBed himself with Harvey, whose con- 
tributions to the controversy be printed. 
Nash consequently included Wolfe aniiHig 
the objects of his satiric attacks. Harve; 
in Ills ' Foure Letters' declared it to be 
his resolve to be ' a sheepe in Wolfe's prints 
more than sutler himself or his dearest 
friends to be made sheepe in tbe wolfes 
waUte' (Habvbi, Workt, i. d36, ed. Grosart), 
In 1693 Harvey addressed ' to my loving 
friend John Wolfe, printer to the city,' hia 
' Now Letter of Notable Contents.' From 
1693 he acted as printer to the city of 



Wolfe 306 Wolflf 



Lnii'ion, alrh nijrli lift "was not Ibrmallv ap- 
p<ilnt'fiL to tli«^ oilice till 1595, whrn he sue- 



Rt^dirmptoriit?. After Yuitlng the great 
Friedrich Leopold, coant of Stolberg, at his 



cetrdrd Siu;fleton. He was ailmittt^ into palace at Tatenhausen, near Bielefeld in 

th>> livery of the Stationers' Companv on Kaven^borff. he t-ntered the university at 

I July I5'.**i ARBEiuii. ^T-). lie iretjuently Tubingr^n in lr?l.'>, and by the liberality of 
clian^d Iiis re:?idence. In lo."»8 ue left Prini!ti Dalberir he wa.s enabled to study the 
Dic>tatf l^ne anil t<x>k up hid <|uarters in orit^ntal lan:riiagt^s and theolofry for nemrlj 
thf Stationers' Hall. In l')J?0 he openetl "a twn years. He devoted himself chiefly to the 
little shup' in St. Paul's Cliurchyani. "over ori»^ural lan-rua^es, particularly Arabic and 
atrain^t thv> -jrear '•outh dot>r.* In loD'J he Persian, but he also acquired a knowledge 
renfL-l fjr a rinir a shop in Paul'.^ Chain, of ecclesiastical history and biblical exegesii 
and L-om 1.7.>^> until his death his shop wa-« uniler Prnfrssiirs Steudel, J^chnurrer, and 
in I'jpe'a Il^'atl Alley, Lombard Srreer, near Flatt. In l!?lt> he left Germany, visited 
thr* lioyal Exi-haiiiTe. He died ht-fore ti April Zsoh'»kke, Madame la Baronne de Krudener, 
IG' ) I, wlit^n his sh'ip pa.«sed to William Fi-r- and Pestalozzi in Switzerland, and sf^nt 
brand, and hi» press to Adam Islip. He some months with the Prussian ambassador, 
lef: Jt widow AUoe. whij was engaged in the Cmnr ^^'a^ib«.1lIrJ-TruL■hsess• and Madame 
iraiv ri^l i*JV'j. d*' Stael-II-Urein at Turin. He arrived in 

i Am -sV T.?p«',-r. \nth. M. Diidin : A Bit li-^ Horn" in rhe same year, and was introduced 

gr'p'.y of i*r:i;:in-r. e.!.* B::»'m'jre :iiid Wym:iD. to Pius VII by the Prussian ambassador. He 

18«'3.'vm!. ill.: Srryjwj's E.ri!:»:>i.isri.;al Memorial-: was received on 5 Sept. 1^16 as a pupil of 

T^niit-r'^ Bi*/.. Brit.: Arler's Tr-n-joript Df tLo the Collefrio Romano and alterwards of the 

JSt,f;'^r.-:rrs*Coni;mny'=i Re^iater^i; Bri:. Mas Cat. C>ll'gi'.' 'li Propa^randa, but about twovears 

of U M«jks let'jT-: 1640.] i?. L. later, haviiij: publicly attacked the doctrine 

WOLFE, alias LiCEY, WILLIAM 1 1.-Vf4- ''[ ti^-t^^ljibiUty and assailed the teaching of 

ir,7;J ». j-suit. See Lacet.- l^*^ p^tess^.^rs. he was expeUed from the city 

"* - - lor errone'''.:s opinions. 

WOLFF, JOSEPH ( ITO-VInVJ), mis- Afrer a visit to Vienna he entered the 

sion;iry, the i*:^^ nf a Jewish rabbi of the monastery of the Uedemptorists at Val Saint e. 

trib"- K'i Levi named David, by his wife near Fri bo urg* ; but, disliking the system of 

Sar.L*:i. daughter of Isaac Lipchowitz of the m«Dn:istifry, he sh'?rtly after came to 

Br.-zt.i i, wa.s lK>m ar Woll»r-?-'j..^Iu near L«>ndjn to visi: Henry Drummond '<\. v.\ 

ForL':;i>_:m and Hiimberj, in 17J-3. H- or:- wli:<.sr.* ac juiintiince he had made at "iJonii?. 

jriiuilly li-.r-?. ao:ordin:3 t.> orit-ntdl o'i-:o:ii. He S'-r-c d^.-cLir^ni himself a member of the 

th/ -iiuU' name of Woltf, coniVrred in cir- chur;'.i <--f Kr.jlan.l, and at Cambridge rtr- 

c'irn:Ui m. bur on ba|it:-m her.vik rhe chri-- sunivil his sf.: iy of oriental languages under 

ti.in lur.u- I'f J "H^ph. and WohV l»rOdme his SaniLi-l L--:^ il7'^^j-l*'OLM "4. v." and of theo- 

Kurnam'.-. In th- y-ir '">f hi- birtli W..!::'*? l^jy -.Ln 1- r C":iAr'-?s Simeon "q". v.' He re- 

frtth-T rn:>v.;i to Ki-s:n;r'n :<> avni.l rl:-* s-.lv^lr.i \:-:: ra^rem lands "to prepan* tbt- 

Fn :;i *.i, i.: iT^mJ he pr.)c-H- l»^.l t.> ILillv. u:;.l w.iy i* r mls-i mi-rj- rnreq)rise'i amon-? thi? 

in 1 > J- .'.^'ain reTnov^d r- 1 I'llrel 1 in IVivarii. J-w*. M. -Iiasir.!'? ians. and Christians who in- 

\V!i":i i." was o'eveu hi.<i farh-^r l.'-iiinw :Ml.!.i hab::--.l them, and commence<l his extni- 

at \N'iirltemb»:rjr. and seir him to 'k.w j-r 'rt-?- ordinary n- :u ad icca>.'^:r in oriental countries. 

taut lyoe-.:m at Stuttgr-rt, w!:-.r....- he aftrr- Hr-tw:-*.:; lS-1 a'^d l"^-*' hi* travelled asamis- 

war.K rcir. »vel ti^ Baml^r::. Whil- -rill a sioiiiry in E^rvp* and the Sinaitic penin&nla. 

v.Mirh Le ieurnt Latin. Ortjelv. :-.n i Il-ltrvw. and. jr- wvdinj to Jerusalem, was the first 

l.'M»;:i^ h^me on account ofCliri-tiLin syni- m>.i!:Tn mi«-sior.ari- to preach to the Jew* 

j»ii*i; '-, :'.!> -r nvany wan J-rinjs lie wa- cin- th-re. Hr afterwards w^nt to Aleppo, and 

v-.Tt • 1 t.) Cl;v:stianity in part rhr-niirh jw-r- sen* Gr-ekKn-s from Cyprus to be eaucated 

II Nil; J t!i- wrlrin:rs of .Tohann Michavl v.n in Kn^linl. He continued his travels in 
S:i:l r, J'i-h.^p -f Ke^ensbnrg. and li- w.i- M- - p ■* a '^ia. Persia. Till is, and the Crimea, 
lii;»*;- 1 :i !:• S,*pt. I^ilJ by Leopold Z/.ia. ret:::.!!:.- ti England through European 
uii!' <• .:" :"ie l»-.nvdictin*'S of Emaus, nv.ir Turk.y. While in England he met Ed wanl 
.I'li^'i . \\\ l^l;» he conini* rue 1 '• s'ady Irv::;:: q. v.". through whom he made the 
Ar.tli:..*. Svria.-, and Chalda-an. an I in th..: ;n>[iuti:L*anct: L-f histirst wile. About 1?28 
an i V. ■ f di v.vinj vear he attrnd'.'d th>' 1 -- Wo!:V o.^:ir.2:»^nced another expedition in 
^•i.. ti 1 ■ : iri.'^ in Vienna, whore he was ::> s.ari'li of rh- lost ten tribes. After .^ufferine 



Wolff 



307 



Wollaston 



stantinople, Armenia, and Kborassan, where 
he was made a slave but was rescued by 
Abbas Mirza. Undaunted, he traversed 
Bokhara, Balkh, and reached Kabul, emerj^- 
ing from Central Asia in a state of nudity 
after having been plundered and compelled 
to march six hundred miles without cloth- 
ing. From Ludiana he went to Calcutta in a 
palanquin, preaching at a hundred and thirty- 
stations on his way. At Simla Lady Wil- 
liam Bentinck told him that, though she had 
convinced the govemor-generars court, that 
he was not mad, she could not persuade 
them that he was not an enthusiast ; to which 
lie replied, * I hope I am an enthusiast drunk 
with the love of God.' After visiting Kash- 
mir he was seized with cholera near Madras. 
On his recovery he went to Pond icherry in 
a palanquin, visited the mission in Tinnevelli, 
and proceeded by Goa to Bombay. He re- 
turned westward by Egypt and Malta. In 
1836 he journeyed to Abyssinia, where he 
found at Axum Samuel Gobat, afterwards 
bishop of Jerusalem. He conveyed Gobat, 
who was very ill, to Jiddah, ani then pro- 
ceeded to Sana in Yemen, where he visited 
the Kechabites and Wahabites. After visit- 
ing Bombay he went on to the United States, 
where he preached before congress and re- 
ceived the degree of D.D. at Annapolis in 
Marvland. In 1837 he was ordained deacon 
by the bishop of New Jersey, and in 1838 
priest by the bishop of Dromore. In the 
same vear he was instituted rector of Lin- 
thwaite in Y'orkshire. In 1843 he made a se- 
cond journey to Bokhara in order to ascer- 
tain the fate of Lieutenant-colonel Charles 
Stoddart [q.v.] and of Captain Arthur Co- 
noUy [q.v.j^ He was sent out by a committee 
formed inXondon by Captain John Grover, 
which raised 500/. for his journey. His mis- 
sion involved him in the gravest peril, for 
Stoddart and Conolly had already been exe- 
cuted, and their executioner was sent to des- 
patch Wolff also. He escaped almost mira- 
culously, and brought to Lngland the first 
authentic news of the fate of the two officers. 
After his return, on 11 April 1845, he pub- 
lished in London and New York a * Narra- 
tive of a Mission to Bokhara to ascertain the 
Fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Co- 
nolly * (2 vols. 8vo), which reached a seventh 
edition in 1852 (Edinburgh, 8vo). Portions 
of his journal were published in the * Athe- 
naeum * between 1844 and 1845 during the 
expedition. In 1 845 he was presented to the 
vicarage of He Brewers in Somerset, where 
he died on 2 May 1862, while contemplating 
a new and wider missionary journey (cf. Dr, 
WolfTs New Mission^ 1800). He was twice 
married : first, on 6 Feb. 1827, to Georgiana 



Mary, sixth daughter of Horatio "Walpole, 
second earl of Orford (of the second creation). 
By her he had a son. Sir Henry Drummond 
Wolff, G.C.M.G., who was named after his 
earliest English friend. She died on 16 Jan. 
1859, and on 14 May 1801 he married, 
secondly, Louisa Decima, youngest daughter 
of James King (1767-1842) of Staunton 
Court, Herefordshire, rector of St. Peter- 
le-Poer, London. 

Wolff was a singular personality. At 
home in any kind of society in £)urope or 
Asia, he fascinated rather than charmed by 
his extraordinary vitality and nervous 
energy. He signed himself * Apostle of our 
Lora Jesus Christ for Palestine, Persia, Bo- 
khara, and Balkh,' and styled himself the 
Protestant Xavier. Xavier, indeed, was his 
constant model, and he ' lamented that he 
had not altogether followed that missionary 
in the matter of celibacy, such was the 
sorrow that their separation, by his frequent 
wanderings, brought, on Lady Georgiana and 
himself (Smith, Life of Wilson, p. 124). 

Besides the work already mentioned, 
Wolff was the author of: 1. * Sketch of the 
Life and Journal of Joseph Wolff,' Norwich, 
1827, 12rao. 2. * Missionary Journal and 
Memoir,' ed. John Bavford, London, 1824, 
8vo ; 2nd edit. 1827-9, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. 'Jour- 
nal of Joseph Wolff for 1831,' London, 
1832, 8vo. 4. ' liesearches and Missionary 
Labours among the Jews, Mohammedans, 
and other Sects between 1831 and 1834,' 
Malta, 1835, 8vo ; 2nd edit. London, 1835, 
8vo. 5. ' Journal of Joseph Wolff, containing 
an Account of his Missionary Labours from 
1827 to 1831, and from 1835 to 1838,' Lon- 
don, 1839, 8vo. 6. * Travels and Adventures 
of Joseph Wolff,' London, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo; 
2nd edit. 1861 ; translated into German in 
1863. 

[Wolff's Works ; Gent. Mag. 1862, ii. 107-9 ; 
Burke s Peerage, s.v. • Orford ; ' Burke's Landed 
Gentry, 8. V. ' King ; ' Joseph Leech's Church-goer, 
1847, i. 233-41 ; Memoir of Bishop Gobat, 1884, 
pp. 177-80; Smith's Life of Wilson of Bombay, 
1878, pp. 251-2.] E. I. C. 

WOLLASTON, FRANCIS (1731-1815), 
author, bom on 23 Nov. 1731, was the eldest 
son of Francis Wollaston (1694-1774) bv 
his wife Mary (1702-1773), eldest daughter 
of John Francis Fauquier, and sister of 
Francis Fauquier fq. v.], the writer on 
finance. William Wollaston [q. v.] was his 
grandfather. During his earlier years he re- 
ceived much friendly assistance in his studies 
from Daniel Wray [q.v.] (Nichols, Ilhistr. of 
Lit. Hist, i. 12). lie was educated at Sidney- 
Sussex College, Cambridge, matriculating in 
June 1748, and graduatine LL.B«vQLVl^b\.. 



tlh was intended for the Etudy of Inw, B.\ad 
enlpred Lincoln's Inn on 24 Nov. 1750; but, 
feeling some moral hesitancy in re^rd lo xn 
ttdvofate'n duties, he turned hia mind to the 
i^hurcb. lie was ordained deacon at the age 
of twenty-three, and priest in the followinff 
year. About Chrietm as 1766 he underlooE 
the morning preaching at St. Anne's, Soho. 
In ihtt Bummer of 1T6M be -was instituted to 
the reclory of Dengie in Essejc, on the [ire- 
sentotion of Simon Kanshawe. In 17S! he 
was presented to the rectory and vicarage of 
East Dereham in Norfolk, and in 17(10 to 
that of Chislehurit in Kent, resigning the 
vicarage of Dereham, 

In 1772, when a bill was promoted in 
parliament to relieve the clergy andsludentg 
at the univer»itieA from the necessity ofsub- 
Bcribing to the Thirty-nine articles, and t 
substitute B simple declaration of thei 
fsith in the acriptures, Wollaalon advocated 
the di-sign in ' An Address to the Clergy of 
the Church of England in particular, ' 
o all Christian.* in general' (London, 1! 



lief 



n which he proposed to apply 
• the bishops, and through thei 



for r 



influence the legislature. The attempt, 
however, wax unsuccessful, and the bill was 
rejected in the commons bv a large maiorit v. 

On 13 April 1769 Wollaaton was elected 
a fellow of the Roval Society ; on 3 April 
1777 he was appointed precentor of St. 
David'a ; nnd in 1779 he was appointed 
rector of ihe united London parishes of St. 
VedoHt, Foster Lane, and St. Michael-le- 
Queme. lie retained all his preferments 
until bis death on 31 Oct. 1815 at the 
rectory, Chislehurst. On 11 May 1758 bo 
married Althea (1739-1798), fifth daughter 
of John Hyde of Charterhouse Square. By 
her be had ten daughters and seven sons, of 
whom Francis John Hyde WoUoslou and 
William Hyde Wollaston are separately 
noticed. 

Besides the work mentioned and some 
sprmons, Wollaston was the author of: 
L 'The State of Subscription to the Articles 
and Liturgy of the Church of E:igland,' 
London, 17(4, i^vo. 2. ' Queries relating 
lo the Book of Common I'rayer, with pro- 

red Amendments,' London, 1774, evo. 
' A l*reface to a Specimen of a General 
Astronomical Catalogue,' London, 1789, 8vo. 
4. ' Specimen of a General AEtronomical 
Catali^ue,' Ijoudon, 1789, fol. 6. ' Direc- 
tions for making an Univeraal Meridian DiaJ, 
cspable of being set to any Latitude,' Lon- 
don, 1793, 4 Co. B. 'Fasciculus Aslronomi- 
cus; containingObgervatianBof the Northern 
Circumsolar Region,' London, 1800, 4lo. 
' B of the Heavens as they . 



appear to the Naked Eye,' in ten plates, 
London, 1811, fol, lie also published ten 
astronumical papers in ' Philosophical 
Transactions ' between 1769 and 1793. In 
1793 he privately printed a few cojries of 
on autobiography entitled ' The Secret Hia- 
torv of a Private Man ' (London, 8vo}, 
which he distributed among bis frieuia. 
I There is a copy in the British Museum Li- 
' brary. Several letters from Wollaaton, 
I chiefly to the Duke of Newcastle, are also 

(reserved in the British Museum (Addit. 
fSS. 3^887 f. 501, 32889 f. 198, 32892 f. 
155, 3289a f. 360, 32902 f. 330). 

His youngest brother, Gborob Wollas- 
TOs (1738-1826), divine, was bom in 1738. 
He was educated at Charterhouse and at 
Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, gra- 
duating B.A. in 1768 as second wrangler, 
M.A. in 1761. and D.D. in 1774. He wis 
chosen mathematical lecturer for Sidney- 
Sussex, and while at Cambiidge he colla- 
borated with John Jehb (1736-1786) fq. v.) 
and Thorpe in editing ' Excerpts quicdaine 
Newtoni Principiis ' (Cambridge, 1766, 4to). 
He was contemporary at the univeraitj- 
with the poet Gray, Thomas Twining [q.v,^ 
Hichard Farmer [q. v.}, and William Palej, 
and with the three bishops, Beilby Pon*n» 
[q. v.], Samuel Ilallifax Iq, vA and Ricbatd 
Watson (1737-1816) [q. v.], with aU of 
whom he was intimate. In December 1763 
he waa presented to the rectorv of Dengie in 
Essex, and in 1764 to that at Stratford in 
Sufiblk. In March 1774 he resigned Strat- 
ford, and was collated by the archbishop, 
Frederick Comwallis [q. v.], to the rectory 
of St. Mary Aldermary with ."^t. Thomas 
the Apostle in the city of London, which be 
resigned in 17B0. On 17 Feb. 17a3 he ww 
elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He 
died on 14 Feb.I826at bis houae.Greenside, 
Riiihmond, Surrey. On 16 June 17(S5 \» 
married Elixabeth (d. 24 April 1784), eliett 
daughter of Charles Palmer of Thumsooe 
Uall in Yorkshire. By faer be had one 
daughter, Elizabeth Palmer, married to 
James Cave, vicar of Suubury in Middlesex 
(ffmf.Jtfoy. 1826,1.270). 

[The Secret HistAry of a Prirule Mu; 
Burkp's Landed Gentry; Gent. Mag. 1)115 ii. 
476. 18161. 215; BlDniefield's HUl. nf Notfolk, 
1809.1. 210. 311; Davy's HatMk PeditmM in 
Addit. MS. lOlSe : Lincoln's Inn lUcorda, 18(1 
i. 438 ; Heanessy's Niivum Rvperl. Ecdts. Lea- 
iluD. 1898, p. 300; Knuwledge. 1896. p. 301) 

WOLLASTON, PTIANCIS JOHN 
HYDE (1762-1823), natural philosopher. 
eldest son of Francis Wollnslon ^q.*.] tad 
brother of William Hyde "Wollealon ['|.v,], 




Wollaston 



309 



Wollaston 



wa« born in Charterhouse Square, London, 
on 13 April 1762, and educated at the Char- 
terhouse. On 6 May 1779 he was admitted 
a pensioner of Sidney-Sussex College, Cam- 
bridge, lie was elected to a scholarship in 
1780, and proceeded B.A. in 1783, when he 
was senior wrangler. In the same year he 
was elected to the mathematical lectureship 
founded by Samuel Taylor in 1726, which he 
held until 10 Dec. 1785 ; and on 21 Oct. 1785 
he accepted a fellowship at Trinity Iiall,where 
he was also tutor, lie graduated M. A. in 1780, 
B.D.inl795. 

In 1792 Wollaston succeeded Isaac Mil- 
ner [q. v.] as Jacksonian professor at Cam- 
bridge, polling 35 votes against 30 for Wil- 
liam Farish [q. v.] He began by lecturing 
alternately on chemistry and experimental 
philosophy, and is said to have exhibited 
* not less than three hundred experiments 
annually' {Cambr. CaL 1802, p. 32); but 
After 1796, when Samuel Vince [q. v.] was 
•elected Plumian professor, he lectured on 
chemistry only. He published ' A Plan of 
a Course of Chemical Lectures' in 1794, of 
w^hich a second edition appeared in I8O0. 
lie resigned his professorship in 1813. 

In 1793 Wollaston vacated his fellow- 
chip by marriage, and in 1794 the bishop of 
London instituted him to the vicarage of 
South Weald, Essex. On 6 July 1802 he 
was appointed to a stall in St. Paul's Cathe- 
<lral, London; and on 18 Feb. 1807 was made 
master of Sidney-Sussex College. But in 
rather less than a year the election was 
declared invalid by the visitor on the ground 
that Wollaston had never been a fellow, 
and his successor was appointed 31 Jan. 
1808. On 12 May 1813 Wollaston became 
rector of Cold Norton, Essex, on 14 Dec. arch- 
deacon of Essex, and on 2 Dec. 1815 rector 
of East Dereham. He usually resided at 
South Weald. He died on 12 Oct. 1823. 
On 13 Aug. 1793 he married Frances Ilayles, 
by whom he had a son and two daughters. 
A portrait of Wollaston in chalks is in the 
possession of F. W. Trevor, esq., and a marble 
medallion is in the church at South Weald. 
Besides the two schemes of lectures 
referred to above, Wollaston published: 
1. * Charge to Clergy of Archdeaconry of 
Essex,' London, 1816, 8vo. 2. * Description of 
a Thermometrical Barometer for measuring 
Altitudes ' {Phil, Trans. 1817). 3. * On the 
Measurement of Snowdon by the Thermo- 
metrical Barometer ' (PhiL trans, 1820). 

[Luard's Graduati, 1884; Cambr. Unir. 
Calendar, 1802 ; Cooper's Memorials, iii. 30 ; 
Cambr. Chronicle, 1823 ; Lo Neve's Fasti ; 
Foster's Index Eccles.; private information.] 

J. W. C-K. 



WOLLASTON, THOMAS VEKiNOX 
(1822-1878), entomologist and conchologist, 
born at Scotter, Lincolnshire, on 9 March 
1822, was the tenth son and fifteenth child 
of Henry John Wollaston (rf. 27 Oct. 1833), 
rector of Scotter, and his wife Louisa (1783- 
1833), youngest daughter of William Symons 
of Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk. He was 
educated chiefly at the grammar school, 
Bury St. Edmund's, and in 1842 entered at 
Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. 
in 1845, and proceeding M.A. in July 1849. 
He resided at Cambridge until symptoms of 
weakness in the lungs compelled him to pass 
the winter of 1847-8 in Madeira. On his re- 
turn he lived for a few years in London, first 
at Thurloe Square and later in Hereford 
Street, Park Lane, till ,his health compelled 
his removal to Kings Kerswell, near Torquay, 
and afterwards to Teignmouth. He passed 
many winters in Madeira, visiting, with his 
friend Mr. John Gray, the Cape A'erde islands 
in 1866 and St. Helena in 1875-6. 

He became a fellow of the Linnean So- 
ciety of London on 2 March 1847, and was 
also a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical 
Society. From his Cambridge days he was 
devoted to entomology, especially the study 
of coleoptera, and his first paper, on * Coleo- 
ptera observed at Launceston,* appeared in 
the ' Zoologist ' in 1843 ; and between that 
date and 1877 he contributed upwards of 
sixty papers on insects, chiefly coleoptera, 
to various scientific journals. He applied 
himself so assiduously to collecting on his 
winter visits that he was able to publish a 
most exhaustive account of the beetles of 
Madeira. His collections having been pur- 
chased by the trustees of the British Mu- 
seum, he produced more complete accounts 
in the form of museum catalogues in 1857 
and 1864. An ' Account of the Land Shells 
of Madeira,' which he had just completed, 
was brought out shortly after his death. He 
died at 1 Barnepark Terrace, Teignmouth, 
on 4 Jan. 1878. He married, on 12 Jan. 1869, 
Edith, youngest daughter of Joseph Shepherd 
of Teignmouth. 

Wollaston was a friend of Darwin, who 
was well acquainted with his work. Wol- 
laston's book * On the Variation of Species,' 
which was published in 1856, three years 
before Darwin's paper on the * Origin of 
Species ' was read, anticipated dimly some 
of Darwin's theories. Wollaston was too 
timid and too orthodox to take a decided 
position. His separate works are : 1. ' In- 
secta Maderensia, London, 1854, 4to. 2. * On 
the Variation of Species,' London, 1856, 8vo. 
3. ' Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects <^t 
Madeira in tba CoWatsXivQa ^A 'C^'^ ^tssCns&v 



Wollaston 



WoIIaston 



Museum,' London, 1857, Svo. 4. ' Catalogue 
of the ColeopterouB InaecU of the CumtrioB 
in the CoUuction of the British MuBttum,' 
IjODilon, 1BU4, 8vo. 5. • CoIeopUtra Atlan- 
tidam,' London, 1866, 8vo. 6. ' Coleoptera 
Hesperidum,' London, 1867, 8to. 7. 'Lyra 
Devoniensie,' London, 1868,8to. 8. 'Coleo- 
ptera SnnctM Helenre,' London, 1877, 8vo. 
U. ' TesUcea Atkntica,' London, 1878, 8vo. 

[Eiilamoloj^DC. xi, 43; Entom. Monthly Mag. 
iTi. 213; Aan. Hud Miig. tia.'t. HiBt,.Fsbruar7 
1878, p. 178 : Dnrwin's Life of Charles Darwin ; 
iaforniHtion kindly supplied hy his widmr; Beit. 
MuB.Ciit. ; Nut. IliBt. Mus. Cat. ; Roj. Soc. Oat.] 
li. B. W. 

WOLLASTON. WILLIAM (1660- 
1724), moral philoBOpher, bom on 26 March 
1659-UO at CoWn-Clanford, StftfibrdBhlre, 
waa Boii of William Wollaston by EHeb- 
betb (Downea). The Wollastona were an 
old Staffordshire family. One, Henry Wol- 
luflton {d. 1616), went to London and re- 
turned with a fortune made in trade. A 
dispute between liis sons as to the aucces- 
won was finally compromiaed. The eldest, 
William, got most of the property, saved 
money, bought tiie manor of Snenton, nesj 
Market-Bos worth, LeiceGtersliire.and, dying 
in 1666, left a good estate to his son Wil- 
liam. Henry's younger son, Thomas, who 
had been prosperous, took to drink, got into 
political trouble, and passed the 'greater part 
of his life in repentance.' Ue lived, how- 
ever, to be eighty-seven, dying in 1674, and 
wiut a 'comely old gentleman.' He ■wax 
chiefly de^ndenl for support in later years 
upon his rich brother. He married Sabina, 
dftnghter of Sir 0. Aldrych ((/. 1626), and 
his youngest son, William, lived with him at 
various places near Shenton, and married 
Eliiabeln Downes, daughter of a smull 
country gentleman at Coton-Clanford. The 
family was embarrassed, and William ap- 
prenticed most of his sons to tradesmen. 

His second son, also a William, got a little 
schooling, chiefly at Lichfield, and was sent 
to Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, having 
somepromiseof potronagefrom the rich Wil- 
liam of Shenton, his father's first cousin. He 
was admitted a pensioner on 18 June 1674. 
He had an incompetent tutor, and was put 
to many shifts to get hooka. He gained 
some reputation for scholarship, but made 
an enemy of the college dean by ridiculing 
him in an exercise at the schools. The dean 
revenged himself by spreading ecandnis 
against his pupil. Once the dons told him 
to write a copy of verses which they meant 
to ridicule, when be evaded them by writ- 
ing in Hebrew, which none of them under- 
stood. Naturally, he lost uny chance of a 



fellowship i and, after taking bie M.A. dr- 
grce, left Cambridge on 3iJ Sept. 1661. 1I» 
returned to his fomily, writing a Pindaric 
ode by the way to ' vent bis melancholy.' 
Finding no better preferment, he became 
asBiatant to the roaster of Birmingham 
school in 16S2. His relatives, however, 
began to 'invade his quiet.' The failure in 
trade of an elder brother for whom he had 
become security brought claims upon him 
which he had great difficulty in satisfying. 
Then he had to help a younger brother whn 
had taken to drink, married a nerverw 
woman, and also ruined himself. WoUastOD 
tried to find comfort by reading the book of 
Eccleiia.9tes, and turned it into sDOtb(7 
Pindaric ode. A new charter for the school 
was obtained on the accession of James II : 
the old master was turned out : and Wol- 
luaton,who biiped to succeed, was appointed 
to the second masterabip, worth about 70/. 
a year, and took priests orders. The old 
master retired to live with a brother near 
William Wollaston of Shenton, to whom 
they were both known. Tbia William had 
no surviving boob and was in bad health, 
and looking out for an heir to bis estates 
The other William was, according to his 
own account, the only relative who 'never 
stirred ' to court the rich cousin. Once, in- 
deed, he preached a sermon to his c-ousiii, 
who ' thanked him heartily.' The cousin 
also secretly obtuned information as to 
Wollaston's habits, listened to the good 
accounts given of him by the retired school- 
master, and finally made a will in hia 
favour. Soon afterwards <19 Aug. 16881 
he died, and the younger William W oIIoeIou 
found himself heir to his cousin's ' noble 
estate.' 

There were drawbackB. William of Shen- 
ton had left a widow and two daughters; 
and the widow had legal claims, which she 
enforced beyond what must have been hn- 
huaband's intentions. Wollaston's own reU- 
tivea, too, were ' exceeding burthens.' His 
elder brother, in the Fleet prison, put in un- 
justifiable claims, but had to he supported 
till hia death, which fottunalely tuoK plaM 
in 1694. Another brother, who had to Iw 

ri^nsioned, pemisted in living until tSler 
709. His father, too, was ' not allogalliw 
pleased' at missing the estate, but had now 
acompetence, and died on 16 March 1691-?. 
Wollaston, however, arranged his a(liurt> in 
the winter of 1688-9, and resolved to lead 
a comfortable life. A wife was (he firet 
essential. He paid addresses to a Miss Ali«a 
Cobume, daughter of n wealthy brefrer, whii 
died of small-pox in May 168», on the day nf 
their intended marriage. Hecrectedamonu- 



Wollaston 



3" 



Wollaston 



ment to her with a long inscription in the 
church of Stratford-le-Bow; and on 26 Nov. 
lf>89 married Catharine, daughter and coheir 
of Nicholas Charlton, a London merchant. 
i f e settled in Charterhouse Square, and never 
passed a night out of the house there until 
his death. 

Wollaston now led a retired life, and 
devoted himself to writing treatises on 
philological and ecclesiastical questions. He 
burnt many towards the end of his life; 
but thirteen fragmentary treatises which 
accidentally escaped are recorded in his 
life. He published the paraphrase of Eccle- 
siastes in 1691, but afterwards desired to 
suppress it. lie privately printed in 1703 
a Latin grammar for the use of his family. 
Ilis one important work was the * Religion 
of Nature Delineated/ It was privately 
printed m 1722, and published in 1724 (when 
Franklin was employed as a compositor). 
Ten thousand copies were sold *in a few 

J ears,' and it wont through many editions. 
le left a few fragments in continuation. 
Ilis health had long been weak; and an 
accident hastened his death on 20 Oct. 1724. 
Ilis wife had died on 21 July 1720. Both 
were buried at Great Finborou^h, Suffolk, 
where he had an estate; and inscriptions 
written by himself were placed in the church. 
His eldest son, William, lived at Finborough, 
and represented Ipswich in the House of 
Commons in two parliaments (from January 
1731 until 1741); and his grandson, a third 
William Wollaston, was elected for the same 
borough in 17(58, 1774, and 1780. Another 
grandson, Francis Wollaston, is noticed 
separately. 

W^ollaston was a valetudinarian and rather 
querulous, as appears by his autobiography. 
lie admits that * natural affection is a duty,' 
but thinks that he rather * overacted his 
part ' towards his brothers. Ilis relatives 
probably disagreed with this ; but he seems 
to have been a good husband and father, 
and is said to have been lively in conver- 
sation and willing to bo serviceable to his 
friends. He lived with strict regularity 
and became much of a recluse. The * Reli- 
gion of Nature * is a version of the * intel- 
lectual * theory of morality of which Samuel 
Clarke was the chief contemporary repre- 
sentative. One peculiarity is the paradoxical 
turn given to the doctrine by the deduction 
of all the virtues from truth. To treat a 
man as if he were a post is to tell a lie, and 
therefore wrong. In the main, however, it is 
an able illustration of the position, and Wol- 
laston had considerable authority as a mo- 
ralist during the century (see liuxr, Reli" 
gioua Thought in England, ii. 338 n.) He 



appears to have ceased to act as a clergyman, 
and his rationalism led to suspicions of his 
orthodoxy. He was occasionally confounded 
with the deist Thomas Woolston [q.v.], who 
was at the same college. 

Portraits of Wollaston are at Shenton and 
at the master's lodgings at Sidney-Sussex 
College. A miniature portrait of him (as a 
young man) is in the possession of the Rev. 
Henry Wollaston Hutton, Vicars* Court, 
Lincoln. In 1732 Queen Caroline placed a 
marble bust of Wollaston, along with those 
of Newton, Locke, and Clarke, in her her- 
mitage in the royal garden at Richmond. 
The bust itself has disappeared, but there 
exists a mezzotint engraving of it by J. Faber. 

[A Life of Wollaston was prefixed to the sixth 
edition of the Religion of Nature in 1738. It is 
founded upon an autobiogmphy written in 1/09, 
and published in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. iv., 
where (pp. 541-2) there is a full genmlogy of 
the family; cf. Nichols's Illustrations of Litoni- 
ture, i. 169-210. 8ome additional facts are giren 
in Illustrations, i. 830-5. Watere's Genealo- 
gical Memoirs of the Chester Family (1878) 
gives an account of the Wollastons, including 
(pp. 565-7) William Wollaston.] L. S. 

WOLLASTON, WILLIAM IIYDK 

(1766-1828), physiologist, chemist, and phy- 
sicist, third son of Francis Wollaston [q. v.] 
and his wife, Althea Hyde, was bom at East 
Dereham, Norfolk, on 6 Aug. and baptised 
on 8 Aug. 1760. Francis John Hyde Wol- 
laston [q.v.] was his brother. lie went first 
to the private school of a Mr. Williams at 
Lewisham for two years, and then to Char- 
terhouse on 13 June 1774; was on the 
foundation, and left the school on 24 Juno 
1778. On 6 July 1782 he was admitted a 
pensioner of Caius College, Cambridge, was 
a scholar from Michaelmas 1782 to Christmas 
1787, proceeded M.B. in 1788 and M.D. in 
1793. He was appointed a senior fellow at 
Christmas 1787, and retained his fellowship 
till his death ; he was also Tancred student, 
held the offices of Greek and Hebrew lec- 
turer, and was repeatedly appointed to make 
the Thruston speech. During his residence 
in Cambridge he became intimate with John 
Brinkley [o. v.], the astronomer royal for 
Ireland, and John Pond [q. v.], and studied 
astronomy with their assistunce. On 7 Feb. 
1793 he was proposed, on 9 May 1793 
elected, and on 6 March 1794 admitted 
F.R.S. His certificate was signed by his 
uncle, William Heberden the elder [q. v.], 
Hon. Henry Cavendish [q.v.], Sir William 
Herschel [q.v.], his father, and others. 

On leaving Cambridge he went as a phy- 
sician to Huntingdon in 1789 (liecord of tJke 



Wollaston 



Wollaston 



Bai/al Soeifty, ji. 208), and thence to Burj 
St. Edmund's, where his uncle, Dr. Cbarlton 
WolUiBWn (sae Munk, CM. of Phyi.), had 
pracLised. Here liemudeHcquaintaDcewitb 
It«¥. Henry lUaled {elected F.U.8, 18ia, 
fellow of Ulirist's Oollepe, Cambridge ; 
Gmduali Cantahi; 185fl), who became one 
of hia closeat friends, and with whom be 
carried on a, com^iHindence throughout hia 
life. Ou U April 1794 he vaa admitted 
candidate, and on SO March 179C fellov, of 
the llojal College of Physicians, of which 
he became censor in 1798, and an elect on 
13 Feb. 18^4 on the death of James Hervej'. 

By the advice of his friends he went to 
London, and tiet up practice at No. 18 Cecil 
Street, Strand, in 1797, and from Iiia hou^e 
noticed the mirage on the Thames, an oo 
cumtnce which, Uiough not rare, 'm easily 
overlooked. 

Hia devotion to various branches of natural 
science, including physics, chemistry, and 
botany, had been increasing, and in 1800 he 
dtwided to retire from medical practice. Hit 
John Barrow [q. t.] (Sketchr* of (he Roffal 
Soeitty, p. 65) attributes this determination 
to WoUaston's pique at his failure to obtain 
the appointment as physician at St. George's 
Hospital ; but the true explanation lies pro- 
bablV in his sensitiveness and over^nitiety 
for his patientB. Un one occasion a ques- 
tion with regard to a patient caused him to 
burst into tears; of his decision to abandon 
medicine he writes to Hosted on t!S Dec. 
ISOO: -Allow me to decline the mental 
flagellation called anxiety, compared with 
which the loss of thousands of pounds is as 
a tieabite.' Wollaston is staled to have 
received a l^^acj at this time; his means 
were, at any rate, jnsufRcient, and in aban- 
doning the ' terra firma of physic ' he writes 
that he ' may have erred egT^ously and be 
ruined.' It was to chemical research that lie 
looked to replace the renounced ' thousands,' 
In 1801 be took a houae, No. 14 Bucking- 
bam Street, Fitiroy Square, and at the back 
set up a laboratory, whose privacy he yarded 
to the utmost (for anecdotes on this point 
see G. Wilson's Religio Chemid, p, ^37), 
Wilbin live years he had di 

bnuight him lu a fortune of about 30,000/.; 
while at the same time his published re- 
searches on optics and chemistry placed him 
among the foremost scientific men of Europe. 
In 180^ he was awarded the Copley medal, 
and on 30 Nov. 1801 he was elected secretary 
oflhi'Itoya) Societv,apost which he retained 
till ao Nov. Iflfli'lftt^r he was frequently 
elvta.! „ vice-president. 



iW, p, 'IS 



Oil liie illness and death of Sir Jneepk 
Blinks [q. v.] the council of the ICoyil 
Society proposed, in accordance with IJanks'i 
own desire, to nominate WoUasKw m* 
his successor in the chair; but, knowing the 
ambitions of Sir Humphry Davy [q- v.], 
Wollaston declined a contest, although he 
consented to act as president nd inUrim 
from 29 June 1820 till the election dav on 
30 Nov. following. In IH33 he was elMted 
a foreign associate of the French Academy 
of .''cienpes, 

The chief events in WoUaston's life an 
his discoveries, which flowed in uninter- 
rupted succession from 1800 down to the 
time of bis death, and of which an account 
is given below. In 1807 it was suggested 
that his brother, Francis John Hyde Wol- 
laston [q. v.], on being appointed master ot 
Sidney-Sussex College, Cambri^e,. ahould 
resign the Jacksoniaii professorship, which 
Wollaston was anxious t« obtain ; but on 
Francis Wollaston's resignation in 1613 the 
jiOBt was given to William Farish fq, v.] 

Each year in the vacation of the Royal 
Society Wollaston spent some time in tra- 
velling about ill England or abroad, gene- 
rally with one or more companions. His 
chief interest was in seeing nsaniifactutM ; 
of alt the objects he saw, the raachinerv o( 
Manchester perhaps 'left the moat vivid 
impression.* But bis lively letters to 
Hasted show him to be keenly concerned in 
general affaire. In 1814 a visit to France, 
immediately on the conclusion of peace, 
gave him ' the greatest amount of gratifica- 
tion tJiat can he compressed into three weeks.' 
I Since 1800 WoUuritou had suffered occa- 
, sionally from partial blindness in both eyes 
(see infra). Towards the end of 18^7 he was 
; attacked by numbness in the 1^ arm, and 
; in July 1828 the left pupil bec«me insensible. 
i He explained bis symptoms to a medicsl 
I friend as if they were those of another person, 
and on hearing that they probably signified 
tumour of the brain, with an early termina- 
tion, he set about dictating papers on sUIiis 
still unrecorded work, many of these being 
published posthumously. He bad expeii- 
ments earned on under his direction in a 
room adjoining his sick-room ' for man* 
davB previous to his death,' which took 
place on 22 Dec. 1828 at his house. No. 1 
Dorset Street. Wollaston was buried at 
Chislehurst. Hia house waa afterwuds 
inhabited by his friend Charles Itabbogt 
fq. v.] His manuscript papers passed » 
Henry Warhurton, who intended to vm 
them for a memoir; after Warburton'sdeaik 
they went to Mrs. Somerville, but ob bar 
4eat:h they could not be found. 



9, but OB bar I 



Wollaston 



313 



Wollaston 



Wollaston published fifty-six papers on 
^pathology, physiology, chemistry, optics, 
mineralogy, cr>'8tallography, astronomy, 
electricity, mechanics, and botany,' and 
almost every paper marks a distinct advance 
in the particular science concerned. The 
majority were read before the lioyal Society, 
and published in the *■ Philosophical Trans- 
actions.' The influence of VVoUaston's 
medical training is seen in his first paper 
on * calculi * (read 22 June 1797), in which 
he showed that in addition to calculi con- 
sisting of uric acid, previously discovered 
by Scheele, calculi of the bladder might 
consist of calcium phosphate, magnesium 
ammonium phosphate, and calcium oxalate 
(or mixtures of these), to which in 1810 he 
added * cvstic oxide,' now called cystin, thus 
practically exhausting the subject and ren- 
dering rational treatment possible. He also 
investigated the composition of prostatic 
and of gouty calculi. In his Croonian lec- 
ture in 1809 he showed in a strikingly sim- 
ple and ingenious way, by means of the 
*■ muscular murmur,' that each muscular 
ellbrt, apparently simple, consists of con- 
tractions repeated at intervals of one 
twentieth or thirtieth of a second. In Fe- 
bruary 1824, having noticed that at times he 
saw only half of every object with both 
eyes, he put forward his important theory of 
the * semi-decussation of the optic nerves,' 
now generally accepted. In May 1824 he 
gave an ini^enious explanation 01 the appa- 
rent direction of eyes in a portrait, illus- 
trated by his friend Sir Thomas Lawrence 
[q. v.] 

The investigation of platinum led Wol- 
laston to discover palladium in the platinum 
ores. Being unwilling to disclose the 
subject of his work, in April 1803 he sent 
specimens of the metal (with an anonymous 
statement of its properties) for sale at the 
shop of a Mrs. Forster, 26 Gerrard Street, 
Soho. KichardClienevix (1774-1830) [q.v.] 
bought up the stock, worked at it for a month, 
and read a paper before the Royal Society 
showing that palladium was not, ' as was 
shamefully announced,' ' a new simple 
metal,' but an alloy of platinum with mer- 
cury. Wollaston tried to dissuade Chene- 
vix from his views, but it was not until he 
had discovered a second platinum metal, 
rhodium (in 1804), and obtained pure plati- 
num, thus entirely completing his investiga- 
tion, that he fully acknowledged that the 
discovery was his in a letter to * Nicholson's 
Journar dated 23 Feb. 1805. W^ollaston's 
accuracy was beyond a doubt ; and the effect 
of his conduct, says 'J'homas Thomson, * was 
to destroy the chemical reputation of Chene- 



vix,' who thereupon abandoned the science 
(seePAiV. Trans, 1803pp. 290,298,1^04 p. 41 9, 
1805 p. 104 ; Nicholsons Journal, 1803 v. 
137, 1804 vii. 75, 159, 1805 x. 204 ; Annales 
de ChSmie, 1808, Ixvi. 83). 

Dalton's atomic theory had been first clearly 
enunciated in 1807 in Thomson's * System of 
Chemistry ' (3rd ed. iii. 425) [see Thomsox, 
Thomas, 1773-1852]. Wollaston accepted it 
at once, and tried with Thomson's help to 
convert Sir Humphry Davy [q. v.], but in 
vain. On 14 Jan. 1808 Thomson read before 
the lioyal Society his well-known paper on 
the two kinds of oxalates, which was tbliowed 
on 28 Jan. by VVollaston*s more comprehen- 
sive memoir on ^ Super-acid and Sub-acid 
Salts,' the two papers affording most power- 
ful support to Dalton's views. Wollaston, 
who had discovered the striking instances of 
the law of multiple proportions quoted in 
his memoir some time previously, cnaracter- 
istically withheld them till he should ascer- 
tain the cause ' of so regular a relation ; ' 
but he now put forward the idea that it 
would be necessary later to acquire ' a geo- 
metrical conception ' in three dimensions of 
the relative arrangement of the atoms, a sug- 
gestion that since 1870 has been realised m 
the great developments of stereo-chemistry. 
Wollaston's most important paper in theo- 
retical chemistry is that 'On a Synoptic Scale 
of Equivalents,' published in 1814. In this 
he proposes, in order to avoid undue use of 
hypothesis, to replace Dalton's * atomic 
weights' by 'equivalents' which were to 
express the bare facts of quantitative analysis. 
\\^>llaston's criticism of Dalton in this paper 
is fundamental ; but his use of the word 
* equivalent ' was unfortunate, and led to 
confusion, for which he has been severely 
criticised (Ladenburg, Entioickelungsgesch, 
der Chemie, pp. 69-7 1 ). The battle between 
'atomic weignts' and 'equivalents' lasted, 
with many fluctuations, down to recent times. 
For the practical calculations of analysis 
Wollaston invented a slide rule, which was 
much used for a considerable time. 

In 1814 Wollaston and Smithson Ten- 
nant [q. v.], while investigating the subject 
of gas explosions for the Royal Society, 
discovered that explosions will not pass 
through a small tube, a fact utilised in- 
dependently by Davy in his safety lamp in 
1815 (FhiL Trans. 1816, p. 8). 

The discovery of a method for producing 
pure platinum and welding it into vessels, 
made about 1804 and published as the 
Bakerian lecture in 1828, has proved of the 
highest importance, scientific and commer- 
cial, from the fact that the metal is attacked 
by extremely few chemical reagents. The 



Wollaston 



Wollaston 



Rojnl Society in 1S2S awarded Wollaalottn 
royal meiial tor his work. Wollaston bimeelf 
constructed platinum vesstila for the concen- 
tration of autplitirtc acid lor vitriol makers. 
It was from tbia source and irom royalties on 
processes contrived by him for vnrious other 
manufacturers that he accamulated hia con- 
siderahie fortune {Englith Ct/eloptsdia). 

As an inventor of optioat apparatus Wol- 
laston ranks verp bigli. In ISIU be described 
the total-reflection method for tlio meaBure- 
ment of refractivity, which is applicable to 
opaque as well as t-o tranTparmit bodius, nad 
has since been eitetisively developed by 
Pul&ich and Abbe; and it was in the same 
paper that he drew attention to the dark 
lines (since known aa Fraunhofer lines) in 
the solar spBClmm, which he considered, 
however, as merely serving' to separate the 
' lour colours ' of the spectrum from oae 
another, In 1803 he invented ' periscopic ' 
spectacles, useful when oblique vision is 
necessary; and in 1807 he patented the camera 
lucida (NicMium'f Journal, xvii. 1), an in- 
strument subsequently improved by Amici 
and others, which has proved of the greatest 
value in surveying, in copjingdrawings, and 
in drawing objects under the microscope. 
It was the desire to fix the image of the 
camera lucida that led William Henry 
Fox Talbot [q. v.] to his discoveries in 
photography. In 1909 Wollaston invented 
the reflecting goniometer, which Jirst 
rendered possible the exact measuremunt 
of crystal and datermination of minerals, 
and which was till recently used in its ori- 
ginal form. In ISlii ho described a peri' 
scopic camera obscura and microscope, com- 
bining specially distinct vision with a wide 
aperture. In 18^0, in a pa{ier 'On the 
Mfthod of cutting Rock Crystals for 
Micrometers,' he desctilwd the double- 
image ^risni named after him, which 
was an improvement on that invented by 
Abbs Alexis Marie Rochon, who had kept 
ita construction secret. In a posthumous 
paper publiahed in 1829 wos described a 
microscopic doublet still used in its original 
form and as the objective of the compound 
microscope. 

Wollaston also contributed to theoretical 
optica. He adopted the wove-theorj of light, 
which at the beginning of the century was 
revived and applied to the explanation of 
interference phenomena by hisfnend Thomas 
Young (1773-1829) [q. v.] (see letter from 
Wollaston in 1'eacook's Ltfe of Yuung, p. 
374) ; and in 1802 lie showed that measuro- 
mentsof the refractive index of Iceland spar 
in different directions agreed with Chriatmn 
Zluygsna's construction for the wave-surface 



(1690). This broughl him a bitter and coa- 
temptuous criticism from Brougham in tlu 
■ Edmbu^h Ileview ' (1803, ii. 901. 

In ISO! Wollaston established the im- 
portant physical principle that 'galvanic' 
and 'friolional' electricity are of the Mmn 
nature, and stated that the action of the 
voltaic cell was due to the oxidation of the 
zinc. In April 1821 he noticed that ibent 
was 'a power . . , acting circumferentiallj 
round ' the axis of a wire carrying a current. 
and tried in Davy's laboratory to make each 
a wire revolve on its axis. His unsuccess- 
ful exf>eriment led to a grave charge of 
plngiorism being made subsequently o^nst 
Miriisel Faraday [q. v.J; but Wollaston, 
Bftys Faraday, behaved with a ' kindness and 
liberality'' which has been conatojil through- 
out the affair,' and the charge was ultimately 
acknowledged to be unfounded. Heniy 
Warburtnn [q. v.], one of Wollastwi's mM 
intimate friends, played a part in the affair 
(Betoe Joses, Life . . . of Faraday, 1870, i. 

Among WoUsstoa's other papers may bo 
mentioned those ' On Percussion ' (ISIO) (ia 
which he adopts the Leibnitiion iletiQitiua 
of ' mechanic force ' as opposed to the Car- 
tesian); 'On Chemical Effects of Light' 
(1804); thaton'Fairi--Ring»'(in which hp 
fully explained the nile of fungi in then 
phenomena) ( 1607) ; ' On a Method of Dnnr- 
ing Extremely Fine Wires ' (still used in 
the construction of the bolometer) {Pkit. 
7'ra7M.1813,p, lU); ' On the Finite Extent 
of the AtmosphePB ' (ib. 1822, p. 89) ; • On a 
Method of comparing the Light of the Sua 
with that of the Fixed Stars' (i4. 182S,p. 
19i 

Wollaston served with Young and Henry 
Kater [q. v.] as commissioner of the Royal 
Society on tne board of longitude from its 
reoonstitutiun lu 1818 until the abolition in 
1828 of this < only ostensible link which con- 
nected the cultivation of science with tha 
government of the country.' In 1314 Wol- 
laston suggested in evidence before a com- 
mittee of the House of Commons the re- 
placement of (he various gallons then in UM 
Dy a gallon containing ten pounds of witar 
at a given temperature. Thismeasure, known 
as the ' imperial gallon,' was adopted in ths 
' Weights and Measures Act of 18»1.' He 
was a member of the royal commiKaon on 
weights and measures that r^ected iJie 
adoption of the decimal system of wt-iffhu 
and measures ( import q/'CommiMion, 24 Juw 
1819). 

The majority of Wollaston'a Mpers an 
short and apt in expression. 'Tta« mn* 
singular characteristic of Wollsston'a mind 



Wollaston 315 Wollaston 



was the plain and distinct line which sepa- 
rated what he knew from what he did not 
know ' (Babbage) ; his * predominant prin- 
ciple was to avoid error.* This characte- 
ristic caution and sureness approaching in- 
fallibility struck Wollaston^s contemporaries 
most, and they called him familiarly ' the 
Pope ; ' but the multiplicity of his discoveries 
and inventions shows that his caution was 
only the self-imposed limit to a fertile and 
active imagination. Wollaston had extra- 
ordinary dexterity, the ' genius of the finger- 
tips,* and eyesight so keen that he could 



with injunctions to expend the dividends as 
nearly as may be annually. This is now 
called Hhe Wollaston Fund,' from which 
the society awards annually a medal called 
the * Wollaston medal,* and the balance of 
the interest. On the same day he gave to 
the Astronomical »Society, of which he had 
just been elected member, a telescope by 
Peter Dollond Jq. v.] On 11 Dec. 1828 
Wollaston transferred 2,000/. consols to the 
Royal Society to form the * Donation Fund,* 
the interest to be applied to the promotion 
of ex}>erimental research. The fund has since 



distinguish minute plants while on horseback been largely increased (^Record of the Hoyal 

(Hasted). He was regarded as the most Society ^ 1897, pp. 117, 121). 

skilful chemist and mineralogist of his dav, [Besides the eouives quoted, Charterhouso 

and his advice was greatly sought after. In School Kegieter (kindly consulted by E. Trevor 

character Wollaston was essentially self- UardmaD, esq.); Venn's Biographical History 

contained; his chief object in life was to of Gonville and Cains Colleije, 1898, ii. 106; 

satisfy the questionings of his own intelli- Munk s Coll. of Pliys. ; Royal Society's Cata- 

gence. He was more than usually resentful l^gue ; WoUaston's own papers ; Weld's Hist, of 

of curiosity about his alFairs ; by the 'in- ^^^ Royal Society; Barrow's Sketches of the 

quisition* of the commissioners of income ?,°J^* .Society, 1849, contams memoir, pp 64- 

in 1800 his usual calm was changed * into a J/» ^*' ^\-^^ ' ^^^^'^ T ^^^f^" ** ^'^: ^^ ^^° 

c. !• 4. • J- «.• > tj Kom Society; oVIemoir by rhomas Thomson, 

fever of extreme mdignation.* He w ^^^^ ^^.^ ^. Glasgow, iii. 135; Thomson's 

warm and genialfriend. He refused (10 April jjist. of Chemistry, 1831, ii. 216-17, 237. 247, 
1823) a request of his brother Henry to 292. 297; A. and C. R. Aikin's Diet, of Che- 
procure him a place m the customs, on the mistry, 1807, vol. ii., and Tilloch's Philosophical 
ground that he would lose independence by Magazine, vi. 3 (on the preparation of plati- 
soliciting a favour, but enclosed a stock re- num) ; Reminiscences of a Friend (Rev. Henry 
ceipt for 10,000/. in consols with his refusal. Hasted, F.R.S.), printed privately, contains in- 




mbing an expedition 

see a coursing match ^ . . with his noble ^^ Young's Miscellaneous Works, passim ; 
serene dignity of countenance might have Obituary in Monthly Notices of the Astro- 
passed for a sporting archbishop ' (Z*/c of 'l?'^''^]^,^^''^^y^ \ ^^« 'iffo^o • ^'i i 
SinnM Ift'^T V 7^ 1 V ^ ^ Davy, 18:U,pp. 4, 76, 115, 369 passim; John 

T T 1 ' T> 4 • * w . '. c Davy's Memoirs of Sir H. Davy, 1836, i. 258, 

J Jackson R.A., painted two portraits of jj ^\^ jg^ g^g 3^^^ (^ j/; ^^^^^ ^^^^ 

A\ ol aston : the one was presented by his ^he character of Eubathes in the 4th dialogne 

family to the Royal Society, and was en- ^f n. Davy's Consolations in Travel has a 

graved by Skelton ; the second was painted ^.triking resemblance to that of Wollaston ; 

by Jackson for Mrs. Mary Somerville [q. v.J, Thorpe's Life of Sir H. Davy, 1896; William 

was left by her to F. L. Wollaston, and is Henry's Elements of Chemistry, 1829, preface 

now in the possession of George Hyde Wol- to 11th edit.; Proc. of the Geol. Soc. i. 110, 

laston, esq., of Wotton-under-Edge ; a beau- 113, 270 ; C. Chevalier's Notice sur I'usage des 

tifiil mezzotint of this portrait was executed • . . chambres claires, 1833, passim; A. Laus- 

bv William Ward, A.U.A. Sir Thomas Law- sedat in Annales du Conservatoire des Arts et 

rence also painted a portrait of Wollaston, Metiers, 189o[2], viii. 253; English Cyclopseiiia, 

engraved byF. C.Lewis; Lane the litho- «f^,o« ' Platinum ;' Babbage's Essay on the 

grapher made a small pencil-drawing of Wol- £f,^^^"!, °^ Science in England, 1830 8vo, p. 

laston now in the nosRession of G H Wol- ^^^ ' ^^' ^' ^le^^y's Life of Dalton, 1854, pp. 

laston, now m tne possession 01 U. m. >v 01- ^ ^^^ Memoir in G. Wilson's Religio Che- 

laston, esq. There is also a portrait in ^.^- Faraday's Life and Letters, ed, H, Bence 

WaUcers; Distinguished Men of Science.' j^^^g^ 1870, if 299. 338-53; Claude Louis Ber- 

bir Francis Legatt Chantrey [q.v.1 modelled thollet in M^moires de la SociitA d'Arcueil, 

a head of Wollaston for the Geological So- 1809, ii. 470; Manuscript Archives of the 

ciety*s Wollaston medal. Royal Society ; Record of the Royal Society, p. 

On 8 Dec. 1828 Wollaston transferred 182, passim; Francjois Arago's (Euvres, 1854, 

1,000/. consols to the Geological Society (of passim; C. Chabri^, Sur la Cystine, Annales 

which he had been a fellow since 1812)| des Maladies des Voies G^nito-urinaires, 1895 ; 



Kopp'« ObkIi. dsr CbemiB. pHasim ; Uoscod and 
Si^lKirlemiDcr's TreBtisB on diDmUlT;, 2uil edit. 
ii. 7o7; Uarmann'B Textbook of Phjeiology, 
tran^l. A. Gnrngw, I61i, p. 2G0; Gcnnija Ko- 
cjelopfJie. nrt, on AaulimicB, p. 203 ; itriuide's 
Mannnlof Chmiislry, IBJ8, p.fii. girm porw>nal 
(!(>IailB ; prirats iarDFinatioa from Urawr;' OttUy 
WolloitoD,eHq.. of Ip»»ich, whokindlj lanlBRy- 
KHTSii mnnuscTipt Utten wrlUeD by Wiilliuton to 
Key, H.HrtMad; from Qeorge Hjde Wolliislon, 
osq., of Wotton-nnder-^ilgr. from Alfred B. Wol- 
Inaton. esq,, of St. Loonanl's, mid from lUv. 
A. W, Hiilton of Ewlhope. Sliropaliiro.] 

P. J. H. 

C. H. L. 
WOLLEY. [See also WoOLLEI.] 

WOLLEY, EDWARD (rf. 1(184), biabnp 
of Cluutert., probably secoiid sou of Thomaa 
Wolley and bis wife Eliisbeth, dnugbter of 
WiUium Heringe of Shrewsbury, was bom 
at Bhreivaburr, and educated at tbe Klug's 
school there. lie matriculated from .St. 
Jolin"a CoUem, Cambridge, on 13 April 1022, 
^aduating B.A. from Hx. Cutliarine's Hall 
in 1B26, and JI. A. from St. John's College in 
1629. He was created h.D. at Oxford on 
20 Dec, 1042, and incorporated at Cambridge 
on 4 Jiilv 1664. WoUey was domestic chap- 
lain to Charles I, and on the decline of that 
monarch's fortunes be took refuge abroad 
about 1048. He afterwards joined Charles II 
in his exile and became his chaplain. He 
was with Charles in Pari* in 1651 (of. Adiiil. 
MS.3'20SS, f. •2m}, but returned to England 
after aeven years, spent on the continent, and 
commenced a school at Uammersmilb. On 
26 Dec. 1655 he successfully petitioned the 
Protector for permission to continue his em- 
ployment (^Cal. fitaie Paperf, Dom. 165r>-6, 
p. 76). After the Restoration he waa pre- 
sented to the rectory of Toppesfieldin Essex 
by the king on 22 Sept. 1002 {ib. 1661-2. 

fp. 487, 495), wliere he remained until on 
March 1664-6 be was advanced bv letters 
patent lo the see of Clonfert and Kilmoc- 
duagh, and consecrated at Tuam on 16 April 
1666. According to Burnet, Charles had a 
great contempt for Wolley's understanding, 
but bestowed tbe bishopric on him on ac- 
L-ount of hie success in reclaiming noncou- 
formiats in Tonpesfleld by assiduously visit- 
ing them {Hut. of hi- own Time, ISiiS, i. 
449), His exemplary life earned him great 
veneration in his diocese. He repaired his 
cathedral and episcopal residence, which 
were reduced to a sad condition afterthe re- 
bellion. He died in 1084, leaving a son 
Trancis, who entered an a student nt the 
Temple iu 165S). Upon his death James II 
kept the see vacant, and bestowed (he re- 
venues on two Koman catholic hishops, The 



vacancy was not tilled nnlil 1091, whin 
William Fitzgerald was appointed. 

Wolley was the author of; 1. ' EvKnyi'a. 
The Parents blessing their Cliildren, ondthv 
Children beting on their Knees their 
Parents' Blessings are I'iotis Actions war- 
rantable by the Word of God,' Londun, 
1661, 8ro. 2. 'Loyalty among Rebels, the 
True Royalist or Huahai tbp Archite, « 
Happy Counsellor in King David's Ore*teit 
Danger,' London, 1662, 8vo. S. 'Paltenu 
of Grace and Olorv in our Lord and Savtoiir 
Jesus Christ to be admired, adored, and 
imitated ; collected out of tbe Holy Scnp- 
tures, and illustrated by the Antient Fatben 
and Eiposilorsp' Dublin, 1669, 4to. He also 
translated from the French of Georges it 
Scud£ry ' Curia Politiie ; or the Apolivies of 
Several Princes; justifying lo the WnrJd 
their most Eminent Actions,' l,ondain, 1054, 
fol. ; new edit. London, 1073, foL 

[Ware's Bishops of Ireliind, ed. Harris, p. SU ; 
Want's Irish Writers, ed. Harris, p. 357: Foster"! 
AluiDoi OxoD. ISOO-nH; Coitun'a Fasti Ecd. 
Hib. ir. 198. 7.394; Baker's Hist. ofSt. J<Ad'i 
Coll. i. a67-8.ii. 878-9; Wood'a Fasti Oioa, 
od. Bliss, ii. S3 ; EvelyD's Diary, ed. Bray, i 
271. 373: Shroweburj School Ks|;eBtDm Scbo- 
lanum, 1892. p. 209; Keonett's Register. ITit-] 
E. I. C, 

WOLLEY, SiB JOHN (d. ISSW). Latin 
secretary lo Elizabeth, was a native of Shrop- 
shire and a man of good family. He wu 
educated at Merton College, Oxford, where 
he became a fellow in 1553. He graduaicd 
B.A. on II Oct. I6B3, M.A. on 1 July 1 
and supplicated for U.C.L. 
1665-6. He obtained emplojment in EliiSi- 
belh's service as a diplomatist, for which hia 
akill in Latin and French and bb knowlnd^ 
of the continent especially recommended 
him. According to Strype, he was in th* 
queen's service as early im 1563, and was on* 
of those with whom the new French wn- 
bussador hod an early interview. On S S«pt 
1500 be disputed before tbe queen atOsfmd, 
and obtained commendation for bis lesmiif 
and eloquence. On the death of Rogsr 
Ascham [q. v.] in December 166ti he su> 
ceeded him as Latin secretary to tbe qnees 
{Cnl. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80. p. 831^ 
Although a layman, he held ia 1560 at 
prebend of Cumpton Dundon In tlie aw of 
Wells, and on 11 Oct. 1577 he waa mtdt 
dean of Carlisle, On 24 July 1573 be wmt* 
to John Sturmius on tbe controversy raginf 
concerning tbe official dress of the Engliib 
clergy, stating that the government cnntem- 
plated consulting the German reformcrfon 
the subject {Ziirich Letlera, Parker Soc. il 
220-1). In 1.576 be received a visit froa 



July 1557, 



Wolley 



317 



Wolley 



Elizabeth at Pyrford in Surrey, where he 
had purchased an estate. In June 1686 he 
was despatched to Scotland to satisfy 
James VI in regard to his mother*s treat- 
ment. On his return he was sworn of the 
privy council on 30 Sept. (Acts P. C, 1686- 
1687, p. 236; Cal. State Papers, 1680- 
1690, p. 364), and was one of the commis- 
sioners appointed to try the Scottish ^ueen. 
On 12 ^larch 1586-7 he took part in the 
examination of William Davison (1641 ?- 
1608) [q. v.] at the Tower for his share in the 
execution of Maiy. In 1688 he was ap- 
pointed with William Brooke, seventh baron 
Oobham, and Thomas Sackville, baron Buck- 
hurst (afterwards Earl of Dorset) [q. v.], to 
search for the author of the Mar-Prelate 
tracts (Strypb, Life of Whitgift, 1822, i. 
563), and on 23 April 1689 he was admitted 
chancellor of the order of the Garter. He 
was also keeper of the records of the court 
of augmentations and clerk of the pipe 
(CaL State Papers, 1591-4 p. 213, 1696- 
1697 p. 184). 

From 1672 till the close of his life Wolley 
took his part in every ])arliament summoned 
by Elizabeth. On 6 May 1672 he was re- 
turned for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, 
and on 11 Nov. 1684 for the city of Win- 
chester. This seat he retained in 1686, but 
in 1588 he represented Dorset county, and in 
1593 the county of Surrey {Official Returns 
of Members of Par L) In parliament, as be- 
came a court official, he was a stout sup- 
porter of royal prerogatives. In Februarjr 
1588-9, when parliament showed a disposi- 
tion to discuss ecclesiastical abuses, he re- 
minded the house that the queen had pro- 
hibited the consideration of such subjects 
(Strypb, Life of Wftitgift, i. 663). By the 
same objections he hindered the commons in 
February 1592-3 from taking up James 
Morice*s bill, framed for the purpose of de- 
fending puritans from annoyance from the 
bishops' courts (ib, ii. 123). 

In 1690 Wolley was a member of the 
court of high commission, and he was one 
of those who conducted the preliminary ex- 
amination of the fanatic William Racket 
fq. v.] on 19 July 1691. On 28 Feb. 1591-2 
he was admitted to Grays Inn; in 1692 he 
was knighted, and on 1 Aug. 1694 he was 
appointed one of the commissioners for 
assessing and levying the parliamentary 
subsidy. He died at Pyrford on 28 Feb. 
1596-6, and was buried in the chancel of St. 
Paul's Cathedral. In 1614 his body and 
those of his wife and son were removed to 
a spot * between St. George's Chappel and 
that of our Lady,' where a magnificent 
marble monument was erected to their 



memory. He married Elizabeth (b. 28 April 
1662), eldest daughter of Sir William More 
of Loseley in Surrey, sister of Sir George 
More [q. v.], and widow of Richard Polstead 
of Albany in Surrey. By her he had one 
son, Sir Francis Wolley (1683-1611), the 
benefactor of John Donne (1 573-163 l)rq. v.], 
who married his cousin Maiy More. During 
her husband's later life Lady Wolley was a 
lady of the privy chamber to Elizabeth. A 
number of her own and her husband's letters 
to her father, written from the court, were 
preserved among the Loseley manuscripts. A 
few were printed in 1836 by Alfred John 
Kempe [q. v.] among other selections from 
the collection, and the whole have been 
calendared in the seventh report of the 
historical manuscripts commission. After 
Wolley's death his wife married the lord 
chancellor Sir Thomas Egerton, baron Elles- 
mere and viscount Brackley [q. v.] 

Some verses by Wolley are printed at the 
end of Laurence Humphrey's * Joannis Juelli 
Vita et Mors' (London, 1573, 4to), and 
there are some lines addressed to him in 
John Leland's 'Encomia' (1589, p. 118). 
The eulogy is one of those added by Leland's 
editor, Thomas Newton (1542 P-1607) [q. v.] 
Thomas Churchvard's * Challenge ' (London, 
1693, 4to) ia d*^edicatftd to Wolley. Two 
autograph letters addressed to Sir Julius 
Ctesar [q. v.] are preserved in the British 
Museum (Ad.dit. MSS. 12606 f. 378, 12607 
f. 68), as well as a letter to Wolley from 
Simon Trippe (Addit. MS. 6261, p. 64). 

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Brod- 
rick's Memorials of Merton (Oxford Hist. 80c. )^ 
p. 262 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. od. Bliss, i. 162-3; 
Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. v. 437, '507, 524 ; 
Archaeologia, 1855, xxxvi. 33-5; Cal. State 
Papers, Dom. 1647-94; Acts of Privy Council^ 
ed. Dasent, 1677-93; Strype's Annals, 1824, 
III. i. 540. 729-31 ; Strype's Life of Aylmer, 
1821, p. 91 ; Select Cases in the Coiirt of Re- 
quests (Selden Soc), p. xciv; Foster's Gray's 
Inn Register, p. 79 ; Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of 
Oxford, ed. Gut<?h, ii. 137, 159, 256; Dugdale's 
Hist, of St. Paul's Cathedral, ed. Ellis, 1818 
pp. 71,213; Nichols's Progresses of Queen Eliza- 
beth, i. 232, iii. 81-2 ; Manning and Bray's Hist, 
of Surrey, 1804-14, i. 67, 76, 91. 96, 155-6, iii. 
96, 1 10, 242-3, App. pp. cxix, clxiii ; Gosse's Life 
of Donne, 1899, Index; Walton's Lives (Bohn'a 
Illustrated Libr.), p. 16 ; Lansdowne MS. 982, 
f. 249.] E. I. C. 

WOLLEY or WOOLLEY, RICHARD 

{Jl. 1607-1694), miscellaneous writer, bom 
in Essex, was admitted to Queens* College^ 
Cambridge, on 6 Dec. 1603, wbere he gra- 
duated B.A. on 10 Jan. 1667 and M.A. in 
1071. He served in London as a curate, 
and was employed by the well-known book* 



Wollstonecraft 



318 



seller John Dunion f'^v.! ns a hnck-writer. 
In 1«»1 he irauskt*^ ' L'fitnt de U Fmnce," 
n list of tL<9 nobilit7 and hiffli ofnciaU of 
France, with an account of their privileges 
and duties, under the title of 'Gallim ho- 
titia ; or the I'rpsent State of France ' (Lon- 
don, 12mo). Hb also edited for Dunton 
the 'Compleat Library; or Sews for th.e 
Ingenious, which appeared monthly bet ween 
May 1692 and April 16»4, and ' took th^ 

givate minutes ' from which ' The Secret 
istory of Whitehall ' waa composed bv 
David Jones ( fl. HIT6-1720) [q. v.] The 
fact that he did not himself write ' The 
Secret History' renders it probable that he 
died some time before it was published in 
1697, purhaiu about the date at which ihe 
' Compleat Libmry ' ceased to appear. Dun- 
ton deacribea Wolley as ' an universal 
scholar,' and adds that ' he performed to a 
nicety' all the work entrusted to him. 

(Information kindly given bv ihn pn'sident 
of Qacens' CuIIbbp, Cambriitge; Wolluy'B Works ; 
I>UDlon's Lifp and Errors, 181S. i. Ifl3.] 

E. I. C. 

WOLLSTONECRAFT, MARY (1768- 
1 nt. I, raisceilsneous writer. [ !i!ee Godwin, 
Miw. Maui \VoLi.sTOSECiui-r.] 

[See abo WoOLMA5.] 
r WOLEMAN, RICHARD 
of Wells, is surmised by 
CoofeT (Al/f'irr Cantiibr. 1. 63)to have been 
tbe son of Richard Wolman, cater to John 
Howard, duke of Norfolk. There wus. a 
family of the name at Alderford, Norfolk 
(BwHEFiELB, Norfolk, viii. 184 ; Ini!e.i- of 
Will; ii. 6S9). In 1478 Richard Woltnan 
was a member of Corpus Ciiristi College, 
Gambrid^. He also sludied abroad, being 
entered in the Oxford register as doctor of 
the civil law 'of an university beyond the 
seas ' (Woo», Fail!, i, 89). He was principal 
of St. I'aul'H Inn, in the university of Oam- 
hrid^, in 1610, and commenced doctor of 
cnnon law In 1612. Un 31 Oct. 15U he was 
udmttled an advocate, and on 9 April 1622 
CoUaled to the archdeaconry of Sudbury. In 
1624 lie became vicar of Walden, Essex, and 
on 2» July of the same vear canon of St. 
Stephen's, Weatniinster. lie appears lo have 
been resident at court in 1526, and to have 
been an intermediary with the kinjf, durinp 
the absence of Wolsey, in the matter of 
ecclesiastical preferments. He was made 
chaplain to the kin^t in 1520, and a master 
of requests in altendaiice at the court, an 
office involving membership of the king's 
council. On 4 July ITt'M he was presented 
to the livingof Anierafaum,but be continued 
to reside at court. 



WOLMAN. 
WOLMANoi 



()n 17 May 1527 Wolsey sat at Uis hous# 
at Westminster to hear tbe pleadings in the 
divorce suit, On this occasion Wolman wu 
nominated by the king promoter of tbe suit. 
On o and .\pril 1527 he took the evidence 
of Bishop Foie [see Foie, Richikd] as to 
Henry's protest against the marriage with 
l^therine. On 31 May he brought forward 
this evidence and adduced arguments og^nst 
the dispensing power of the pope. During 
the proceedings Wolman acted as n secret 
negotiator between the king and Wolsey. 
His reward was a prebend in St. Paul's 
Cathedral (35 June) and a third sjiare of 
Ihe advowson of the first canonry and pre- 
bend void in St. Stephen's, Westminster. 
He is frequently referred to as a canonist of 
authority by the correspondeiitf of the king 
and of Wolsey during tbe divorce pri>ceed- 
ings. lie was one of twenty-one commis- 
sioners to whom Wolsey, on 11 June 1529, 
delegated tbe hearing of causes in chan- 
cery {LetUn and Papem, iv. 6666 ; KiitEli, 
Fwdera. liv. 299). It was presumably in 
his capacity of member of the king's coun- 
cil that he was one of the signatories of the 
address to Clement VII in favour of the 
divorce by ' the spiritual and temporal lords ' 
(13 July 1530: *. xiv. 405; te/Ur* md 
Papers, iv. (1613). His name appears here 
under the heading of ' milites et doctores in 
parlamento.' 

Some time after 29 Aug. 1528 and befbrSj^ 
8 Nov. following, when he was elected p 
locator of convocation, Wolman was l 
pointed dean of Wells. In October 16SI i_ 
was incorporated at Oxford (Wood, FaMi,iA 
69), having supplicated as long before a 
1623 (16. p. 64). He sat upon the committ* 
of convocation which on 10 April 1632 re- 
ceived the subscription of Latimer (Hug' 
I^timeT)to articles propounded to liim. € 
the following 30 Juno he was presented B 
the crown to the rectorv of High Ilui 
(Ongar), Essex. When! in October II 
Henry VIII had left EngUind for an intCT^ ■ 
view with Francis I at Boulogne, W'olman 
was acting as one of the council exercisine 
Che royal power in London. On 19 Matvh 
1533 be was made canon of Windsor (Lb 
Ngvb, iii. 392). As dean of Wells be signed 
the acknowledgment of the royal supremacy 
on 6 July 1634 (Rtmrr, Faderv, xiv. 496; 
Letter» and Papers, vii. 1024). He evidently 
cultivated Cromwell's favour and supported 
the new queen (Anne Boleyn). He signed a 
declaration, as a doctor of canon law, on the 
sul^ect of holy orders in 1536. This wsa 
put forward in support of the recent reli- 
gious changes, and bore the signature of 
(?romwel], as the king's vicegerent, at its 



i'ii 

(Hu,h 
im. UM^H 

"^ 

n intPit^" 



Wolrich 319 Wolrich 



bead. AVhen the Lincolnshire rebellion broke 



London, 1659, 4to. This is an account of a 



* dispute' held at Withcock, Leicestershire, 
on 27 Feb. 1658-9, at which Isabel, wife of 



out, in the autumn of 1536, Wolman was 
appointed to act upon the queen's council 

(Jane Seymour) during the contemplated j Colonel Francis Ilackerfq. v.], was present, 
absence of the king. As a * fat priest,* Henry , About the same time W olrich, although a 
suggested that he should be * tasted * by quaker, actually baptised a convert. In this 
Cromwell, i.e. that a levy in the nature of a I it appears he was upheld by some in the 
benevolence should be made upon him for i society, while severely judged by others. In 
the exi)enses of suppressing the msurrection. I his defence Wolrich wrote * The Unlimited 
That he was a man of means appears from | God . . .' London, 1659, 4to (Meeting for 
the fact that in 1532 he had given 11/. 5«. , Sufferings Library). Wolrich was in prison 
as a new year's gift, to the king (Stbypk, in 1660, and wrote, with John Pennyman 
JErcl. Mem. I. i. 211). Henry's hint was [q. v.] and Thomas Coveney, * Some Grounds 
probably taken ; for Wolman appears as a and Keasons to manifest the Unlawfulness 
creditor of the king, who is contented * to for- ! of Magistrates and others who commit Men 
bear unto a longer day,' and who, the manu- ' to Prison, or fine tliem for not putting off 
script note— ^ ex dono ' — shows, altogether ^ the hat,* London, 1660, 4to ; also a broadside 
surrendered his claim for the 200/. borrowed , dated Newgate, 14 Jan. 1660-1, * Oh I Lon- 
(MS. Record Office). As archdeacon of 1 don, with thy Magistrates,* with other broad- 
Sudbury he signed, in 1537, the address of ! sides against * Papist Livery,' * Advice to the 
convocation to the king desiring his sane- | Army of the Commonwealth and to Presby- 
tion to the * Institution of a Christian Man.* 1 terian Ministers.* Sir liichard Brown, lord 

Wolman died in the summer of 1537, and 
was buried in the cloisters of Westminster 
Abbey (Le Neve, Fasti, i. 153). He left a 



mayor of London in 1661, who was particu- 
larly severe against the quakers, committed 
Wolrich to prison for keeping his hat on 
suraof money for the construction of a market before him. During his confinement he 
cross and shelter at Wells, which was not wrote * From the Shepherd of Israel to the 



erected till 1542 (Reynolds, lUnt. of Wells, i Bishops in England,* London ["1661 -2], 4to, 
p. lix). His will was executed at Clavering, I and at the same time *To tne King and 
Essex, to which place he bequeathed money, both Houses of Parliament ... a timely 
His connection with it probably was due to warning that they do not make laws against 
its being a royal manor, where he frequently \ the righteous and innocent people . . . called 
resided in attendance upon the court. He quakers,' n.d. In 1661 he was taken out of a 
also left 43/. 6»-. 8t/. to found an exhibition meeting in Staffordshire, and, for refusing 
at Cambridge. the oath of allegiance, carried to prison, 

[Brewer and Gairdner's Cal. Letters and y;here he probably wrote the * Add r^^^ 
Pnpors. For. and Dom.. Hen. VIII. voIr. i-xiii. ; I Magistrates l^iests, and People of Stafford- 
MS. Record Office; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ?n»re» n.d.4to. On 2 Dec. 1662 he arnved 
3 vols. 1854 ; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials m Chester at the end of the assize. On the 



(Oxford, 1822); Strype's Memorials of Cran 
mer (Oxford, 1840); Blomefield's Hist, of 



following Sunday he entered the cathedral 
during the anthem, and when the singing 



Norfolk, vol. viii. ; Mnsters's Hist, of Corpus ceased attempted to speak, but was hastily 
Cliristi College, Cambridge, ed. Lamb (Cam- removed and confined in the castle. In 




^f^^^'^^\l^J^^''\^^' l'\'^ ?^;l.?^'f ^^^° threatened to arrest the corpse if Wolrich 

of Wolsey, 1 726 ; Lord Herbert of Cherbury s ^j^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ 

Hist, of Henry VIII, ed.Kennet, 1719; Lendams -.,r i • 1 j- 1 jv • r i -n e 

Select Cises in the Court of Requeits (Selden , ^^ olrich died, after a painful iHness of 

80c. 1898) ; Coote'H Civilians, 1804 ; Challoner ^J!'? years from cancer in the mouth, at the 

Smith's Index of Wills. 1893-6.] I. S. L. Friends Almshouses in Clerkenwell on 

31 Aug. 1/07, and was buried on 2 Sept. 

WOLRICH, WOOLRICH, or WOOL- Other works by him are : 1. * One Wam- 

DEIDGE, IILJMPHKEY (1633P-1707), ing more to the haptists, in answer to Mat- 

quaker, of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stafford- thew Caffin's " Faitn in God's Promises the 

shire, was probably bom there about 1633. Saints best Weapon,"' London, 1661, 4to. 

A baptist in early life, he joined the quakers 2. *A Visitation to the Captive Seed,' 

soon after their rise, was imprisoned in Lon- London, 1061, 4to. 3. *The Rock of Ages 

don for preaching in 1658, and next year Known and Foundation of many Gene- 

wTOte ' A Declaration to the Baptists *.. . rations Discovered,' London, 1061, 4to. 



Wolrich 



Wolseley 



4. ' A Visitation and Warning,' London, 
166i!, 4to. 5, ■ A General Epistle In Friends 
in England and Holland,' 1685-6; iereral 
small epistles and testimonies. 6. ' A 
Brief Testimony against Friends weAring 
of Pemwlga' (posthumous), 170S. 

[BaicUf'a Inner Life of ths Conmo a wealth, 
p. 37Z; Piety Prumuted, iTSS, ii. SI ; Beaaa'a 
SafTeriDpi, i, 332, 365, 1151, 061 ; Smith's Catu- 
htpK, ii. 9t9 ; Swirtlimore MS3. ani RcgiElcrs 
at DeroBsbire Houia, E.C.] C. F. 9. 

WOLRIOH or WOLRTCHE, Sir 
THOMAS (1598-1668), baronet, royalist, 
sprvngfroma Cheshire familv which ncijitirad 
the estateof Dudntaston in Shropshire in the 
twelfth century, and was thenceforth identi- 
fied with that county. The deed of grant is 
said to be one of the oldest private deeds in 
England. It is reproduced in Eyton's ' Anti- 
quitiesof Shropshire '(iii. 185). The pedigree 
IS extant from 1279. Thomas was the ihird 
in descent from John Wolryche, who married 
'the Fair Maid of Uatacre,' Mary, daughter 
of John Gatacre of that place, and was the i 
son of Francis Wolryche (d. 1614) and of 
Margaret his wife, daughter of George 
Bromley of llallon in Shropshire. He waa 
baptised at Worfield on 27 March 1598. 
Gn his epitaph he is slated to have received 
hit education at Cambridge, where he studied 
aaeiduously, paying especial attention to 
geometry, history, and heraldry. 

He Wits admitted to the Inner Temple on 
11 Oct. 1615, and afterwards represented 
the borough of Much Wenlock in the parlia- 
ments of 1621 (elected 2 Jan.), 1624, and 
lens (elected 3 May). On the breaking out 
of the civil war he was captain of mditia 
and deputy lieutenant for the county. At 
his own e.T])ense he raised a regiment of 
which he was colonel, his son Thomas filling 
the post of captain. He also held the post 
of governor of Bridgnorth. On '22 July 
1641 he was knighted at Whitehall, and on 
4 Aug. following was created a baronet. ' 
In May 1643 Lord Capel, lieutenant-general 
of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales, 
ordered him to draw all his forces of trained 
bands round about the lown of Bridgnorth, 
and to construct fortifications for its defence 
where he should ' think fit to appoint,' with 
the help of 'all the men of this towne.' 
He laid down anna before 1645, and after- 
wards conformed to the parliament. On 
30 March 1646 he petitioned to compound 
for his estate, and with much ditliculty ob- 
tained en order from the commons for the 
removal of the sequestration and pardon for 
his delinquency on 4 Sept. 1648. Ho was 
Still in dimculties id the matter in 1652, 



mk 



He died on 4 July 1068, and was buried 
in the Wolryche mortuary chapel at St, 
Andrew's Church, Qualt. There is a con- 
temporary life-siiB portrait of him at Ond- 
maaton, with the castle of Bridgnorth and 
troops engaged in the background. 

\\olrieh married, in 1625, tfrsu la, daugh- 
ter of Tbomaa Gttley of Ktchford. bv whom 
he had twelve children, of whom four sons 
and three daughters survived him. 

The baronetcy became extinct in 1723 on 
the death of Sir John Wolryche, great- 
grandson of Sir Thomas, who mas drowned 
when attempting to ford the Se(em, and 
the estate tlien paa.sed into his mother's 
hands, and through her to the Whitmores 
of Southampton, from whom the nresent 
owner, F. H.WoIrjche- Whit more, is Uneolly 
descended. 

[Viaitntion a! Shmpshire (Harl. Sm. Pnbl ), 
uii. fi09; Bnrto'sEiiinot Baronetage; Blake- 
waj'B Sheriffs of Shropehiro, pp. 168-9; USnal 
Lists of Mamb. of Pari. i. 453, 4fig-ilfi - Met- 
calle'a Book of Knigbta, p. 197 : Bellelt'i A»- 
liquicies of Bridgonortb, pp. HS-S; C*l. of 
ConimitUe for the Advan™ ot Money, pp. 8«8-B ; 
Commou' Journals, vi. * ; Lards' JoaruiJs, x, 
331 ; P. C. C. Ilene 149 : Epitaph at Qoatt^ 
inloramtion f^m the Rev. H. B. n'ulrvelia- 
Wbitmore] ufp. ' 

WOLSELEY, SiK CHARLES (li 

1714), politician, son of Sir Robert 

seley of Wolseley, Staffordshire (created i_ 
baronet 24 Nov. 1623), by Mary, daughtvrof 
Sir George Wroughton, 'knight, of Walcot, 
Wiltshire, was bom about 1630. William 
Wolseley (1640?-1697) [q. v.] was his 
yonn^r brother. Sir Robert Wolseley took 
the Bide of the king during the civil war, 
and died on 21 Sept. 1646, while his estate 
was under sequestration. In October 1617 
Sir Charies Wolaeley on payment of 2,500/. 
obtJtiBed the discbarge of the estate from 
sequestration. He is described in the peti- 
tion presented on his behalf as then sixteen 
years of age (Calendar of Cmnmitire for 
Compounding, V. 1771; Oonvnoru' Jnurnalt, 
r.a28: Lord^JounuiU,ix.iS2). Onl2May 
1645 Wolseley married,atHBnworth. Middle- 
sex, Anne, the youngest daughter of WiUiam 
Fienues, first viscount Saye and Sele [q. v.l 
a connection which helps to account (or hia 
religious opinionHandhispoliticalcareer, In 
July 1653 lie was one of the repreeentativea 
of Oxfordshire in the so-called 'Little pai^ 
liament' summoned by Cromwell, and was 
chosen a member of both the councils of state 
which that body appointed {Old Pari. But. 
IX. 178; Commons' Joumnlf, vii. 385, SiA). 
In December lf!53 Wolselev was one of tti» 
spokesmen of the party which wished to put 



"b.p.'m 

rested «^H 



Wolseley 



321 



Wolseley 



an end to the Little parliament, and carried a 
motion that its members should resign their 
authority back to the general from whom 
thev had received it (Ltjdlow, MemoirSf 1894, 
i. 366 ; Somers Tracts, vi. 274). To this he 
owed his appointment as a member of the 
council which the instrument of government 
established to advise the Protector. In re- 
lating the foundation of the protectorate to 
his friend Bulstrode Whitelocke, Wolseley 
wrote : * The present Protector is my lord- 
general, whose personal worth, I may say 
without vanity, qualifies him for the greatest 
monarch in the world ' {Addit, MS. 32093, f. 
317). Wolseley remained a staunch Crom- 
wellian throughout the protectorate, repre- 
sented Stafibrdshire in the two parliaments 
called by Cromwell, and was one of the 
spokesmen of the committee which in April 
16o7 pressed the IVotector to take the title 
o( king (Old Pari. Hint, xxi. 81). In par- 
liament he was not a frequent speaker, but 
showed his tolerance by advocating leniency 
in dealing with James Nayler [q. v.], and his 
^od sense by deprecating the proposal to 
impose a new oath of fidelity on the nation 
when thesecond protectorate was established 
(Burton, Diary, i. 89, ii. 276). Whitelocke, 
with whom he was intimate, describes him 
as one of the counsellors whom Cromwell 
familiarly consulted, and in whose society 
he ' would lay aside his greatness * (Memo- 
rialSf iv. 221,289 ; cf. Whitelocke, Swedish 
JEmbassy, i. 65, ii. 37, 57). 

In December 1657 Wolseley was ap- 
pointed one of Cromwell's House of Lords. 
Hepublican pamphleteers found little to say 
against the appointment, except that 'al- 
though he hath done nothing for the cause 
whereby to merit, yet he is counted of that 
•worth as to be every way fit to be taken out 
of the parliament, to have a negative voice 
in the other house over such as have done 
most and merited highest in the cause * (' A 
Second Narrative of the Late Parliament,' 
JIarleian Miscellany, iii. 477). 

Wolseley signed the order for proclaiming 
Richard Cromwell, was one of his council, 
and was consultt^d by him on the question of 
dissolving his unruly parliament (Whitb- 
toCKE, Memorials, iv. 336, 343). During 
the troubles which followed Richard Crom- 
well's fall he took no part in public afiairs, 
but succeeded in getting returned to the 
Convention parliament of 1660 as member 
for Stafford. At the Restoration Lord Mor- 
daunt and Sir Robert Howard intervened 
with Charles II to procure Wolseley a free 
pardon, alleging services done to Howard 
and other distressed royalists in the late 
times. Mordaunt praised his abilitieSi and 

TOL. Lxn. 



said that the king would find him a useful 
servant if he chose to employ him (^Claren- 
don MSS. Ixxii. 284, 9 May 1060). He ob- 
tained pardon but not employment. Durii^ 
the reign of Charles II Wolseley lived retired, 
occupying himself with gardening, of which 
he was very fond, and writing pamphlets. 
His house and gardens are descrioed in the 
diary of his wife s niece, Celia Fiennes (Grif- 
fiths, Through England on a Side-Saddle, 
1888, pp. 89, 1 36, 1 46). His pamphlets were 
on ecclesiastical subjects, ana the only pro- 
minent politician with whom he seems to 
have kept up any intimacy was the like- 
minded Arthur Annesley, earl of Anglesey 
(cf. Bist MSS. Covim. 13th Rep. p. 262). 
But the Duke of Buckingham stayed at his 
house in 1667 when in disgrace with the 
court (CiARENDON, Continuation of Life, 
§ 1123). 

When Monmouth*s rebellion took place 
Wolsel6y was arrested on suspicion, but re- 
leased on 4 July 1685. James IPs policy 
of repealing the penal laws attracted his 
support, and the king's electioneering agents 
reported in February 1688 that Wolseley 
had ^declared himself right, and ready to 
serve his majesty in any capacity.' He was 
willing to stand for the countv as one of the 
government candidates, but aoubted if his 
own interest was sufficient to secure his re- 
turn (DucKBTT, Penal Laws and Test Act, 
1883, p. 251). Wolseley died on 9 Oct. 
1714 in the eighty-fifth year of his age, ac- 
cording to his epitaph, and was buried in 
Colwich church, Stafibrdshire. Two por- 
traits of Wolseley are in the possession of 
the present baronet. 

Wolseley was the author of the following 
works : 1. * Speech,' urpng the Protector to 
accept the crown (printed in * Monarchy 
Asserted,' 1660, and reprinted in the ' Somers 
Tracts,' ed. Scott, vi. 360). 2. 'Liberty of 
Conscience upon its True and Proper 
Grounds, asserted and vindicated,' 1668, 4to. 
3. * Liberty of Conscience the Magistrate's 
Interest,' 1068, 4 to (these two pamphlets, 
both anonymous, were combined in the se- 
cond edition, published in 1669). 4. ' The 
LTnreasonableness of Atheism made mani- 
fest,' 1669, 8 vo. 6. Preface to Henry New- 
come's 'Faithful Narration of the Life of 
John Machin,' 1671, 12mo. 6. * The Rea- 
sonableness of Scripture Belief,' 1672, 8vo 
(dedicated to the Earl of Anglesey). 7. *The 
Case of Divorce and Remarriage thereupon 
discussed, occasioned by the late Act for the 
Divorce of the Lord Ross,' 1673, 12mo. 
8. 'Justification Evangelical, or a Plain Im- 
partial Scripture Account of God's Method 
in justifying a Sinner/ 1677 (the Bodleian 



Wolseley 322 Wolseley 

copy contains a letter from the Earl of with the reform movement in England in 
Anglesey criticiAini^ the work oh unorthodox, 1811, when he signed a memorial in favour 
and .^avinflr that he warned the author to be of parliamentary reform ( Cabtwkight, i*/**, 
more cautious). • ii. o74 1. The oriffinal list of members of 

Of Wolseley'.s family of seven sons and the union of parliamentary reform (1812) 
ten daughters, i contains his name, and he was one of the 

]ioBBBTWoMELEY( 1649-1 697\ the eldest, founders of the Hampden Club. lie suc- 
matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on ceeded to the baronetcy on 5 Aug. 1817, 
:J6 July 1666, entered Gray's Inn in lt567. : when the reform movement was becoming 
and was sent envoy to the elector of formidable, and identified himself with the 
Bavaria at Bnissels by William III in ' more extreme section of radicals. His first 
March 1602. He died unmarried in 1697. appearanceaaoneof the leaders of the agita- 
About 1690 he was engaged in a duel in | tion aftt^r it had come into conflict with the 
consequence of a 'poetical quarrel' with a : authorities was as chairman of a great demon- 
younger brother of Thomas \Vharton (after- , stration held at Sandy Brow, Stockport, in 
wards first Marquis of Wharton ) 'q.v/. and .lune 1819. At this time these demonstra- 
Wharton died ot the efliects of the encounter. ' tions b^an to be used for the purpose of 
This champion of poesy was doubtless the . making a show of electing popular repre- 
* Mr, Wolselev ' whose name is on the title- . sentatives, and on 12 Julv in that vear the 
pnce of the ' Examen Miscellaneum ' of , Birmingham reformers met at Newhall HLIl 
1702, to which he contributed two morsels ' and, in his absence, elected Sir Charles as 
of verse ; Robert Wolseley was a friend of their ' legislatorial attorney," and empowered 
John Wilmot, second earl of Rochester 'q. v.", him to present their grievances to the House 
to whose * Valentinian * (168o) he contn- of Commons. Major John Cartwright( 1740- 
buted the * preface concerning the author 1824 ) 'q. v."" and another conveyed the reso- 
... by one of his friends ' (Stmhs, Bibl. ' lution of tlie meeting to Wolseley Hall, 
St/rjf. p. 521 : Life of Tkonas, MnrquU of where he stayed for some days, occupied 
Wharton^ 1715 ). ) with Sir Charles in devising means for meet- 

C'harles and Fiennes. the second and third I ing the measures which the government had 
sons, died young. William and Henry, the ! adopted (ih. i. 166, &c.) On the 19th Sir 



fourth and fifth sons, became successively 
third and fourth baronets; while Richard, 
the sixth son, was a captain in Kin^* Wil- 



Charles was arrested for his speech at Stock- 
port, taken to Knutsford, and liberated on 
bail. Pending his trial he interested him- 



liam's army in Ireland, and repreaent*?d Car- self in the victims of the Peterlo*^ ' massacre/ 
low in the Irish parliament (Foster, Barniiet- which had occurred in the meanwhile. He 
age, H83; Alumni Oxrm, i. 1668). From sup])orted some of their families, attended 
him the prRs«^nt baronet and Field-marshal their trial, and became their .surety. In April 
Viscount Wolseley are dtr-scended. i 1820 his own trial came on at Cliester. He 

[Noble's House of Cmmwell, 1787. i. 397 ;■ and Joseph Harrison, dissent incr minister 
Foster's BaronetHge, 1883; Krrleawick's Sraf- , and school master, were charged with sedition 
fordshire, ed. lUrwood ; notes kindly supplied : and conspiracy, and were sentenced to eigh- 
by O. W. Campbell, esq. ; other authorifif*M given . teen months' imprisonment. Sir Charles was 
in the article.] C. H. F. lodged in king's bench. Abingdon. While 

WOLSELEY, Sir CHARLES (1769- . in ganl h^ was elected on 16 Jan. 1821, with 
1846), seventh baronet, politician, bom on eight others, including Jeremy Bentham and 
%) July 1769 at Wolseley Hall, Stafford- \ Sir Francis Burdett, to constitute a com- 
8hire,wassonof Sir William Wolseley, sixth j mittee of Middlesex electors to promote re- 
baronet, and Charlotte Chambers of Wimble- I form, and his liberation was made the occa- 
don. Sir Charles Wolseley ( 16^?-1714) l sion of a great demonstration, 
[q. v.] was his ancestor. He was educated Like the radicals generally, he was a 
privately, and, as was customary, travelled champion of the cause of Queen Caroline, 
on the continent before he reached manhood. \ and addressed from his prison letters on her 
During his absence there he was brought i behalf to the * Times' and Lord Castlereaeh. 
into contact with the revolutionary* forces i In one of them he offere<i to go to Como, 
that were then at work (probably with the j where he said he was in 1817, and investi- 
conscnt of his father, who was an ardent | gate the truth of the rumours regarding her 
reformer). He was present at the taking conduct while residing there, 
of the Bastile (14 July 17*<9), and implied ; He continued for some time to support 
in a speech delivered at Stockton on2':i June I the reformers, and when Hunt was released 
1819 that ho assisted the assailants. Ho . from Ilchester gaol in 1822 Sir Charles was 
appears to have made his first connection one of his sureties. But he gradually with- 



Wolseley 



323 



Wolseley 



drew from the forefront of the agitation, and 
from about 1826 he does not appear to have 
taken any public part in politics. He be- 
came a convert to Romanism, and was re- 
ceived into the church in October 1837. He 
died on 3 Oct. 1846. 

He married twice : first, on 13 Dec. 1794, 
Mary (d, 1811), daughter of Thomas Clifford 
of Tixall, Staffordshire, b^ whom he had 
Spencer William, who died in Milan in 1832; 
secondly, on 2 July 1812, Anne, daus^hter 
of Anthony Wright of Wealdside, Essex, 
who died on 24 Oct. 1838 ; he had issue by 
her Charles, bom in 1813, who succeeded to 
the baronetcy, two other sons, and two 
daughters. 

[Gent. Mag. 1846, ii. 536; Annual Kegieter, 
1819 p. 106. 1820 pp. 908, &c. ; Greville Me- 
moirs, ii. 336 ; Hon. G. Spencer (Father Ignatius 
of St. Paul), A Sermon on Wolseley's conversion, 
1837.] J. R. M. 

WOLSELEY, WILLIAM (1640?- 
1697), brigadier-general, bom about 1640, 
was fifth son of Sir Robert W^olseley, first 
baronet of Wolseley, Staffordshire, and 
younger brother of Sir Charles Wolseley 
(1630P-1714) [q.v.] In June 1667 WilHam 
was appointed captain-lieutenant to the 
Marquis of Worcester's newly raised foot 
regiment. This corps was disbanded a few 
months later when the treaty of Breda was 
signed. Lord Worcester raised a foot regi- 
ment (disbanded in 1674) in January 1673 
to repel an unexpected Dutch invasion, and 
Wolseley was appointed his captain-lieu- 
tenant by commission dated 26 Jan. 1673. 
On 1 April 1679 Wolseley was appointed 
captain-lieutenant to an independent foot 
company in Chepstow Castle, commanded 
by the Marquis of Worcester (afterwards 
Duke of Beaufort), and six years later he 
was appointed captain in Beaufort's foot 
regiment (11th foot) by commission dated 
20 June 1685. On 12 Aug. 1688, when 
quartered at Scarborough, Wolseley came 
into prominent notice by causing the mayor 
of Scarborough, one Aislaby, to be publicly 
tossed in a blanket by a file of musquetecrs 
for indignities inflicted on a protestant clergy- 
man when performingdivineservice in churcn. 
The mayor laid his grievances before James II 
in person, and Wolseley was summoned to 
appear before the council in London. * The 
captain pleaded his majesty's gracious gene- 
ral pardon, which was in the press, so was 
dismissed ' (Ellts Correspondence j ii. 225-6). 
On 3 Dec. 1688 Lord Montgomery, the colo- 
nel of Wolseley's regiment, and Lord Lang- 
dale of the same corps, both Roman catholics, 
were seized in their beds at Hull by Captain 
Copley and the protestant officers of the gar- 



rison and kept in confinement. Wolseley 
now determined to join the Prince of Orange, 
but bis doing so was delayed by false rumours 
of massacres in various parts of the country 
(Lionel Copley to Captain Wolseley at York, 
16 Dec. 1688). 

Wolseley's force of character and protes- 
tant zeal were rewarded by the Pnnce of 
Orange, who conferred on him the lieutenant- 
colonelcy of Sir John Hanmer's regiment 
(11th foot). In May 1689 Hanmer's regi- 
ment accompanied General Percy Kirke [q.v.] 
to Ireland to assist in relieving Ix)ndonderry. 
Wolseley's name appears as one of the coun- 
cil of war held by Kirke on his arrival in 
Lough Derry {HUt, MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. 
vi. 185). A deputation having waited on 
Kirke in June 1689 from EnnisKillen, pray- 
ing him to send some experienced officers to 
command the newly raiseci levies inco. Ferma- 
nagh, Kirke sent Wolseley, with a few other 
officers, to organise and lead these irregulars* 
At the same time Kirke, by virtue of the 
authority he had from William III, issued 
commissions to the Enniskillen officers, which 
at a later date were confirmed by the king. 
W^olselev was now appointed colonel of the 
* Inniskilling Horse,' wnich then consisted of 
twenty-five troops, but in January 1690 was 
reduced to twelve troops {HarL MS. 7439). 
For twelve months prior to the Boyne, 
Wolseley, as commander of the Enniskillen 
troops, was engaged in almost constant raids 
against the Irish forces of King James. Ho 
harassed the Irish army before London- 
derry, and inflicted heavy loss upon them 
when they raised the siege and retreated. 
In the subsequent sanguinary action at New- 
town-Butler Wolseley, with only two thou- 
sand men, defeated General Justin MacCarthy 
[q. v.], whose army was thrice that number, 
and snowed such good generalship that be- 
tween two thousand and three thousand 
Irish were killed or drowned in Lough Erne, 
many officers taken prisoners, and a large 
store of arms and ammunition captured. 
Wolseley surprised and took Belturbet in 
December 1689, and on 12 Feb. 1690 de- 
feated the Duke of Berwick in an engagement 
before Cavan and captured that town, which 
he burnt. A few weeks lat«r he was severely 
wounded when commanding in the field 
(* Letter from a late Captain in Lord Castle- 
ton's Regiment,' dated m)m Lisburn, 20 May 
1090, prmted in Somers Tracts, ed. Scott, xi. 
398). 

Wolseley commanded eight troops of his 
regiment at the battle of the Boyne (1 July 
1690). But by an unfortunate mistake in 
giving the wora of command the men formed 
to the left instead of to the right, thiut 

y2 



Wolseley 



324 



Wolseley 



i 



bringing them with their backs to the enemy. 
Some of ttie other otHcers shouted to the 
men to wheel to the right, thereby causing 
some confuition. General Richard Hamilton 
[q. v.] took advantage of the disorder and 
charged. Some fifty of Wolseley's men were 
cut down, and the others, being pressed by 
the Irish cavalry, were routed. Their re- 
treat was checked bv the timely advance of 
the king with some t>utch cavalry. William 
rallied the fugitives, who again faced the 
enemy, and this time with better success. 

Wolseley rendered valuable ser^'ice during 
the remainder of the Irish campaign, and 
was present with his regiment at the dearly 
bought victor)' of Aughrim (12 July 1691). 
His services were rewarded in August 1692 
by his being appointed master-general of the 
ordnance in Ireland, in room of Lord Mount- 

J'oy. On 22 March 1693 Wolseley was made 
rigadier-general over all the horse, and in 
May 1696 was appointed one of the lords 
justices in Ireland and a privy councilor. 
lie died, unmarried, in December 1697. 

[Dnlton's English Army Lists and Commis- 
sion Kegistent, 1661-1714; Hist. MSS. Comm. 
llth Rep. App. vii. 28; Andrew Hamilton's 
True Relation of the Actions of the iDniskilling 
Men ; liondon GnzettoH, especially the number 
for 4 March 1690 ; Luttrell's Bri<^f Relation 
of State Affiiirs. piuniim : Macaulay's Hist, of 
England (for the iMttIc of Xewtown-Butler); 
Captain John Kichardson'o Account of the 
B:ittle of the Royne. quoted from in Colonel Wal- 
ton's Hist, of thf Hritish Standing Army, 1660- 
1700 ; Story's Impartiul History of the Wars in 
Ireland, pt. ii. (for the account of the Uittlc uf 
Cavan); Somers Tracts, ed. So^itt, vol. xi.; An 
Historical and Descriptive Guide to Scarl^orough, 

L65 ; Wolsf'ley's Despatches quoted from in 
ndon Gazettes ; Burke's Peerage and Baronet- 
age.] C. D. 

WOLSELEY, WILLIAM (1756-1842), 
admiral, of the Irish branch of the old Staf- 
fordshire family of Wolseley, was bom on 
lo March 1756 at Annapolis in Nova Scotia, 
wh<»rc his father, Captain William Neville 
Wolseley, of the 47th regiment, was then in 
garrison. His mother was Anne, sister of 
Admiral Phillips Cosbv [q. v.] In 17(U 
the family returned to Ireland; and in 1769 
AVilliam, who had been at school in Kil- 
k«*nny, was entered on board the Goodwill 
cutter at Waterford, commanded by his 
father's brother-in-law, Lieutenant John 
Hiichunan. Two years later, when the 
Goodwill was paid off, Wolseley was sent 
bv his uncle Cosbv to a nautical school in 
West minster, from which, after some months, 
hf» joined the Portland, goinjif out to Jamaica. 
He returned to England in the Princess 



Amelia, and in September 1773 joined the 
50-grun ship Salisbury, with Commodore 
rSirj Edward Hughes [q. v.**, commander- 
in-cliief in the East Indies. The Salisboir 
came home in the end of 1777, and Wolseley, 
having passed his examination, was pro- 
moted, 11 June 1778, to be junior lieutenant 
of the Duke, one of the fleet with Keppel 
in July, though on the 27th she had fnUen 
so far to leeward that she had no part in the 
action [see Keppel, Auol'stus, Viscoryr!. 
When the autumn cruise came to an end, 
Wolseley, at the suggestion of Sir Edward 
Hughes, going out again as commander-in- 
chief in the East Indies, effected an ex- 
change into the Worcester, one of his 
squadron. After some service against 
pirates in the Indian seas, he commanded a 
company of the naval brigade at the reduc- 
tion of Negapatam in October 1781, and 
again at the storming of Fort Ostenberg, 
Trincomalee, on 11 Jan. 1782, when he was 
severely wounded in the chest by a charge 
of slugs from a gingal, and left for dead in 
the ditch. Happily he was found the next 
day and carried on board the Worcester. 
He was shortly afterwards moved into the 
Superb, Hughes's flagship, and in her was 
present in the flrst four of the actions with 
the Hailli de Suflren. After the last of 
these, 3 Sept. 1782, he was promoted to be 
commander of the Combii^on fireship, and 
on 14 Sept. was posted to the Coventry 
frigate, which on the night of 12 Jan. 178^*? 
ran in among the P'rench fleet in Ganjam 
Koads, mistaking the ships for Indiamen, 
and was captured. Wolseley was civilly 
treated by Suflren, who sent him as a 
prisoner to Mauritius. He was shortly after- 
wards transferred to Bourbon, where he was 
detained till the announcement of peace. 
He then got a passage to St. Helena in a 
French transport, and so home in an East 
Indiaman. 

In 1786 he was appointed to the Trusty, 
fitting out at Portsmouth for the broad 
pennant of his uncle, Phillips Cosby. After 
a three years* commission in the Medi- 
terranean, the Trusty came home and was 
paid off In 1792 Wolselev was appointed 
to the Lowestoft frigate, in which in the 
early months of 1793 he was employed in 
convoy duty in St. George's Channel. He 
was then sent out to join Ix>rd Hood in the 
Mediterranean ; was present at the occupa- 
tion of Toulon, and on 30 Sept., while de- 
tached under Commodore Linzee, occupied 
the celebrated Mortella Tower, which, being 
handed over to the Corsicans, waa retaJcen 
by the French some three weeks later, and 
on 8 Feb. 1794 beat ofi* the 74-gan ship 



Wolseley 



32s 



Wolsey 



Fortitude, inflicting on her severe loss and 
damage. The Tower was, however, shortly 
afterwards captured hy a landing party under 
the command of Wolseley. A few days 
later he was moved into the Imp4rieuse, 
which went home in the end of the year. 
He had hoped to be again appointed to her ; 
but he was recommended by Hood, and to 
some extent shared in the ill-feeling of the 
admiralty towards the discarded admiral, 
80 that for nearly five years he was left un- 
employed. 

Towards the end of 1795 he married Jane, 
daughter of John Moore of Clough House, 
CO. Down — ^prandson of a Scottish oflicer, 
Colonel Muir, who had served in Ireland 
under William III and obtained a grant of 
land. He took a little place near Clough 
House, and lived there in retirement except 
during the rebellion of 1798, when he com- 
manded a company of volunteers which took 
part in the * battle' of Ballynahinch. Early 
in 1799 he was appointed to the 74-gun ship 
Terrible, one of the Channel fleet under Lord 
Bridport,and in 1800 under Lord St. Vincent. 
In December 1800 he was moved into the 
St. George, but on that ship being selected 
as the flagship of Lord Nelson, in February 
1801, Wolseley was transferred to the San 
Josef, which was paid ofl' on the signing of 
the peace of Amiens. He afterwards had 
command of the sea fencibles of the Shannon 
district till his promotion to the rank of 
rear-admiral on 23 April 1804. He was 
then appointed to the command of the sea 
fencibles of all Ireland, from which he re- 
tired towards the end of 1805. He had 
no further employment, but was made vice- 
admiral on 25 Oct. 1809 and admiral on 
12 Aug. 1819. 

In the spring of 1842 the old wound re- 
ceived sixty years before at the storming of 
Fort Ostenberg opened and would not heal. 
The surgeons came to the conclusion that 
something must have remained in the wound, 
and, as the result of an operation, extracted 
a jagged piece of lead and a fragment of 
cloth. Tne wound, however, would not 
heal. Gradually losing strength, he died in 
London on 7 June 1842. He was then the 
senior admiral of the red. His wife had 
died several years before, leaving issue two 
sons and two daughters. His portrait, 
painted in Paris, in 1840, by Jules Laur, 
belongs to his granddaughter. 

[A raomoir of William Wolsflcy, admiral of 
the red squadron, by h\» granddaughter, Mary 
C. Innes, with a reproduction of the portrait by = 
JjiiUT ( 1 895). This is written mainly from memo- | 
randa and fragments of autobiography dictated j 
by Wulseloy in his old age, and is often inaccurate | 



n facts and especially in dates (the story, for 
nstance, of Wolseley s relations with William IV, 
when a midshipman, is difiScult to reconcile with 
known facts and dates). Marshall's Rov. Nav. 
Biogr. i. 249; Serrice Book in the Public liecoid 
Office.] J. K. L. 

WOLSEY, THOMAS (1475.»-1530), 
cardinal and statesman, was, according to 
his gentleman usher, Qeorge Cavendish Tq.v.], 
'an honest poor man's son * — report said, son 
of a butcher. But his father, Robert Wulcy 
(or Wolsey) of Ipswich, whether butcher or 
no, was, as his will shows, the possessor of 
lands and tenements in the parishes of St» 
Nicholas and St. Mary Stoke there. His 
mother's christian name was Joan. The 
date of his birth is commonly given as 1471, 
probably from the fact recordedby Cavendish 
thathe washed fifty-nine poor men^g feet-at 
Eis mau n' dy in 1 530. But in a letter written 
fo Wolsey nimseirtlie abbot of Winchcombe 
in August 1514 congratulates him on hav- 
ing been promoted to an archbishopric before 
he was forty. It would seem probable also 
that he was not quite of age to take orders 
in 1496, when his father made his will, pro- 
viding among other things that if his son 
Thomas became a priest within a year after 
his decease he should sing masses for him 
and his friends at a salary of ten markst 
His father must have died just after he made 
this will; for it was proved eleven days 
later, and it appears that AVolsey was or- 
dained a priest by the bishop of Lydda, a suf- 
fragan of Salisbury, at Marlborough on 
10 March 1497-8 {En^L HisL Review, ix. 
709). He would be competent to take 
priest's orders at twenty-four, or by dispen- 
sation at twenty-three, and we may presume 
that he was bom in 1475, or perhaps late in 
1474. No other son or daughter is men- 
tioned in his father's will ; but Qiustinian 
in 1519 speaks of the cardinal as having 
two brothers, one of whom held a benefice 
and the other was pushing his fortunes. 

Ho was sent early tx) Oxford, where he 
graduated H. A. at fifteen, and was called ' the 
boy bachelor,' was elected fellow of Magdalen 
about 1497, and, soon after graduating M.A., 
was appointed master of the school adjoin- 
ing that college. He was also junior bursar 
in 1498-9, and senior bursar in 1499-1500 
(Macrat, Iteg. Magdalen^ i. 29, 30, 133-4), . 
but was compelled to resign for applying 
funds to the completion of the great tower 
without sufiicient authority. Having had 
three sons of Thomas Grey, first marquis of 
Dorset [q. v.], under his care at Magdalen 
College school, their father presented nim to 
the rectory of Limington m Somerset, to 
which he was instituted on 10 Oct. 1500. 



Wolsey 



326 



Wolsey 



Here he ^ve some offence to a neighbour- 
ing gentleman, Sir Amias Paulet {^d, 1538) 
[q. V?], who, according to Cavendish, set him 
m the stocks — an indignity for which Wolsey 
called him, in after years, to severe account. 
Even then he had good friends besides Dorset, 
who died in September 1501 : for on 3 Nov. of 
that year he obtained a dis^'nsati<m from the 
pope to hold two incompatible benefices along 
with Limington, and the archbishop of Can- 
ttjrbury, Henry Deane [q. v.], about the same 
time appointed him one of his domestic chap 
laius. The archbishop, however, didd in 
February 1503, and Wolsey next became 
chaplain to Sir Uichard Nanfau [q.v.1, deputy 
of Calais, who apparently entrusted to Bftn 
the entire charge, of his mopey affairs, and 
commended him to the service of Henry VII. 
Wolsey accordingly about 1507, when 
Nnnfan died, became the king*s chaplain, 
ond grew intimate with the most powerful 
men at court, especially with Richard Foxe 

Sq.y.l, bishop of Winchester, and Sir Thomas. 
joveh [q. v.l, who remained his lifelong 
friends. On 8 June 1506 he had been insti- 
tuted to the parish church of Hedgrave in 
Suffolk, on the presentation of the abbot of 
Bury St. Edmund's. In the spring of 1508 
lie was sent to Scotland by the king to pre- 
vent a ruptnro' which James seemed almost 
anxious to provoke. On 31 J uly the pope gave 
bim a bull permit ting hii^ 'to hold the vicarage 
of Lydd and two otlier benefices along with 
Ijimington. He must have been presented to 
Lydd by the abbot of Tinteni, and he is 
said to )iave raised at his own expense the 
height of the church tower there. To t his year 
also probably belongs the marvellous story 
told from memory by Cavendish, as reported 
to him by Wolsey himself, of his having 
been despatched by the king as a special 
envoy to Maximilian the emperor, then in 
Flanders, not fur from Calais, and, getting 
an immediate answer, of his having per- 
formed the double journey and double cross- 
ing of the Channel with such extraordinary 
celerity that ho arrived again at Uichmond 
on the evening of the third day after his des- 
patch, and next morning incurred at first an 
undue reproof from the king, who thought he 
had not yet started. The affair seems to have 
taken ])riice at the beginning of August, but 
he could not have visited tlie emperor then. 
TIi«' matter, we know, related to the king's 
intended marriage to Margaret of Savoy, 
alK)ut wliicli Wolsey was certainly in the 
J.<)\v Countries ngain later in the yeiir. 

Ifonry \'II, iiowever, died in April fol- 
Inwinjr; hut b''for«; his death, on 2 Feb.M-VH), 
lit? liad math^ Wolsey dean of Lincoln. Six 
days later he obtained also the prebend of 



Welton Brinkhall in that cathedral, which 
on 3 May he exchanged for that of Stow 
Longa. lie was installed as dean by proxy on 
25 March. Henry VIII at once made him 
almoner, and on 8 Nov. 1509 granted him 
all the goods oif clones de se and alldeodands 
in England, in augmentation of the royal 
alms. On 9 Oct. he had a grant of the 
parsonage of St. Bride s in Fleet Street, of 
which Sir liichard Empson [q. v.] had taken 
a long lease from the abbot of Westminster; 
but the patent seems to have been invalid, 
and was renewed in a more effectual form 
on ;iO Jan. 1510. On 21 Feb. foUowing one 
Edmund Daundy of Ipswich obtained a 
license to fonnd-a chantry there, with masses 
for the souls of Wolsey 's father and mother. 
On 24 April Wolsey, being then M.A., sup- 

Slicated for the degrees of B.D. and D.D. at 
xford (I^ASE, Register of the Unicernty, 
i. 67, 29(5). On 5 July he obtained the pre- 
bend of Pratum Minus in Hereford Cathe- 
dral, and on 27 Nov. he was presented to 
the parish church of Torrihgton in Devon- 
shire, which he held till he became a bishop. 
On 17 Feb. 1511 he was made a canon of 
Windsor, and was a few months after elected 
by the knights of the Garter as their regi- 
strar. In the latter part of the same year his 
sifrnntiirp i|m|^nrg fnr tlig first time in docu- 
ments signea by privy councillors, and it is 
to be remarked that he always ^lls his own 
surname * Wulcy.' " • 

We theil-twuje his hand for the first time 
in public affairs under the new reign ; for the 
plan of o|)erations against France in 1512 
was clearly due to him. England, besides 
attacking the northern coast of that country, 
sent that unfortunate expedition to Spam 
under Thomas Grey, second marquis of 
Dorset [q. v.], which was so ill supported by 
Ferdinand, and came home in aefiance of 
orders. The mutineers seem to have been 
encouraged by a knowledge of Wolsey's 
unpopularity at home ; for the special confi- 
dence shown in *Mr. Almoner' was very 
distasteful to the old nobility. A letter of 
7 Aug. 1512 from Lord Darcy at Berwick 
shows that some important intelligence from 
spies at Berwick was communicated to Wol- 
sey alone of all the council ; and in Septem- 
ber, wh^n Thomas Howard, first earl of Surrey 
(afterwards Duke of Xorfolk)rq.v.],hadretired 
from court under a cloud, \\ olsey ventured 
to suggest to Bishop Foxe that he might as 
well be kept out of it henceforth altogether. 
The king relied on Wolsey to devise new 
expeditions to wipe out a national disgrace, 
and he not only drew up estimates of the 
nature, amount, and expenses of the arma- 
ments required, but was l)usy for months pro- 



Wolsey 



327 



Wolsey 



.Tiding shipping, victuals, transports, con- 
duct-money, and other details ; so that Bishop 
Foxe was seriously afraid of his health break- 
ing down under his * outrageous charge and 
labour/ • 

In 1 512"Wol8ey was made dean of Hereford, 
i)ut x^igned on 3 Dec. That same month 
Dean Harrington of York died, and first his 
prebend of Bugthorpe was given to Wolsey 
on 16 Jan. 1513, then his deanery, to which 
Wolsey was elected on 19 Feb., and ad- 
mitted on the 21st. At this-tiniLe he was 
also dean of St. Steplign^ Westminster, and 
on 8 July he wa^m ade"Tfti«ec^tor of Lon- 
don. On 30 j>ne he had crossed to Calais 
with the kin^with a retinue of two hundred 
men — double that of Bishop Poxe and of 
Bishop liuthall. He accompanied Henry 
through the. campaign when Th6rouanne 
and Tournay successively surrendered. _Ile 
received letters in France from Bishop 
Ruthall of the Scots king's invasion ana 
defeat at Flodden. He had also letters 
about it from Catherine of Arragon, who, 
left at home and anxious for news of her 
husband, was at this time his frequent 
correspondent. He no doubt came oack 
with tne king in the end of October. 

He had his own share, too, in the king's 
conquests. The bishopric of Tournay, being 
vacant, was conferred upon him by the pope 
at the king*8 reauest. A French bishop nad, 
however, already been elected, and it was 
not till peace was made that Wolsey could 
hope to obtain possession, which, indeed, he 
never actually did ; but in 1518 he surren- 
dered his claims on the bishopric for a pen- 
sion, of twelve thousand livres. Meanwhile 
he received from the king the bishopric of 
Lincoln, for which he obtained bulls on 
6 Feb. 1514, and was consecrated at Lam- 
beth on 26 March. In May we already find 
the pope had been urged to consider the ex- 
pediency of making him a cardinal, which, 
nowever, was not done for more than a year 
later. Meanwhile the death of Cardinal 
BainbridgeatRome [seeBAiNBRiDGE, Chris- 
TOpnBR] vacated the archbishopric of York, 
which was conferred on Wolsey by bulls 
dated 15 Sept. 

In the marked increase of his correspon- 
dence during the past two years we see that 
his paramount influence was now acknow- 
ledged. He was gradually leading foreign 
policy back to traditions of Henry VII's 
time, from which the new king had aeparted 
by his alliance with Ferdinand*- Young 
Henry had occasion to resent the perfidy of 
his father-in-law, who not only was a faith- 
less ally himself, but won over Maximilian) 
to desert England likewise. But Wolsey, 



saw the means of retribution, and when the 
marriage of Charles of Castile with the 
king*s sister Mary, which was to have taken 

Slace in May 1514, was broken off by the 
ouble dealing of Maximilian, he laid 
secretly the foundations not only of a peace 
but also of an alliance with France. In 
Augiist the match was arranged between 
Louis XII and the king's sister Mary (1496- 
1533) [q. V.]; and in October the young 
bride went over to France, and was actually 
married there. To crown the political 
alliance there was a very secret proposal 
for an interview between the two Kings in 
March following, and for a joint campaign 
for the expulsion of Ferdinand from Navarre. 
But Louis XII died on 1 Jan. 1515, and 
young Francis I succeeded, intent on the 
conquest of Milan. Suffolk's embassy to 
the new French king was rendered futile 
for political purposes by his private love 
affair with Mary [see Brandon, Chablbs, 
first Duke of Suffolk]. Wolsey certainly 
saved the duke at this time from the con- 
sequences of his indiscretion. But Francis 
set off for Italy in the summer without having 
given any pledge to prevent John Stewart, 
Quke of Albany, from going to Scotland. 

On 10 Sept. Leo X created Wolsey * car- 
dinal sole ' — not, as usual, one in a batch of 
promotions. His title was * S. Caecilia trans 
Tiberim.' The hat was sent to England with 
a very valuable ring from the pope, and the 
prothonotary who brought it ^who was sup- 
plied at AVolsey's expense with more costly 
apparel than he brought with him) was con- 
ducted in a stately procession through the 
streets to Westminster on Thursday, 16 Nov. 
On Sunday, the 18th, it was placed on 
Wolsey 's head in the abbey, amid a great 
concourse of bishops, Colet .preaching the 
sermon. On 24 Dec. followi*fg*Wolsey was 
appointed lord chancellor in the room of 
William Warham [q. v.], who had resigned 
two days before. He now, as the Venetian 
ambassador expressed it, might be called 
'ipse Rex,' for it seemed that the whole 
power of the state was lodged in him. 

That same month that Wolsey was made 
cardinalkFrancis won the battle of Mari- 
gnano, and at once became master of Milan. 
Henry VIH did not like it, and, as Ferdi- 
nand's position in Naples was threatened, 
the latter*s aml)a8sador on 10 Oct. concluded 
with Wolsejr a ne^j league for commerce and 
defence against invasion, which was ratified 
by Henry on the 27th. Wolsey also sent his 
secretary, Richard Pace [q. v.], with secret 
instructions to enlist Swiss mercenaries to 
serve the Emperor Maximilian against 
France, taking care that the money for their 



A 



pay did not Fall Into hia majraity's own most 
iintnist worthy hunds. Maximilian, indeed, 
though he actually maiiagcd m clutch a 
small portion (liy no fault on Pace's part), 
betrayed The enMrprise most, ahnmefully in 
the spring of 1-116, when there really seemed 
great hope of driving out the French from. 
Milan, and made very lame excuses for bis^ 
conduct. But meanwbila the death of Fer- 
dinand in January produced a new change.' 
Young Charles of Castile, Maximilian's 
grandson, became king of Spain ; but he re- 
mained for the present in Belgium, and his 
councillors leaned to France. Maximilian 
said he would come down from the Tyrol 
and remove them and get hiui to join the 
league. It was only another pretence for 
extracting money from England, but it was 
convenient to humour him. He did come 
down ; but having got what he wanted out 
of England, before the end of the year he 
Hold all his claims on Italy for two hundred 
thousand ducats by accepting the treaty of 
Noyoii, made in August between Franca and 
Spain. Wolaey's comment on the news wn.^ 
that the emperor seemed to be like a pnr- 
ticlple, which was in some degree a noun, in 
some degree a verli. liut the king, under ^ 
his guidance, accepted the most transparent^ 
excuses for Maximilian's conduct and made 
no change in hia policy, thereby bringing the 
emperor under suspicion of his new friends 
and destroying completely his signiScancc in 
European politics. 

Wolaeys policy now was to let bath^ 
Francis and the young king of Spain find 
out the value of alliance with England ; for 
France wanted to recover Tournay, and 
Charles wanted money to take him to liis 
new kingdom, where there was serioua 
danger, if he dclnyeil, that hin brother Ferdi- 
nand would be crowned in his place. But 
delayed Charles was, both by want of money 
andny an invasion of bis Dutch dominions 
bv the Duke of Giieldre?. A loan from 
itenry VIII, however, ultimately enabled > 
him to sail for Spain in September 1617. 
As to France, England was still supposed to 
bo watching her with jealousy ana ill-will'. 
But very secret communications had begun 
eren in February 1617 between Charles 
Someract, first earl of Worcester [q. v.], at 
Brussels and the dean of Tournay, referring 
probably in the first place to difficulties in 
the ecclesiastical odminiKtration (for the 
diocese of Tournaf Iitv chiefly in Flanders), 
but leading ultlmat^y to correspondence 
icith the Duke of Orleans, and a suggestion 
' t the city itself might be surrendered to 
" a for four hundred thousand crowns, 
mbei Stephen I'oncher, bishop of 



Paris, and Peter de la Ouichc came over to 
England to arrange matters. 

Meanwhile the riot on 'Evil Mayday* 
(1617) had been met by prompt measures of 
repression, by which 'W'olsey earned the 
gratitude of the foreign merdianl* in Lan- 
don ; and n few days after ha no less earned 
the gratitude of many of the rioters them- 
selves, who, aft«r (he execution of twenty of 
the ringleaders, were pardoned at his eamwt 
' ' ' Shortly afl^rwarda the sweat- 



.uring the 
hia life was despaired of. 
Still he was so unremitting in his attention 
to business that the king himself, beaid«s 
various messages, wrote to himnitbbisoini 
hand, both to thank him and to urge him to 
take some relaxation, Acting perha ps on 
this advice, he set out on pilgrimage to WaU 
singham in Aiigust, whieti, however, seemi 
to have done him little good, as be still suf- 
fered from fever after his return and was dl 
again next year. 

At Home, in the spring of 1517, Cardinal 
Adrian de Costetlo [q. v.], pap«i-FolIector in 
England, was involved iiTlhe conspiracy of 
two other cardinals to poison Leo X, and 
fled to Venice. Ilia Quondam sub-coUector, 
Polydore Vergil [q. v.J, had already been im- 
prisoned by wolsey just before hewasmada 
cardinal for letters reflectingontheklngand 
him, and had only been released after some 
time at the pope's intercession. There is no 
doubt, moreover, that Cardinal Adrian him- 
self had acted against Wolsey's interests at 
Rome. The king now urged Leo to deprive 
him of his cardinalate, and proinlBed WoLwy 
his bishopric of Bath and Wells. Leo, how- 
ever, was timid and interposed delays for a 
whole year, till circumstances compelled , 

of ISIB Hishoi^ 

s secretary 

to England suggesting that the prepoeed 
agreement for Tournay should be made iha 
foundation for a Europnan peace, as ihn 
Turk was threatening Christendom. Tbs 

Eiope was just then urging a crusade, and a 
?gate for the [mrpose had been received tt 
Paris in December. Other legates wiae to 
be sent to other princes and Cardinal C»m- 
peggio to England. The king at onc« inti- 
mated to the. pope that it was nji anusml 
thing tc admit a foreign cardinal in EntjUnd 
as legate, but that he would waive liis ob- 
jection on that point if the legate's pomn 
were restricted and Wolser were joined with 
him in equal authority. The pope felt com- 
pelled to' yield, and on 17 May ciMted 
WoUey legate if«^'«reaaCBmpegg]o'saui>> 



'olsey 



3'9 



Wolsey 



t 



ciate. Slill. Cardinal Adrian was not yet 
deprived, and Campeggio, when lie renfhed 
Calais in June, bad to wait there till the 
king wu sstislied on this point also ; eo that 
it was only on 33 Julv that be landed at 
Deal, and on the 29tb taat he entered Lon- 
On 3 AuR, tha two legates were re- 
ceived by the king in state at Greenwich. 
Meanwhile, on 30 July at Rome, Leo X 
BT8Qt«d to Woleey the administration of the 
biahopric of Bath and Wella; and, though 
he was never consecrated, he held this 
biabopric for four years in eonimfnilam. 

But under cover, partly of the proposed 
ganeral European peace, partly of an ar- 
rangement for Toumay, plans were now 
formed for a cfoser union between Franca 
«nd England. A bou had been born to 
Frat^iB in February, and on 9 July 
articles were signed by tbeting and Wolsey 
vid the French ambassador for (he mamage 
of the danphili to the Princess Marj^lM for 
rreuder of Toiimav. A special eom- 
n was issued to Wolsey nejit day to 
treat witli Villeroy, the Frencn king's secre- 
tary of finances, for a peace and for the 
marriage. A splendid embassy then arrivod 
from France, with Bonnivet and Bishop 
Poncher at the head, to treat with the re- 
presentatives of Leo X, Henry VIII. and' 
Other princes Tor a general European leagi 
but certainly with a view to a more par 
cular treaty with England. And though 
the French raised objections at first ' 
points in the general league, tbei 
■waive them in order to conclude the closer 
alliance, in wliich, besides very advan- 
tageous terms for the marriage and the re- 
demption of Toumay (a town of no value ' 
England), Wolsey obtained from them 
concession that Albany was not to I 
Allowed to go to Scotland during the minority 
of James y^iee Stewart, Johs, Dckb op 
]. On Sunday, 3 Oct., Wolsey sang 
at. Paul's, when the king look his 
lOath to the treaty in a scene which Bonnivet 
declared ' too magnificent for description.' 
Va the 6th the proxy marriage took place at 
Greenwich: and in the evening Wolsey gave 
ipw at Westminster, which in the opinion 
ie Venetian ambassador must have ex- 
ceeded the banquets of Cleopatra and Cali- 
ila. The whole hall was decorated with 
vases of gold and silver. Of the dis- 
igs and pageants a description is given 
Hall which twrtlv resembles a well-known 
described by Cavendish and dramatised 
in the play of 'Henry VIII,' except that 
nothing i a. mention ed on this occasion of 
the discharge of caiTmin. Finally, on 8 Oct., 
it was agreed that an interview should take 



Slace between tlie kings of England and 
'ranee near Calaiabefore the endof July 151^. 

The world had been for some time lilinded 
na to what was going on when this new 
French alliance emei^ed into the light of 
day. It was not relished in England, and 
no doubt I'olydore Vergil espreases only 
the ignorant feeling of the time when he 
says that the giving up of Toumay was a 
tnumph to the French. The whole thing 
was managed, as Sir Thomas More told the 
Venetian ambassador, 'most solely' by the 
cardinal, and the king's otberoDuncillors hod 
o uly been called in to approve aft«r the 
matter was already settled. Charles's am- 
' bassador was di^mted at the separate 
treaty with France^ and insisted that it 
should be cancelled before he accepted the 
general one, beneficial as he admitted that 
It was for his master's inte] 
Charles himself, desiring to be included aa m 
a principal contralient, ratified the league at I 
SaragOBsa on 19 Jan, 1619 (DirifoST, Corps 1 
Zkplamatiqta, iv. Sfi6-9). ■«- ' 

Charles was ignorant at that date that 
liis grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, 
had died in Austria on l^e ISth. .\ltltough 
the empire was elective, Maximilian had , 
done his best to secure beforehand the su 
cession of his grandson ; but Francis I « 
tered the field as a competitor, and spent J 
much money in bribing the electors. Henry I 
^'III, too, hoping for encouragement from 
the pope, who dreaded the election of either 
prince, felt his way towards offering himself 
as a third candidate, and sent his secretary. 
Pace (who had been Wolsey's secretary be- 
fore), to show each of the electom in (pvat t 
confidence tbe serious objections that exist«d | 
to either of the other two. To retail 
hold on the king Wolsey was obliged t 
the instrument of this policy, though ha I 
evidently did not think it judicious. Face's 1 
mission was fruitless, and his machinations, 1 
not having been effectually concealed, opened 
the eyes of Francis to the perfidy of Henry I 
VUl, who badaetuolly promised to advanco I 
his candidature. Wolsey, however, made n I 
curious use of the atfair in his despatches to f 
Rome, getting the bishop of \Vorre8ter, | 
Silvestro Oigli [q. v.], to t*ll the pope that h 
had done his best to mitigate the king's dis- I 
pleasure with hisholiness for having latterly I 
acquiesced in the election of Charles, and I 
to urge that for his services to the universal I 
peace uis legateship, which was only tempo- I 
rary like Cempeggio's, should be prolonged I 
indefinitely. Campeggio, on his return tofl 
Rome, hacked up the suggestion, and tllA| 
pope extended Wolsey's leguteship for ll 
years. It was afterwards contjnuftd f 



:~ 

id J 



objecta, both by Leo X nod his 

Wolsey had Bupported a French alliance 
notnilbstaDdinc its uiipopjUrity, knowins 
wbU the valuable concessions Francis would 
williugly make to eecuie it. But he woa 
oppoaed not only by the nobility at home, 
but by the queen,- who saw clearly ihnt the 
interestfl of France were opposed to those of 
Ler nephew, the new emperor. So the 
alliance hod been scarcely formed when 
efforts were made to loosen it. In May 1519,' 
before the struggle for the empire, there 
were secret meetings of old councillors, 
who made bold to represent to the king 
that some young men of his privy chamber 
who had seen the fashions of the French 
court used too great familiarity with him; 
and on this remonstrance Henry dismissed 
them — a, thin^ of which much was said in 
Paris. But tlieir places were supplied by 
older men who stood well in Wolsey's 
favour, BO that if the blow was aimed at 
him, it was a failure ; and Francis, who 
was very anxious for the interview, offered, 
if Wolsey sought to be pope, to secure for 
him the votes of fourteen cardinals. But 
there was so much negotiation necessary 
that the Bummer of 1019 was far spent, end 
the gruat meeting had to be put off till the 
following' spring, when, tofacilitate matters, 
Francis made Wolsey his proctor, aod the 
arrangementa on both aides being left en- 
tirety in his bunds, very little further obstacle 
was encountered. 

Wolsey, howe^r, b y mi- t tteans aimed at 
an exclusive alliance wftli Jt ranee ; and these 
negotiations bad the effect, whichhe fully 
intended, of exciting the jealousy of the new- 
made emperor. His object was to make 
England arbiter of the destinies of Europe. 
Charles had cordinllv aceqifed an invitation 
aent him by Ilenry just-after his election to 
visit England on his way from Spain. By 
paying England this honour he hoped to 
frustrate the interview with France. Hut 
Spanish diplomacy was slow, ond arratigu- 
menlB had to be made beforehand with tlia 
disadvantage of a stormy sea between Spain 
and England, so that in the spring of 1520 
Jean de la Sauch, the emperor's Flemish 
secretary, who had been flitting to and fro 
between Spain, England, and the Nether- 
lands, was afraid the French would win. 
The time was getting short, and Wolsey 
Beemed ilistinctly in the interest of France. 
LaSauehbelievedthatit WB»«al|il)ei;4Use he 
hadbeenwellbribed, and that the emperor to 
win him should give liira substantial prefer- 
menta in Spain, for nobody else in England 



favoured the French interview at all. At 
the very time this was written the emperor 
had already signed at Compost«lla a promise 
that within two months, and before parting 
company with Henry, he would apply to the 
pope to give Wolsey the bishopric of Bada- 
joz, worth in itself five thousand ducat«, 
with an annual pension of two thousand 
ducats besides out of the bishopric of Pa- 
lencia ; and to this agreement the pope gpe 
effect by a bull on 29 July following. O'^^^ 

At lost, on 1 1 April 1520, a tr*s^f«^b«.j;^ 
meeting with the emperor was drawn'^wjjhi ...^ 
London. Charles was to land at SondwiSh^^ 
by 15 May, and visit the king at Canterbury ^"'~- 
next day. But if, owing to unfavourable 
weather or other causes, he should fail to 
do this, he and the king were lo have » 
meeting on 2'2 July between Calais and 
Gravelines. Undoubtedly the emperor did 
his best to arrive in time to anticipate tlie 
French meeting, hut he did not land until 
26 May at Dover. Wolsey first visited him 
on board his own vessel, and brought him 
to land ; then the king and he next day 
(Whit Sundav) conducted him to Canter- 
bury to attend the day's solemnities and sec 
the queen, his aunt. On Thursday, the 
3lst, tie embarked again for Flanders, while 
Henry and Catherine, with a great company, 
Wolsey's train alone consisting of two hun- 
dred gentlemen in crimson velvet, soiled 
from Dover to Calais. J 

The French interview took place on 7 Juha^H 
On the day preceding a treaty was '^'S^ad^^l 
by Francis at Ardres, and by ilenry VIIIai^^| 
Guisnes, making arrangements for the eon- 
tinuance of a French pension to Wary, even , 
in the event of her succession to the crown, 
and also providing that Francis should do , 
bis best to settle disputes between England 
and Scotland; in domg which he promised 
to stand to the arbitration of Wolsey and 
his own mother, the Duchess of Angouleme. 
But no other business seems to have b 
done, though the festivities continued 
the 24th, when the kings separated. 
Field ofthe Cloth of Gold was jindoal.. 
a scene of matchless splendour, and ..__ 
grandeur of the temporary palace and chapel 
built hy Wolsey for the occasion was the 
theme of endless admiration. But the show 
of warm friendship with Fcence was aito- 
Eether deceptive. Henry was at heart more 
inclined to the interests of the emperor. It 
is certain that a secret compact had been 
signed between them at Canterbury, and, as 
the emperor's visit- had been necessarily 
hurried, a further meeting had been arranged 
between them, to take place immediately 
after the French interview. It touk placa 



S been __ 
edl^^a 

!bteJ3H 



Wolsey 



331 



Wolsey 



accordingly on 10 July at Gravelines, and 
next dar the emperor, with his aunt, Mar- 
garet of Savoy, visited the king at Calais, 
and stayed with him till the 14th, when he 
took his leave. 

This further meeting was naturally not 
relished in France. Without knowing what 
was done at it, the French saw that they 
were overreached. The fact was, a proposal 
Iiad been discussed, both -at-Calais and at 
Canterbury, for the marriage of the emperor 
to the Princess Mary, so lately betrothed to 
the dauphin ; and on the very day that the 
emperor took his leave a new treaty was 
signed between him and Henry, whereby 
each of them engaged for two years to make 
no new treaty with France which should 
bind either of them further to those matri- 
monial alliances which both had already 
contracted in that quarter ; for Charles had 
pledged himself to marry the French king^s 
daughter Charlotte, and Henry to give his 
own daughter 'to the dauphin. This and 
some fiiftlier points berng concluded, Henry 
sent to inform Francis that he had consented 
to the inter\'iew at Qravelines only out of 
court-esy, and that it had been made the 
occasion of most dishonourable proposals 
from Charles's ministers for the breaking off 
of marriage treaties on both sides with 
France that Henry might assist the emperor 
to be crowned in Italy. Francis was not 
deceived, and showed his real feelings at 
first by ordering Ardres to be fortified ; but 
Wolsey, as a friend, remonstrated so strongly 
against hir^ing so that he forbore, il^ 
was afraid to give England provocation, 
promised not to let Albany go to Scotland, 
and deferred an intention he had announced 
in September of going in person to Italy 
to secure Milan against the emperor. 

The arrest and execution of the Duke of 
Buckingham in the spring of 1521 were not 
due to Wolsey, as stated by the cardinaUs 
great enc^y, Polydore Vergil [see Staf- 
FOBb, Edwabd, third Duke of Bucking- 
iiah]. It is true that Buckingham, like 
other noblemen, bore him ill will, and the 
examination of some of the duke's servants 
showed that he had said, if the king had 
died of a recent illness, that he would have 
had Wolsey*s and Sir Thomas Lovell's 
heads chopped oil'. But the duke's fall 
was procured by a secret informer, whose 
name we do not know, in a paper delivered 
to W^olsey at the Moor in Hertfordshire, 
and it appears that Wolsey, far from being 
over-ready to take action, had given the 
duke warning at first to be cautious what 
lie said about the king, whatever he might 
think fit to say about nimself. 



Matters were now tending to war between 
the emperor and Francis, and errors on both 
sides favoured Wolsey*s policy of making 
England arbiter between them. Charles was 
too eager to commit Henry to take his part, 
while evading fulfilment of his secret pledge 
to marry Mary; but Wolsey advised the 
kin^ not to press for further (guarantees, as- 
suring him that the imperialists would ere 
long seek to him ' on their hands and knees' 
for assistance. The French made a brave 
start in the war, and were soon masters of 
Navarre, but, attempting to push their con- 
quests further, were defeated and lost all 
tnev had gained. They thus became more 
willing to accept England's mediation, which 
they had at first refused. But Charles called 
upon Henry to declare war against France, 
as he had bound himself to take part with 
either side if attacked by the other. Henry, 
however, required first to ascertain who was 
the real aggressor, and it was arranged that 
Wolsey should cross to Calais and hear 
deputies from both sides on the merits of 
their dispute, pledges being taken in the 
meanwhile from both parties that' neither 
should make any private arrangement with 
the other till England had given its decision. 

Wolsey accordingly left England with a 
number of alternative commissions, dated 
29 July 1521 ,to settle difibrences between the 
emperor and Francis, to make a league with 
both powers and the pope, to treat for a 
closer amity with France, or for a league 
with the emperor against France. He landed 
at Calais on 2 Aug., and the conferences 
opened under his presidency on the 7th. 
The principal speakers were the imperial 
chancellor Gattinara, the French chancellor, 
Du Prat, and the nuncio, Jerome Ghinucci, 
then bishop of Ascoli (afterwards of Worces- 
ter), who had been despatched from Rome in 
the year preceding to be present at the great 
interview between Henry and Francis I. The 
proceedings were extraordinary. Wolsey 
proposed a truce during the deliberations of 
the conference, but neither the nuncio nor 
the imperialists had any commission for this, 
and the latter declarea that Charles was so 
offended with Francis that he (lad forbidden 
them to treat at all. Wolsey might, how- 
ever, negotiate with the emperor himself, 
who had come to Bruges to be near at hand. 
On this suggestion he acted, and persuaded 
the French deputies to remain at Calais till 
his return, giving them to understand that 
he would be only eight days absent. 

Shameful to state, this suspension of the 
conference and visit to the emperor at Bruges 
had been planned before Wolsey left England, 
and under the pretence of removing diffi- 



cultiM be was inatriicled to make in 8ecret 
Ml ofiensivH and di^femiive alliance against 
France. Henry was quite bent on a new 
var witb tbat country, and desired negotia-4 ' 
tiou in tbe Dieanji»r4)fi1)! tp secure from 
the emftnuT afi indemnity for the loss of bis 
French pension and to gain time for pre- 
paration. WolgBy'w ow n policy WB a_.cefc 
teinly not, yi-liite hut itir7;rrB5l:^;crnf7li» 
iHnpehal'election, be felt it necessary to give 
in to ibe king's will. In their correspon- 
dence be only criticised details and aue- 
gested expedients, leaving events to teach 
their own lesson, without daring to oppose 
tbe king directly. His stay at Bruges with 
"' "" ' " ' * : limited to 

o doubt 

terms of the secrr*""^^^""^*^ 

length signed by li 

Savoy (as represents 

emperor) at Bruges o 

stay there he twice n 

brotber-in-law, Chris tiaijf 

wbo first sent an arcbbisif 

personages l« his lodging tj. 

would come to him in the g 

the bouse occupied b,T the ei 

aa he informed thu king, at lirst bt 

comply, considering that he was I 

lieutenant, and tbe king of Denm 

not to claim superiority c 

but as tbe garden lay ii 

emperor he ^reed, and next day Christ 







imperial authorily at IComey 
it was of the utmost importance that a sue- 
ceesor should be chosen favourable to the 



would use bis iniluence to secure hie election, 
and he wrote lo ^'olsey himself to assure 
bim that be bad not forgotten his promise. 
Henry also sent Pact to tbe emperor abont 
il, witb instructions to go on to ikime with 
letters to influence tbe cardinals. W'ulaey 
himself bad but slight expectations, as tno 
Spanish ambassador believed, but did not 
altogether despair. He was in truth very 
comfortable at home, where the king had 
just given him in November the abbey of 
St. Albans, in addition to bis other prefer- 
consideration that be bad spent, 
by Henry's own estimate, 10,000A in con- 
a with the Calais conferences. His 
really was proposed in the conclave. 



larlea ^ 

KBt^ 



Onthereaumptionofthe conference W olsey 
was unable to procure a suspension of bos- 
tiljties, but was obliged to bear long argu- 
ments on both sides as to tbe causes of the 
war. The imperialists meanwhile took 
HouzDn,and laid siege to Mfzi&res j but tbey 
had to withdraw from the latter place and 
give up the former. They then advanced to 
besiege Toumay, but in Spain the French 
took Fontarabia, and tbe hopes of a truce 
were finally wrecked by therr refusal lo re- 
store the latter place to the emperor, or even 
into the bands of the king of England as 
surely. Wolsey, wbose health bad brokei 
down repeatedly during the conference, wa. 
at length recalled by the king, and returned 
to England in November. Before he left 
Calais a new league was concluded against 
France on 24 Nov., in which tbe pope was a 
contracting party, his nuncio having just re- 
ceived autbority to join it. For Leo X, wbo 
bad been in serious fear lest tbe conference 
should end in a peace, was now better as- 
sured. But bis forces, wilb those of the em- 
peror, had just taken Milan from the French, 
^ when he rather suddenly died on 2 Dec. 



Iriap VI was elected on 
6 Jan. 161'^, and it is certain that no iii-,^^ 
perial influence was used in Wolsey 's favour.^tt 
But Wolaey knew quite well that the 
iperor had more real need of England than 
^kud had of him. Theone tbit^ Cbarlea 
ly required was a loan, besides geb<^ 
' iury to subsidise the l^wiss and pi 
and Burgundian troopa ii 
ids. Moreover, he wanted to Mt 
committed to an immediate decla- 
that be himself might not be 
^ ^riiren to make separate terms with P'rance. 
-^Now be was already considerably in the 
king's debt, but by Wolsey's advice a 
hundred thousand crowns was advanced to 
him on condition that the king should not 
be called on to make an open declaration 
against France till tbe money was repaid. 
Charles was sadly disappointed, and pressed 
for leave to visit Henry again in Enghmd 
beforeEaster on his way to Spain. But this 
was found impossible, and be did not arri 
at Dover until -'fl May, the very day be b 
landed there two years before. He I 
meanwhile corresponded wit!^ Wolsey,w 
ing bim letters inlijsown hahdwith a 
[mark agreed between them 
strongly urging an additional loan t< 
vent Italy and the pope coming 
French influehce. This was conceded to tl 
lUitent of My thousand crowns m 
the emperor, after being feasted at Green- 
wich and London, went on witb tbe king 
lo Windsor. There,on 19 June.onewtreaty 
wuH made and sworn before Wolsey by 
both sovereigns underecclesiastical censu 
binding the emperor to manr Mary w 
she should be twelve years old— that it 



;V° 




Wolsey 



333 



Wolsey 



say, six years later — and Henry to give her 
a very considerable dower, deducting, how- 
ever, the debts of the emperor and his grand- 
father Maximilian. Both princes also agreed 
to invade France before Alay 1624, and the 
emperor to pay Henry those pensions which 
Francis, out of very natural suspicion, had 
already withheld nrom him for a whole 
year. " ; 

But Henry, in his eagerness for war, had j 
already before the emperor's arrival des- ' 
patched Clarencieux herald to declare it to 
Francis ; and Clarencieux did so at Lyons 
on 29 May of this year (1522), and returned 
to the king at Greenwich while the emperor 
was still with him. The two princes then ! 
made a further treaty on 2 July to arrange 
for the joint war which was to commence at 
once, and on the 6th the emperor sailed from . 
Southampton. Three days before leaving he 
had given Wolsey a new patent for his pen- , 
sion, which was now to be charged on the 
vacant bishoprics in Spain instead of the 
bishopric of Badajoz. But Wolsey 's Spanish 

Sensions were always in arrear, like the 
ebts which the emperor owed the king. 
Wolsey's hand had been forced by the 
war party in the council, and on 6 July he 
declared to the lords in the St^r-chamber 
the first success of the war — the sacking of 
Morlaix by Surrey — urging them to aid the 
king with their money. A loan of 20,000/. 
liad already been obtained from the city of 
London under promises of repayment by the 
king and cardinal. But tne nation was 
really ill pn?pared for war, and of course it 
was involved with Scotland as well as with 
France. For Francis, seeing the turn things 
were taking, had let Albany escape in the 
end of 1521. The Scots, however, were also 
ill prepared for war ; and when Albany at 
last moved to the borders, he did not know 
how easily he might have captured Carlisle. 
But Lord Dacres, putting a bold face on the 
matter, induced him to negotiate a truce 
and to withdraw his forces. 

Wolsey was immensely relieved, and 
easily got Dacres pardoned for his felix 
culpa in having negotiated a truce without 
commission. But popular ignorance and 
hatred of the Scots lamented a great oppor- 
tunity thrown away, while levies raiseoi in 
various parts had been sent home unpaid; 
Skelton's bitter invective against Wolsey, 
* Why come ye not to Court P ' written 
clearly just at this time, is full of this and 
other popular complaints which are very 
significant of the reeling against the car- 
dinal ^Skelton, Works,e^, Byce, ii. 26-67). 
One 01 his complaints was that the king's 
court was comparatively deserted by am- 



bassadors and suitors crowding to Hamp- 
ton Court or York Place at Westminster. 
Hampton Court was a mansion of the 
knights of St. John, of which Wolsey had 
taken a ninety-nine years' lease on 11 Jan. 
1514-ri5], just before he became a cardinal. 
It had been visited even by Henry VII, 
but Wolsey spared neither pains nor cost 
to make it far more magnificent. No doubt 
it was owing to cavils like Skelton's that 
three years later (1525) Wolsey made over 
his lease of it to the King, who, however, 
allowed him not only still to occupy it, but 
to lodge, when he saw fit, in his own palace 
of liichmond, rather to the annoyance, 
it would seem, of some old servants of 
Henry VII, in whose days that place of 
pleasure had been reared. 

In the city Wolsey was hated, not for 
the truce made with the Scots, but for his 
too cogent measures to get in money for 
the war. The loan already raised had itself 
lightened many pockets, when on 20 Aug. 
he sent for the mayor and aldermen and the 
most wealthy citizens, and told them that 
for defence of the realm commissioners were 
appointed all over the country to swear 
every man as to the value of his movable 
property ; and he desired to be certified 
witnin a reasonable time of the names of all 
who were worth 100/. and upwards, that 
they might contribute a tenth. The citizens 
remonstrated that many of them had already 
lent a fifth. But Wolsey insisted that the 
20,000/. already subscribed could only be 
allowed as part of the tenth required from 
the whole city, and the citizens made their 
own conscientious returns to his secretary, 
Dr. Toneys, at the chapter-house of St. 
Paul's. 

Yet for all this, more money was required ; 
and next year (1523) parliament was called 
together on 18 April to vote supplies for the 
war. It was opened at the Blackfriars by 
the king in person, with Wolsey at his 
right hand ; but as the cardinal's weak health 
forbade him to make a long address as chan- 
cellor, Cuthbert Tunstall ^.v.] did so in his 
place, declaring the causes of the war. On the 
29th Wolsey, accompanied by divers lords 
both spiritual and temporal, entered the 
House of Commons and stated that a subsidy 
of 800,000/. would be required, which might 
be raised by a tax of four shillings in the 

Sound on every man's goods and land. Next 
ay Sir Thomas More, as speaker (whoso elec- 
tion Wolsey himself had procured), did his 
best to enforce the demand; but the debates 
were so long and serious that Wolsey visited 
the commons again and addressed the mem- 
bers in a way that compelled More to plead 



Wolsey : 

the privileges of the house. A vole was a1 
length obtained with dif&ciilty of tvro ahlt- 
linge in the pound— just hnlf the rate de- 
manded — on lands or ^da over 20/., to be 
pud in two years, with lower rotes on 
smaller incomes. Wolsey refused this ai 
insufficient, and the house, after adjourning 
over Whitsuntide, was again called on Ic 
consider the matter. At lasl, after very 
BlAnnTdebat<'j,iQcoinesof 50/. and iipwards 
from land were subjected to an additional 
tax of one shilling in the pound to be paid 
in thu third year, and persons possessing 
60/. value of goods were required '" " 
shilling in the pound on them o»^ j..,^ 
later. fp 

Convocation also met at St. Paul's dtrKig 
the first Bitting of parliament ; but Wolsey 
as legate stopped its proceedings and sum- 
moned the convocations of both provinc«B 
before him at Westminster, where, after 
very serious opposition, he estrocied from 
the clei^ for their share a grant of half s. 
year's revenue of all benefices, to be paid 
in five years. The summons to Westminster 
»gaia provoked Skelton's satire in the di»- 
tich: 

Oentle Paul, lay doirn tby sveard, 
For Peter of Wustminster hath abavi 

Lar^e provision was thus made for a war 
in which flatterers told Henry V'lll that 
they hoped to see him crowned king of 
France at Rheims, But the king himself, 
though he boasted somewhat, was becoming 
no leas convinced than Wolsey that thu 
emperor was seeking to throw the whole 
expense u|>on him and lo keen the profits 
to himself. Soon after he had arrived in 



}, by which 

able to subdue rebellion and establish good 
order there. He also informed him, with. 
much seeming frankness, that he had re- 
ceived overtures of peace from France 
through the papal legate. He was less com< 
municative, nowever, about certain secret 
offers made to him by the Duke of Bourbon, 
vrho was even then meditating revolt from 
Francis, and had hopes of marrying the 
emperor's sister Eleanor. But Wolsey lound 
out all about them, and did not intend, as 
he wrote to the king, that the emperor 
' should ' have more strings to his bow ' than 
Henry. He got Bourbon to make offers to 
England as well, and urged upon the em- 
peror ajoint neKOliation. But Charlesgrew 
cold aa England grcwwarm. Hewouldhave 
thrown over Henry ond Bourbon alike if 
Francis would have conecuted to ^ive up 
IS well as t'ontarahia. Francis, how- 



Wolsey 



1 thy 







ever, would not give up Milan, and in tha 
end of May 15:23 the Sieur de Beauruin wm 
sent from Spain to induce llenrj to contri- 
bute at least five hundred men-at-arms and 
ten thousand foot in aid of the duke. But, 
having discharged his mission in England, 
Beauniin went straight to Bourbou himself 
at lIourg-en-Bresse and made a special com- 
pact with him for the emperor before anv 
envoy could arrive from England, thouir!h 
Knight was sent from Brussels close u 
his heels. ^ 

With different aims and divided counsels 
the allies made little progress in the invasion 
of France that summer. Suffolk with his 
large army won several placea in Picordy, 
and spread alarm at Paris ; but he was ill 
supported from the Low Countries. Wolsey, 
for reasons which we do not know, but in 
which, after some objections, the king fuBj 
acquiesced, abandoned a plan of campaign, 
beginning with the siege and captun? of 
Boulogne, which he himself had drawn up. 
Possibly even Henry was already convinced 
that he could make no reaUy valuable ad- 
dition to his continental possessions, and 
meant to do like his father— ' traHick with 
that war to make his return in money.' At 
all evenla, Suffolk's brilliant and unsubstan- 
tial victories were used, while the war fever 
was bot in England, as a reason for procuring 
what was called 'an anticipation' — tbat iaio 
say , for issuing commi^ons on 2 Nov. ( Hall 
wrongly says in October) lo persuade the 
wealthy to pay the subsidy voted by parlia- 
ment before the term appointed, and the 
money was actually gathered in. I'hat same 
month of Novemb^ the emperor's army was 
disbanded for lack of payment, and the Eng- 
lish broke discipline and compelled Suffo& 
to return to Calais. 

Just before this, on 14 Sept., Adrian VI 
died, and there was again a vacancy in the 
papacy. The alliance of the king and em- 
peror being in such hich repute, the EngUidi 

ambassadors at Rome ieit sure that Wolsw"' 

presence alone was wanted to decide t 
uew election in his favour. But the loi 
rial ambassador laughed in his sleerei, « 
Charles V acting with the samu hypoeri. 
os before, Clement VII was elected, i 
19 Nov. But whoever was dJsappoiii) 
with the result, [t was certai u l y not^cJ a 
He congratulated the king" on havingNI 
gocid a friend in the new pope, with vrfaofl 
as Cardinal de' Medici, they had both b 
^h correspondence; and his satbCacti 
was greatly increased when Clement, ( 
21 Jan. following, confirmed to him L 
Ii^atcsbip for life. The pope also gave hUJ 
lite bishopric of Durham, the tempornlitla 



Wolsey 



335 



Wolsey 



bf which he had enjoyed since 30 April, and 
^'^olsey thereupon resigned Bath and Wells 
(Le Neve, iii. l>93). 

As to the war, Wolsey used very plain 
speaking to the emperor about the past, but 
simply in the tone of an ajrgrieved friend, 
and endeavoured to elicit definite assurances 
for 1524 both from him and Bourbon. But 
it was soon clear that the emperor, having 
recovered Foutarabia from the French in 
February, w^as neither able nor willing to do 
more; and Bourbon, who was invited to 
England to arrange matters, replied that the 
emperor wished him to stay at Genoa, where 
he very conveniently blocked the way of 
Francis into Italy, but did Henry no particu- 
lar service. In March Wolsey suggested 
to the pope (who was naturally afraid of the 
French becoming strong again in It^ly) that 
he should exhort Francis to send some one 
to England to treat for peace, with sugges- 
tions of afterwards settling the question 
of Milan by marrying the Duke of Milan 
to the French king's daughter. Francis 
took the hint ; and while nothing seemed to 
come of the avowed efforts of tbe pope for 
peace when he sent Schombere, arcbbishop 
of Capua, to France, Spain, and England in 
succession, a Genoese merchant, Giovanni 
Joachino Passano (called by the English 
John Joachim), came in June to London as 
if on private business, and carried on secret 
negotiations with Wolsey as the agent of 
Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. 

These, indeed, remained without visible 
fruit that year, and the imperial ambassador 
actually arranged with Henry VIII for 
]oint support of Bourbon in an attack on 
France. But this was clogged with a con- 
dition that the duke should do homage to 
Henry as king of France, which he refused, 
alleging that Henry had given him his duchy 
free. Wolsey did not believe that much 
was to be expected from Bourbon ; but Pace, 
who had been despatched to the duke to 
report on the situation, was strangely san- 
guine, and said it was only owing to Wolsey 
and the delay of the king's money that the 
crown of France was not set on Henry's 
head. As a matter of fact, money did come 
from England, though rather late. It was 
the emperor, as usual, who failed in his en- 
gagements when it came to the second pay- 
ment. Bourbon entered Provence and laid 
siege to Marseilles ; and in September orders 
were sent out in England to prepare for an 
invasion of France in support of nim. The | 
king was ready either for peace or war, but, j 
by Wolsev's advice, he would have no middle ■ 
course. JSourbon withdrew from the siege 
of Marseilles to Nice, and, by strict orders 



from Henry, no further disbursements were 
made to him. No army crossed from Eng- 
land, and Francis, taking courage, invaded 
Italy and recovered Milan. 

Ilis success, however, was transient, and 
on 24 Feb. 1625 he was defeated and taken 

I prisoner at Pavia. The event took Wolsey, 
ike the rest of the world, by surprise ; for 
though he had not thought highly of the 
French prospects in Italy, he had been doing 
his best to secure the king's interests in any 
event by a renewal of secret negotiations 
with John Joachim. And he had just taken 
a most audacious step to cover these secret 
practices. . As the imperial ambassador De 
Praet was inconveniently inquisitive, he 
contrived (for there can be no doubt it was 
not an accident, a special search having been 
ordered in London that very night) that a 
messenger of De Praet 's should be arrested 
by the watch as a suspicious character, and 
his letters taken from him and laid before 
himself in the chancery next morning. He 
opened and read them, and found, as he no 
doubt expected, many severe reflections on 
himself and the insincerity of the king's 
friendship towards the emperor. On this ne 
stopped a courier already despatched by De 
Praet, upbraided the ambassador for what 
he had written to his own court, and penned 
a strong despatch to Sampson, the English 
ambassador in Spain, to represent to the 
emperor the mischief done by an agent who 
was endeavouring to disturb friendly feel- 
ings between him and Henry I He more- 
over got Henry himself to write to the em- 
peror with his own hand complaining of the 
unfriendly conduct of his ambassador. 

The outrage no doubt was deliberately 
designed to show the emperor how little 
he must presume upon the universal re- 
spect paid to his greatness, while offering, 
as he continually did, mean excuses for 
breach of engagements. And Wolsey knew 
that Charles, after mild remonstrance, would 
pocket the affront, as he actually did, 
deeply as he at heart resented it. De Praet 
himself believed that Henry was still the 
emperor's friend, whom it would not do to 
alienate ; and as Wolsey, with cynical in- 
sincerity, professed to be devoted to the 
common interests of the emperor and his 
own sovereign, Charles also professed to take 
him so. This was thb more necessary in 
order that he might keep the profits of his 
great victory to himself. On hearing of it 
Wolsey took counsel with some ]fiemish 
envoys, at whose request he at length dis- 
missed John Joachim, and he urged the em- 
peror to make full use of his advantage in 
concert with England, suggesting a joint 



Wolsev 



336 



Wolsey 



inTasion, by which Charle* and H^ary 
would meet in Pari*: :her*up>n Fr*no* 
would be handed orer r .1 Kn«;l:$h dc^mina- 
tion, and Henry would »?> on wi:h the 
emperor to his coronati'"»n at Itome. 

Of course he had n> expeo:ati>n that 
Charles would listen to a prtrec: *•> chime- 
rical. But Bishop Tim*tall and ^■r Kichard 
"Wingfield q-v." wer? despatched to Spain 
with these "pn^posals at the end of March, 
that the emperor by his answer mlfhr show 
whether he waswillinj: to pp>«eoute the war 
with vigour or restore his captire for a 
ransom, m which latter case they were not 
onlv to remind him that he wa^t bound not 
to treat apart from England, but also to 
hint that tne kini: had no lack of offers to 
forsake the emperv>r*s alliance. For indeed 
thepojv, the Venetian*, and the other Italian 
powers were most s«»ri«>usly alarmed at the 
emperor's success. The ambassadors, after a 
tedious voyaire, reached the imperial court 
at Toletlo only on :*4 May. But they S'X»n 
obtained an answer frankly confes^inc that 
the emperor had no means of maintainim; 
the war: headded,ho\v»»ver,a most extraordi- 
nary suggestion that his bride, the Princess 
Mary, should be sent to Spain at once with 
her dowry of four hundred thousand crowns, 
and that a further contribution might enable 
him to carry on the war in earnest. The 
amazed ambassadors remindtnl the impt»rial 
chancellor that the empen.^r oupht first to 
repay the 150,(HX) crowns he had borrowed 
for his last rova^r^ to Spain and the kind's 
indemnity for Lis French pensions, liut the 
emi>eror's real meaninjj came out three days 
later, when the chancellor told them that his 
majesty was much perplexed ; and if he could 
have neither the princess nor her dowry j>aid 
beforehand. perhaps thekingwould allow him 
to take another wife. In short, Charles had 
made up his mind to marry Isabella of Por- 
tugal, and if the kinjr meant to prosecute 
the war he would have to do it alone. 

The answer suited AVolsey very well. 
But meanwhile in England the talk was 
aliout the king leading an invasion Tjf France 
in persrm, and Wolsev, undt»r a commission 
dated 21 March, culled the mayor and 
aldermen before him and pn'ssed for a general 
contribution in aid of the project, at the 
rate of .>. 4r/. a ])ound on incomes of 50/. 
and M])wards, with lower rates on the smaller 
inronu'S, according to the valuations made 
bvth« citizens themselves in 1522. Some 
excl»iim**d that this was unjust, as many in- 
comes had sine*' bren impaired ; but remon- 
Btrancp was stifled bv threats that it might 
cf»t Kf)m<* their hea<U, and the matter was 
pressed both in London and throughout the 



country. The strain, however, was beyond 
endurance. Even the prosperous citizens of 
Norwich c*)uld not raise the, money requisite, 
but offer^ their plate. In Suffolk the 
clothiers said they must discharge their 
workmen, whom they had no money to pay, 
and an insurrection broke out. 

F^r this * amicable grant,' as it was 
curiously called, Wolsey was not specially 
respi:>nsible. It had been ag^reed on by 
the council generally for a w*^' policy that 
was n>t to Wolsey 8 mmd, but was 
imputed to him specially, knd the public 
were slow to believe, what was really the 
fact, that it was at his intercession that 
the kin^ agreed to turn the grant into a 
* benevolence * without further insisting on 
a fixed rate. A new difficulty, however, 
was started, that ' benevolences ' had been 
made illegal by a statute of Richard III, 
and Wolsey in vain attempted to persuade 
the Londoners that an act of parliament 
passed by a wicked usurper was bad law. 
In the end the king was obliged to give up 
the demand altogether and pardon those 
who had resisted. Even the rebels of 
Suffolk, when called before the Star-chamber 
on 30 May, were dismissed with a ^rdon. 
Sureties, indeed, were asked for their good 
conduct, and when thev could find none 
Wolsey said to them, * I wdl be one, because 
you be mv countrymen, and my lord of 
Norfolk will be another.* 

This business was an unpleasant in- 
terruption to a work of Wolsey 's own, on 
which he had set his heart-. In the pre- 
1 ceding year he had procured from Clement 
{ VII a bull, dated :^ April 1524, allowing 
' him to convert the monastery of St. Fri- 
deswide at Oxford into a college, trans- 
ferring the canons to other monasteries. 
That house was accordingly dissolved, and 
on 11 Sept. following Clement gave him 
another bull, allowing Wolsey to suppress 
more monasteries, to the value of three 
thousand ducats, for the endowment of his 
college. Several houses were thus sup- 
pressed in February 1525, and the work 
was proa^eding. But in June, at the 
monastery of fiegham in Sussex, a riotous 
multitude with painted faces and disguises 
put in the canons again — an outr^^ which 
of course was punished. At Tunbridge 
also, though there was no disturbance, tlie 
inhabitants did not wish the priory to be 
converted into a school, and desirea to see 
the six or seven canons restored. 

Meanwhile Wolsey was aware that the 
emperor had been making separate offers of 
peace to Louise of Savoy, the regent of 
France; and in June appeared again in 



Wolsey 



337 



Wolsey 



^ 



London John Joachim, who now bore the 
title of Seigneur de Vaulx, this time as a 
regular accredited ambassador. He came 
from Louise, for Francis had just been con- 
veyed to Spain, and another French envoy, 
Brinon, arrived shortly after him. With 
these two Wolsey concluded no fewer than 
five, or rather six, treaties, at the More 
(Moor Park in Hertfordshire, which belon^d 
to him as abbot of St. Albans), by which 
France secured the amity of England for a 
sum of two million crowns to be paid by 
instalments, with various other conditions 
extremely advantageous to England, bonds 
being afterwards procured from the leading 
persons and cities of France for the strict 
lulfilment of the terms. Nor did Wolsey 
forget his own interests in these transac- 
tions : for though he forbore a claim for 
arrears of a pension once given him by Francis, 
he obtained thirty thousand crowns for 
those of his indemnity for the bishopric of 
Toumay (notwithstanding that the city 
had been meanwhile won from France 
by the emperor), and a present of one 
hundred thousand crowns besides from 
Louise, payment of which sums was spread 
over seven years. 

In January 1626 Wolsey came to Elt* 
ham, where the king was staying, and 
made, along with the council, certain 
ordinances for the king's household which 
were called 'the statutes of Eltham,' 
mainly intended to rid the court of super- 
annuated servants and too numerous de- 
pendents. On 11 Feb. he went with great 
pomp to St. Paul's, when Robert Barnes 
[q. v.] bore a fagot for heresy. In March 
Francis I was set at liberty, as agreed in the 
treaty of Madrid signed two months before, 
leaving two of his sons hostages in Spain 
for fulfilment of the terms. Charles now 
hoped to take his imperial crown at Home, 
but the pope and the northern powers of 
Italy took alarm, and concluded with 
Francis on 22 May the league of Cognac, 
which was to enable him to recover his 
children on easier terms than those wrung 
from him when he was a prisoner without 
counsel. This league England was strongly 
solicited to join, offers being held out to 
Henry of a duchy in Naples consisting of 
lands worth thirty thousand ducats a year, 
and to Wolsey of other lands worth ten 
thousand ducats a year. But it was not 
the interest of England to make an open 
enemy of the emperor. In September 
imperial troops, along with Cardinal Co- 
lonna, treacherously surprised liome during 
a truce and wrung terms from the pope by 
intimidation. Charles himself disavowed 

YOL. LZU. 



the outrage, but in May following Rome 
was attacked by Bourbon. The commander 
was killed in the assault, but his unpaid 
troops sacked the city with a barbarity quite 
unheard of, and kept the pope for some 
months prisoner in the castle oi St. Angelo. 

Meanwhile in England an allegorical play 
had been performed at Christmas at Gray^ 
Inn suggesting that misgovemment was 
the cause of insurrection. Wolsey, though 
he declared, no doubt with perfect trutn, 
that it was the kinff who was displeased 
rather than himself, nad the author, John 
Roo, serjeant-at-law, deprived of his coif 
and committed to the Fleet for a time 
along with one of the players. The king, 
and even his council, now seemed to be 
quite converted to the policy of cultivating 
tlie new French alliance rather than an 
imperial one, and hints were thrown out to 
Francis that, instead of marrying the em- 
peror's sister Eleanor, he might have 
Henry's daughter Mary, once offered to his 
son. So in March 1627 a great embassy ar^ 
rived in England with Qrammont, bishop of 
Tarbes, at its head, which held very lengthy 
conferences with Wolsey with a view to a 
closer league. Of these negotiations a minute 
French account has been preserved, which 
gives an extraordinary impression of Wolsey's 
wonderful statecraft. He demanded a new 
perpetual peace, with an annual tribute of 
salt and a pension of fifty thousand crowns 
to Henry. He affected astonishment at the 
difhculties made at his high terms, and told 
the ambassadors (what, perhaps, was not far 
from the truth) tnat if he advised the king 
to abate them he was in danger of being 
murdered. In the course of a long dis- 
cussion he gradually shifted the basis of 
negotiation. If Francis declined to marry 
Mary himself, he suggested that she mi^ht be 
married to the Duke of Orleans, then a 
hostage in Spain, the two kings meanwhile 
agreeing on terms for his and his brother's 
liberation, on refusal of which they should 
make joint war on the emperor. Then, 
after lurther conference, he told the am- 
bassadors that Henry advised Francis to 
marry Eleanor for the sake of peace, if the 
emperor would not restore his sons otherwise. 
The French were quite confounded at the 
withdrawal of -the veij bait that had lured 
them on. * We have to do,* wrote one of 
them to Francis, ' with the most rascally 
beggar in the world, and the most devoted 
to his master's interests.' Wolsey had won 
the day. Treaties very advantageous to 
England were signed and sealed at West- 
minster on 30 April. 

Li the course of these negotiations Wolsey 

z 



had inlked of goiug otpp to Trance in May I 
lo complete matters. Tha king also, wbd 
had sepanite interviews with ihe ambassA- 
dors, exprcBMid a ileeire to pay Frsncie a 
>isil liimwlf. The French objected that 
this would delaj the war against the em- 
perDT, and said that he might trust every- 
thiog to Wolsev ; but lienry aaid he had 
thinga to tell JiVancis of which Wolsey 
knew nothing. It is clear that he had 
begun to entertain the thought of divorcing 
Catherine which it was afterwards alleged 
that Wolscj had put into his head — a stste- 
mentquite aa untrue a« the political figment 
that the bishop of Tarbes had suggested it 
bv insinuating a doubt of the Princess 
Siary's legitimacy. Wolsey must ha^e 
learned the kinsr's ideas on tbi» subject — or 
rather a part of them — shortly after this ; 
and he certainly did not like them, although, 
for prudential reasons, he did hie best to 
advance the king's wishes. In M^ay he got 
the king to appear priTately before him And 
Archbishop Warhom, and called on himto 
prove that his marriage was lawful. ' 
proceedings led to no result: but on 22 Ji 
the king told Catherine (bidding her, how- 
ever, keep the matter secret) that they r — 
separate, aa lie had been informed bydit 
that they were living in mortal sin. The 
badness of the king's cause was made etill 
more apparent to Wolsey when he learned 
immediately afterwards that Catherine at 
the time of her marriage to Henry had been 
a virgin widow. The king saw that he was 
perplexed by this discovery ; but Wolsey 
waa anxious to assure him that he did not 
consider it fatal to his case, as they had 
been married in fatAt eceletu* and the dis- 
pensation did not meet the cafe. 

Wolsey now set out for France with 
the name of the king's lieutenant an' 
state no less than regal. The pretext for 
the close alliance was the pope's liberation 
from captivity, and at Gunteibury he ordered 
a special litany for the Pope Clement to be 
sung by the monks of Chrislchureh. " 
liis way he endeavoured to quiet rum 
about the queen's divorce by shamefully 
Jesuitical statements made in confidence to 
Archbishop Warham and Bigbo|> Fislier. 
Un 16 Aug. he concluded a number of 
treaties with Francis at Amiens. His mis- 
sion would have united England and Fr><nc?'e 
in ihc disowning of papal authority while 
the pope was under the emperor's control, 
and bis lost act in France was to get four car- 
dinals, threv French and one Italian, to join 
him in a protest to that eSeet. But 
thing he had expected to do which he c 
not_doi for he certainly left England ic 



that the king was wilting, alter 
uis aivorce, lo marry, not the Duc^Mt uf 

Alenjon, as later wrilurs said (for she hsil 
already found a second husband in January), 
but Ren^e, daughter of Ixiiiis XII of Ftvnre. 
He was forbidden, however, lo broach this 
proposal, and he became painfully aware 
that the king's ultimate olnts^t was oub 
that he had concealed from him and wu 
endeavouring to obtain in his absence by 
themi^ion of William Knight (147tS-lo47) 
[q, v.] to I'tome. He returned to England 
m September, and Anne Boleyn insisted 
on being present at hia first interview with 
the king. 

It was the friends of Anne Boleys who 
had most counselled bis Koing to Fiasco 
that they might get the kings ear m U* 
absence- Their attempt to manage without 
him, however, was a great mist^e, even in 
her interest ; for Knight with great difi- 
culty, and not Ull the pope bad escaped t/) 
Orvielo, obtained hulls, which turned out to 
be useless for the king's purpose atUr all, 
the demand for them only revealing to liie 
papal advisers what that purpose wu. But 
WoUey, to whom the cauw vta again com- 
mitted, now tried the desperate policy of 
endeavouring to get the pope to give awij 
his authority, without appeal, to hiiaself 
and another legate to be sent to England, 
and Gardiner and Foxe were despatched lo 
Italy with this view in Februatr l-SSi 
Their instructions were lo procure from tin 
pope a decretal commission to delino tli« 
law by which the judges should be goidtd 
and a dispensation for the new marritgv. 
The latter ^although it whs really a pmUr 
stretch of papal power than the old dispen- 
sation to marry Catherine) was passed with- 
out diiticulty;'but the other decretal Garii- 
ncr (ailed to obtain, even after long dan 
spent in arguingwith the pope and cardinaui 
and Foxe at last departed for England witJis 
mere general commission, wkich they koped 
would do, hut which Wolsev found to be 
inadequate. Again he urge^ Gardiner tn 
press the pope for a decretal commiaiuoa, not 
only for public reasons, but personally for 
"W'olsey'e sake ; and in the end Clement, 
though with great reluctance, agreed to send 
one by Camp«^gio, the legate who waa to be 
despatched as Wolsey's colleague. But the 
document was onlv to be shown to the kinj 
and Wolsey and inen destroyed, Catupc^o 
being strictly enjoined not to let it go onl 
of his hands, for WoUey himself had said it 
need not be used in the urocess, as he onli 
wanted it to strengthen his authority wiib 
the king, Clement also was got to give t 
dungerous promise that he would not inte^ 



Wolsey 



339 



Wolsey 



fere with tho due execution of this commis- 
sion, bat confirm what should be done 
under it. This, of course, did not bind 
him to confirm an unjust decision, and for 
that very reason Wolsey afterwards in- 
structed Gardiner by a shameful artifice to 
endeavour to procure a reissue of the docu- 
ment in a form more to the king's pur])ose. 

Meanwhile the French alliance had borne 
fruit in a joint declaration of war made by 
an English and a French herald to the 
emperor at Burgos on 22 Jan. 1»28. On 
13 Feb. "Wolsey explained the causes of this 
war to a meetmg in the Star-chamber ; but 
it was very unpopular, and led not only to 
interruption of commerce, but also to serious 
industrial difficulties within the realm, the 
Suffolk clothiers having to dismiss their 
men because they had no vent for their 
cloths. In Flanders the state of matters 
was no less intolerable, and a truce, so far 
as England and Flanders were concerned, 
was agreed to from 1 May to the end of 
February following. In June the sweating 
sickness was rife in England, and Anne 
Boleyn caught it. But she soon recovered, 
and was anxious about the health of Wolsey, 
whom she said she loved next to the king 
for the daily and nightlj pains he took in 
her behalf. The king himself added in his 
own hand a postscript to the letter. In 
July, however, Wolsey, having set aside, 
apparently for good reasons, a nominee of 
Anne's for the position of abbess of Wilton, 
incurred a rebuke from the king for taking 
steps to promote the prioress, of whose 
nomination he had disapproved. The re- 
proof was expressed in the rfiost friendly 
terms, but was nevertheless deeply felt, 
even when Wolsey was reassured of the 
king's favour. 

Cardinal Campeggio, after a long and 
tedious journey through France, reached 
London m October suffering severely from 
gout. Yet the business for which he came, 
as Wolsey at once discovered, was entirely 
in his hands, and he allowed his colleague 
no control over it. lie was instructed first 
to do his utmost to prevent the matter 
coming to a trial at all, either by persuading 
the king to forbear prosecuting it further or 
by inducing Catherine to enter a nunnery. 
lie had also promised the pope not to pro- 
nounce sentence without communicating 
with him — a fact which, to Wolsey's dis- 
may, he let fall at their first interview. 
Wolsey tried in vain to get hold of the 
secret commission he had brought, and wrote 
a host of complaints and remonstrances to 
Kome on the way in which he was treated 
by his colleague. His perplexities were 



increased by Catherine's production of a 
copy of the brief in Spain [see Cathebinb 
OF Arragon], and his ingenuity was taxed 
in vain either to get the original into the 
king's possession or to have it pronounced a 
forgery by the ]pope. Anne Boleyn, mean- 
while, actually imputed to him the delay of 
the trial, and allied herself with her father 
and tho dukes of Norfolk and Sufiblk to 
bring about his ruin. 

To add to his agony, at the new year 
(1529J Clement Vfl feU ill and was ex- 
pectea to die — in which case his only hope, 
and that a poor one, was that through the 
readily promised aid of Francis he himself 
might be the new pope. He despatched to 
Gardiner and Brian at Kome a marked list 
of the whole college of cardinals, and bade 
them spare no expense to secure his eleo- 
tion. But Clement slowly recovered, and 
was able to see ambassadors in March. On 
21 April he wrote to the king that he could 
not declare the brief in Spain a forgery 
without hearing both sides. Meanwhile, 
Bishop Foxe of Winchester having died in 
September, that see was fjiven to Wolsey 
in commendajn on 6 April, and he soon 
after resigned that of Durham. But his 
fall was at hand. The long-deferred trial 
[already described imder Catherine op 
Arragon] had to take place. The legatine 
court assembled on 18 June, and was pro- 
rogued by Campeggio on 23 July. Mean- 
while at Kome on 13 July the cause had 
been revoked at Catherine's intercession. 

Wolsey was now visibly in disgrace. \ 
The king, it is true, knew that he had done I 
his utmost, and still for some weeks took I 
his advice on many things, chiefly by letter 
through Gardiner. In fact the king actually 
paid him a visit at Tittenhanger in the be- 
ginning of August, and but for Anne Boleyn 
would have had more frequent intercourse 
with him. The lords, however, who had so 
long resented his ascendency, made use of 
Anne's influence to keep him at a distance 
from the court. Anticipating his fall. Lord 
Darcy had drawn up, even as early as 
1 July, a long catalogue of his misdeeds^^ 
and similar lists were drawn up by others 
with a view to his impeachment. The 
cloud, however, had not yet burst when he 
accompanied Campeggio to take leave of 
the king at Grafton Kegis, where they both 
arrived on Sunday, 19 Sept. (* Green- 
wich' is a misreading of 'Grafton* in Al- 
ward's letter printed in £lli8*s Original 
Letters, i. i. 308). Many expected that the 
king would not speak with Wolsey, and 
were mortified to see that he received him 
as graciously as ever and had a long private 

z2 



Wolsey 



Wolsey 



converMlion with liim. Anno Bolejn, ho 
evur, flpoke bitterly of him to the hing 
dinner, and took cnre next morning, when 
the two legates tell, that there aUould be 
few words ftt parting. 

Shortly aftprwards Wolsey went up to 
London for Michiielmag term, which began 
on Oct. He attended council meeting 
which a parliament was summoned for 3? 
On tha nrst, day of term he entered W 
minster Hall as chancellor with all his tr 
but not preceded by the king's servant 
heretofore. That day a bill of indictment 
was preferred against him in the king's bench 
by Sir Christopher Hales [q. v.], the attomey- 
generaL Nest day he remained at hom« 
awaiting the dukes of Norfolk and Suifolk, 
who bad been to the king at Windsor. They 
arrived on the day following and desired 
him to deliver up the great seal, which he 
refused then to do, aa they had brought no 
commission, Theyretumed to Windsor, and 
came again with written authority on 
19th, when he gave it up to them. They 
told him that the king wished him to retire 
to Esber, a house belonging to his bishopric 
of Winchester. On the 22nd he executed a 
deed acknowledging that he bad incurred a 
preBTiuintre, and requesting the king, in part 
recoropense^f his oSunces, to take into his 
hands all his temporal possessions. On the 
30th, while be wus absent at Esber, two 
attorneys appointed by bip^lf received 
judgment for liim that be should be out of 
the king's protection and forfeit all his lands 
and goods. 

Mauv wondered that he confessed himself 



if he strove against the king, who really waa 
not at heart his enemy, but must now pro- 



ambassador perceived, he was being b&- 
troyed even by those whom he trusted most, 
When ordered to Esher he look his barge to 
Putney in sight of a vast multitude upon the 
water who expected to see him conveyed to 
the Tower. Just before embarking he had 
called the otHcers of hie household before 
him and directed them to make an inventory 
of ail the property, that the king might take 
possession. Afler landing at Putney he 
■net Uenry Norris, who brought him a cheer- 
ing message from the king, with a gold 
i'ewelled ring as a token, lie jumped from 
lis mule like a young man, ' lineeled dovjn 
in the dirt upon both Ills knees, holding up 
his hands for joy," and tore tlie laces of his 
^ to kneel bareheaded. He pre- 
via with all he had to give — a 



liille gold chain and cross which he had 
worn next hia skin, and desired him to lake 
his fool as a gift to the king, though the 
poor fool himself was most reluct&nt to leav# 
liim. He continued at Esher for weeks 
' without beds, sheets, table-cloths, cups, and 
dished,' which he bad to borrow from the 
hishop of Carlisle fJohn Kite [q. v.j) and 
Sir "rhomas Arundel. He called his ser- 
vants and, regretting that he had nothing In 
give them, advised them to return to their 
own homes for a month, by which tims 
be might perhap have recovered favour. 
Thomas Cromwell (afterwards Eorl of Essex) 
[q. v.] on this, banding him 61. in gold for 
hiB own part, said his chaplains, who owed 
their preferments to him, ought now to con- 
tribute to his necessity, and a considerable | 
suhacription was at once made up. -^ 

On 1 Nov. he received anothermessagBof 
comfort from the king by Sir John Russell 
(afterwards first Earl of BedfoFdl [q.v.], 
who arrived at Ksher at midnight in great 
secrecy and left bufore daybreak. Shortly 
afterwards a portion of his plate and funu- 
ture was restored to bim, and he received a 
patent of protection on the I8lh. Parliament, 
however, was opened by the king in person 
on the 3rd, and Sir Thomas More, the new 
lord chancellor, made a speech in which he 
vituperated hb predecessor. On 1 Dec. a 
bill of attainder was passed against him in 
hia absence by the lords and sent down to 
the commons. It consisted of forty-four 
articles — mostly untrue, as Wolsey himself 
declared to Cromwell ; and he was certainly 
juatified in saying so, though it bore the 
sij^nature (no doubt ex officio) of Sir Thomas 
Alore at the head of sixteen others. Bat in 
the commons Wolsey had an able defender 
inCromwell.wUo had already gained the ear 
of the king in some matters ; and it must 
have been with the king's secret concurrence 
that the bill was thrown out. 

Wolsey was now leading a devout life, and 
said he had gained peace oimind by advenity. 
He Btili, however, endured much petty pci^ 
aecution, having at one time four or five 
servants taken from him, and almost dally 
hearing of new matters laid to his charge. 
SirWilliamShelley [q.T.],theiudge,actutJlt 
induced him, sorely against his will, to rob 
his successors in the archbishopric by con- 
veying York Place at Westminster to the 
king. He could only yield, but begged tha 
judge would remind his majesty ' that there 
IS both heaven and hell.' At Christmaa he 
fell ill, and Dr. (afterwards Sir WiUiam) 
Butt* [q. v.], whom the king sent to him, 
'tpreaeuted that he was in aerioue danger, on 
hich the king, alarmed, not only scut him a 



Wolsey 



341 



Wolsey 



riug with his portrait in a ruby, but induced 
Anne Bolejn likewise to send him a token, 
and caused Dr. Butts and three other 
physicians to attend him constantly till he 
"wus well again. Against Candlemas 1530 
the king sent him more furniture, plat«, and 
hangings. On 7 Feb. he executed the con- 
veyance of York Place, and on the 12th he 
received a general pardon. On the 14th the 
other possessions of his archbishopric were 
restored to him ; but on the 17th he executed 
an indenture with the king resigning the 
bishopric of Winchester and the abbey of 
St. Albans in consideration of 6,JI74/. 3«. T^d.y 
only 3,000/. of which was given him in ready 
money, the rest being a valuation of the 
goods that had been delivered to him. After 
this resignation, however, the king found 
that he could not give valid grants of life 
pensions out of these benefices, and Crom- 
well got Wolsey to give what Cavendish 
calls a * confirmation ' of those grants — pro- 
bably antedated grants by himself, of which 
drafts still remain. 
*^ Continuing at Esher, Wolsey had an attack 
of dropsy, and, requiring a drier air, the king 
allowed him to remove to Richmond. The 
lords, however, took alarm at his coming 
nearer London, and Norfolk sent him word 
by Cromwell that he should remove to York 
to attend to his diocese, promising him a 
pension of a thousand marks out of his 
bishopric of Winchester and abbacy of St. 
Albans. Early in I^nt he prepared to go, 
but at first he only moved out of the lodge 
in Richmond Park to the Charter House 
there ; when Norfolk, taking alarm, used such 
violent threats that he was compelled to 
begin his journey in Passion Week. He went 
by Hendon, the Kye House, and Royston to 
I'eterborough, w^here he rested from Palm 
Sunday to Thursday in Easter week 
(10-21 April). Then, tiU Monday following, 
he w^as gladly received as a guest by Sir 
William Fitzwilliam of Milton, a few miles 
off, whence he went by Grantham and 
Newark to Southwell, and remained there 
during the summer. He found his palace at 
Southwell sadly out of repair, ancl had at 
first to be lodged at a prebendary's house 
till Whitsuntide ; but he was then able to 
occupy the palace, and the country gentle- 
men resorted to him in great numbers. He 
kept open house in the hospitable style of 
the day, and did much to pacify discords in 
the country and in families, winning the 
hearts of many who had been prejudiced 
against him before. 

Yet the mere costs of coming down to his 
diocese had consumed an advance of one 
thousand marks made him by the king out 



of his Winchester pension, and he had no 
prospect of receiving any of his rents before 
August. He appealed in vain for further 
aid, and his creditors were clamorous. He 
was compelled to borrow money of friends. 
Yet having to get workmen from London to 
repair his buildings, it was supposed at 
court that he was raising sumptuous edifices. 
On Corpus Christi eve (lo June), after he 
and his household had retired to bed, two 
messengers, Brereton and Wriothesley, came 
from the king and called him up to sign and 
seal some important document with which 
they again departed in the night to George 
Talbot, fourth earl of Shrewsbury [q. v.] It 
was the letter of the lords of England to the 
pope in favour of the king's divorce. Shortly 
after he was disquieted by a new process 
against him and inquisitions taken on the 
lands of his archbishopric; but he was 
assured both by the chief baron of the ex- 
chequer and bv Cromwell that it was only 
a formality, fie was more deeply gprieved to 
learn in July that the king had determined 
to dissolve the two colleges he had been at 
80 much pains to set up. He wrote to Crom- 
well, 'with weeping tears,' that the news 
had deprived him of sleep and appetite. 
The Ipswich college was entirely suppressed, 
and it had been intended to do the same 
with that at Oxford, but the buildings had 
already advanced so far that it would have 
cost more to suppress than to alter it, and 
so Christ Church has come down to us, an 
imperfect realisation of the cardinal's great 
aim; 

At * the latter end of grease time ' — in 
September — he removed from Southwell to 
Scrooby, some way further in the direction 
of York, evading various attentions that 
would have been paid him on his journey hj 
the Earl of Shrewsbury and the country 
gentlemen, lest it should be said elsewhere 
that he was courting people's favour. He 
remained at Scrooby till after Michaelmas, 
ofiiciating on Sundays in neighbouring 
churches and doing many deeds of charity. 
He then passed on to Cawood, twelve miles 
from York, holding confirmations by the 
way at St. Oswald's Abbey and near Ferry- 
bridge, which, from the number of children, 
fatigued him not a little. At Cawood as at 
Scrooby he had to repair the castle buildings. 
He composed a dangerous dispute between 
Sir Richard Tempest and Brian Hastings. 
Finally he arranged to be installed at York 
on Monday, 7 Nov., with less than the 

Somp of his predecessors. But when the 
ay appointed was known, the country 
gentlemen and the monasteries sent copious 
presents of fat beeves, mutton, wild fowl^ 



Wolsey 



342 



Wolsey 



and venison to grace tluj occasion, no one 
dreaminpc of what waH about to happen. 

( )n Friday, tho 4th, as he was finishing 
his dinner at (Jawood, the Eurl of Northum- 
berland and Walter Walsh, a gentleman of 
the privy cham)j<»r, suddenly arrived with a 
company of gentlemen, and demanded tlie 
keys of the castle, which the porter refused 
to give up, hut they swore him to keep it 
for them as the king's commissioners. When 
their entry was jMirceived. Wolsey, still un- 
cf>nsciou8 of what had taken place outside, 
embraced the earl and oilered him hospi- 
tality, regrtitting that he hud had no notice 
of his coming. He then took him to his 
bedrhamlxir, where the earl, trembling, laid 
his hand upon his arm, and snirl in a faint 
voice, * My lord, I arrest you of high treason.' 
At the same time Walsh, who, wearing a 
h(K)d fof disguise, had hitherto escaped 
notice, arrested at the portal Wolsey 's 
Italian physician. Dr. Augustine, driving 
him in with the words : ' Go in, traitor, or I 
ahull make t.hee.' Augustine was indeed a 
traitor, not to the king but to AVolsey, and 
the action was ])rearrangcd. The earl hod 
rufuced to show Wolsey a warrant for his 
arrest, and Walsh said their instructions 
were secret ; but Wolsey surrendered to 
AVulsh as being a g(tntlemun of the privy 
chamber. Then the earl and Walsh, with 
the abbot of St. Mary's beside "^'ork, took 
an inventory, which still exists, of Wolsey's 
goods at Cawood. 

There is distincrt evidence that Dr. Augus- 
tine had been bribed by Norfolk to betray 
an important secret about Wolsey ; and wo 
know both the fact which he had to reveal 
and the lies with which he augmented it. 
The fact was that Wolsey at the time of his 
fall had in his despair sought through the 
French ambassador to get Francis to write 
to Henry in his favour. I^it to this Au- 
ffustine shamefully added that the cardinal 
iiad urged the pope to excommunicate the 
king if he did not put away Anno IJoleyn, 
hoping by this to cause an insurrection by 
which he would recover jK>wer. To conceal 
from Wolsey the fact that he had informed 
against him, Augustine was carried away 
prisoner tied under a horse's belly. But 
when he reached London he lived like a 
prince in Norfolk's house, while his master 
was carried southwards in custodv. Crowds 
of people at Cawood, when Wolsey's arrest 
was known, ran after him with curses on 
his enemies ; but he was taken, first to Pom- 
fret, then to Doncaster, then to Sheffiefd 
Park, where he was treated kindly as a 
miest by the P]arl of Shrewsbury. -Here he 
ved to remain a fortnight, and he 



begged the earl, who always tried to kv«p 
up his spirits, to write to the king that he 
might be brought face to face with his 
accusers — a degree of justice that he did 
not expect. One day the earl told Cavendish 
that he had got an answer from the king, 
showing that Heniy had still a good opinion 
of him, and he begged Cavendish to com- 
municate it discreetly, for the mesdengor was 
Sir William Kingston, constable of the 
Tower. The news brought on a severe 
attack of dysentery, and no kindly sophi- 
stries would com^rt him. * I know,' he 
said, 'what is provided for me; notwith- 
standing I thank you for your good will and 
Sains.' His journey had to be deferred one 
ay longer in consequence of his extreme 
weakness. Kingston then brought him to 
another place of Shrewsbury's, Ilardwick 
Hall, near Newstead — not the Derbyshire 
Hardwick, which came to the family later — 
next day to Nottingham, and the following 
day to Leicester Abbey. His illness had 
increased upon the journey, so that at times 
h(i was near falling off his mule ; and he 
said to the abbot, * I am come to leave my 
bones among you.' He had been admitted 
a brother of that monastery some years 
before. 

He at once took to his chamber. It was 
a Saturday night (20 Xov.) On the Monday 
morning (the 28th) he seemed drawing fast 
to his end. Yet even now a message came 
from the king about a sum of 1,500/. lately 
received by him, of which an entr\- had been 
found in a book at Cawood. It was money 
that he had borrowed to pay his servants 
and to bury him ; but if the King would have 
it, he hoped he would pay his debts, and he 
gave the names of his creditors, promising 
to show where it was next day. He was 
very ill that night, but in the early morning 
of the 29th desired some food, and was given 
a * cullis ' made of chicken, though it was a 
fluting day — St. Andrew's eve, as he himself 
observed after taking it. He was then cou^ 
fessed, and spoke of his ailments as coming 
to a crisis. Sir William Kingston told him 
he made himself worse by one vain fear — 
meaning, of course, lest he should be brought 
to the block ; but he was not to be consoled. 
' Master Kingston,' he said, * I see the matter 
against me how it is framed ; but if I had 
served God as diligently as I have done the 
king. He would not have g^ven me over 
in my g^ey hairs.' That morning he passed 
away at eight o'clock, an hour at which, 
according to Cavendish, he had expected to 
die the day before. 

The mayor and aldermen of Leicester were 
sent for, and the body, after lying in state 



Wolsey 343 Wolstenholme 

till four or five o'clock, was removed into Neve's Fusti, ed. Hardy ; Lanz's Correspondeni 

the Lady-chapel of the abbey. Early next Karls V ; Lhw's Hist, of Hauipton Court. Of 

morning (30 Nov. 1530) it was interred. It I'^es later than that of Cavendish there is one in 

was found that he had worn a hair shirt next Po^^^y by Thomas Storer ( 1 599) of little value ; 

his skin underneath another of fine linen. f""^ o^*^^" by Richard Fiddcs.D.D. Joseph 

WolseVs features are ftmiliar in portraits ^r?y«' »*°^ John Gait the novelist. 1 hat of 

which have often been engraved, an^ which ^/.^^^ «^°'^» ^ ^f ^^^^ Y '"^ \ ^' 
114. . • • ^1 r • ill all are very inadequate now, whea so much has 
are all of one type, giving the face m profile ^^ ^^^^^ from^.tate papers. The only ac- 
There are paint mgs m the iSational Portrait ^^^^^ ^^ Wolsey's career embodying this in- 
Gallery, London ; at Christ Church, Oxford ; formation is containc<l in Brewer's Reign of 
at Hampton Court ; and in the Royal Col- Henry VIII ; but a more condensed view of it 
lege of Physicians. Others belong to Sir will be found in the short biography of Dr. Man- 
Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, and to T. L. Thur- dell Creighton. now bishop of London (Twelve 
low, esq. (ascribed to Holbein). Among the English Statesmen). Much more, however, has 
more notable engravings are those by £1- been disclosed, even since Brewer wrote, and his 
stracke, Faber, Houbraken, Loggan, and work has meanwhile given rise to much valuable 
Vertue {Cat. First Loan JExhib. Nos. 130, criticism, especially by Dr. Bnsch in four diffe- 
148; r?«<?or-Er///6.Nos.87,109,ll9;BROM- rent tracta, viz, Drei Jahr© eni-lischer Ver- 
I.BY, Cat. Enpr.Portr.^.U), The full face, mittlun^politik. 1518-21 (Bonn 1884) ; Car- 
however, is shown in a likeness, scarcely ^\"?^ ^±7. ""S"^ die englische kaiserhche 
known hitherto, preserved at Arriis in a vd- AU.anz 1622--5 (Bonn, 1884) ; and two article. 
1 _ i. 1 ' * .. J . •! o m the Historibches Tascuenbuch, vols. viii. and 
in ''ll^''^^ portraits drawn in pencil and . ^„ j^ .^ ^.^.^^^ ^„^ ^,,^ }^jl ^^ ^^^^ 

chalk from original paintings. It hao a j^queton's La Politique Ext^rieure de Louise de 

younger look than the lace in the other por- g^voie criticises both Brewer and Busch in some 

traits, but in other respects it is much the points. With regard to the divorce question, 

same, round and fleshy, only without the most important new matter has been published 

wart shown in some pictures. by Dr. Stephan Ehses in Romische Dokumente 

Wolsey left behind him a son and a daugh- (Gorres-Gesellschaft, Paderbom, 1893), with 

ter, both by one Lark's daughter, to whom valuable criticisms in articles in the Uistorischofi 

it may be presumed he was uncanonically Jahrbuch, vols. ix. andxiii. (1888 and 1802), of 

married, as many priests were considered to which the bearings are discussed in three articles 

bo in those days. The mother was after- in the English Historical Review (October 1896, 

wards married to ' one Leghe of Aldington,' a°^ January and July 1897). On Wolsey's fall 

and the cardinal's after Ufe was certainly not ««« Transac'tions of Royal Histoncal Society, 

pure. The son, who was named Thomas °«^ ^^^- *^"- "^-102.] J._a 

Wynter,vvascarefullyeducatedbyhis father, WOLSTAN. TSee Wulfstan and 

and provided with many valuable prefer- Wulstan.] 
ments, among them the deanery of Wells and 

the archdeaconries of Richmond, YoA, Nor- WOLSTENHOLME, DEAN, the elder 

folk, and Suffolk, all of which he resigned (1757-1837), animal painter, was born in 

in 1528 or 1529 (Le Neve). From 1537 to Yorkshire. Most of his early life was spent 

1543 he held the archdeaconry of Cornwall in Essex and Hertfordshire. He resided suc- 

(Brewer, Introd. to Letters and Papers^ cessively at Cheshunt, Tumford, and Walt- 

vol. iv. pp. dcxxxvi-viii; Lansd. MS. 979, ham Abbey. His early life was rather that 

f. 195). The daughter became a nun at of an enthusiastic sportsman than of an 

J Shaftesbury. artist, though he occasionally produced re- 

V^ presentations of a few sporting subjects with 

^ [Cavendish's Life of Wolsey is the cliief such success that Sir Joshua Reynolds is 

authority for his personal history. Dyce's said to have predicted that he would be a 

Poetical Works of John Skelton, and William painter in earnest before he died. In 1793 

Roy's Rede me and be nott wrothe (ed. Arber), £e became involved in litigation over some 

contain personaldescriptions animated by spite- property at Waltham, and after three un- 

ful satire. Equally malicious are the two conr successful chancery suits was left with 

Umporary h.st^rmns, viz. Polydori Vergilii ^^^^^ ^^ encumbered that he adopted 
AnglicsB Ilistoriae liber xxvii., and Halls Chro- ... ^ • '^ 

niele. Rawdon Brown's Four Years at the pamting as a profession. 

Court of Henry VIII; History of Grisild the A,*»,^> i^^o^® ^^\ t°- HJ"^*^ t 

Second (Roxburghe Club) ; Lettera and Papers, settled in East btreet, lied Lion bquajre. In 

Richard III and Henry VII (Rolls Ser.) ; Cal. 1803 he exhibited his first picture (* Cours- 

Letters and Papers. Henry VIII, vols, i-iv.; Slate ing *) at the Royal Academy. From this 

Papers, Spanish vols, ii-iv., Venetian vols, ii- year to 1824 a long series of animal pictures, 

iv. ; Rymer's Fcedera, 1st ed., vols, xiii.xiv.; Le from his hand appeared at the academy. 




Wolstenholme 



Wolstenholme 



I he psinled Htllti. lie (lied in 
1837 Bt the iige of eiahtv, sad was buried 
in Old St. Pancius cliuc'cli^ nrd. His son, 
Ueau Wolstonholme, is noticed separately. 

(Sir Walter Oilbe/s Animal Pnintera, 1000, 
".; BTjan'sDict.of FuiDtenand t^ersiVfln.] 
K. C-K. 

W0L8TENH0IJHE, DEAN, the 
yoimgur (179(*-ie83), Bnlroal painter and 

on of llenn WoUtenhoIme the 

was bom near Waltham Abbey 
in Eiasex on 31 April 1798, and, unlike hia 
fathi^r, receiTed n regiulaT training in his art. 
The lirst picture which ho exhibited at the 
Iloyal Academy was a portrait of ' Bescli,' 
afirourite bitcn. In 1822 he exhibited st 
the acadomv a painting of the Black Eagle 
brewery of Messrs. Truman, Uanburj-, & 
Buxton, the first of a oeries of paintings of 
the great London breweries, which includisd 
portraits of the drayhorses and of some of 
the brewery men. About 1830 he painted 
a full-length portrait of Lord Glamis in 
highland costume. lie also painted and 
engraved the Essex Hunt, with portraits of 
membeni, borsea, and hounds, together with 
seTeral seta of sporting pictures. 

About 1846 lie turned to historical sub- 
jects, the most important of which were a 
* Hunting Picture of Queen Elizabeth ' and 
'Queen Elizabeth visiting Kenil worth Castle 
by Torchlight.' His beat known works 
were ' The Burial of Tom Moody ' and ' The 
Shade of Tom Moody." He died at High- 
gate on 12 April 1883, 

[3;rWft[t«r Gilbej'B Animn! Painter^ IBOO, 
Tol.ii,; Hrjan'sllicl. otPjiintsraandEngraTem.] 
K. C-H. 

WOLSTENHOLME, SiK JOHN (1563- 
1639), raerchanl--udventurer,of anold Derby- 
ahire family, was the second sou of John 
WoUtenhoIme, who came to London in the 
reign of Edward VI and obtained a post in 
the customs. The son at an early age be- 
CBueoneoftbe richest merchants in Lon- 
don, and during the last half of his life took 
a prominent part in the extension of English 
commerce, in colonisation, and in maritime 
discovery. In December 160U he was one 
of the incorporators of the East India Com- 
pany; in 1009 he was a member of council 
for the Virginia Company ; he Cook a lively 
interest in the attempts ta discover a north- 
west passage ; was one of those who fitted 
out the expeditions of Henry Hudson {d. 
1611) rq.v.J(whon&med Cape Wolstenholme 
after him) in 1610; of (Sir) Thomas Button 
[q. v.] in 1613, of llobert Bylot [q. v.] and 
Waiiam Baffin [q^ y.l in 1615 (when his 
name was given to Wolstenholme Island and 
Wolstenholme Sound), and of Luke Pox 



[q. v.] in 1631. Together with i^ir Thomas 
Smith (Smylhe) (1556?-IC2S) fq. v.] he en- 
gaged Edward Wright (1558?-ltil.5) [q.*.] 
to give lectures on navigation. On \ii 3Uri^ 
1G17 he was knighted. In February 1619 he 
was a commissioner of the nary, bul in 
December 1619 he was confined to his houM 
by the king's command ' for m uttering afnimt 
a patent and newly erected office in the cus- 
toms house.' As he was one of the farmere 
of the customs, the innovatioa presum- 
ably threatened to affect liia interests On 
15 July 1624 he was appointed a com- 
missioner for winding up the affairs of the 
Virginia Company ; for several years after- 
wards he was a member of the king'e coundl 
for Virginia; in 1631 he wasacommiswoner 
for the plantation of Virginia. In 1635-7 

administration of the chest at Chatham. He 
died on 25 Nov. 1639, and was buried in 
Great Staninore chorcli, where there is a 
handsome monument to his memory by 
Nicholas Stone [q.v-] He married Cathe- 
rine Fsnshawe, and bad issue two sons and 
two daughters. Of the daughteni, the elder, 
Joan, married Sir Robert KnoUys; the other, 
Catherine, married William Fanshawe, a 
nephew of Sit Thomas Smythe — a half- 
brother or a son of Sir Henry Fanshawe 
[q. V. ; see also Fajishawe, Tuomas!. 

[Brown's 0«aE«iB of the United State* ; Cid. 
SiDte Papers, N. Amt^rica nsd East ladjaa; 
Opperhaim's Adniiuislration of tha Itoyal Navy. 
pp. 196.816.] J.K. L, 

WOLSTENHOLME. JOSEPH (1839- 
1891), mathematician, bom on 30 Sept. 1829 
at Eccles, Lancashire, was the son of josejA 
Wolstenholme by his wife Elixahel h ( Clarke). 
His father was a minister in one of the me- 
thodist churches. WoUtenhoIme wad edu- 
cated at Wesley College, SbetGeld, and on 
1 July 1846 was entered at St. John's Col- 
lege, Cambridge. He graduated as third 
wrangler in I^iiO, and wa-i elected fellow of 
his college on 29 March 1852. On 28 Nov. 
lSo2 he was elected to a fellowship at Christ's 
College, to which, under the statutes of that 
time, Lancashirs men had a preferential 
claim. A protest was made against the 
election of a member of another college, but 
was soon withdrawn. Wolstenholme became 
assistant tutor of Christ's, and cerved as 
moderator in 1862. 1869. and 1874, and as 
examiner for the mathematical tripos in 1864, 
I866,1863,andl870. He vacated his fellow 
ship upon his marriage (27 July 1889) lo 
ThSrese, daughter of Johann Kraus of Ziirieh. 
He took pupils at Cambridge till his ajntoint- 
ment in 1871 to the mathematical profeasor- 
ship at the Royal Indian Engineering Cot- 



Wolton 



345 



Wombwell 



lege, Cooper's Hill. He was superannuated 
in 1889, and died on 18 Nov. 1891, leaving 
a widow and four sons. A pension on the 
civil list was granted to his widow in 1893, 
in consideration of bis eminence as a mathe- 
matician, a petition having been sigued by a 
great number of members of the Cambridge 
senate. 

Wolstenholme was part author with the 
Rev. Percival Frost of a * Treatise on Solid 
Geometry,' 1868 (later editions omit his 
name). He also published * A Book of Ma- 
thematical Problems on Subjects included 
in the Cambridge Course,' 1867 (2nd edit, 
much enlarged, in 1878) ; and ' Examples 
for Practice in the Use of Seven-figure 
I^ogarithms,' 1888. 

'Wolstenholme,' says Dr. Forsyth, Sad- 
lerian professor of pure mathematics at Cam- 
bridge, * was the author of a number of 
mathematical papers, most of which were 
published in the ** Proceedings *' of the Lon- 
don Mathematical Society. They usually 
were concerned with questions of analytical 
geometry, and they were marked by a pecu- 
liar analytical skill and ingenuity. But, 
considerable as were the merits of some of 
these papers, his fame rests chiefly upon the 
wonderful series of original mathematical 
problems which he constructed upon prac- 
tically all the subjects that enterea into the 
course of training of students of twenty-five 
or thirty years ago. They are a product 
characteristic of Cambridge, and particularly 
of Cambridge examinations ; he was their most 
conspicuous producer at a time when their 
vogue was greatest. When gathered together 
from many examination papers so as to form 
a volume, which was considerably amplified 
in its later edition, they exercised a very 
real influence upon successive generations of 
undergraduates; and " Wolstenholme's Pro- 
blems ' have proved a help and a stimulus to 
many students. A collection of some three 
thousand problems naturally varies widely 
in value, but many of them contain important 
results, which in other places or at other 
times would not infrequently have been em- 
bodied in original papers. As they stand 
they form a curious and almost unique monu- 
ment of ability and industry, active within 
a restricted range of investigation.' 

[Information from his sister, Mrs. Wolsten- 
holme Elmy, and registers of St. John's and 
Christ's Colleges, Cambridge.] 

WOLTON, JOHN (1635-1594), bishop 
of Exeter. [See Wooltox.] 

WOLVERTON, second Babon. [See 
Glts, Gbobge Gbenfell, 1824-1887.] 



WOMBWELL, GEORGE (1778-1850), 
founder of Womb well's menageries, was bom 
at Maldon in Essex in 1778, and as a youne 
man kept a cordwaiuer*s shop in Monmouth 
Street, Soho. About 1804 he bought as a 
speculation two boa-constrictors for 75/. In 
three weeks he more than cleared his ex- 
penses by exhibiting them, and next year 
he set to work to form a menagerie which 
he built up until it became by far the finest 
travelling collection in the kingdom. He 
travelled mainly from one larg^ fair to 
another, and many stories are told of his 
rivalries with Atkins and other menagerie 
owners, especially in connection with Bar- 
tholomew Fair, of which moribund institu- 
tion he was one of the last upholders. 
Much interest was excited in July 1825 by 
a 'match* arranged at Warwick between 
AVombwelFs large lion Nero and six dogs 
of the bull-and-mastiff breed ; but ' the 
lovers of brutal sports were disappointed of 
their banquet,' for Nero refused to fight, and 
when he was replaced by a smaller lion, 
Wallace, the dogs who survived the first 
few seconds of the encounter could not be 
induced to face their enemy again (Wade, 
Brit. Chronology, s.a. 1825, 26 July) ; Womb- 
well displayed ' a disgusting picture of the 
fight outside his show.' At Croydon one 
year Wombwell startled the frequenters of 
the fair by announcing the exhibition of a 
' bonassus,' which turned out to be a bison ; 
the pride of the show in 1830 was the 
* Elephant of Siam.' He was very successful 
in breeding carnivorous animals, and became 
the proprietor of over twenty lions. His 
caravans are stated to have numbered forty, 
and he had a fine stud of 120 dray horses. 
Thecost of maint-enance of his three * monstre 
menageries' was estimated at over 100/. a 
day, the payment for turnpike tolls alone 
forming a heavy item of expenditure. Womb- 
well died of bronchitis on 16 Nov. 1850 at 
Northallerton, where his show (which he 
followed to the last in a special travelling 
carriage) was then exhibiting. His remains 
were conveyed to his house in the Com- 
mercial Road, London, and buried at High- 
gate in the presence of an enormous con- 
course of people. He left a widow and a 
daughter, Mrs. Bamescombe, wife of an 
army accoutrement maker, who had long 
taken a part in the business, and who tooK 
over his No. 1 menagerie ; a second went to 
his nephew, George Wombwell, junior, and 
a third to his niece, Mrs. Edmonds. 

Wombwell took the keenest interest in 
the welfare of the animals. ' No one pro- 
bably did more,' said the * Times,' * to forward 
practically the study of natural history 



Womock 



unong tbe inissea.' Hone Beverely detineates 
him in the ' Table Book ' u ' nnderaixed in 
mind a« well aH in rorm, a weazen, sharp- 
fkced man, nitb a akin reddened by more 
thnn natural apiritH.' A portrait of Qeorge 
Wombwelt was engraved fur Cbsubere^s 
■ Book of Days' (ii. 586>. 

[Gi>iit, Mag. IB5I i. 3Z0 ; Hen of the Reign ; 
TiiuDs, 27 Nor, 18S0; Em. 1 Dec 185D; Fr<»l'« 
Cifciu Lifa and Celebriiiw, IST5; MorUyi 
Mrmoin or Banholomew Fair, p. 383; D. P. 
Uillar's Liftiuf a ^thowmaa, IHiS, p. 44; Veraea 
addreModlo Mr. Wombwell, the great mcuagansl, 
at Woldoa Fair. 1B38 {iirii. Mux.)] T. S. 

WOMOCK or WOMAOK, LAU- 
KENCK (1012-1686), bishop of St, DsTids, 
bom in Norfolk in 161L', was tbe soq of 
Laurence Womock, rector of Lopham from 
1007 until his death in July 11542. Hia 
grandfather, Arthur Womock, had held the 
anme benetice. He waa admitted at Corpus 
Chriati College, Cambridge, on 4 July ltJ29 
(matriculated 15 Dec.)i became a scholar on 
Bit Nicholaa Bacon's foundation in the fol- 
lowing October, graduated B.A. in 1632, and 
was ordained deacon on 2L Sept. 1634, com- 
mencing M.A. in 1639. He seems to have 
acted for some time as chaplain to Lord Paget, 
and to have had an offer of a benefice in tbe 
we«t of England, where he acquired some 
fame by his preaching. Clement Barksdule, 
the Cotswold poet, oddreseed verses to him 
in his 'NymphaLibetliris,' headed 'after the 
tjtking of Hereford in 1645;' alluaion is here 
made to his powerful preaching and to 'the 
apice of prelacy ' to wliich bis enemies took 
exception. At the Heiitoration Woraoclt 
proved himself an able literary advocate of 
tbe old liturgy and of the decision of the 
hishops at the Savoy conference. In the 
summer of 1660 he obtained the prebendol 
etAtl of I>rGaton in Hereford Cathedral, and 
on H Dec. 1660 he was made archdeacon of 
Suflblk, with tbe promise of a prebend in 
Ely Cathedral. In 1681 the degree of D.D, 
WW conferred upon him per hterat rryUu, 
and in 1602 he was presented to tbe rectory 
of Homingshoatb, near Bury St. Edmunds, 
to which was added in 1663 the small Suf- 
folk rectory of Boxford. On 22 Sept. in the 
same vear lie was installed in ibc sixth pre* 
bendal stall at Ely, He contributed 10/. 
towards the purchase of an organ for his 
college chapel (Willis and Clare, ArcAi- 
Uctural mdoiy of Cambridge, i. 925). The 
strong churchman ship of hia controversial 
pamphlets marked him out to Bancroft far 
promotion, and on 11 Nov. 1083 he was 
consecrated an bishop of St. David's in the 
archbishop's chapel at IjambL'th, along with 
Dr. Francis Turner (to Ilocheater). On 



3 Jan. 1683-1 be resigned the arebdeMcotuy 
of Suffolk to Dr. Uodfrey King : be had r^ 
sizned his Hereford prebend ten yeaiBeaiUer. 
W omock, who doee not appear to have gone 
into residence at St- David's, died at hia 
house in Weatminsler on 1^ March 1665-6, 
and was buried in the north aisle of St. 
Slargaret's Church, where a tablet ut«ni a 
pillar commemorates bim. Kb will, dated 
on 18 Feb., wa^ proved in March l6H.!>-ti. 
Womock, who is described as ■ tall man of 
a plain and grave aspect, had a fine cuUm;- 
tion of books, and combined wit aad judg- 
ment with hia learning. 

He married, first, at Westly Bradford on 
18 Nov. 1668. a widow, Anne Aylmer of 
Bury ; and, secondly, at St. Bartlialoinew- 
tbe-Leas, London, on 25 April 1669-70, 
Katherine Corbett of tbe city of Norwich, 



by his first wife, named Anne, who waa 
buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster, soon 
after her father. His heir was hia nephew, 
Uurence Womock (d. 1724), rector of Castor 
by Yarmouth. 

Womock's chief writings, moat of them 
conl.roveraial, were: 1. 'Beaten Oyle for 
the Lamps of the Snnctuar** ; or, the KT^at 
Contruversie concerning set prayers and our 
Liturgie examined,' London, 1611, 4to ; de- 
dicated to \S'illiam, lord Paget, baron of 
Beaudesert. 2. 'The Examination of Tilenus 
before the Triers ... to which is aunaxed 
the Tenets of the Itemonstrants,' London, 
1658, 12mo. This essay beinc reflected 
upon by Richard Baxter in his ' Urotian Re- 
ligion,' and by Henry Hickman [q. v.], 
Womock returned to the charge in a. 'Ar- 
cana Dogmatum Anti -Remonstrant ium ; or, 
the Calviuist's Cabinet unclosed. In an 
apology for Tilenus against a pretended 
vindication of the Synod of Dort . . . to- 
gether with a few drops on the papers of 
Mr. Hickman,' 1659, I2mo. 4. ' The Result 
of False Principles; or, Error convinced by 
its own Evidence, managed in several Dia- 
logues,' 1061, 4to, 5. ' The Solemn League 
and Covenant, arraigned and condemned \iy 
the sentence of the Uiviuea of London and 
Cheshire,' 1602, 4to. 6. 'Pulpit-Concep- 
tions, Popular Deceptions ... an answer 
to the Presbyterian Papers' lodged nt the 
Savoy conference in favour of extempore 
prayer ; a vigorous defence of the liturgy 
against the ' wild opinions ' of ' speculative ' 
divines, London, 1662. 7. ' An Antidot*? 
to cure the Calamities of their TrembLng 
for Fear of tho Arke,' London, 16fi3; a 
justification of ' the present settlement of 
God's solemn service in the church of £ng- 



Wonostrocht 



Wood 



land ' agaiDEt the ' Bchismatical fears and 
jealousies and the ssditious hints and in- 
sinuations of Edmund Calam;' ^who had 
n-ccntljr preached a sermon on 'Eli trem~ 
bling for tear of the Arke '). A long sectioii 
upon ' Israela Oratuktion for the Arkee 
Solemn Settlement ' is here followed by an 
attack upon the oTerwcening conceit of the 
nonconformists as exhibited by Zachary 
OrofCon [q. v.] Both this and No. 5 are en 
expansion upon similar lines of his own 
' iteaten Oyle' and of Jeremy Taylor's ' Apo- 
logie for the sett forms of a Liturgie ' of 
1049. 8. 'Go shew thyself to the hiest; 
aafe Advice for a sound I'rotestant," 1679, 
4 to, recommending 'conference with aprieaf 
previous to communion, 9. ' Treatises prov- 
itig both by History and Record that the 
Bishops are a Fundamental and Essential 
Parti of the English Parliament and that 
they may be Judges in Capital Cases,' 1680, 
fol. 10. 'A I,«tter containing a further 
Justification of the Church of England,' 
168-'. 11. 'Billa Vera; or, the Arraignment 
of Ignoramus put forth out of Charity, for 
the use of Grand Inquests, and other Juries, 
the Sworn Assertors of Truth and Justice,' 
lB8i, 4to. 12. 'Suffrogium I'rotestantium, 
Wherein our governors are justified in their 
iceedings against Dissenters,' 1683, 8vo. 
is was an attempt to refute the 'Pro- 
tant Iteconciler ' of Daniel Whitby [q. v.J 
IMastera's Hist- of the Coll. of Corpus ChriBti, 
Cambridge, 1831 j CoWb Alheae Caotabr. 
Add. MS, 5883, f 83 ; Bcntham's Ely, p. 268 ; 
Dnvy's AthflQEeSulfolcieaBes(Addit. Ma l9l6o, 
f. 503); Keanetl's preface to th<< CollfCtion oF 
Tracts coDceraing Fredeatinaliau and Provi- 
dence, Cambridge, 1719. p. 179 ; Eachnrd'x His- 
tory, p. 1073 ; Chester's Marriage Licences, coi. 
1497; Le Neve's FhsU : Foster's Aluiuni Uion. 
1.SO0-17M; Woods AthenieOion. ed. Bliss, iii. 
046. iv. 369; Chalmera's Biogr. Dici,; Watt's 
Bibl-Brit.; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iv. 240; Sil- 
tester's Life of Buitar. p, 380 ; Manbj's Hist. 1 
and Antiq. of St. Darid'a, p. 1S3 : Jodm sad 
Freeman's St. David's, p. 163; momefleld'sHist. I 
of Xorfolt. 1810, i. 101, 238, ill. 854 -S, v. 441, 
vi. 444, 11. 213, 230 ; WaU-ot's St. Marfpirel's 
Church, p. 22; Barksdale's Nymphs Libuthrin, 
1651, pp. 9, 10; Add.MSS. 19174 f. 797, 22B10 
f. 25. An account of Womoct's CDntrorerslal \ 
writiugs is given in Salmon's Lii-es of tha Eiii;- 
lish Bishops from the HeBlHaratiou to the Be- 
volotion, 1733, pp. 234-40.] T. S. 

WONOSTROCHT, NICHOLAS (1801- 
1876), author of ' Felis on the Bat.' [See 
Wanostrocht.] 

WOOD, ALEXANDER (172^1807), 
surgeon, was born at Edinburgh in 1726. 
His father waa the youngest son of Wood of 



G 



Warriston in Midlothian. He studied medi- 
cine at Edinburgh, and after taking out his 
diploma settled at Musselburgh, where he 
practised successfully for a time. He then 
removed to Edinburgh, became a fellow of 
the Koyal College of Surgeons on 14 Jan. 

I 1756, and entered intopartnersbip with John 
Rattray and Charles Congleton, to whose 
practice he subse<|uently succeeded. He pos- 
sessed considerable ability as a surgeon, and 
was one of those whom Sir Walter Scotl'a 
parents consulted concerning his lameness 
(LocKHABT, Meinoin of Scott, 1&16, p. 5). 
He attained great celebrity in Edinburgh, 
where his philanthropy and kindness were 
proverbial, llis character made him ex- 

; tremely popular with the townsfolk, and one 

I night during a not, when the mob, mistaking 
him for the provost. Sir James Stirling 
(1740P-1805) [q, v.], were about to throw 

I him over the North Bridge, he saved himself 
by exclaiming ' I'm langSsndy Wood; tak'me 
to a lamp and je'Il see.' Byron held him in 
high esteem, and in a friicment of a fifth 
canto of ' Childe Harold,' which appeared ia 
'Blackwood's Magazine' in May 1818, he 

Oh I for an hour of him who knew no fend, 
Theoclogeaari«D chief.the kind old SandyWoodI 

and spoke of him very warmly in a note to 
the stanza. Wood died in Edinburgh on 
12 May 1807. An epitaph waa composed 
for him bv Sir Alexander Boswell [q. v.]; 
and John bell (1763-1820) [q. v.], who had 
been his pupil, dedicated to him the first 
volume of llis ' Anatomy,' Two portraits of 
him were executed by John Kay (1742- 
1826) [q, v,l, and a portrait by George 
Watson IS in'the National Portrait Gallery, 
Edinburgh, One of his sons. Sir Alexander 
Wood, was chief secretary at Malta, and 
one of his grandsone, Alexander Wood, be- 
same a lord of session in 1642 with the title 
Lord Wood. 



. I. C, 

WOOD, ALEXANDER (1817-1884), 
physician, second son of Dr. James Wood 
»nd Mary Wood, his cousin, waa bom at 
Cupar. Fife, on 10 Dec. 1817. He was edu- 
cated at a private school in Edinburgh kept 
by Mr, Hindmarsh, In 1626 he became a 
pupil at the Edinburgh Academy, where he 
remained until July 1832, when he entered 
the university of Edinburgh. Here he took 
the usual course in the faculty of artx, 
with the exception of the rhetoric class. 
lie combined medicine with the humanities, 



Wood 



348 



Wood 



and wms admitted 3f.D. in the uniTenity 
of Edinbar^h on 1 Au^. 1839. Soon after 
kifl graduation in medicine he became one 
of the medical officers at the Stockbridge 
Dispensary and afterwards at the Royal 
Pablic Dispensary of the New Town. On 
8 Not. 1841 he commenced as an extramural 
lecturer on medicine. He applied unsuc- 
cessfully for the chair of medicine in the 
uniTerstty of Glasgow in 1852, and for a 
similar post in 1^^ at the university of 
Edinburffh at a time when the town council 
apnointM Dr. Laycock of York. 

Wood was long and honourably connected 
with the Royal College of Physicians of 
Edinburgh. In November 1840 he was ad- 
mitted a fellow ; in December 1846 he be- 
came a member of the council ; in 1850 he 
was appointed secretary ; and in 1858 he was 
elected president for two years, and at the 
expiration of his term of office he was re- 
elected for another year. He represented the 
college in the general medical council from 
1858 to 1873. In 1861 he was appointed 
assessor of the university court at Edinburgh, 
and in this capacity he rendered important 
and lasting services to his alma mater, Ue 
retired from practice at the early a^e of fifty- 
five, and diea on 26 Feb. 1884. He married, 
on 15 June 1842, Rebecca, daughter of the 
eldest son of the Hon. George Massey of 
Caervillahowe, Ireland. 

Wood's chief claim to remembrance as a 
physician is the fact that he introduced into 
practice the use of the hypodermic syringe 
for the administration of anigs. The sub- 
ject had engaged his attention as early as 
1853, but it was not until 1855 that he 
published a short paper pointing out the 
value of the method, and showing that it 
was not necessarily limited to the admini- 
stration of opiates. In the general medical 
council he was an advocate of the wise 
measures of reform which abolished the 
principle of territorial and limited licenses 
to practise medicine. As a sanitary reformer 
he did excellent service to the city of Edin- 
burgh bv acting as chairman of the associa- 
tion for improving the condition of the poor. 
In his professional writings he was the un- 
compromising opponent of homGeopathy and 
mesmerism. He performed many duties and 
filled many important positions outside the 
sphere of Iiis purely professional avocations, 
lie was a keen politician, an enthusiastic 
educationist, a shrewd philanthropist, and 
an ardent free-churchman. He edited for 
some time the * Free Church Educational 
Journal * published by Lowe, and he was 
actively engageil for many years in Sunday- 
Bchool teaching. At the time of his death 



he was chairman of the EdinburglL Tmat* 

ways Company. 

A full-length portrait by Sir J. WatioB 
Gordon was presented to him on 5 Feb. 
1861, on the occasion of hia being elected 
for a third year to the office of president of 
the Royal College of Phyaidans of Edin- 
buivh. 

Wood published: 1. 'New Method of 
treatixig Neuralgia by the direct applica- 
tion of Opiates to the Piainful Fbinta ' (in 
' Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Review,' 
1855, Ixxxii. 266-81). This xs the original 
paper giving the first accounts of that 
method of the administration of remedies by 
subcutaneous injection which has become so 
marked a feature in modem therapeutics. 

2. 'On the Pathology and Treatment of 
Leucorrhoea,' Edinburgh, 1844, 12mo. 

3. ' What is Mesmerism P ' Edinburah, 1851, 
8vo. 4. ' Smallpox in Scotland/ Ecfinborgh, 
1860, 8vo. 5. < Preliminary Education,' 
Edinburgh, 1868, 8vo. 

[Memoir by the Rev. Thomas Brown, Edin- 
burgh, 1886 ; obituAry notice in Edinbnixh 
Medical Joarual, 1883-4, zxix. 973-6.1 

D'A. P. 
WOOD, Sir ANDREW (rf. 1615), sea- 
captain and merchant in Leith, held the 
lands of Largo in Fife by lease from the 
crown dated 28 July 1477. On 18 March 
1483 these lands were granted to himself 
and heirs, in consideration of his unpaid and 
faithful services by land and by sea, espe- 
cially against the English. In January 
1488, when James III was obliged to fly 
before the rebel lords. Wood received him 
on board his ship, and carried him across 
the Forth, a service probably referred to in 
' the confirmation of the grant of Largo on 
21 March 1488. He was still in the Forth, 
I in command of two of the king's ships, 
' Flower and Yellow Caravel, at the date of 
I the battle of Sauchie-bum (11 June 1488), 
and it is suggested that the kin? was flying 
I to take refuge on board them when he was 
, thrown from his horse, and so fell into the 
hands of his pursuers. Wood was after- 
wards summoned before the lords, and is 
I said to have told them they were traitors, 
whom he hoped to see hanged ; but the de- 
' tails are altogether apocryphal. What is 
; certain is that Wood very soon accepted the 
revolution, and a confirmation of tne grant 
j of Largo on 27 July 1488. 

Early in 1490 he is said to have captured 
' five English pirates, and later on in the 
same year to have captured three others 
under the command of Stephen Bull. Bull 
is an historic character, and was knighted by 
Sir Edward Howard in Brittany on 8 June 



Wood 



349 



Wood 



1512 ; but nothing is known of the ships 
which he commanded in 1490 except that they 
were neither king's ships nor in the king s 
service. For merchant ships to be guilty of 
piracy and to be captured by some of those 
they offended was an ordinary incident of 
fifteenth-century navigation. The details of 
Wood's service as related by Pitscottie and 
embroidered by Pinkerton are for the most 
part imaginary ; but that some such service 
was actually rendered appears from the confir- 
mation of Largo, with considerable additions, 
to Wood, his wife Elizabeth Lundy, and his 
heirs, on 11 March and 18 May 1491. The 
grant of 18 May was made not only as a 
confirmation of former grants, but also in 
consideration of Wood's services and losses, 
and of the fact that at great expense he 
had employed his English prisoners to build 
defensive works at Largo so as better to 
resist the pirates who invaded the kingdom. 
In these grants Wood is styled armiger; 
in a further grant (18 Feb. 1495) he is miles ; 
we may therefore assume that between these 
dates he was knighted. 

He seems to have been frequently in at- 
tendance on the king, and to have com- 
bined the public and private functions of 
overseer of public works and vendor of 
stores for the public service. In 1497 
he superintended the building of Dunbar 
Castle; he is said later to have superintended 
the building of the Great Michael, and to 
have been her principal captain, with Robert 
Barton as her skipper. The only recorded 
service of this ship is when she went to 
France in 1513, and then she was com- 
manded by the Earl of Arran as admiral of 
Scotland. Robert Barton commanded the 
Lion in the same fleet. The story — which 
appears to belong to this time — that Wood 
was sent out to supersede Arran, but could 
not find the fleet (Burton, iii. 71), which 
was actually on the coast of Brittany, is 
more than doubtful. That Wood was a man 
of good service, the tried servant and trusted 
adviser of the king, is proved by the grants 
already quoted and many incidental notices 
in the oflicial papers; but the exploits by 
which he is now chiefly known rest solely on 
the narrative of Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie 
[q. v.], whose statements can seldom be ac- 
cepted without corroboration. Later writers 
than Pitscottie have added to his story till 
it has been exaggerated out of all possibility, 
so that the desire to condemn the whole as 
fiction has necessarily followed. As already 
shown, this is uiy ust. The story has a certain 
basis of fact. Wood died in the summer or 
autumn of 1515 — between Whitsuntide and 
Martinmas. By his wife, Elizabeth Lundy of 



that ilk, he left issue. His eldest son, An- 
drew, has been sometimes confused with his 
father, with the result that Sir Andrew has 
been represented as living to an extreme old 
age. His second son, John Wood (d. 1570), 
is separately noticed. 

[Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of 
Scotland, vol. i. (see Index) ; Register of the 
Great Seal of Scotland, 1424-1613 (see Index) ; 
J. Hill Burton's Hist, of Scotland (cab. edit.), 
iii. 35-7, 67, 69-71, where the stories from Pit- 
scottie are quoted at length ; Southey's Lives of 
the British Admirals, ii. 162-3. See also Hume 
Brown's Hist, of Scotland, i. 299 n., and Spont's 
War with France, 1612-13 (Navy Records Soc.), 
Index, 8.nn. * Barton, Robert,* and * Arran, Earl 
of ; ' James Grant's novel. The Yellow Frigate, 
is founded on the legendary story.] J. K. L. 

WOOD, ANTHONY, or, as he latterly 
called himself, AimioyY a Wood (1632- 
1695), antiquary and historian, was the fourth 
son of Thomas Wood (1581-1643) of St. 
John Baptist's parish, Oxford, by his second 
wife, Mary Petty' (d. 1067), of a family 
widely dispersed in Oxfordshire. liis father, 
a lx)ndoner by birth, graduated B.C.L. in 
1619, but followed no profession, having 
capital invested in leasehold property in 
Oxford, and adding to his income by letting 
lodgings and keeping a tennis-court. Anthony 
was born on 17 Dec. 1632, in a quaint old 
house opposite the gate of Merton College, 
held under long leases from Merton College 
by his father, and afterwards by the Wood 
family. Ho received his school education 
partly (1041-4) in New College school, 
nartly (June 1644-September 1646) in Lord 
Williams's school, Thame [see Williams, 
John, Baron Williams]; but in both places 
his studies were greatly disturbed by the 
tumult of the civil war. 

Baffling the efforts of his family to engage 
him in a trade, he matriculated at Merton 
College in May 1647. The Wood family, 
both as college tenants and by personal friend- 
ship with the warden and fellows, had good 
interest in that college, and Wood was in a 
few months made a postmaster. He passed 
through college without distinction, being a 
dull pupil, and five years elapsed before he 
graduated B.A. (July 1652). He submitted 
to the parliamentary visitors in May 1648, 
though, in deference to post-Restoration 
opinion, he represents that submission as 
forced from him by his mother's tears. In 
May 1650 he was promoted to a bible clerk- 
ship, and proceeded M.A. in December 1655. 
His family influence might have secured for 
him, as it had done for his elder brother 
Edward (d. May 1655), a fellowship in 
Merton, had it not been for his notoriouslY 



peevish remper. At the eoil of hU college 
coime Wood found btmsolf modestly pro- 
vided fur under his father's will, and he 
refused to adopt aoj profession, Kivintr him- 
self up to the idle enjoyment of music and 
of books on heraldry an^ English history. 

Fraternal piety induced him to make a 
first essay in literature bv editing, in ^larcb 
1656 (second edition let4j, five of £dwa,rd 
Wood's wrmons. IJut lie was in great danger 
of becomintf a meiv idler and boon com- 
panion. From this he was saved by the 
laaciuatioD of Dugldale'e ' Warwickshire,' 
which came to Oxford, a noble folio, in the 
summer of 1656, and fired his ambition tc 
attempt a similar book for his own Uiford- 
Bhire. He beffaa to collect inscriptions in 
Oxford towards that end. Fortunately at 
this very moment he was helped in his 
purpose by his mother's movements. She 
was connected with a great many families of 
jeomen and lower gentry in Orford.'Uire, 
and, being for the time less embarrassed 
money matters than for many years, s3 
made (1657-9) several long visits in dilTerai 
parts of tlie county. Anthony, her com- 
panion, industriously collected inscriptions 
and noted antiquities wherever tbey went. 
These coUectionB are still among his manu- 
scripts in tlio Bodleian Library. 

In the division of the familv property 
Anthony bad bad assigned to film aa his 
own rooms two garrets in the family bouse 
opposite Merton College gate. To enable 
him to pursue his studies unmolested he bad 
a chimney built (February 1660) in one of 
them, BO providing himself with the hermit's 
cell in which the rest of bis life was passed. 

In July 1660 he obtaiuKd access to the 
university orchiveH, and so came to know 
the great Osford collections of Briim Twyne 
[q. vJ (see Wood's Life and Timtn, ed, Clark, 
IV. 203-26). Wood's book, in consequence, 
took a wider scojie than the mere collection 
of inscriptions ha had at first designed. Re 
planned out an historical survey of the city 
of Oxford, including histories of the uni- 
versity, the colleges, the monasteries, the 
twriali churches. The scheme was a cum- 
brous one, and Wood had afterwards to 
divide it into sections; (1) the city treatiw, 
including the ecclesiastical antiquities; (2) 
the annals of the university, witn accounts 
of the buildings, professorsliips, ic; (3) the 
antiquities of the collegfis. On the different 
aectioiw of this work Wood laboured very 
hard for some six years (1661-6). There 
was no originality in his work, for he merely 
put into shape Twyne's materials; but he 
wiis vury co&scieiitiuuH in looking upTvryne's 
citatioua in the originals, in the muniment ! 



During thej^ years Wood's life was exceed- 
ingly simple. The whole morning was spent 
in work, either in his study, where be had 
manuscripts very freely lent him, or in col- 
lege rooms, where be was allowed to consult 
documents, or in the Bodleian,whereheh*d 
leave to wander about at will. In the after- 
noon he prowled round booksellers' ahopi, 
picking up old hooks, ballads, bnudsides, 
pamphlets, of which he left a rich collection 
totba univeraity; afterwards he w^ked with 
some congenial spirit a few miles out of 
Oxford, and drank his pot of ale at Botley, 
Heodington, or Cumnor. In the evMiing 
there was occasionally a music mee^ng 
or cards in some common room, and always 
the gossip of the colT-je-house or tarem. At 
the end of this time there came long visit* 
(1667-70) to London to verify Twyne's dta- 
tions from the Cottonian and Rojol libraries 
and the Public Hecord offices. 

The city portion of Wood's treatise re- 
mained in manuscript till his death, receiving 
constantly additional notes as Wood came 
upon new facts and references. At his 
death it was placed in the Ashmoleon 
Library. In 1773 appeared 'The Antient 
ond Present State of the City of Oxford . . . 
collecterl by Mr. Anthony A Wood; with 
additions by the Rev. Sir J. Pesholl, bart,;' 
a handsome 4to, with a good map of Oiifoid 
in 1773 and plates. But the eifitorial work 
was most sbamefiilly done; Wood's testis 
garbled beyond recognition, and everv page 
■'" full of gross errors. Wood's city treatise 

IS at last printed in full, from a caieful 
collation of tha original manuscript, 
Oxford Historical Society's ser' 
(see below). 

The university tJeatiae was more fortutiate. 
Oxford was nl the time dominated by tfie 
commanding spirit of Dr. John Fell [q. v.], 
dean of Christ Church since 1660, whose 
mind sliadowed forth ^rreat schemes for the 
glory of Oxford in buildings and in litera- 
ture. Probably through lUlph Bathu»t 
9' ^-]' president of Trinity, who had some 
(indnessof kindred to Wood, Fell was mode 
aware of the young student's collections. 
He obtained acceptance of the university 
treatise by the university press (October 
'), and ultimately tooK on himself tbs 
■e charge of printing it. The terms were 
.favourable to Wood. Hewaatoprovids 
a fair cony of his manuscript, taking greater 
pniiiii with bis citations from manuscripts, 
and adding, apparently on Fell's suggMdon. 
short biographies of writers and bishopa. 



Wood 



351 



Wood 



He received 100/. on his original bargain, 
and 50/. for his additional pains. Fell also 

?rovided and paid for the translation into 
jatin, by Richard Peers [q. v.] of Christ 
Church, and Richard Reeve fq. v. J of Magda- 
len College school. In the biographical 
notices Wood received very large help from 
John Aubrey [q. v.] 

The disagreeable side of Wood's nature 
now became predominant. The severity of 
his studies had given him exaggerated ideas 
of his own importance ; his increasing deaf- 
ness cut him off from social intercourse, and 
he became ill-natured, foolishly obstinate in 
his own opinion, and violently jealous of 
his own dignity. He quarrelled with his 
own family ; he quarrelled with the fellows 
of Merton. He quarrelled with his good 
friend Bathurst, with his patron Fell, with 
cA'ery one who sought either to help him or 
to shun him. It was said of him, not un- 
truly, that he ' never spake well of any man.' 
Of John Aubrey, the chief contributor to 
his fame, whose biographical notes he an- 
nexed page by page, his language is un- 
generous and most ungrateful. Ho shut 
himself up more and more in his study, very 
busy but very unhappy, the antitype of the 
alchemist's dragon, killing itself in its prison 
by its own venom. 

Wood's book appeared in July 1674, in 
two great folios with engraved title and 
numerous head-pieces. It was entitled * His- 
toria et Antiquitates Univ. Oxon.;' vol. i. 
contains the annals of the university, and 
vol. ii. gives accounts of university buildings 
and institutions, historical notices of the 
colleges and their famous men, and ' Fasti 
Oxonienses,' that is, list* of the chancellors, 
vice-chancellors, and proctors. Fell distri- 
buted copies broadcast, often with the addi- 
tion of David Loggan's * Oxonia Illustrata,' 
Oxford, 1675. 

Wood, professing himself thoroughly dis- 
satisfied with the form his book had taken, 
set himself to rewrite it in English. This 
version was most faithfully published from 
his manuscripta by John Gutch [q. v.] (see 
below). 

The later years of Wood's life were 
occupied by the development of Fell's idea, 
the composition of a biographical dictionary 
of Oxford writers and bishops. Towards 
this he unwearyingly searched university 
and college registers, booksellers' shops, the 
Wills Office and Heralds' Office in London, 
public and private libraries, auction cata- 
logues, and newspapers, and he sent letters 
of inquiry, from 1681 onwards, all over 
England and even abroad. He received also 
immense help, very imperfectly acknowledged 



by him, from Andrew AUam [q. v.] and from 
John Aubrey. 

Wood had in the meantime formed the 
acquaintance of Ralph Sheldon [see under 
Sheldon, Edward], at whose house at 
Weston Park, near Long Compton in War- 
wickshire, he yearly (1674-81) paid visits of 
several weeks' duration till the Sheldons 
were heartily tired of him and his petulant 
ways. Sheldon, in return for Wood's work 
in cataloguing his books and manuscripts at 
Weston, promised Wood help towards the 
printing of his * Athenae.' Wood afterwards 
had several disputes with him about the 
amount, but received 30/. from Sheldon in 
his lifetime, 40/. in 1684 under his will, and 
60/. in 1690 from his heir. 

Wood was ready for press about the begin- 
ningofl090,but found the undertaking costly. 
It swallowed up not only the money he re- 
ceived from the Sheldons, but 30/. which he 
received in October 1690 from the university 
for twenty-five manuscripts sold to the Bod- 
leian. Afterwards, in view of the second 
volume appearing, he twice tried to sell a 
further portion of his library. He at last 
came to terms with Thomas Bennet of Lon- 
don, and the book was published in two folio 
volumes, vol. i. in June 1691, and vol. ii. in 
June 1092. In each case Wood had added 
to the biographical portion proper, i.e. the 
'Athenffi Oxonienses,' a new draft of his 
' Fasti Oxonienses,' as a convenient way of 
bringing in some of his surplus material. 
Volume i. contained 634 columns of 'Athense' 
and 270 columns of ^ Fasti,' and brought the 
lives down to 1640. Volume ii., *compleat- 
ing the whole work,' had 686 columns of 
'Athenso' and 220 columns of 'Fasti/ and 
came down to 1090. 

The book not unnaturally excited very 
bitter feelings. Wood was himself fond of 
severe reflections, and all through his work 
had adopted reckless charges and criticisms 
from spiteful correspondents. In November 
1692 Henry Hyde, second earl of Clarendon 
[(J. v.], caused Wood to be prosecuted in the 
vice-chancellor's court at Oxford for libelling 
his father Edward, the first earl, Wood 
having printed a statement by John Aubrey 
accusing the lord chancellor of selling offices 
at the Restoration. In July 1693 Wood 
was found guilty, condemned in costs, and 
expelled the university. The ofibnding 
pages were publicly burned. 

This touched the old antiquary to the 
quick. But he still laboured at a con- 
tinuation of his Oxford biographies, to be 
published as an * appendix ' to the ' Athenie.' 
Among his friends at this time were Arthur 
Charlett, master of University College,White 



Wood 



3S« 



Wood 



Kennelt. and Thomas TaniK^r. Wood had b 
sbarp illBe»s on 1 Nov. I(t96; about tlu 
llth he again fell ill ; Clisrlvtl. saw him on 
the 22Dd, and told him 1ib waadjing. Wood 
manfully settled hia aRitira and prepared 
for death. He died on 29 Nov., aged 
oliDOHt Bixty-three, and was buried in Merlo 
College outer chapel, where Thomaa Howne; 
a peraonat friend, AI.P. for Oxford cit; 
placed a raonuinent to bis memory. The 
Bodltnan baa a pen drawing of Wood, ttt. 
46, reproduced in Wood's 'Life,' ed. Ciark, 
rol. ii. Itlichael Burghera about 1691 took 
a sketch &om the life, and engraved it for a 
headpiece to a privately printed preface to 
the ' Athenie,' vol. ii., and published an 
engraved portrait from it after Wood'f 
death. Both are reproduced in Outch'j 
edition of Wood's ' Annalsj ' but Burehers 
admitted that Wood ' was diapleaaed be- 
cause it was no more like him.' 

Wood's printed books and manuscripti 
(of which a Latin catalogue was published 
by William Uuddesford at Oiford in ITHl) 
were mostly bequeathed by him to t" 
Ashmolean, whence they passed in i&'iR 
the Bodleian. Many of the manuscript 
papers which he disposed of otherwise have 
also found their way thither, The printed 
books are shortly described in Woods 'Life 
and Times,' ed. Clark, i. &-21 ; and the 
manuscripts, tb. iv. 22fl-60. 

Wood prided himself on having hptped 
Henry Savage in his ' BalHofetvuH,' 1608 ; 
Thomas Blount, in bis 'Law Dictionary,' 
1670 ; Thomoa Gore, in his ' Catalogus , , , 
Authorum . . . de re Ileraldica,' 1674 ; and 
especiallv Sir William Dug dale tn the 
' Uonasticon ' and ' Baronagium.* 

The following is a list of Wood's works : 
1. 'Historia et Antiquitates Unlversitatis 
Oxonienais, duobus vuluminibus compre~ 
hensas : Oxonii, e Theatro Sheldoniaoo, 
MDCLXIJV,' fol. No name appears on the 
title-page, but the preface is signed 'An- 
tonius ft Wood;' the standard edition is 
'The History and Antiquities of the Uni- 
versity of Oxford . . . by Anthony A Wood 
■ ■ . by John Gutch, Oxford, vol, i., miccxci,' 
4to, vol. ii. MDOCICvi, 4to. 2, 'AthenEC 
Oxonienses, an exact History of all the 
Writers and Bishops who have hod their 
Education in . . . Oxford from . . . 1500 to 
. . . 1690, to which are added the Fasti . . . 
for the same time. The first volume, extend- 
ing to , . . 1040, London, printed for Tho. 
Bennet . . . mdcxci,' fol. Perhaps as a 
precaution against libel suits, no name was 
set to either this or the second volume, 
although the prospectus, issued in October 
1090, had run ' Proposals for priating 



Alheme Oxonienses . . . written bv ... 
Anthony it Wood. ..." ' The second volume 
compleating the whole Work' appealed U 
London in liSB2, fol. A second edition wit 
published in 1731 by K. Knaploek and 
J. Tonson, printers, of London, in two 
volumes folio. It professes to have thouModi 
of corrections and additions from Wood's 

Eroof-copy inthe Ashmolean, and'abovefivn 
undred new lives from the author's origi- 
nal manuscript * (now lost, but then in llie 
hands ofThomos Tanner). Thomas Heorae 
vehemently, but erroneously, impugns the 
hone&ty of this edition. The addit tons (rom 
Wood's copy are often clumsily bat olwayt 
faithfully made, and there is no eood ground 
for suspecting that the 'new lives wer« 
tampered with, beyond the deletion of ftom* 
ill-natured remarks. Dr, Philip BliM [q. y.j 
took this as the basis of his edition, Iifil3-S0i 
and he added much matter of litemry in- 
terest and bibliographical value. He did 
not, however, avail liiinBelf of Wood's cot^ 
reeted copy or his numenus ' Athene'ool- 
leclioDS. He began a reissue of his editioa 
in 1S48. One volume (containing Wood's 
autobiography) was published; a second 
volume, beginning the text, is in the Bod- 
leian, but shows few changes from the earUer 
issue. A new edition of the 'Athens' ii 
much needed, corrected by Wood's own 
papers and citing Wood's authorities 
3. 'Modius Salium, a Collection of rach 
Pieces of Humour as prevailed at Oxford in 
the time of Mr. Anthony k Wood, collected 
by himself . . ., 'Oxford, 1751, 12mo. 4. 'The 
Antient and Present State of the City af Ox- 
ford ... by Anthony i Wood . . . b j , . . 
Kir J. Peehall, London, XDCcutliii,' 4lo ; ■ 
new edition by the Rev. Andrew Clark en- 
titled 'Survey of the Antiquities of the City 
of Oxford . . ,' (Oxford Hist. Soc.) was pub- 
lished in octavo, vol. i. 1889, vol. ii. 1890, 
vol. iii. 1899. 6. 'The Histor\' and Anti- 
quities of the Colleges and Halls ... of 
Oxford, by Antony Wood ... by John 
Dutch, Oxford, Hdcclxivi,' 4to; aii 'Ap- 
pendix containing Fasti Oionienses . . . Irf 
Anthony Wood ' was edited by John (iutcb, 
Oxford, 1790, 4to. 0. Among the papers 
which Wood committed to the care of his 
executors were an aut-obiography and his 
liaries for the years 1657-95, full of inter«it- 
ing matter for contemporary Oxford history. 
The autobiography was published in t^ 
ay Thomas Heame at p. 438 of bis edition 
of ' ThomBB Caii Vindic. Antiq. Acad. Oxan.' 
It was reprinted, with the addition of some 
diary notes,inl772 by William Uuddesftvd, 
ind repeated in Dr. Blis.i's editions i^ ih« 
Athente.' An accurate edition has recently 



Wood 



353 



Wood 



been brought out with the title * The Life 
and Times of Anthony Wood . . . collected 
from his Diaries ... by Andrew Clark, for 
the Oxford Hist. Soc.,' 8vo, vol. i. 1891, vol. 
ii. 1892, vol. iii. 1894, vol. iv., 1895. A 
fifth volume is to complete the work. 

[Wood's autobiography and diaries, in the 
Oxford Hist. Soc. series, are full and minute. It 
may be questioned whether a man ever lived 
of whose life we have more intimate details. 
After Wood's death his work and character were \ 
much discussed at Oxford, and Thomas Hearne's 
Diaries (now appearing in the Oxford Hist. Soc. 
scries) have numerous references to him. But 
they must be received with caution. Wood 
was a recluse who made numerous enemies. 
3Iany untrue and malicious statements respecting 
him were lung in circulation.] A. C-k. 

WOOD, Sir CHARLES, first Viscount 
Halifax (1800-1885), eldest son of Sir 
Francis Lindley Wood, second baronet, by j 
his wife Anne, daughter of Samuel Buck, re- | 
corder of Leeds, was born on 20 Dec. 18(X). ; 
He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, ; 
Oxford, whence he matriculated on 28 Jan. 
1818 as a gentleman commoner and took a 
double first class in 1821. He graduated 
B.A. on 17 Dec. 1821 and M.A. on 17 June 
1824. He was returned to parliament on 
9 June 1826 as liberal member for Grimsby, 
but made no speech of importance until the 
question of the disfranchisement of East Ret- 
ford arose. He lost his seat at Grimsby in 

1831, but was elected at Wareham, and on 
14 Dec. 1832 he was returned for Halifax, 
and continued to represent it for thirty-two 
years. 

Wood's official career began on 10 Aug. 

1832, when he was appointed joint-secretary 
to the treasury ; quitting this post in Novem- 
ber 1834, he was transferred to the secretary- 
ship of the admiralty in April 183o, and re- 
signed with his brother-in-law. Lord Ho wick, 
in September 1839. Though he was a frequent 
speaker during Peel's second administration, 
he was by no means an advanced whig and 
only slowly accepted reforms of a radical 
character. He was not converted to the 
repeal of the com laws till 1844, and with 
Bright strongly opposed the restrictions on 
the labour of women and children in Lord 
Ashley's Factory Act in the same year. He 
became chancellor of the exchequer under 
Ijord John llussell on 6 July 1846, and was 
sworn of the privy council. On 81 Dec. of 
the same year he succeeded to the baronetcy 
on his father's death. His financial admini- 
stration was not brilliant, and can only be 
called successful when the difficulties with 
which he had to contend are fully allowed for. 
In 1848 three budgets were introduced, and 

VOL. LXII. 



the increase of the income tax, which was 
llussell's proposal, had to be dropped by Wood 
within a few weeks, on 28 Feb. He was a 
strenuous opponent in general both of new ex- 
penditure and of new taxes, and, although in 
1847 he had obtained a select committee on 
commercial distress, in 1848 he had no other 
remedy for the condition of Ireland than to 
leave the excessive population to adjust itself 
to new conditions by natural means. He was, 
however, induced by his alliance with Lord 
Grev to approve his plan for a railway loan 
to Canada of five mulions sterling. Wood 
was accordingly very unpopular, and, al- 
though in 1851 he kept his place among the 
changes produced by the ministerial crisis of 
that year and repealed the window tax, he 
was unregretted when the ministry fell in 
1852. Being exceedingly well informed 
upon Indian Questions, he was appointed 
president of tne board of control in the 
Aberdeen administration on 30 Dec. 1852, 
and passed an excellent India Act in 1853. 
On 8 Feb. 1855 he became a member of Lord 
Palmerston's cabinet as first lord of the ad- 
miralty, and succeeded in inducing parlia- 
ment to keep up the number of men m the 
navy after the conclusion of the Crimean 
war. On 19 June 1856 he was created G.C.B. 
Resigning his office on 26 Feb. 1858, he be- 
came secretary of state for India on 18 June 
1859, and began an arduous but successful 
series of measures for adapting the govern- 
ment and finances of India to the new state 
of things arising after the extinction of the 
East India Company. He passed acts for 
limiting the number of European troops to be 
employed in India (1859), for reorganising 
the Indian army (1860), for regulating the 
legislative council and the high court (1861^, 
and for amending the condition of the civil 
service. Obliged as he was to deal with rail- 
way extension, as well as with the disordered 
state of Indian finance, he was led to borrow 
largely, and for this growth of the Indian 
debt and for the dispute which led to the re- 
signation of S. Laing, the Indian finance mini- 
ster, in 1862, he was severely but unfairly 
blamed. The budgets of 1863, 1864, and 1865 
were prosperous, and he was able both to re- 
duce expenditure and to extinguish debt. In 
1865 he lost his seat at Halifax, and was 
elected at Ripon ; but in the autumn he met 
with a serious accident in the hunting field, 
which obliged him to give up all arduous offi- 
cial work. He resigned the Indian secretary- 
ship on 16 Feb. 1866, and on 21 Feb. was 
raised to the peerage as Viscount Halifax of 
Monk Bretton. In the House of Lords he 
was an infrequent speaker, and his only re- 
turn to officiu life was as lord privy seal from 



Wood 



354 



Wood 



6 JuIt 1970 to 21 Feb. 1674. He died at I 
Hick[eIoninYoTkehiTeon8.\ng.lS85. He | 
nuimed, on 29 July 1629, Ubij, fifth daugb- I 
ter of Chsrles Orey, second earl Grey [q. v.] 
She predeceased him on 6 Julj' IB^, le&rLng 
four sons and three daughters. The eldest 
SOD, Charles Lindlej Wood, succeeded his 
father as second Viscount Halifax. 

Lord nalifax was » nun of greater in- 
fiuence in the goTemmonta of which he was 
a member than his contemporaries apptv- 
ciaied. He was Mund in counsel.exceedinglj 
widely sod well informed, and an industrious, 

fUDClual, and admirable man of business, 
le was thus both efficient as a departmeata] 
administrator and valuable as a cool and 
sound j udge of policy. As a speaker be was 
tedious and ineffective and nampered by 
vocal defects, and his weiebt in the Bouse 
of Commons was duo to nis knowledge of 
public affairs. 

[Timea, 10 Aug. 1885; Wnlpole's Life of 
Lord Jaha Russell ; Martia's Life of tfa» Prince 
Consort; MnloiMbury Msmoira oF an Ex-niial- 
ster ; Doyle's Official Baronage -, Foster's Alumni 
Oion. 1715-1886 ; OfScJal Returas ot MnnhetB 
of P^rlinment.] J. A. H. 

WOOD, Sib DAVID EDWARD (1819- 
1894), general,son of Colonel Thomas Wood, 
M.P„ of Littleton, Middlesex, bv Lady Con- 
Btnnce, daughter of Robert Stewart, first mai^ 

Juis of Londonderry [q. v.], was bom ontlJan. 
F)1L*. .Ifterpassing through the Royal Mill' 
tary Academy at Woolwicli, he obtained a 
eonunisaton as second lieutenant in the roval 
artillery on 18 Dec. 1829. His further com- 
missions were dated: lleuleaaDt, 20 June 
1931; second captain, 23 Not. 1&41 : first 
Cftplain, 9 Not. 1846; lieutenant-colonel, 
20June 1S54; brevet colonel, 18 Uct. 1855; 
regimental colonel, 6 March 1800; major- 
general, fi July 1887; colonel-commandant 
of the royal artillery, 8 June 1876; lieu- 
tenant-general, 26 Nov. 1876; general, 1 Oct. 
1877. 

Af\er serving at various home stations, 
Wood went in 1842 to the Cape of Good 
Hope, where be took part in the campaign 
ngamst the Boers, returning to England in 
\6iS. He received tbs war medal. In 181)5 
he went to the Crimea, where he commanded 
the royal artillery of the fourth division at 
the battles of Balaclava and Inkermuu and 
in the siege of Sebastopol. He afterwards 
<^ommsnded the royat horse artillery in the 
Crimea. He was mentioned in despatches, 
and forhis services was promoted to be brevet 
coliinel.mnde a companion of the order of the 
Biith, military division, received the war 
mt-dal wi;h three clasps, and was permitted 
in iuv«^t and wear the Turkish medal, thi' 



insignia of the fourth eUsa of the onkr of the 
Hetfiidie, and of the fourth cUsaof the LegiOD 
of Honour. 

In October 1867 Wood amred in Ia£a 
to assist in the suppression ot the Indian 
mutiny, and commanded the field and hoiK 
artillery under Sir Colin Campbell, the 
commander-in-chief. He did excsllent ser- 
vice with the force undtr Brigadier-geomt 
W. Campbell on 5 Jan. 185H against tk 
rebels at Maosiata, near Allahabad, wheo Ihc 
mutineers were driven from their po^tiou 
and followed up by horse artiUeir. Hewai 
brigndier-general commanding the field and 
horse artillery at the final si^e of Lucknow, 
for bis £hare in which he was honoonUf 
mentioned in despatches. He took part ia 
various subsequent operations, and on hisi*- 
tum to England in l8-'>9 was made * kni^ 
commanderof the order of the Bath, military 
division, and received the Indian mutiny 
medal with clasp for Lucknow. 

In ISftl and 1865 Wood commanded the 
royal artillery at Aldershot, and from ISO) 
to 1874 he was general-commandant if 
Woolwich garrison. The grand cross of lb# 
order of the Bath was bestowed upon tun 
in 1877. He died at his residence. Park 
Lodge, Sunningdale, Berkshire, on 16 Oct. 
1891, and was buried at Liilleton, Uiddliwi. 
on the 20th. Wood married, in 1861, Ladv 
Maria Isabella Liddell id. 1883), daughtn 
of the first Earl of Rarensworth. 

[War Offi>:e Rvwnls; Dsapntebes : Bnjal 
Artillery Records ; Anoaal Regisior, 1 NSt : 
Slubhs's History of the Bengal ArtilliTV ; TiMt 
(Undon). 18 Oct. 1894; Worbi of ladisl 
Mutiny and Crimean War: Debreti's Fcrrsf* 
and Knichtnge.] R. H. V. 

WOOD, EDMUND BL-RKE (1820- 
1B82], Canadian judge and politician, «ai 
born near Fort Erie in Ontario on 13 Fah 
1820. He graduated B.A. at Overton C«l- 
lege, Ohio, in 1848, studied law with Messn. 
Freeman and Jones of Hamilton. Untanui 
and in 1853 was admitted to the CanaditD 
bar OS an attorney, receiving the amMiBt- 
ments of clerk of the county court and clink 
of the crown at Brant. In 1854 he w»* 
colled to the bar nf Ontario and entereil into 

Eartnership with I'eter Bull Long. In 11^ 
e ivHS returtied to the parliament of On- 
tario for Weet Brant as a supportiT of llw 
Sivemment of John Sandficfa Macdonald. 
e sat in the house until 1867, when iW 
union of the colonies took place. At thefint 
general election be was chosen a memttfr of 
the Ontario house of as^mbly, and also Mt 
in the Canadian House of Commons unit! 
1872, when he resigned his seat in the con- 
mons on the passage of the act forbiddiaf 



Wood 



355 



Wood 



the same person to sit in both assemblies. In 
July 1867 he entered the Ontario coalition 
ministry of John Sandfield Macdonald as 
provincial treasurer. Re gained a high re- 
putation as financial minister, his budget 
speeches being clear and able. He intro- 
duced the scheme for the settlement of the 
municipal loan fund of Upper Canada, and 
brought to a conclusion the arbitration be- 
tween the provinces of Ontario and Quebec 
on the financial questions raised by con- 
federation, drafting the award with his own 
hand. In December 1871 he resigned office, 
though retaining his seat in parliament. His 
action diminished his popularity, and he was 
accused of deserting his leader while the 
fortunes of his government were wavering. 
In 1872 he was made queen*s counsel, and 
in 1873 was elected a bencher of the Law 
Society. In the same year he resigned his 
seat in the Ontario legislature, and on his 
return to the Canadian House of Commons 
for West Durham he vehemently attacked 
Sir John Alexander Macdonald s govern- 
ment for their action in connection with the 
Pacific scandal. He held his seat until 
11 March 1874, when the administration of 
Alexander Mackenzie [q. v.] appointed him 
chief justice of Manitoba. In this capacity he 
instituted several important legal reforms. 
His decision in the case of Ambrose Lejpine, 
who was tried for his part in the murder of 
Hugh Scott during the Red River rebellion 
of 1870, was upheld by the English courts. 
His judicial conduct failed, however, to give 
universal satisfaction, and in 18H2 an attempt 
was made to impeach him in the House of 
Commons at Ottawa for ' misconduct, corrup- 
tion, injustice, conspiracy, partiality, and 
arbitrariness,* and a petition was presented 
in support of the charges. Wood replied, 
denying the accusations and justifying his 
conduct. A special commission was ap- 
pointed to investigate the charges against 
nim, but before any progress had been made 
in the matter ho died at Winnipeg in Mani- 
toba on 7 Oct. 1882. Wood had a singularly 
deep voice, and Thomas D'Arcy McQee [q.v.] 
gave him the name of ' Big Thunder.' He 
was an able man, but he was accused of 
being unscrupulous. 

TAppleton's Cyclop, of American Biogr. ; Do- 
minion Ann. Reg. 1882, p. 364.] E. I. C. 

• 

WOOD, ELLEN ri814-18^7), better 
known as Mrs. Henry Wood, novelist, bom 
at Worcester on 17 Jan. 1814, was the eldest 
daughter of Thomas Price, who had inherited 
from his father a large glove manufactory at 
AVorcester. Her mother was Elizabeth, 
daughter of Robert Evans of Qrimley. Her 



father, a man of scholarly tastes, who enjoyed 
the high esteem of the cathedral clergy at 
Worcester, was subsequently depicted as 
Thomas Ashley in * Mrs. Halliburton's Trou- 
bles.* As a child Ellen I^ice lived with her 
maternal grandmother, and developed a re- 
markably retentive memory, which she 
exercised both upon general and upon local 
family history. While still a girl she was 
afflicted by a curvature of the spine, which 
became confirmed and aficcted her health 
through life. Most of her numerous novels 
were written in a reclining chair with the 
manuscript upon her knees. Miss I^ice was 
married at Whitting^on, near Worcester, 
in 1836 to Henry Wood, a prominent mem- 
ber of a banking and shipping firm, who had 
been for some time in the consular service. 
The next twenty years of her life were spent 
abroad, mainly m Dauphin^, whence she re- 
turned with her husband in 1856 and settled 
in Norwood. During the latter part of her 
stay abroad she had contributed month by 
month short stories to * Bentley*s Miscellany ' 
and to Colbum's * New Monthly Magazine.' 
Of these magazines Harrison Aiusworth was 
proprietor, and his cousin, Francis Ainsworth, 
who was editor, subsequently acknowledged 
that for some years Mrs. Henry Wood's stories 
alone had kept them above water. For these 
stories she received little payment. Her first 
literary remuneration came from a novel 
called * Danesbury House * (1860), written in 
the short space of twenty-eight days, with 
which she won a prize of 100/. offered by the 
Scottish Temperance League for a tale illus- 
trative of its principles. In Januaiy 1861 
her much longer story entitled * East Lynne * 
be^an running through the pages of the 
* New Monthly Magazine.' The new novel 
was highly commended by the writer's 
friend, Mary Howitt, and its dramatic 
power alarmed Ainsworth, who foresaw the 
loss of the ^ Scheherazade ' of his magazine. 
Some difficulty was nevertheless experi- 
enced in finding a publisher for the wonc in 
an independent form, and two well-known 
firms rejected the book before it was accepted 
by Bentley. Upon its appearance in the 
autumn of 1861 it was praised in the 
'Athenaeum' and elsewhere, but its striking 
success was largely due to the enthusiastic 
review in the * Times ' of 25 Jan. 1862. The 
libraries were now 'besieged for it, and 
Messrs. Spottiswoode [the printers] had to 
work day and night.' It was translated into 
most of the European and several oriental 
tongues. The dramatic versions are nume- 
rous, and the drama in one form or another 
remains one of the staple productions of 
touring companies both in Ei\^\a.tA \^^^ 



Wood 356 Wood 

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Wood 



357 



Wood 



Hollow; 1871. 24. ' Within the Maze/ 
1872 (I12th thousand 1899). 25. •The 
Master of Grey lands/ 1878. 26. 'Told in 
the Twilight/ 1875. 27. 'Bessy Wells/ 
1875. 28. * Adam Grainger/ 1876. 29. ' Our 
Children/ 1876. 30. Tarkwater/ 1876. 
31. *Edina/ 1876 (the most successful of 
her later novels). 32. 'Pomeroy Abbey/ 
1878. 33. 'Court Netherleigh/ 1881. 
34. 'About Ourselves/ 1883. 35. 'Lady 
Grace/ 1887 (this was running in the 
' Argosy * at the time of Mrs. Wood's death). 
Posthumously appeared : 36. ' The Story of 
Charles Strange/ 1888. 37. ' The House of 
Halliwell/ 1890. 38. 'Summer Stories 
from the " Argosy/' ' 1890. 39. 'The Un- 
holy Wish/ 1890. 40. 'Ashley and other 
Stories/ 1897. In addition to the above 
some of the ' Johnny Ludlow * papers were 
reprinted from the ' Argosy * in two series of 
three volumes each, between 1874 and 1880. 
These were subsequently added to, and ap- 
peared in six series, each in one volume con- 
taining ten or twelve stories. Over half a 
million copies of ' East Lynne ' have been 
issued in England alone, and the sale of this 
novel, as well as that of Nos. 3, 4, 6, 10, 
20, 24, and 31 in the foregoing list, shows at 
present no sign of diminution. The best of 
the (for the most part very indifferent) dra- 
matic versions of ' East Lynne ' is perhaps 
that by T. A. Palmer, ' as played by Madge 
Ilobertson,' first performed at Nottingham 
on 19 Nov. 1874 (French's Acting Edition, 
No. 1542). 

[Memorinla of Mrs. Henry Wood, by her son, 
Charles W. Wood (with portrait), 1894 ; Argosy, 
1887, zliii. 422 sq. ; Women Novelists of Quaoq 
Victoria's Reign, 1897, p. 174 ; AlUbone's Diet, 
of Engl. Lit. ; AtheDjeiim, 13 Feb. 1887 ; Times, 
11 and 17 Fob. 1887; Daily News, 11 Feb. 
1887 ; Illasirated London News, 19 Feb. 1887.1 

T S 

WOOD, Sir GEORGE (1743-1824), 
judge, bom on 13 Feb. 1743 at lloystone, 
near Bamsley in Yorkshire, was the son of 
George Wood (1704-1781), vicar of Roy- 
stone, by his wife Jane, daughter of John 
Matson of Roystone. He was intended for 
a solicitor, ana was articled to an attorney 
at Cawthom, named West. At the end of 
his articles West, impressed by his ability 
and assiduity, urged him to study for the 
bar. Entering the Middle Temple, he com- 
menced as a special pleader, and established 
such a reputation that he obtained many 
pupils, among whom were Edward Law 
(afterwards Lord Ellenborough), Thomas 
Erskine, and Charles Abbott (afterwards 
Lord Tenterden). Immediately on being 
called he was engaged by the crown for aU 



the state prosecutions commencing in De- 
cember 1792. He joined the nortliem cir- 
cuit, and on 5 Nov. 1796 he was returned to 
parliament for Haslemere in Surrey, retain- 
ing his seat until 1806. In April 1807 he 
was appointed a baron of the excliequer and 
was knighted. As a judge he was extremely 
painstaking, his apprehension being rather 
accurate tnan quick. He was a supporter 
of prerogative and took so strong a stand 
against the free criticism of the executive by 
the press that Brougham threatened to move 
his impeachment, lie resigned his office in 
February 1823, and died on 7 July 1824 at 
his house in Bedford Square. lie was buried 
in the Temple church. By his wife Sarah 
he left no issue. 

Wood printed for private circulation * Ob- 
servations on Tithes and Tithe Laws,* which 
he afterwards published in 1832 (London, 
8vo). 

[Fosses Judges of England, 1864, ix. 53-4 ; 
Gent. Mag. 1824, ii. 177; Official Returns of 
Members of Parliament; Fosters Yorkshire 
Pedigrees ; Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chan- 
cellors, 1847, vi. 387, 390, viii. 279 ; Campbell's 
Lives of the Chief Justices, 1857, iii. 100, 101, 
270.] E. L C. 

WOOD, Sir GEORGE ADAM (1767- 
1831), major-general royal artillery, go- 
vernor of Carlisle, was bom in 1767. After 
passing through the Koyal Military Aca- 
demy at Woolwich, he received a commis- 
sion as second lieutenant in the royal 
artillery on 24 May 1781. His further com- 
missions were dated: lieutenant, 15 May 
1790; captain-lieutenant, 7 Jan. 1795; cap- 
tain, 3 Dec. 1800; maior, 24 July 1806; 
lieutenant-colonel, 1 Feb. 1808; brevet 
colonel, 4 June 1814; regimental colonel, 
11 May 1820; major-general, 27 May 1825. 
He served with the army under the Duke of 
York in Flanders in the campaigns 1793 to 
1795, taking part in the principal operations. 
Shortly after nis return to England he went 
to the West Indies, and was present under 
Abercromby at the capture of St. Lucia in 
May 1796, and of St. Vincent in June of 
that year. In February 1797 he sailed with 
Abercromby*8 expedition from Martinique 
to the Gulf of Paria, was at the capture of 
Trinidad on 17 Feb., and at the subsequent 
unsuccessful attempt on Porto Rico. 

Wood served with distinction in the 
Mediterranean from 1806 until 1808; he 
then went to Portugal, took part in Sir John 
Moore^s campaign, was at the battle of 
Coruna on 16 Jan. 1809, and returned with 
the British army to England. In July he 
was in the expedition under the Earl of 
Chatham to Walcheren, and was at the siego 



Wood 3; 

of FliisUing and its capture on J4 Aug. He 
■was knighted on a3 May 1812, He com- 
manJed then>;al artilleiyof the army under 
Sir ThotnitB Graham (afterwards Lord Lyne- 
doch) [q. T.] which co-operated witli the 
allies in HoUand and FlaDdera. Landing at 
Rotterdam in December 1613, he was at the 
siege of Antwerp in January 1814, and at 
the action of Menem on the 13th of thai, 
month. He was at tha unsucceisful assault 
on Bergen-op-Zoom on 6 March, and the 
subsequent blocliade of that place and of 
Antwerp. For his services lie rece' ' 
brevet promotion, and was made an a 
de-camp to the king. 

In 181S Wood commanded the whole of 
the royal artillery in the Waterloo campaign, 
in the battles of Quatre Bras ( 16 June) end 
of Waterloo (18 June), in the march to 
Paris and the operations against the for- 
tresses of Mauheuge, Landrecy, Marienbourg, 
Philippe ville, and Cambray, and at Ibe entry 
into Paris on 7 July, lor his services in 
this campaign Wood was mentioned in 
despatches, was made a C.B., received the 
Waterloo medal, and was permitted to accept 
and wear the insijrnia of the fourth class of 
the orderof St. Wladimir of HuBsia, thethird 
class of the order of Wilhelm of the Nether- 
lands, and the knighthood of the order of 
Maria Theresa of Austria; and in the follo'W- 
ing year he was made a knight commander 



army of occupation in France until 1819, 
when he returned to England. Ho was 
appointed governor of Carlisle on 18 Jane 
1^5. He died in London on 23 April 
1831. 

[War Office Rwords: Dfspatches; Rojnl Ar- 
tillery Racords; Boyol Milit«rf Calendar. 1820; 
Duncan's History of the fiojal Artillery ; 
Sibome's Waterloo Campaigu ; Quilt. Mag. 
1831.] R. H. V. 

WOOD, Mm. henry (1814-1887), 
novelist. [See Wooii, Ellen.] 

WOOD, HERBERT ^VILLIAM (1837- 
1879), major w^ai engineers, son of Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Herbert William Wood of the 
Madras native infantry, was bom in India 
on 17 Jnly 1837. Educated at Cheltenham 
CoUege, he joined the military college of the 
East India Company at Addiscombe in Fe- 
bruary 1854, received a commission as second 
lieutenant in the Madras engineers on 
20 Sept. 185o, and, after the usual course of 
professional iustruction at Chatham, arrived 
at Mndro.'. on ^6 Oct. 1857. He was at once 
""■'ed to the Sftgar field division under 
^neral Whitlock acting against the 



Wood 



present at the affaire of 
Jhigan on lU April 1858 and Kabnu,at iho 
battle of Banda on the ISth, the capture 
of Kirwi on 6 June, the action in front of 
Chitra Kote, the forcing of the Panghali 
Pass, and subsequent action. He was pro- 
moted to lie lieutenant on 27 Aug. 1858, 
ond continued to do duty with the column 
until March 1859, receivingthe medal fortbe 
campaign. 

Alter employment as executive engineer 
in - the public works department in the 
Nortb-West I'rovinceB, he was transferred 
to Madras in I860. He waa promoted to 
be captain on 16 Jon. 1864. He served as 
field engineer in the Ahysainian campaign 
from January to June 18f(6, succeeding Cap- 
tain Chryatie in charge of the works at 
Zulla, was thanked in despatches, and re- 
ceived the war medal. In December 1!^3 
he was appointed to Vizagapatam, and on 
24 Aug. of the following year he was pro- 
moted to be m^or. Obtaining three years' 
furlough, he accomiAnied the Grand Duke 
Constantine'a expedition, sent under the 
auspices of the Imperial Rusiian Geographi- 
cal [Society to examine the Amu Darya. He 
published in 187C the results of his travels 
in an octavo volume entitled ' The Shores of 
Lake Aral,' which attracted attention at 
the time, and should be read by all who 
would thoroughly understand the difficulties 
with which the Russians have to contend in 
Central Asia. 

Wood rptumed to India in June 1878. 
but, after serving in the Madras presidency 
in a bad state ol health, he was seized with 
paralysis and died on 8 Oct. 1879 at Chingl^ 
put. Wood was a fellow of the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society and of the Royal and Impe- 
rial Russian Geographical aocicties, and s 
corresponding member of the Society of 
Geography of Geneva, He issued at Oeneva 
in 1875 a short account in French of the 
bed of the Amu Darya. 

[India Office Records ; Royal Engiaeere' Be- 
cords; Despatctiaa : Royal Engineete' Joamal 
(obiluary notice), 1B79: Ttmea, S Nov. 1879; 
Proceedings of tho Royal Oeographicjil Society, 
1880; Ann. Rog. 1879.] R. H. V. 

WOOD, JAMES (1072-1759), noncon- 
formist minister.knownas 'General' Wood, 
sou of James Wood (d. 1695), nonconformist 
minister, by his wife Anne (d. 19 Mav 1734), 
was bom at Atherton, Lancashire, tn I67S. 
The surname is often, but erroneously, given 
as Woods. His grandfather, James Woodf 



Wood 



359 



Wood 



was buried on 13 Jan. 1668-9 {Extracts from 
a Lancashire Diary, ed. Koger Lowe, 1876, 
p. 37). His father, James Wood, succeeded 
(1657) James Livesey [q. v.] as perpetual 
curate of Atherton chapel, was silenced by 
the Uniformity Act (1662), but continued 
to use the chapel (erected 1648, and not con- 
secrated) till he was imprisoned in 1670 
{Life of Adam Martindale, 1845, p. 193) ; 
he then preached at Wharton Hall, seat of 
liobert Mort, and in 1676 recovered Atherton 
chapel (Hope, Errors about Atherton^ 1891, 
pp. 8, 11 ; Hope, Athertons of Atherton, 
1892, p. 14). 

James Wood, tertius, entered (22 April 
1691) the academy of Kichard Frankland 
[q. v.] at Eathmel, assisted his father, and 
succeeded him at Atherton chapel in 1695. 
He attended the ^ provincial ' meeting of 
united ministers (presbyterian and congre- 
gational) of Lancashire (formed 1693), but 
was no friend to church government, and 
co-operat«d from 1740 with Josiah Owen 
[q. v.] in the policy of depriving the meeting 
of any function of reugious supervision 
{Monthly Repository, 1825, p. 478). He 
owes his fame to his instantly raising, on 
receipt of a letter (11 Nov. 1715) from Sir 
Henry Hoghton (a dissenter), a local force 
which joined the troops under Sir Charles 
Wills [q. v.] at the battle of Preston (12 Nov. 
1715). W^ood's force, partly armed with 
scythes, spades, and billhooks, was joined 
by other volunteers under John Walker, 
dissenting minister of Horwich, and John 
Turner, dissenting minister of Preston [see 
under Turner, William, 1714-1794]. To 
Wood was assigned the defence of the ford 
over the Ribble from Penwortham to l*res- 
ton. For his services and expenses he re- 
ceived a government annuity of 100/. At 
this time W^oods congregation numbered 
1,064 adherents, including fifty-three county 
voters (Evans's manuscript list, in Dr. 
W^illiams*s Library, account furnished Janu- 
ary 1717-18). Richard Atherton (1700- 
1726), son and heir of the last nonconformist 
lord of the manor, was a Jacobite. On 
coming of age he demanded the surrender 
of Atherton chapel, which was consecrated 
(1723) by Thomas W^ilson a663-1765)[q. v.], 
the well-known bishop of Sodor and Man 
(this chapel was rebuilt in 1810, and again 
in 1877). During 1721-2 Wood ministered 
to his flock in a dwelling-house at Hagg 
Fold. In 1722 a large meeting-house (still 
in use, unaltered) was erected at Chowbent 
in Atherton, Wood devoting part of his 
pension towards the cost. The communion 
table and communion plate (dated 1653) 
given by Robert Mort are still retained by 



the (unitarian) dissenters ; the endowments 
went with the other building. Wood was 
personally very popular, but no preacher ; ho 
* could tell a storv, and that did as well.' 
He declined to make exchanges, for ' if any 
body were to come and prach better than 
me, they'd not loik to hear me again, and if 
he prach'd wur, it's a sheame for him to 
prach ' (Hibbert-Warb, Lancashire Memo- 
rials of 1715, Chetham Soc, 1845, p. 247). 
But, according to John Valentine, he opened 
his pulpit in later life to the most liberal 
divines of his time {Monthly Repository, 
1815, p. 451). 

He died on 20 Feb. 1759 ; a tablet to his 
memory is placed above his pulpit. Ho 
married (1), on 14 March 1717, Judith 
Brooksbank of Oxheys (Turner, Nojicon- 
formist Register, 1881, p. 211) ; (2) Hannah, 
died on 17 Aug. 1726 (tombstone). His 
son, James Wood, was educated for the 
ministry (from 1748) under Caleb Rother- 
ham [q. v.], and acted as his father's assistant, 
but predeceased him {Monthly Repository, 
1810, p. 475). Another son, Robert, was 
father of Mary Anne Everett Wood [q.v.] 

[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 408, and Palmer's 
Nonconformist's Memorial, 1802, ii. 352 (both 
need correction); Calamy's Own Life, 1830, ii. 
329 ; Toulmin's Life of John Mort, 1 793 ; Baker's 
Life and Times of ' General * Woods (sic), 1859 ; 
Minutes of Manchester Presbyterian Classis 
(Chetham Soc.), 1891, iii. 353 sq.; Nightingale's 
Lancashire Nonconformity, 1892, iy. 100.] 

A. G. 

WOOD, JAMES (1760-1839), mathe- 
matician, was bom on 14 Dec. 1760 at 
Turton in the parish of Bury, Lancashire. 
His parents were weavers, but afterwards 
the lather opened an evening school, and 
himself instructed his son in arithmetic and 
algebra. From Bury grammar school, 
which he attended for some years, he pro- 
ceeded on a school scholarship to St. Jonn's 
College, Cambridge, where he was admitted 
a sizar on 14 Jan. 1778, and subsequently 
enjoyed several exhibitions. He was senior 
wrangler and fellow of his college, graduating 
B.A. in 1782, M.A. in 1785, B.D. in 1793, 
and D.D. in 1815. He iilled many offices in 
the university, including that of vice-chan- 
cellor (1810). He was admitted master of 
St. John's College on 11 Feb. 1815, and 
continued to hold the post till his death. 
He was appointed dean of Ely in November 
1820, and mstituted rector of Freshwater, 
Isle of Wight, in August 1823, but con- 
tinued to pass the chief part of his time in 
college, where he resided for about sixty 
years. He was for many years the most 
mfluential man in the university, his hig)" 



Wood 360 Wood 

per9«}aal character, great natural abilitr, on IS Oct. 1778, he was promoted to be 
flound judgment, moderation, forbearance. ' lieutenant of the oO-gun ship Kenown, with 
and other qualities making him a model j Captain George Dawson. After taking part 
ruler of a college. He was a considerable . in the reduction of Charlestown in April 
benefactor to St John's, both during his life . 17S0. the Renown returned to England ; for 
and bv his will, which provMed that the s«'>me months Wood was employed in small 
college should be residuary legatee. About j vessels attached to the Channel fleet, but 
SjOfMyi. thus came to its cotfers. His library > in November 17S1 he was appointed to the 
was als4) left to the college. 64-gun ship Anson with Captain William 

Wood died in college on 2^) April 1S39. Blair ]q. v. , in which he was in the action 
and was interred in the college chapel. A ' of 12 April l7S!?, and continued till the peace, 
statue by Eldward Hodges Baily was erected : The next two or three years he pai«iMMl in 
in the ante-chapel, and there are portraits ' France, and then, it is stated, accepted em- 
in the haU and in the masters lodlre. An ployment in merchant ships trading to the 
enjzraved portrait was published in 1><41. East Indies, and later on to the West Indies. 

Wo*>d's works, which were for many , AMien the tleet under Sir John Jervis 
vears standard treatises, are : I. * The (afterwards Earl of St. Vincent) 'q. v.] ar- 
tlements of Algebra,' Cambridge. 179o,8vo: rived at Barbados in January 17&4. Wood 
many subsequent editions appeared, the happened to be there, and, offering his ser- 
eleventh to the sixteenth (1S41-CU being vices to Jervis, was appointed to the flagship, 
edited bv Thomas Lund, who also wrote a • the Bovne. After the reduction of Mar- 
'Companion* and a * Key* to the work. ■. tinique he was sent to France with the 
2. *The Principles of Mechanics,' 1796, Svo; cartels in charge of the French prisoners; 
Tth eilit. 1.S24. J. C. Snowball brought but on their arrival at St. Malo in the end 
out a new edition in 1S41. but in the of May the ships were seized and Wood 
opinioaof Whewell it was spoiled. S. *The was thrown into prison. The order to send 
Elements of Optics.' 179S, Svo: 5th edit, him to Paris, signed by Kobespierre and 
18:2.'3. The above originally formed portions other members of the committee of public 
of a series known as the * Cambridsre Course ; safety, was dated 13 Prairial (I June), the 
of Mathematics.' Wood was F.f{.S., and verv dav of Lord Howe's victorv. In Paris 
wrote in the * Philosophical Transactions ' he was kept in close confinement till April 
for 179S on the * Roots of Equations.' He 179o. when he was released on parole and re- 
also contributed a paper on *Halo-?' to the turned to England. He was shortly after- 
* M-^moirs ' of the Manchester Literary and wards exchanged, was promoted (7 July 
Philosophical Society, 179lK ; 179.')), and was appointed to command the 

[Bakers Hist, of St. John's. ^\. M.ivor. m. Favourite slK»p. which he took out to the 
1094: Wilson's 3Iiscellrtnies. ed. R.iiaes; 1857, ^^ ^*^ Indies. There he was sent under .'^ifj 

L194; Palatine Notebook, ii. 110: Pr\-mes liobert \\ aller Ot way to blockade St. Vm- 
!,llections, p. 252.] C. W.' S. cent and (irenada. While engaged on this 

serviiv he had opportunities of leamini^that 
WOOD, Sir JAMES ATHOL (1758- Trinidad was very insufficiently garrisoned; 
18i*l» ), rear-admiral, bom in 1756, was third andafter the reduction of the revolted islands 
son of Alexander Wood (</. 1776) of Bum- he suggested to the commander-in-chief, Sir 
croft, Perth, who claimed descent from Sir Hugh CloberrA- Christian ^q. v.], the possi- 
Andrew Wood [q. v.~ of Largo. He was bilityof capturing it by an unexpected attack, 
vounger brother of Sir Mark Wood, bart. Christian was on the point of going home 
[q.v.",and of Major-g»?neral Sir George Wood and would not commit his successor ."Sir] 
{d. 1824). First going to sea, presumably HenryHarvey^q.v.", to whom, on his arrival, 
in the P'ast India trade, in 1772, he entered Wood repeated his suggestion. Harvev 
the navy in September 1774, as *able sea- sent him to make a more exact examination 
man ' on board the Hunter sloop on the coast of the state of the island, and, acting on his 
of Ireland and afterwards on the North report, took possession of it without loss. 
America station. In July 1776, as master's Of four ships of the line which were there, 
mate, he joined the Barfleur, flagship of Sir only half manned and incapable of defence, 
Jam^-s Douglas jj. v.] at Portsmouth. In the" Spaniards burnt three: Wood was ap- 
April 1777 he was moved into the Princess pointe<l, by acting order, to command the 
Koyal, the flagship of Sir Thomas Pye ^q.v.], fourth, and sent home with convoy. His 
and fr«)ra her was lent to the .\sia. as acting captain's commission was confirmed,* to date 
lieutenant, during the spring of 1778. He 27 March 1797. 

rejr)in*^d his ship in time to go out with Vice- Karly in 1798 he was appointed to the 
•uiral John Byron to North America, where, ^ Garland frigate, whk:h was sent out to the 



Wood 



361 



Wood 



Cape of Good Hope and thence to Mauritius. 
Stretching over to Madagascar, a large 
French ship was sighted close in shore. 
Wood stood in towards her, but when still a 
mile off the Garland struck heavily on a 
sunken reef, and was irretrievably lost,26 July. 
Tlie French ship proved to be a merchant- 
man, which Wood took possession of and 
utilised, together with a small vessel which 
he built of the timber of the wreck, to carry 
his men and stores to the Cape, whence he 
returned to England. In April 1802 he 
w^as appointed to the Acasta frigate of 40 

funs, which, on the renewal of the war in 
80^*3, was attached to the fleet off Brest and 
in the Bay of Biscay under Admiral [Sir] 
William Cornwallis (1744-1819) [q. v.] In 
November 1804 the Acasta was sent out to the 
West Indies in charge of convoy, and there 
Sir John Thomas Duckworth, wishing to re- 
turn to England in her, superseded Wood and 
appointed his own captain. As no other 
ship was available for Wood, he went home 
as a passenger in the Acasta, and immediately 
on arriving in England applied for a court- 
martial on Duckworth, charging him with 
tyranny and oppression and also with carry- 
ing home merchandise. The court-martial, 
however, decided that, in superseding Wood, 
Duckworth was acting within his rights, 
and, as Duckworth denied that the goods 
brought home were merchandise, the charge 
was pronounced * scandalous and malicious.' 
When Wood's brother Mark moved in the 
House of Commons that the minutes of the 
court-martial should be laid on the table, the 
motion was negatived without a division. 

Public opinion, however, ran strongly in 
favour of Wood, and he was at once ap- 
pointed to the Uranie, from which, a few 
months later, he was moved into the Latona, 
again attached to the fleet off Brest, and 
again sent with convoy to the W^est Indies, 
where in January 1807 he was second in 
command under fSir] Charles Brisbane at 
the reduction of Curasao — a service for 
which a gold medal was awarded to the 
several captains engaged. In December 
1808 Wood was moved into the 74-gun ship 
Captain, in which he took part in the re- 
duction of Martinique in February 1809. 
In July he was transferred to the Neptune, 
and sailed for England with a large convoy. 
()nhisarrivalhewasknighted,lNov.l809,and 
in the following March he was appointed to the 
Pomp6e, one of the Channel fleet, off Brest 
and in the Bay of Biscay. On 10 March 
1812 broad off Ushant he sighted a French 
squadron some twelve miles distant. Of 
their nationality and force he was told by 
the Diana frigate which had been watching 



them. It was then late in the afternoon, 
and when, about six o'clock, two other ships 
were sighted apparently trying to join the 
enemy's squadron, and that squadron wore 
towards hmi as though hoping to cut him 
off. Wood judged it prudent to tack and 
stand from them during the night. The 
night was extremely dark, and in the morn- 
ing the French squadron was no longer to 
be seen ; but the other two ships, still in 
sight, were recognised as English ships of 
the line. 

^ The affair gave rise to much talk ; Lord 
Keith was directed to inquire into it, and 
as his report was indecisive, the question 
was referred to a court-martial, which, after 
hearing much technical evidence — as to 
bearings, distances, and times — pronounced 
that Wood had been too hasty in tacking 
from the enemy, and that he ought to have 
taken steps at once to ascertain what the 
two strange ships were ; but also, that his 
fault was due to ' erroneous impressions at 
the time, and not from any want of zeal for 
the good of his majesty's ser\'ice.' That the 
sentence was merely an admonition which 
left no slur on Wood's character is evident 
from the fact that he remained in command 
of the Pomp6e— sent to join Lord Exmouth's 
flag in the Mediterranean — till November 
1815. On 4 June 1815 he was nominated a 
C.B. ; on 19 July 1821 he was promoted to 
be rear-admiral. He died at Hampstead, 
apparently unmarried, in July 1829. 

[Ralfe's Nav. Biogr. iv. 173; Ralfe's Nav. 
Chronology, i. 19 ; Marshairs Roy. Nav. Bio^. 
ii. (vol. i. pt. ii.) 784 ; Naval Chronicle (with 
portrait), xxiv. 177; Grent. Mag. 1829, ii. 177-9 ; 
Service Book, and Minutes of Courts-Martial in 
the Public Record Office.] J. K. L. 

WOOD or WODE, JOHN (/. 1482), 
speaker of the House of Commons, is said to 
have been the son of John Wood or Wode, 
a burgess for Horsham, Sussex, in 1414, and 
to have belonged to a family that owned 
much property in Surrey and Sussex. He 
was probably the sherift* of those counties of 
the same name in 1476. A John Wood, de- 
scribed as * armiger,' was returned for Mid- 
hurst, Sussex, in 1467 ; another, or the 
same, described as 'senior' for Sussex in 
1472, and John Wood, * armiger,' sat for 
Surrey in 1477-8. The returns for the par- 
liament of 1482 are lost ; it met on 20 Jan., 
and Wood was chosen speaker. 

[Manning's Speakers, pp. 119-20; Official 
Return of Members of Pari. ; Rot. Pari. vi. 197.1 

W H 

WOOD, JOHN {d. 1570), secretary 'of 
the regent Moray [see Stewart, Lobd 
James], was the second son of Sir Andrew 



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ri-iVir-d to i*^ '•xc.-y.* n rninallv. Jljrin:: H s: ri^s -y Kr, x. Keith. a::d C-ildmi-w I ; 

Moray'. r.:h>-l]ioii Wovl 'a-.x^ ivnt a^ his -S.r J.im-s M- >;::/» Mrn;oirs.] T. F. H. 

*fmis-ar\' to Klizil^.tb '.vitb vain r-jiivs's WOOD. .TUHN i^^. lo9«?>. m^ical writer, 

for b»-r a-iji-jtance 1 0//. •S"/////' pr/perf. was tb«*au:bor of 'IVacticae MedicinwLibtr, 

For. '" \o. 174 1. H*? F'^mainrd vcx-atus Aci-'iL-ania. quo artificiosa methodo, 

of mritv until Moray's r>.'tum et incredibili mort&les sanandi studio, smo 



inuidia, cauEs, symptooiata, i 
pr^sidia pneui(iuuruca capitis 
ponuntur. Authore loliaiine Wood, guDeroso 
artia Medicine Btudio90, et professore,' whicli 
waB published in London in quarto in 1506 
by Hmnfrey Hooper. Tha treatise, which 
baa no preface nor dedication, is devoted en- 
tirely to diseases and diwrdtrs affecting the 
head. In 1602 the nnsold copies of the 
■work were reissued by John Bayly with a 
new title-page, in which the authorship was 
I Hcribed to D. Johnson. It has been sup- 
, posed that Johnson was a pseudonym of 
I Wood, but it is more probable thai the 
Buthorabip was falsely claimed by Johnson 
after Wood's death. 

[Wood's Pracli 
tonMS. 2a03.] 

WOOD, JOHN(1705P-1751), architect, 
known as ' Wood of Bath,' bom about 1705, 
was probably a Yorksbireman, and, though 
ho visited Bath occasionally between 1719 
and 1727, did not settle there till the latter 

His fame as an architect of the Palkdian 
school rests not merely upon his designs for 
particular buildings, but even more upon bis 
Bucceaa in the composition of streets and 
BTOupe of houses, in which art, thoueh anti- 
cii»ted by Inigo Jones at Covent Garden, 
he may be regarded as the forerunner of the 
brothers Adam [see Adah, Robert]. Origi- 
nally enraged upon the construction of roads 
under the acta of 1707 and 1721, he first 
displayed his powers of desi^ in the North 
and South Parades, which have suffered by 
modem alterations, includiug the removal of 
' the stone balustrades. To the same period 
F belong North Parade Buildings, Chapel 
I Court, and Church Buildings. Dame Lind- 
_ 's Rooms, begun by Wood in 1728 
I (opened 1730), and subsequently known as 
I the Lower Rooms, were a speculation of 
I Humphrey Thayer (d. 1737), drug;gist, of 
I liOndon, and occupied, till burnt in 1820, 
'he eite of the Royal Literary Institution, 
a which the lecture-room, known as Nash's 
Assembly Room, is attributable to Wood. 

At the same period (1727-8) Wood re- 
stored St. John's Hospital for the Duke of 
Chandos, who also employed him upon 
Chandoa Court and upon the canalisation of 
the Avon between Bath and Bristol, a work 
Tor which he engaged eKperienced diggers 
from the Chelsea waterworks. 

Queen Square, one of Wood's important 
_ onterprises, was begun in 1729. His design 
Hlitbs imperfectly realised owing to the diffi- ! 
^K«ulty of obtaining three sites on the west I 
^Evde. St. Mary's Chapel, designed by Wood i 



in 1732, stood formerly in this square, where 
also (at No. 2i) Wood himself resided uii " 
he and his son John removed to Kagle Roi 
at Batheoston, a characteristic building by 
the father. Wood is also said to hare oc- 
cupied the house, -ll fiiiy Street, but he 
retained or returned to 24 (Ji 
it was there that he died. 1 
expense of Millard, an innkeeper, the 
house of Lyncombe and Widcoiube wa 
from Wood's design, with a handsome colum- 
nar entrance and a Watergate opposite. 
The building did not long survive the present 
poor law. In 1734 Wood designed, for 
Francis Yerbury, Belcomb Brook Villa at 
■ the south end of the King's down,' and in 
1735, besides erecting a villa on Lansdown, 
he began a aeries of restorations at Llaudull' 
Cathedral. 

Wood's best patron was Ralph Allen [|q.v.] 
Allen's house in Bath, now enclosed m an 
obscure alley, was designed by Wood in the 
early part of 1727, but a larger and more 
magnificent design was Aliens residence at 
Prior Park outside the city. The great 
hexastyle portico, the Corinthian columns nf 
which hayy a diameter of over three feet, is 
one of the finest compositions of its epoch. 
In this house (designed in 1736, bu^t in 
1737-43) Allen intended to eihibit as favour- 
ably as possible the local stone from his 
quarries, which had for some time been 
worked under Wood'sBuperintendence. The 
flight of steps on the north side, the east wing, 
and the Palladian bridge are not by Wood. 

The Royal Mineral Water Hospital, which 
really owes its origin as much to Allen and 
Wood as to Beau Nash, must be assigned to 
the same date (173^i-42), The scheme was 
first promoted in 171(1 by Lady Elizabeth 
Hastings and Henry Hoare, banker, but Its 
accomplishment was largely due to Wood's 
energetic and gratuitous services. Wood 
made other designs in connection with the 
local springs — a small square pavilion (1746) 
to cover the source at Bathford, an elegant 
duodecastyle for the Lyncombe Spa (not 
erected because the spring disappeared), and 
a portico for tha Limekiln Spa, which after- 
wards ceased to flow. Lilliput Castle, a 
GEDall bouse four miles north-west of Bath, 
is described as having been built presumably 
by Wood in 1738 (Wood, Description o/ 
Bath). 

In 1745 he built, for Southwell Picott, 
Tltanbarrow logia on Kingsdown (Bathford) 
with a Corinthian facade, and he is said to 
have designed in 1752 the rebuilding of the 
Bath grammar school. 

Wood's work was not confii 
neighbourhood of Bath. He designed 



f the ^^ 

I the ,^H 
R«^^H 



liuid Court, Bristol, and the exchangeit nf 
Bristol (1740-3) nnd Liverpool (1748-55), 
the latter in coajunction witQ his son. He 
()i«d on 2S May 1754, and was bur'md tit 
SwaiDswick. 

Wood's writings consist of: 1. 'Tlie Ori- 
gin of Building', or the Plnginrisms of the 
HeathenH detected,' fol., Bath, 1741: a 
whimeiotil attempt to identify thu ori^n of 
the orders with the Hmhitecture divinely 
revealed to the Jews. 2. 'Description of 
the Exchange at Bristol,' Batb, 1745, 8vo. 
3. ' Choir Gaure, vulgarly called Stone- 
hengs J described, restored, and explained,' 
1747, 8vo. 4. ' Essay towards a Description 
of Bath.' London, 1742, 2 vols. 8vo ; 1749, 
17S5. This work containa much informa- 
ti'>n as to Wood's building, and several 
illustrations of them. 6. 'Dissertation upon 
the OrdersofColumna and their AppendageSii' 
Batb, 1760, 6vo. lie also left in manuscript 
descriptions of Stanton Drew and of Stone- 
Le^e, 1740 (Hari. MSS. 7354, 7355). 

UiH son, Jous Wood (d. 1782), was as- 
sociated with many of his father's works, 
and the streets laid out in Batb by the 
younger Wood were lai^ly schemed by the 
elder. He brought to completion in I7G4 
the Circus which his father had designed, 
and in 1787-0 built tlio lloyal Crescent, aa 
ellipse containing thirty houses of the Ionic 
order. The upper or new assembly rooms 
■were begun by him in 1769 (completed ia 
1771 at a cost of 20,000^,), and in 1776 he 
built the Hot Bath and the Royal Frivuto 
Baths in Hot Bath Street. He was also 
engaged upon York Buildings, of which the 
York House Hotel is the chief part (1753), 
Brock Street (170.")), St. Margaret's Chapel 
(1773, since a skating rink), EdgM Build- 
ings (1702), Princes Buildings (1706), Alfred 
Street (1768), Itussell Street (177o). Bel- 
mont (1770), and Kelston Park (1764), 
(Himetiioes attributed to the elder Wood. 
OuUide Bath he executed Buckland, Berk- 
shire, for Sir U. Throckmorton ; and Stand- 
Ivncb for James Dawkins (Woolfb and 
dASDOx, rrtr-flnVawnicM, 1767, i. pi. 93-7, 
ti. 1771, ii.pl. 81-t). The churcb of Lang- 
ridge, near Bath, is erroneously associated 
with bis name in the ' Architectural Publi- 
cation Society's Dictionary.' He appears to 
have designed the church of Woolley and 
that of Hardenhuisii, near Chippenham (i 
secrated 1779). 

He died on 18 Juno 1782, and was buried 
near his father in the chancel of Swains wicli 
cburch. 

[Peach's Bnth Oh! and Naw, 18B8 ; note! 
iafiirraation from Mr. It. E. M. Peach and llie 
Ber.C. W, Shicklo; Arch. PubL Society's! 



Builder, 1S58 sir. 396, I8.i3 sri. 350; BrilteDj 
"nth HDi] BmU>l, IH23, pp. 13, 38; Building 

Bws. 1858. ir. 773.] P. W- 

WOOD. JOHN (1801-1870), painter, son 
of a drawing-master, whs bom in London 
on20Junel801. He studied in Sass's school 
and at the Royal Academy, where in 1625 
he gained the gold medal for painting. In 
'.he two previous years he had exhibited 

Adam and Eve lamenting over the Body of 
Abel,' and ' Michael contending with Satan,' 
and in 1326 be sent *Psycbe wafted bv the 
Zephyrs.' These and other works displayed 
unusual powers of invent ion and design, and 
gained for him a great temporary reputation. 
In 1834 he competed successfully for the 
commission for the altar-piece of St. James's, 
Bermondsey, and In 1836 gained a price at 
-Alanchestcrfor his ' Eliiabi'th in the Tower.' 
Duringthelatterpart of his careerhe painted 
chiefly scripture subjects and portraits, which 
he exhibited largely at the Royal Academy 
and British Institution down to 1862. His 
portraits of Sir Robert Peel, Earl Grey. John 
Uritton (in the National Portrait Gallery), 
and others have been engraved, as well cs 
several of his fancy subjects. Wood died 
on 19 April 1870. 

[Art Joumal, 1870; Kedgravo's Diet, of Ar- 
tists; GraveHaDict-nf Artists, IT60-IB03.] 

P. M. o b. 

WOOD. JOHN (1811-1871), geographer. 
bom in IHII, entered the East India Com- 
pany's naval service in 1826 and rose lo ihe 
rank of lieutenant. At the dose of lS3b, 
through the exertions of govenjment, the 
Indus was opened for commerce. The tirst 
to take advantage of this concession wasAga 
Mohammed Kabim, a Persian merchant of 
Bombay, who purchased a steamer for tfae 
navigation of the river. At Itig request, and 
with the permission of government, Wood 
took command of the vessel, named thelndus, 
which started on 31 Oct. 1835, and returned 
to Bombay in February 1836, leaving him 
on the banksof the river to ascertain the area 
of the annual inundation and the rise and fall 
of the tide. Un the conclusion of these obser- 
vations he returned to Bombay, and on 9No*. 
was appointpd an assistant to the commercial 
mission to Afghanistan under the command 
of (Sir) Alexander Bumes [q-v.] Wood dmw 
up a report of the geography of the Kabul 
Valley and discovered the source of the 
Oxus. In October 1836 Bumes mentioned 
Wood's services to the government with the 
highest praise. His industry was cut short 
by the differences which arose belween 
Bumes and the governor-general, George 
Eden, earl of Auckland [q. v.}, and Wood 
accompanied his chief into retirement. 



LA 



Wood 



365 



Wood 



After leafing the service with the rank of 
captain, Wood emigrated to New Zealand 
in connection with the newlv formed New 
Zealand Company, but, finding he had over- 
estimated the advantages to be derived 
from association with the undertaking, he 
returned to Europe. Between 1843 and 
1849 his time was chiefly given to mercan- 
tile pursuits. In 1849 Sir Charles James 
Napier [q. v.] wished Wood to accompany 
him to the Punjaub, but the court of direc- 
tors refused their consent. Disappointed in 
this project, Wood emigrated to \ ictoria in 
1852, returning to Europe in 1857, and 
in the following year he proceeded to Sind 
as manager of the Oriental Inland Steam 
Navigation Company. The project was a 
failure, and, the shareholders refusing to 
adopt Wood's suggestions for sending vessels 
suitable for the rapid current of the Indus, 
the concern was wound up. In 1861 (Sir) 
William Patrick Andrew, the projector of 
railway and river communication in western 
India, secured Wood's services for the Indus 
steam flotilla, which he continued to super- 
intend until his death in Sind on 13 Nov. 
1871. He was married, and left issue. 

Wood was the author of: 1. 'A Personal 
Narrative of a Journey to the Source of the 
Oxus,* London, 1841, 8vo ; new edit, by his 
son, Alexander Wood, Ijondon, 1872, 8vo. 
2. * Twelve Months in Wellington,* London, 
1843, 12mo. 3. 'New Zealand and its 
Claimants,' London, 1845, 8vo. 

[Preface by Alexander Wood to Wood's 
Journey to the Source of the Oxus, 1872; 
Irving's Book of Scotflmen, 1881.] E. I. C. 

WOOD, JOHN (1825-1891), surgeon, 
son of John and Sarah Wood, appears to 
have been bom on 12 Oct. 1825. He was 
the youngest child of a large family, and his 
father, a wool-stapler at Bradford in York- 
shire, could aflibrd to give him only a very 
simple education at the school of E. Capon. 
He was then articled to a solicitor, but dis- 
liking the law, and finding that his studies 
were interrupted by a severe injury to his hip, 
which resulted in permanent shortening and 
deformity, he went as a dispenser to Edwin 
Casson, then senior surgeon to the Bradford 
Infirmary. Here he learnt minor surgery, and 
was taught so much Latin as enabled him to 
pass the preliminary examination at the Koyal 
College of Surgeons of England. In October 
1840 he entered the medical department of 
King's College, London, where his student 
career was marked by extraordinary and rapid 
success ; for he gained four college scholar- 
ships and two gold medals. In 1848 he passed 
the first M.B. examination at the London 



University, obtaining the second place in 
honours and the gold medal in anatomy and 
physiology, but he did not further pursue a 
university career. 

Wood was admitted a member of the 
Royal College of Surgeons of England on 
30 July 1849, and in the same year he be- 
came a licentiate of the Society of Apothe- 
caries. He was appointed house surgeon at 
King's College Hospital for 1850, and in 
the following year he became one of the 
demonstrators of anatomy, while Richard 
Partridge [q. vj was the lecturer. From 
1850 to 18/0 Wood almost lived in the dis- 
secting-rooms at King's College, though he 
was appointed assistant surgeon to King's 
College Hospital in 1866. When he suc- 
ceeded to the office of full surgeon he resigned 
his demonstratorship of anatomy, ana in 
1871 he was oflered the chair of professor of 
surgery at King's College. In 1877 he be- 
came a lecturer on clinical surgery jointly 
with (Lord) Lister, and in 1889 he was ap- 
pointed emeritus professor of clinical sur- 
gery. 

Wood held many important positions at 
the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 
Elected a fellow after examination on 11 May 
1854, he was Jacksonian prizeman in 18B1 ; 
examiner in anatomy and physiology 1875- 
1880; examiner in surgery 1879-89, and in 
dental surgery 1883-88 ; a member of the 
council 1879-87, and vice-president 1885; 
Hunterian professor 1884-5, and Bradshaw 
lecturer in 1885. He was elected a fellow 
of the Royal Society in June 1871 , and in 
the same year he became an honorary fellow 
of King's College, London. At various 
times he acted as an examiner in the univer- 
sities of London and of Cambridge. He was 
president of the Metropolitan Counties' 
branch of the British Medical Association, 
and he was an honorary fellow of the Swe- 
dish Medical Society. He died on 29 Dec. 
1891, and is buried in Kensal Green ceme- 
terv. 

He was twice married : first, on 19 Aug. 
1858, to Mary Anne Ward, who died in 
childbed the following year; secondly, on 
5 April 1862, to Emma, widow of the Rev. 
J. H. Knox and daughter of Thomas Ware. 
Issue by both marriages survived him. 

Wood ranks as one of the last English 
surgeons who owed their position to a most 
thorough knowledge of anatomy ; yet hi» 
mind was sufliciently open to the advantages 
of pathology to enable him to accept the 
teaching of his colleague, Lord Lister. 
Wood's knowledge of anatomy enabled him 
to invent a somewhat complex method of 
operation for the cure of rupture, a method 



Wood 



366 



Wood 



which the ftdvance of ateptie surgery has 
rendered obsolete. In plastic surgery he 
was an acknowledged master. 

Wood published: 1. 'On Rupture— In- 
guinal, Crural, and Umbilical/ London, 1863, 
5to. 2. ' Lectures on Hernia and iu Radical 
Cure,' liondon, 1886, 8to. 3. 'The Teeth 
and Associate Parts,' Edinburgh, 1886, 
12mo. 

There is a portrait of Wood in the ffroup 
of the councu of the Royal College of Sur- 
geons in 1884. The picture hangs in the 
inner hall of the college in Lincoln's Inn 
Fields. 

f Personal knowledge; Brit. Hed. Journal, 
1892,1.06; additional information kindly given 
by MiM Wood and by Dr. Myrtle of Harrogate.] 

D'A. P. 

WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827-1889), 
writer on natural history, eldest son of John 
Freeman Wood, surgeon, and his wife 
Juliana LisetU (bom Amts), was bom in 
London on 21 July 1827. Being weakly he 
was educated at home, and, his father having 
removed to Oxford in 1830, he led an outdoor 
life, which gave full scope for the develop- 
ment of his innate love 01 all natural history 
pursuits. 

In 1838 he was placed under his uncle, 
the Rev. George Edward Gepp, at Ashboume 
grammar school in Derbyshire, where he re- 
mained till his seventeenth year. Returning 
thfn to Oxfonl, he matriculated at Merton 
College on 1 7 ( )ct. 1 844. The following year 
he obtained the Jackson scholarship. He 
jfmduated B.A. in ISiHj proceeding M.A. in 
IH/il. For a time he worked under (Sir) 
Ilenrv Acland in the anatomical museum. In 
IK.51 his first book, 'The Illustrated Natural 
History/ was published. In 18o2 he was 
ordained deacon by Sam uel Wilberforce [<}. v.], 
bishop of Oxfonl, and became curate ot the 

farinh of St. Thomas the Martyr, Oxford, 
n ldo4 he was ordained priest. The same 
year he resigned his Oxford curacy and re- 
turned to literary work till April 18*56, when 
he was appointed chaplain to St. Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital. In 1858 he was also ap- 
pointed to a readership at Christ Church, 
Newgate Street. He resigned his chaplaincy 
in 18«2 and the readership in 1>*«3 on account 
of ill-health, and removed to Belvedere, near 
W(X)lwich. He voluntarily assisted in the 
work of the neighbouring parish of Erith till 
the death of the vicar, Archdeacon Smith, in 
1873. Owing to his influence choral services 
were introduced, and the efficiency of his choir 
led to his appointment as precentor of the 
Canterbury Diocesan Choral Union, whose 
annual festivals he conducted from 1869 to 
1875. 



From as early a period as 1866 Wood de- 
livered occasional leeturea on Batvni Ustoiy 
subjects ; but in 1879, having given a series 
of six lectures in Brixton, he rmlved to take 
up lecturing as a second pmffwtinn, and, as- 
sisted by George H. Rohinson, manager of 
the book court at the Crystal Pslsoe, whs 
acted as his agent, sketdt-lectnres, ss tlM^ 
were termed, were arranged for the winter 
months. These lasted ten seasons (1879--88>, 
and took him to aU parts of the ooontiy and 
to America, where ne delivered the Lowell 
lectures at Boston in 1888-4. Theoonspicaoiii 
feature of these lectures was the blackboard 
iUustrations, drawn in coloured pastillea,t]it 
outcome of very careful study and practice. 
In December 1876 he quitted Belvedere, 
and, after several changes, settled in 1878 in 
Upper Norwood. Here he continned thepro- 
duction of those numerous woiIeb wnick 
brought him fame and his publishers profit, till 
he died while on a lecturing tour at Coventiy 
on 3 Mareh 1889. He was buried in thst 
town. He was a fellow of t he Idnnean SodeCj 
of London from January 1854 to June 1877. 
On 15 Feb. 18/jO he married Jane Eleanor, 
fourth daughter of John Ellis of the Home 
Office. 

Wood's writings were in no sense scientific, 
and are not to be gauged by the standard 
exacted in modem scientific research. He 
was least successful in those books in which 
a systematic treatment of the subject was 
imperative, and was himself conscious of 
their shortcomings. Nor did he make anv 
attempt at fine writing, bis single object 
throughout being to popularise the study of 
natural history by rendering it interesting 
and intelligible to non-scientific minds. la 
this he was thoroughly successful; and to 
him was due the impulse that, coming at the 
right moment, turned public attention to the 
subject, while not a few naturalists of to-daj 
owe their first inspiration to his writings. 
To the theory of evolution he wss at first 
decidedly opposed, but later in life he modi- 
fied his opinions. 

Wood was author of: 1. 'The Hlostrated 
Natural History,* London [1851-] 1853, 8to; 
new editions in 1855 and 1893. 2. ' Sketches 
and Anecdotes of Animal Life,* 2nd ser., Lon- 
don, 1852, 8vo, and 1855; another edit, 
entitled * Animal Traits and Characteristics,* 
1860. 3. 'Bees: their Habits, and Manage- 
ment,* Jjondon, 1853, 8vo ; other editions up 
to 1803. 4. * P]very Boy's Book ' (under the 
pseudonym of * George Forrest, Esq., M.A.*). 
Ijondon 1855, 8vo. 5. *My Feathered 
Friends,* London, 1856, 8vo ; new edit. 
ia58. 6. * The Common Objects of the Sea- 
shore,* London, 1857, 8vo; other editioai 



Wood 367 Wood 

to 1886. 7. ' The Common Objects of the passers/ London, 1876, 8vo. 40. * Nature's 

Country,' London, 1868, 8 vo ; other editions Teachings,' London ri876-]1877, 8vo ; new 

to 1836. 8. * Zoology: Mammalia,' Lon- edit. 1883-7. 41. * fenglish Scenery Illus- 

don, 1858, 8vo. 9. * A Handbook of Gym- trated,' London ["18771 fol. 42. * The Lane 

nasties ' (under the pseudonym of * George and Field,' London, 1879, 8vo. 43. * The 

Forrest, Esq., M.A.'), London, 1868, 8vo. Field Naturalist's Handbook' (with T. 

10. * AHanabookofSwimminffandSkating' Wood), London [1879-80J, 8vo; 6th edit, 

(under the same pseudonym), London, 1858, 1893. 44. * Common British Insects' (from 

8vo. 11. *The Playground' (under the No. 36), London, 1882, 8vo. 46. 'Hughes's 

same pseudonym), London, 1868, 8 vo ; new lUustratedAnecdotal Natural History '(with 

edit. 1884. 12. * Routledjje's Illustrated Na- T. Wood), London, 1882, 8vo. 40. * "Natural 

tural History,' London [1869-11863, 3 vols. History Headers,' 4th ser. London, 1882-4, 

8vo; new edit. 1883-9. 13. * Natural His- 8vo. 47. * Half-hours in Field and Forest,' 

tory Picture-Book for Children,' London, London, 1884, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1886. 

1861-3, 3 pts. 4to. 14. * Common Objects of 48. * Half-hours with a Naturalist : Rambles 

the Microscope' (in conjunction with TufFen near the Shore,' London, 1886, 8vo ; 2nd 

AVest), London, 1861, 8vo. 16. * Athletic edit. 1888. 49. * Horse and Man,' London, 

Sports ' (including reissues of Nos. 9 and 10), 1886, 8vo. 60. * Illustrated Stable Maxims ' 

London, 1861, 8vo. 16. ' Glimpses into Pet- (London, 1885), s. sh. 61. * My Back-yard 

land,' London, 1863, 8vo ; 2nd edit., entitled Zoo,* London, 1886, 12mo ; new edit. 1893. 

* Petland Revisited,' London, 1882, 8vo; re- 62. * Handy Natural History,' London, 1886, 

issued in 1884 and 1890. 17. * Our Garden 4to. 63. * Man and his Handiwork,' London, 

Friends and Foes,' London, [1863] 1864, 8vo; 8vo. 64. * Illustrated Natural History for 

new edit. 1882. 18. * Archery, Fencing' Young People,' London, 1887, 8vo. 66. * The 

(written in conjunction with * Stonehenge '), Romance of Animal Life,'London, 1887, 8vo. 

London, 1863, 16mo. 19. * Athletic Sport* 66. * Birds and Beasts,' London [1888], 8vo. 

and Manly Exercises ' (also with * Stone- 67. * The Brook and its Banks (reprinted 

henge'), London, 1864, 16mo. 20. 'The fromthe'Girls'Own Paper'), London, 1889, 

Handbook of Manly Exercises ' (by * Stone- 4to. 68. ' The Dominion of Man,' London, 

hengt*,' * George Forrest,' and others), Ijon- 1889, 8vo. 69. * The Zoo' (reprinted from 

don. 1864, 16mo. 21. ' Old Testament His- the 'Child's Pictorial'), 2nd ser., London, 

tory in Simple Language,' London, 1864, 8vo. 1888-9, 4to ; 3rd ser. (with T. Wood), 1892. 

22. * New Testament History in Simple Lan- Portions of a number of these works were 

guage,' London, 1864, 8vo. 23. * Homes with- reissued with fresh titles, 

out Hands,' London, 1864-5, 8vo ; new edi- He edited : 1. White's * Natural History 

tions in 1883 and 1892. 24. ' The Common of Selbome ' (to which he added notes), Lon- 

Shclls of the Sea-shore,' London, 1866, 8vo. don, 1864, 8vo. 2. * A Tour round my Gar- 

26. * The Boys' Own Treasury of Sports and den ; translated from the French of Alphonse 

Pastimes ' (written with others), London, Karr,' London, 1866, 8vo. 3. * The Boys' 

1860, 8vo. 26. 'Croquet,' London, 1866, Own Magazine,' 1866. 4. 'Beeton's An- 

82mo. 27. 'Routledge's Popular Natural nual,' 1866. 6. * Episodes of Insect Life,' 

Ilistory,' London, 1807, 4to ; 4th edit. 1886. 1867, 8vo. 6. Rennie s * Insect Architecture,' 




:plam 

Animals,' London, 1809-71, 8vo ; new edi- issued in popular form in 1882, 4to. He also 
tions 1883 and 1892. 31. *The Common contributed many popular articles to various 
Moths of England,' London [1870], 8vo. j magazines, including those for children, in 
32. * Common British Beetles,' London, England and America. 



1870, 8vo; new edit. 1876. 33. 'The Mo- 
dern Playmate,' London [1870], 8vo; new 



[The Rev. J. O. Wood, Tendon, 1890, 8ro (by 
his son, the Rev. T. Wood) ; Crockford, 1889 



editions 1876, and as * The Boys' Modern ' information kindly supplied by the Rev. T. 
Playmate,' in 1880 and 1890. 34. ' Insects ! Wood, and })y the assistant-secretary to the 
at ilome,' London, 1871[-2], 8vo; new edi- Linnean Society of London; Brit. Mus. Cat.] 
tions 1883 and 1892. 35'. 'The Calendar of B. B. W. 



the Months,' London, 1873, 8vo. 36. * Insects 
Abroad,' London, 1874; new editions 1883 
and 1892. 37. * Man and Beast ; Here and 
Hereafter,' London, 1874, 2 vols. 8vo ; 6th 
edit. 1882. 38. ' Out of Doors,' London, 1874, 
8vo ; new editions 1882 and 1890. 39. ' Tres- 



WOOD, JOHN MUIR (1806-1892), edi- 
tor of the ' Songs of Scotland,' son of An- 
drew "Wood and Jacobina Ferrier, was bom 
at Edinburgh on 31 July 1806. His father 
was the founder of the firm of Wood & Co., 
music publishers. Young Wood, after at- 



tendinc sucwssWelj Edinburgh higU ichool 
and coUeav, becnii t« studv musiu at Edin- 
burgh under Kalkbrenner. Afterwards be 
WM Btmt to Parifl for two yeare to Btudj 
under Pixis, and from Paris he procwded to 
Vienna to study for two year* underCieroy. 
About 1828 be began his career at Edin- 
burgh as B teacher of music, and was a re- 
matltably good jiianist and sight-reader. He 
then spent several years in London, where 
he occupied himself mostly in literary pur- 
suits. His half-brother Gleorge, afterwards 
senior partner of Messrs. Cramer Jt Co. (he 
died in 1»93), had completed an apprentice- 
ship with Messrs. Blackwood, and joined 
John in the business of music-sellers in Edin- 
burgh and afterwards in Glasgow. John 
managed the Glasgow establishment. He 
was associated with Chopin (1848), Griai, 
and other great artists who visited Scotland 
on concert-giving enterprisea (cf. Nibjk, 
Biography). He also helped lo organise 
the lecture tours of Thackerav and Dickens. 
In conjunction with George Farqubar Gra- 
ham [q. T.], the nominal editor, he brought 
out in 1S49 an iroportjint collection of the 
' Songs of Scotland,' with critical notices, in 
three volumes. The materials were col- 
lected by Wood. The aire were harniooised 
by Edinburgh musicians, including Thomas 
MoUeson Mudie [q. v.]. Finlay Dun [q. v,], | 
John Thomas Surenne [q. v.], and flrabaio ; 
Wood spared neither time nor trouble in | 
tracing old airs to their earliest appearance , 
in print, deciphering tablatureandcomparing 
versions. The work was reissued in an en- | 
larged form in 1887, with a dedication to j 
the queen, and the arrangements of Sir 
Alexander Maekenr.ie, SirQeorge Alexander i 
Macfarren [q.v.], and others. Wood's revi- I 
aions and additions to the notes in the latest 
edilJon contain a mass of information regard- 
ing each air. Tn 1876 Wood edited and 
published 'The Scottish Monthly Musical 
Times,' which came to an end in 1878. To 
Grove's ' Dictionaryof Music and Musicians ' 
ha eontriboted the articles on 'Scottish 
Music," 'The Coronach," The Scotch Snap,' 
and 'The Skene Manuscript ' (preserved in 
the Advocates' Library). He was an ex- 
tremely good linguist, writing and speaking 
fluently French, German, and Italian ; and, 
having resided at Frankfort with the cele- 
brated Polish violinist Lipinski, he acquired 
fmm him a knowledge of Polish which 
enabled him to converse with Chopin on His 
visit to Scotland. Wood, during his resi- 
dence in Glasgow, was the leader of musical 
enterprise there, and before the days of the 
Orchestral Society be brought Hallfe's band 
to give (wncerts. He died at Armadale, 



Cove, on 35 June 1802, uut wa» hntu-i in 
the Glasgow necropolis. On '22 Jan. 1851 
Wood married Helen Kemlo Stephen. She 
survived him, with three sam ajid fire 

daughters. 

[Musical II(:raId(wi)hpDnrail), Aiii^iut 1S91: 
Brown & StraltoD'a Brilisb Moaieal Biography: 
Ula)!gow Herald. iH June 1S92,- XoUa and 
Qaeries. Stb Mr. ii, 40 ; information TMcind 
from fnmil;.] G. 3-B. 

WOOD, JOHN PHILIP (<f. 1838), 
Scottish antiquary and biographer, was de- 
scended from an ancient family dwelling in 
the parish of Cramond, near Edinburgh. In 
spite of labouring from infancy under the 
infirmity of being deaf and dumb, he held 
for many years the olUce of auditor of ex- 
cise in Scotland. He was of a studiooa ton 
of mind, and his leisure was given to histo- 
rical and antiquarian lore. In 1791 he pub- 
liahed his first literary work, 'A Sketuiof 
the Life and Projects of John Law of Laa- 
riston, Comptroller^ nernl of the Finance* 
of France' (Edinburgh, 4toV A new and 
enlat^ed edition, entitled ' Memoirs of tha 
Life of John Law,' appeared in IS24, called 
forth by the renewed interest in Law whidi 
the eitravaf^ce of contemporary commer- 
cial speculation aroused. Afl«r completing 
this biography of Law. who like himself was 
a native of Cramond, Wood brought out in 
1794 the first norocbial histon- attempted 
in Scotland, 'The Ancient and Modem State 
of the Parish of Cramond' (Edinburgh, 4 to). 
His principal work was, however, bis edi- 
tion of the ' Peerage of Scotland,' bj- Sr 
Robert Douglas [q. v.], which was printed 
at Edinburgh in two folio volumes in 1813. 
He had originally intended to bring out a 

, separate peerage for the period between 1707 
and 1809, but was persuaded to incorporate 
his collections with Douglas's work. Wood 

^ died at Edinburgh in December 1838. Hs 
was the friend of Scott, who styled hin 
' honest John Wood,' and the brother-in- 
law of Kobcrt Cadell [q. v.], the partner of 
Archibald Constable [q. v.] He made seve- 
ral contributions to the 'Gentleman's Maga- 
xine,' and communicated to John Nichols 
[q. v.] most of the biographical notes to the 
writers of the poetry comprised in'The Muses' 
Welcome to King James," printed in iba 
' Progresses of King James L 

[Gonl, Mag. 1839, i. 333 ; AUibons* Diet of 
Engl. Lit. ; Lockhut'c Memoici of Swlt, 1M4 
p. 706.] E. I. C. 

WOOD, Sir MAHK (1747-1829), hart, 
colonel Bengnl engineers, bom in 1747, was 
the eldest son of Alexander Wood of Perth. 
descended from the family of the \VoodB of 



Xiiirgo [see Wood, Sir AndbbwI, t 
Bstatea of which Alexander succeciled 
death of his cousin, John Wood, 
governor of the Isle of Man. Mark became 
■. cadet of tlie Eaet India Company's army 
in 1770, and went to India with hia brother 
George (afterwards a major-gpneral of the 
Indian arm)- and K.C.B.), who died in 1821. 
Another brother was Sir James Alhol Wood 
Tq. T.] He received hia first commieaion on 
7 July 1772 in the Bengal engineers, and 
rose to be colonel 26 Feb. t79o. After a 
distinguished career in India, culminating in 
his appointment as survey or-general in 1787 
and chief engineer of Ifengnl in 1700, he 
returned to England on account of ill-health 
in 1793, and purchased the estate of Pierce- 
field on the banks of the Wye. Wood entered 
the House of Commons for Milbome Port, 
Somerset, in 1794; he was returned for 
Newark in 1796, aftera serere contest with 
Sir William Paston. In 1795 he was 
brouj^bt into the king's service as a colonel, 
tind in an audience he had that year with 
George III to present a model in ivory of Fort 
William, Calcutta, the kincexpresse^ to him 
a denire for the union of the East India 
Company and the royal services. In I8U2 
lie WB« unsuccaasful in a contest with Ho- 
bert Hurst for the representation of Shaftes- 
bury, and was in consequence returned for 
hia pocket borough of Gatlon, Surrey, the 
domain of which (Gatton Park) he had re- 
cently purchased. He was created a baronet 
on 3 Oct. 1808. He continued to represent 
Oatton until the diasnlurion in 1818, when 
h« retired from public life, having given a 
uniform support to the measures of Pitt and 
BnbaequeDtiy of Lord Liverpool. He died 
on a Feb. 1829 at bis houae in Pall Mall, 
London. He was buried on 13 Feb. in 
Gattnn church, where there is a tablet to 
his memory. 

Wood married at Calcutta, on 17 May 
178«, Rachel (d. 1802), daughter of Robert 
Daahwood, and by her had twosona — Alex- 
ander (rf. 1806), comet 11th dragoons; and 
Mark, who succeeded him and waa also 
member of parliament for Gatton ; he mai^ 
ried, in 1633, Elizabeth Rachel, daughter of 
William Newton, hut died in 1837, when 
the title became extinct. The estates passed 
to George, eldest son of Sir Mark's second 
brother. Sir George Wood, 

W'ood was the author of: 1, 'A Review 
of the Origin, Progress, and Itesulta of the 
Inte WtT with Tippoo Sultaun,' 1800, 4to. 
2. 'The Importance of Malta considered in 
the Years 1798 and 1798, with Remarks 
during a Journey from England to India 
through Egypt in 1779,' with maps, Loudon, 



. 4to. 3. ' Remarks duiing a Journey 
the East Indies by way of Holland and 

rmany to Venice, and from thence by 
Alexandria ... to Fort St. George under- 
taken byCaptaIn M. Wood . , .' Reprinted 
by . . . Mr. Montagu ' (privately printed, 
Lichfield, 1875, 4to). There are in the king's 
library at tbe British Museum three diSerent 
surveys by Wood of Calcutta end the coun- 
try on the banks of the Hugli River to iti 
mouth, between the dates 1780 and 1785. 

[India OtHce Rn'onU ; Itojal Military Culan- 
dar, 1820: Conolly PapBre; Oeot. Mag, 11129; 
Ann. Rag. 1S29; Biirko'a Landed Gentry ; Btay- 
Uy's Hist, of Surrey.] R. H " 

WOOD, MARY ANN (1802- 
vocalist. [See Paton.J 

WOOD, MARY ANNE EVERETT 
(1818-1895), afterwards Mbs. Evbrbtt 
Green, historian, was bom at Sheffield on 
19 July 1818. Her father, Robert Wood, a 
Wesleyan minister, was, as she afterwards es- 
tablished, descended from the Wynford Eagle 
branch of tbe Sydenham family, to which 
tbe celebrated phvslcian Thomas .Sydenham 
[q. v.] belonged. 'James Wood (1672-1759 
[q, v.] was her grandfather. The name o 
t^'erett was given to her in compliment U 
James Everett [q. v.], a great friend of the 
Wood family, and aftenvards founder of the 
united methodist free church. In accordance 
with the itinerating ministerial system, her 
youth was spent in a succession of lai^ 
towns in Lancashire and Yorkshire; during 
nine years of this period she resided it 
Manchester. She was educated entirely al 
home. Her literary taetea, and probably also 
her crilicttl powers, were strengthened by 
intercourse with her father's gilded friend 
James Montgomery [q. v.] In 1841 ahe re- 
moved with her parents to London, and, with 
the aid of the British Museum read ing-rtxim, 
she entered systematically upon the occupa- 
tions which were to absorb her life. 

As early as 1843 ahe be^m the ci 
tion of her ' Lives of the Princesses of Eng- 
land;' but it waa thought expedient to 
defer the publication of the work till after 
the completion (in 1848) of Miss Strick- 
land's ' Lives of tlie Queens of England ' [see 
StRicsiAim, Aqnbs], which hod suggested 
it. In the meantime she published in 3 vols. 
{ 1 846) her ' Letl«rs of Royal Ladles of Great 
Britain, from the 11th Century to the close of 
Queen Mary's Reign,' still under her maiden 
name, though a few months previously ahe 
had married George Pyoock Green, a mem- 
ber of an old nonconformist family living al 
Cottingham in Yorkshire. During the irel 
two years of her married life, while her bus- 



^r Wood 

band wu carrring on his Btndies as apainte 
at Palis and Antwerp, Mrs. Otcea busie 
bereelf iritb hietorictd T«searcbe«. These 
stood her in good stead on ber return to 
England, when she uttledirith her husband 
in the house in Gower Street (afterwards 
No. 300) which she occupied till her death. 
The ' Lives of the Princesses,' which appeared 
in six volumes (1S4&~55), covered six cen- 
turies, beginning with the Narmao Con- 
quest and ending with the daughter 
Charles I; but for the earlier parts of the 
period the raateriaU were often scant;, and 
the chroniclea of other countries intow" ' ' 

our princesses married had to supplemen'. 

meagre native records. For thelsteriolaoies 
the materials were abundant; yet her treat- 
ment of Buchabiographjasthat of Elisaheth 
of Bohemia mav be regarded as the most ex* 
haustire which the subject has yet received. 
Besides edittntr for the Camden Society the 
entertaining 'Dia[TofJohnRous'(18-56j and 
the ' Life of William Wbittingham ' in the 
Bocieiy's 'Miscellany,' vol. vi. (1871), she 
brought out in 18^7 the ' Life and Letters of 
Henrietta Maria,' a volume which was based 
entirely on original research. 

In 1853 Mrs Everett Green accepted a 
nomination by Sir John (afterwards I»cd) 
Itomilly [q. v.] as one of the editors of the 
calendars of state papers, in the publica- 
tion of which OS master of the rolls he took 
a warm interest ; and during a period of 
forty years there was no more devoted and 
no more capable worker than herself asso- 
ciated with this important national under- 
taking. In the course of these years, carrying 
OD her labours first in the old state paper 
office overlooking St. James's I'arlr, and 
afterwards in the Public Record Office in 
Chancery Lane, she edited forty-one volumes 
of the Domestic series, viz. (in the order of 
publication) : Calendars of State Paper* of 
the lleigns of James I (1857-9, 4 vols.), of 
Charles II (1860-6, vols, i-vii.), and of Elira- 
both (1867-72, tols. iii-viil. and xii.),of the 
Commonwealth (1875-85, 13 vols.), of the 
Proceeding of the Committee for the Ad- 
vance of jfloney (1888, 3 parts), of the Pro- 
ceedings of the Committee for Compounding 
with Delinquents (1889-92, fi parts), and of 
State Papers of the Reign of Charles 11 (1893- 
1895, vols, viil-x.) In accordance with the 
gradual development of the system on which 
the calendaring was conducted, the fulness 
of Mrs. Green's later calendars is much 
grcatertban that ofthe earlier; but through- 
out the work she showed a sure power of 
discrimination, an accurate historical know- 
ledge, and an unusual familiarity with lan- 
gunges. 



Mrs. Green's time was so fully occupied 
with her Record Office work that she was 
unable to carry out plans which she had 

formed of a memoir of the electress Sofdiis, 
and of lives of our nueens of the house of 
Hanover, for which she had collected a lalvB 
body of materials. These she generoudj 
made over a short time before her death 14 
less competent hands. She compiled a pe^- 
gree of her familv dating from 1225 ; and 
wrote, likewise for private circulation, a 
memoir of her father, besides contributing 
occasionally to the ' Athenteum,* the ' Loo- 
don Review,' the ' Qentleman's Manudne,' 
and other periodicals. She taught lierwif 
perspective in order to be of assistaaea to 
her husband, who had been partially disabled 
by an accident from carrying on his pro- 
fessional work: and privately printed for 
the use of her children a reading-book on 
inductive principles. In harmony with her 
early religious trainine;, she took a warm 
personal interest in charitable and philaD- 
thropic endeavours, and her peTGOOality had 
the irresistible charm which belongs to per- 
fect simplicity and single-uiadedneGs. Her 
husband died in 1893. She carried on this 
work of her life to the last, thoug-h her health 
had begun to fail for eighteen months beforv 
her death, which took pliice in London on 

I Nov. 1895. 

In 1876 she had experienced the great sor- 
row of losing her only ftoa, a young engineer 
of much promise. She left three daughten, 
of whom the eldest (Gertrude) is married to 
Dr. James Gow, now of Nottingham i and 
the second (Evelyn) is a well-known wiiter 
of fiction. 

[ManUBCript notes relating to my litJluj 
History, 18S1. by Mrs. Green, kindly oammtiDi- 
cated by Hrs. James Gov ; Memoir of iba IBM 
Mrs. Kveratt Green in the Queen navspaptf, 

II Dec. 1806,- personal Hcquat atanL'e.l 

A. W. W, 
WOOD, Sir MATTHEW (1768-1813), 
municipal and political reformer, born »I 
Tiverton, Devonshire, on 2 June 1768, wi* 
the eldest son of William Wood (1736- 
1609), serge-maker in that town, by hit 
wife Catherine Cluee (d. 17981. Matthew, 
who was brought up as a dissenter, was sonl 
for a lime to Blundell's free grammar school 
at Tiverton, but was soon obliged to assisi 
his father in his business. At the age of 
fourteen he was apprenticed to bis first couhb, 
Mr. Newton, chemist and dru^^ist, in For* 
Street, Exeter, and when nineteen years (dd 
was traveller for another druggist of thsl 
city. Early in 1790 he came to London to 
travel for Messrs. Crawley & Adcock of Bi- 
shopsgate Street, and about two yean UUr 



IS admitted aa 
gists then established in Devonshire Squi 



wfirm of drug- 



it kst lonK. and (vben 
it was diBsolved he set up a similar buainesa 
for hinueif, at first in Cross Street, Clerkeit' 
■well, and from 1801 to 1804 at Falcon Square. 
He was alRo a hop merchant with Coloacl 
Edward Wigan in Southwark, and the firm 
was afterwards known as Wood, Wi^n, & 
Wood. He was larp;ly interested in Ihe 
copper mine of Wheal Crennia in Cornwall. 
Home years before 1S04 Wood had become 
a freeman of the citj of London and a 
member of the whig compuny of fishmon^rs. 
In 1803 he was elected to the rammon 
council for thewardofCripplegate Without, 
and soon acted as deputy for Sir William 
Staines, the alderman of the ward. On the 
death of St-aines in IS07 he succeeded as 
alderman, and in IStiO was appointed sheriff 
of London and Middlesex, being called upon 
in. his year of office to perform the uncon- 

Sniat duty of arresting air Francis Burdett. 
B was lord toavor of London in the 
troublous period of 1815-16, and during his 
mayoralty suppressed a dangerous riot at 
Spa Fields fRoMiLLT, Memoiri, iii. 265). He 
was consequently re-elected as lord mayor 
for 1818-17, this beiug the first occasion for 
aeveral hundred years in which a lord mayor 
had been so honoured. During his second 
year of office he rescued three Irishmen who 
had been mistakenly condemned to execu- 
tion. For this service he was presented by 
public subscription with a handsome service 
of plate and received the thanks of the cor- 
poration of Dublin. In 1S17 he was again 
returned by the livery, but his name was not 
accepted by the aldermen. As a member of 
the corporation he took a leadinp part in 
many city improvements. He laid the 
foundation in 1813 of the debtors' prison in 
WhitooroBs Street, and he furthered the con- 
struction of the new London bridge and the 
new post office. His name was long pre- 
Berved in the social life of the corporation 
through the fact that the city barge, built in 
September 1816, nt a cost of 5,000/., was 
called the ' Maria Wood ' after his daughter. 
Wood contested the representation of the 
city of London at the general election of 
1812, but was defeated, though be polled 
2S73 votes. On the resignation of Alder- 
man Combe he was returned for tba city 
■while lord mayor, without a contest, on 
10 June 1817, and sat continuously for it 
until his death, thus having a place in ten 
successive parliaments. He was four times 
at the top of tiie poll, but in 18^G, when be 
had made a declaration in favour of catholic 
emancipation, he was at the bottom of the 



list of elected candidates. H 

radical and a strenuous supporter of all 
the whig ministries. 

Wood was one of the chief friends and 
counsellors of Queen Caroline. He and his 
son, who acted as interpreter, obtained 
evidence in Italy to rebut the accusations 
which had been mode against her. When 
the queen left Italy on the deathofQeorge III 
hi! met her at Montbardo in Burgundy, ac- 
companied her to England, and at the entry 
into London on G June 1820 sat by her side 
in an open landau (Gbbvillb, Journal, i. 
28-9). She took up lier abode at first in his 
house, No. 77 Soutfi Audley Street, and he 
was one of the corporation that presented 
her with an address of sympathy on lOJune. 
Whenebe attended at St. Paul's on ^ Not. 
to give thanks for the failure of the proceed- 
ings against her, be went with the lonimayor 
to Temple Bar to receive her in state. A 
dull satire on Wood by ' Vicesimus Blinkin- 
sop,' said to be Theodore Hook, was published 
in 1820. It was entitled ' Tentamen, or an 
Essay towards the History of Wbitiington.' 

The afi'airs of the Duke of Kent were ad- 
ministered by Wood as his trustee, and he 
rendered a signal service by making arrange- 
ments for the residence in England of the 
duke and duchess. Br this means Queen 
Victoria was bom on English instead of on 
foreign soil. When she dined with the cor- 
poration of London at the Ouildhall on 9 Nov. 
1837, the announcement was made by Lord 
John Russell of her intention to confer a 
baronetcy on Alderman Wood. It was the 
first title that she had bestowed, and it was 
understood to have been given through per- 
sonal friendship. By this time Wood had 
eome into a considerable fortune. His con- 
duct in aid of Queen Caroline attracted the 
attention of Elixabetb, the maiden sister of 
James Wood, the banker, at Gloucester, and 
led to his subseqiient introduction to the 
banker himself. She left him at her death, 
about l'^23, a house in Gloucester, and on 
the banker's death in 1830 the residue of his 
property was shared among his four executors, 
AJclerman Wood being one. The will was 
disputed but maintained, and Wood received 
over 100,000/., including the estate of 
liatherley in Gloucestershire. 

Wood died at Matson House, near 
Gloucester, on 25 Sept. 1843, and was buried 
in a vault in Hatherley churchyard. He 
had marrierl, on 5 Nov. 1796, Maria, daughter 
of John Page, surgeon and apothecary of 
Woodbridge, Sufihik. She died at Hams- 
f^te on 2 July 1848, aged 78. They had 
issue, with two daughters, three sons, \it. : 
Sir John Page Wood (see below), WiUiam 

BBS 



I 



I 



Wood 



Wood 



OMvd H V- PTlt II <aB ]faBE& 1SI7X 

■ m • ■ . i ' ^ 

■ M W«hy > 'Ibto B&« a*7 tt Lxlw' 

Mhn WW M^ W A. W. Ikwk.<aKBMd 

|gir)-fcrtteWM<trftfatfewliiili II 
■ datk- 

AjBjLTiT^' ' ~" '' 

■ AMcnMB Wood ta Tkiviiri 



lii|>«li af Mka Mam* of Baker Stntt, 
LwJM; ikAdoa 31 AprU ISTa 

ITlBBtarr u4 Wilfatd-i Old kmI Kav loa- 
Iv. i. US. m. SM. ir. 3M ; GmU. 3fa«. lUI 
i. Ml-1. lUS i- HI. 1S«3 i. 810. ISM i «Sf. 
Sai-7. WAkilUitniBMUiTjoi Um CJCfuf 
laaJia. pp. H«-«7 : Omdy'a toudoo CSt'iWM. 
tp- »»-l; Kici«>>e>!«'i a«MB Croline. pp. 
S7S-«U^ IbMorvf Lord HMhuter. i. l-7Ij 
lbkk'> M^MnC Patnib, L SO 1 .1 W. P. C. 
WOOD or WOODS, ROBERT (16S2?- 



PenieriMjnnr, 

1 1631 or laa; 




^jr«a Pu»W«a»(179S-taa8),eM«« 



bri^ OS 3S A^^ i;9& He 
at WincbMHrCoUt««,aadR(aifaatedLL3. 
iaia3l>tTiiaitTCalk«B.Ckaa>ite. Or- 
daiaad aboat lBi9, ha btta^ AM^mia and 
pfirato weta tarj to Qaeta CkroliiiCL fls 
clcaedber cfMiadEatkaDdiecoHfaBM tbe 
lMd7 U> ka baiial at Kaarai^ ia 19«I. 
B» WM tlwa Made rka|ilaiii to the Duke of 
8mwx. Wood vu anoiated bf the cor- 
MtBtionof LandoD in 1834 totherecloi; of 
Rc Peter's, Comhill. and in 1833 he was in- 
■tituted to tbe ticafage of CreMing in E.-(sei, 
retaintngboth liTingaitntUbis death. Wood 
iras a itron); liberal in polit ics and a leading 
man in allcountr matten in Euei, shoirinf; 
grett coura^ in committing the ' Cogii^eBbsll 
gang' of burglars. He died at Belbiu, ne-ar 
lV>mfonl,OD 21 Feb. ISOe.andwai buried at 
Vmulag, He married at Kenwyn, Com- 
wbII. on 16 Feb. 1620, Emtoft Caroline, 
youngest daughter of Sampsoii Michell of 
Croft West in that parish, an admiral in the 
Portuguese service. She was bom at Lisbon 
on 16 Jan. 1 80S, and died at Ildbus on 
Ifi Dec. 1879. La.!f Wood waa the author 
of many noveln and an accomplished artist. 
Their iMUo was live sons and six daugbterti, 
tbe voungest son being General Sir Lvclyn 
Wood. (l.O.B, 

WMTBBHWooD(18(M-1803),SirMtttthew 
Wood's third son, was bom on 4 Jan. 1801. 
He was in partrifmhip with his father, tlie 
firm hi'ing then Wood, Field, k Wood, of 
Mark l^anti, IiOndnn, and on his father's re- 
tiromenl in 1H42 obtained his share. From 
2» July imi until bis death bewanM.P. for 
the city of London. He died at North Cray 
I'lace. Kunt, on 17 May 1863, Hs married, 
on 10 Juiw 1829, 9arah Letitia, youngest 



CaOiW _ _ 

" " 3 Jaly IMO. Obtaining one of tb 
' mMtmUfg at Merton in leti, b 
RA.fi<mthatccai«g«onl8Hu4 
IftM-?, rnendsd 3LA. on 14 July IMS, 
aad was elected a fellow of Lincoln CoDege 
hyanfarrf ihepartiaDaentarycommissioncrt, 
M 19 Sept. 16.50. in the place of Tbantlidl 
Ow«a [a. r.j, appointed preMdent of St. 
Jofai'a Cdlege. AfW studying phTsic (or 
six yean he waa licensed to practise ^jnni- 
rocalioa on 10 April 1656. He went xo 
Ireland and became a retainer of Heniy 
Oomwell, who despatched him to Scotland 
to ascertain the slate of aS'airs there. Ob 
bit return to Ent^-Iand be became one of the 
first fellows of the college founded byOlim 
Cromwell at Durham on 15 May 16a7. He 
was a prominent supporter of tbe Common- 
wealth, and a frequenter of the liota Club 
formed by James Harrington <I*JH-IBJ7t 
[q. v.] On tbe Restoration hewas deprind 
of his fellowship at Lincoln College and le- 
tumed to Ireland, where he made great fro- 
fessions of loyalty, graduated M.D.. and he- 
came chancellor of the dioceso of Meattu 
He purchased an estate in Ireland, which 
be afterwards sold in order to buy one il 
I Sherwill in Esses. On bis return to Eng- 
land he became mathematical master it 
Christ's Hospital, but after some vears he 
resigned the post and paid a third visit b> 
Ireland, where be waa made a commisdontT 
of the revenue, and finally aceountant-geDt- 
rsl. This office be retained until bis cuMh, 
at Dublin, on 9 April 16S5. He was bum) 
in St. Michael's Church. He maniod MiM 
Adnms, by whom be had three dau^tcnt— 
Catherine, Martha, and Frances. 

Wood, who was elected a fellow ol At 
Royal Society on 6 April 1681, was the 
author of 'A New Al-moon-oc for Evi: 
or a Rectified Account of Time,* Loiid«ii, 
1680, 8vo; ondof another tract, entitled 'Th* 
Times Mended ; or a ItectiRed .\ccounl of 
Time hy a New Luni-Solar Year j the Itus 



way to Number our Days,' London, 1681, 
fol. la these tKBtises, wliicb were dedicated 
to the order of the Garter, nnd Hometioies 
accompanied by a single foHo sheet entitled 
' N0VU8 Annus Luni-solaris,' he proposed to 
rectify the year 80 that the first day of the 
month ahould always be within a day of the 
change of the moon, while by a system of 
coropensations the length of the yt'ur should 
be kept within a week of the pferiod of rota- 
tion round the sun. Wood Iranslated the 
S eater part of W'illiBm Oughlred's 'Claris 
atbematica ' into English (Clans Mathe- 
fnatiea, 1653, pref.) lie published two 
papers in the 'Thilosophical Transactions' 
ut 1661. 

[Wood's Hist, and Anliq. of the DniTersity, 
ail. Oalch. ii. BBS ; Wood's Athpim Uzon. ed. 
Bliss. \v. 167-8 ; Wood's Fasti Oiod. mL Bliss, 
ii. 00, 121. IB3; Foster's Alumni Oion. 1601)- 
1714; Manning and Bray's Hint, of Surrey. 1809. 
i>. 3S, iii. App. p. czix ; Montut's Biat of Essex, 
1768, ii. 69; Register of the Visilurs of the 
Unirorslly of Oxford (Camden Soc.). pp. 176. 
608.] E. I. C. 

WOOD, HOBERT (1717P-ir71), Ira- 
veller and politician, was bom at liiveriitown 
Castle, near Trim, co. Mealii, about 1717. 
Be is said to have been educated at Uxford, 
but his name is not in Foster's ' Alumni 
Oxonienses.' According to Horace Walpole, 
he was ' originally a travelling tutor and 
sn excellent classic scholar,' and he cer- 
tainly when a young man travelled throtiuh 
parts of eaatera Europe. In May 1742 he 
journeyed in a \'enetian vessel from ^'enice 
to Com, and in the same year be passed 
from Miljlene to Rcio in the Chatham. On 
G Peb. 1743 he sailed from Latakia in Syria 
to Damietta in £)gypt. 

About 1749 Wood agreed to revisit Greece 
in the company of John Bouverie and James 
Sawkina, both graduates of Uxford. with 
whom he had travelled in France and Italy, 
And they arranged that Borra, an Italian 
artist, should accompany them as ' architect 
and draughtsman.' 'They passed the winter of 
1749-50 together at liome — where Bouverie 
bad in many vieiis acquired an extensive 
Imowledge of art and architecture — then 
went to Naples, and in the spring embarked 
in tJie ship sent to them from London. On 
2S July 1750 they anchored under the Sigean 
promontory, and went on shore at the mouth 
of the Seamander. Bouverie died on 6 Sept. 
17fiO, and was buried at Smyrna (Fostbe, 
Alumni Oa-ojiX but the eijMjdition subse- 
qoently took in 'most of the islands of the 
archi|helago, part of Greece in Europe, the 
Asiatic and European coasts of the Helles- 
poiit, Propontis, and Bosphorus oh far as 



the lilack Sea, most of tlie inland ports of 
Asia Minor, Syria, I'hceniciu, Palestine, and 

Egypt.' The survivorscame to Athens about 
May 1761, and found Hevett and Stuart busy- 
in studying and making drawings of its antt- 
qnities. These artists received much en- 
coumgement and assistance, while in that 
city,Uom Dawkius and Wood, who also gave 
material help to the publication of the first 
volume of ' 'The Antiquities of Athena.' From 
14 to 27 March 1751 Dawkins and Wood 
were at Palmyra, and on 1 April they reached 
Balbec. 

Wood published in 1753 ' The Ruins of 
Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor in the Uesart,' 
'which was described by Horace Walpole oa 
a noble book, with pnnt« finely engraved 
and on admirable dissertation (Lettem, ed, 
Cunningham, ii. 364). French translations 
of it were published in 1763, 1619, and 
1829. In 1757 Wood brought out a corre- 
sponding volume on ' The Ruins of fialbec, 
otherwise lleliopolis in Coelosyria.' This 
was translated into French (1757), and the 
Abbfi Barlhflemy gave an account of both 
works in the ' Journal des Savants ' (after- 
wards included in his ' Q-^uvres Diversea '). 
' These beautiful editions cif Balbec and 
Palmyra ' were again eulogised by Horace 
Walpole in the preface to hjs ' Anecdotes of 
Painting' as 'standards of writing.' A 
new edition of both Palmyra and Balbec 
was issued by Pickering in 1837, in one 
folio volume, priced at six giiineas. S. Salome 
of Cheltenham published in 1830 n voliimo 
of ' Palmyrene Inscriptions taken from 
Wood's " Ruins of Palmyra and Balbec," 
transcribed into the Ancient Hebrew 
Uharaclera and translated into English.' 
LiOuis Franf oia Oasaas, in his ' Voyage pitto- 
resque de la Syrie ' (1799), pays Wood's 
'Palmyra' a high compliment. 

About 1753 Wood accompanied the 

f'oung Duke of Bridgewater as his travel- 
ing companion on the grand tour through 
France and Italy, and during their slay at 
Rome his portrait, now in the Bridgewster 
Gallery, ho. 131, was painted by Mengs 
(Gray end M*sok, ed. Mittord, pp. 100, 
132, 4971, and afterwards engraved by Tom- 
kins in the 'Marquis of Stafford's Collec- 
tion.' He was elected a member of the 
Society of Dilettanti on 1 May l/GS, and 
received from Richard Chandler (1738- 
1810) [q. v.] very handsome praise in the 
' Marmora Oxoniensia' (1763, preface p. t). 
Wood in retuni recommended Chandfer to 
be the leader of the party sent by that 
society to explore ' the ancient state of the 
countries ' in eastern Europe and in Asia 
Minor, and drew up the instructions under 



I 



i 



Wood 



Wood 



ChuHUn, Retett, aail Fui acted on 
aotoB bom Jons 1704 to September 
He aloo vnte Um * addrcM to tlie 
in die fint Tolame of ' Ii»ii«n Anti- 
qiiitiea,' which wMpubliabedbj the Societr 
of DiletUnti in 1769 (or Chuidler uid hu 
MOOciatfafCuurDLBB, TVomb, 1825, toL i. 
pp. Ti-ni»). 

Wood beame nnder-secretarj of itale in 
176S, aai held office under Pitt and his sae- 
ceuors nntit September 1 763. In September 
1757 Gf»y wrote of him m ' Mr. Wood, Mr. 
Rife Wood ■(»>*», ed. Qoese, ii. 331); 
Bad Ralph, in hia 'Case of Authors Stated* 
(_1762, p. 37), refers to him aa ' distingui&h'd 
byMr. Secretary Ktt,na a writer bjaccldeiit, 
not profession,and as already secur'd against 
any reverse of fortune by the gratitude and 
{^nerosity of former friends.' ' His taste and 
iDgenuity,* says Horace Walpole, recom- 
manded him to Pitt, but their association, 
throug-h Pitt's haughtineas and Wood's pride, 
did not last long. Two letteis which he 
wrote to PitI in September 17tf3 are in the 
' Chatham Correepondeoce ' (ii. 246-62 ), and 
they were evidently written to re-estabLsh 
frieodly relations. Through the inSueiice of 
the Diike of Bridgewater, for whom he act«d 
in parliament fC*TBKOisM, Debate*, i, 500- 
604), Wood sat from the general election 
of March 1761 until his death for the pocket- 
borough of Brackley in Xorlbamptonsbire. 
In December 17G2 be was busied with the 
preliminaries of the treaty of Paris, The 
anecdote of his visit to the dying Carteret 
upon that occasion, when Carteret cited the 
speech of Sarpedon (Riad, xii. 332-8), is well 
known. It IB aaid hy Matthew Arnold to 
ethihit ' the English aristocracy at its very 
height of culture, lofty spirit, and greatness ' 
(On Translating Homer, pp. 16-18; the bu- 
thority for the anecdote is Wood's E»say on 
the Oeniux of Homer, 1769, p. ii n.} 

Under a general warrant and the orders 
of Lord Ualifaii, Wood seized on 30 April 
1763 the papers of John Wilkes. He was 
then LordEgremont'Baecretary.butWeaton, 
on whom the duty devolved aa Ixinl Hali- 
fax's assistant, declined the task on account 
of age and infirmity. An action for tres- 
pass viKtt thereupon brought by Wilkes 
Bgwnst Wood on 8 Dec, 176-^, and a verdict 
was obtained for 1,000^ {State Triali, lix. 
1153-70). Ha afterwards became, through 
Itridgewater'a nction, a member of the Bed- 
ford party. ' Ills general behaviour was 
decent as became his dependent situation, 
but his nature was hot and veering to des- 
potic' (Walpolb, Oeorffe III, ed. Barker, 
1, aSQ). From 20 Jan. 1763 he was 
uidep-wcretary to Lord Weymouth in the 



northern department, and on 21 Oct- in th* 
same year he fallowed that peer to tht 
•outheffl department, remainiikg under hin 
in that position until December 1770. 
Wood managed the entire buaness of the 
office, was very violent a^nst "■Wilkes, and 
defended the ministry in the Houae of 
Commons ' with heat and sharpness.' la 
1769 and 1770 he was suspected of stoct- 
fobbing and of intrignlag, under the belid 
that a war with Spain was nttaToidabl* 
and that Chatham would be c&Iled to oSce 
(ifi. iii. 97, 133, 143, iv. 2, 123-li. It wia 
suggested in December 1769 that Lord 
Goner might be lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
with Wood as his secretary, whereupon tb 
Irish gentlemen made many objections > U 
his mean birth and his public and private 
character' (Hiet. MSS. Comm. Bth Bep. 

E. 191), After a 'very short indisposition' 
e died at his house at Putney on 9 I^ept. 
1771 in his fifty-fifth year. This house w« 
that in wliicb Gibbon was bom, and Wood 
had purchased it from the elder Gibbon. 

Wood was buried on 15 Sept. in a new vanlt 
in the nest part of the new burial-ground 
near the Upper Richmond Road. A superb 
monument of white marble, with an epitapb 
by Horace Walpole, was erected by hit 
widow, Ann Wood, and it commemoralM 
the doalh of their son, Thomas Wood, oo 
25 Aug. 1772, in his ninth year. Hi» 
library was sold in 1772. Besides the woA 
by Mengs,aportrait of him by Hamilton wu 
engraved by Hall. 

Wood was drawn aside into politics 
before he had time to finish his classiesl 
labours. Hia chief object in his eastern 
voyages was to read ' the Iliad and Odywej 
in the countries where Achilles fough^ 
where Ulvsses travelled, and where Homer 
sung.' lie commnnicated the rough cJtetch 
of his later work to Dawhins, who di#d 
very late in 1767 or early in 1758, bat 
it was not finished for severaJ years later 
Seven copies of it were printed in 1767 
with the title 'A Comparative View of the 
Antient and present State of the Troade. 
To which is prefired an Eiiayon the Original 
Genius of Homer.' But tlie impreasion in 
the Grenville Library contains only th« 
essay on Homer. An enlut^d and anony- 
mous edition of this part came out in 17S9 
as ' An Elssay on the Original Genius of 
Homer,' and the whole scheme was edited 
by Jacob Bryant in 1775 as ' An Ea^y on 
the Original Genius and Writings of Homer, 
with a Comparative View of the Ancient 
and present State of the Troade.' Tbi* 
contnined views by Borra of ' Anciifnc 
Troas ' and of ' Ancient Ruins ni>ar Troy,' 




t work vns translated into French, 
ItAlian, and Spanish, the French 
of 1777 being by Dfemaiinier. 
'-Obevalier in his ' DeBcriptiocB of the I'lain 
of Troy,' which waa publighed with notes by 
Professor Andrew Daael in 1791,asserl8 tha" 
"Wood WHS 'quite bewildered in the Troad, 
and atler an examination of Wood's map 

fe>ndemlls his account aa ' conTertin^ the 
hole into a mass of confusion' (pp. 66, 
©-81). Gibbon, in a note to chapter syii. o^ 
' Decline and Fail,' while bsrrowing e 
rk from Wood, censures him bb ' ar 
itbor who in general seems to have dis- 
ipoiiited the expectation of the public as e 
itic and slitl more as u traveller,' but this 
in marked contrast to his reference (in 
lap. ti. note) to ' the maeniflcent de- 
riplions and drawings of Dawkins and 

Eood, who have transported into England 
1 ruina of Palmyra and Baalbec' The 
[ eiamination of the ' Essay on 
1 Thomas Howee'a ' Critical Ob- 
on Books' (i. 1-79) auma np the 
Uuirv with the remark that ' he in- 
Slgea too much to the suggestions of his 
*m genius.' But it interested Goethe in 
U younger days and developed hia powers. 
^, Letters from Wood are printed in Mr. 
GilleapieSmyth's 'Sir R.M, Keith' (i.C9-70) 
and the ' Mure Papers at Caldwell ' (Mait- 
land Club, ii. pt. i. pp. 1.53^, 179). He left 
behind him Beveral manuscripts not suffi- 
ciently arranged for publication. Several 
letters from him are among the Newcastle 
insnuscriptB at the British Museum and in 
Egorton MS. 2697. 

[Gent, Miig. 1771. p. i2li; Nichols's Lit. 
Anef dotes, iii. 81-6, 919, viii. 12R-7, SI4, ii. 
1*4-5 ; Lysons's Environs, i. 420-1 ; Notes and 
Querifls. 9tb ser. ii. 137-8; BallaotyDB's Lord 
Carteret, pp. 363-fi ; HieL Notices of Dllettsoti 
Boe. pp. 87-9, lao ; Costs DilBttanli Soc. pp. 
ei>-110. 260i Chatham Corcosp. i. 432; Gren- 
Tille Papers, ii, 137, ^82, ili. 94-6; Walpola's 
Ooorge III, ed. Barker, i. 216, 264, 2SS-9. iv. 
M7, 163. 229 : Mure Papers at Culdwell, toI. ii. 
Et. i. pp. 191. 230. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 5S.1 
J W. P. C. 

F WOOD, 8EABLES VALENTINE, the 
■Slder (179S-1880), geologist, was son of John 
Wood, solicitor, of Woodbridge, by his wife 
Maty Ann, daughter of Simon Baker of 
Ipswich. Bom on 14 Feb. 1798, and brought 
"n that town, he served from 1811 to 1825 
1 officer in the East India Company's 
y. After retiring from that service he 
|i,VeUed for a time, then settled down to 



palrDontologLcal studies at Tlasketon, near 
Woodbridge, where he became partner with 
his father in a bank. About 1836, owing to 
a failure of health, he retired from business. 
Change and real cured him, and then he 
settledin London. Here he joined the Lon- 
don t!I ay Club, founded by John Scott Bower- 
bunk [q. v.j, and for a time acted as curator 
of the Geological Society's museum. In 
1844-5 be lived abroad for hia son's educa- 
tion, and on bis return made his home first 
at Staines, and then at Brentford, till he 
went back in 1876 to Suffolk, residing at 
Mnrtlesham. near Woodbridge. 

"Whileatill young Wood began to study the 
East-Anglian crag, at a time when fossils 
were much more easily obtained than they 
now are, with the result that during his long 
life he formed a splendid collection. During 
hia residence in London he arranged with 
Frederick Edwards, who was hardly less en- 
thusiastic in working the metropolitan dis- 
trict, to describe the fossil mollusca of the 
British tertiary strata; the former under- 
taking the Pliocene, the latter the Eocene. 
Wood, who had already published a ' Cata- 
logue of Crag Shells' in the 'Annals and 
Magazine of Natural History,' lS40-d, had 
made considerable progress when the Palfeon- 
tographical Society was founded, and its first 
volume, published in 1848, consisted of his 
memoir on the ' Crag Univalves ; ' the ' Bi- 
valves' appearing in parts between 1860 and 
1866. After this he went to the nid of his 
friend, undertaking the 'Eocene Bivalves,' 
which appeared in the society's volumes 
between 1859 and 1877, but was left incom- 
plete, because the Edwards collection had 
been acquired by the British Museum, and 
was thus of necessity less accessible tfl Wood, 
especially at his advanced age. But he 
issued a supplement to the 'Crag Mollusca ' 
in the volumes for 1871 and 1873, and a 
second supplement in that for 1879, His 
labours thus completed, be presented his 
unrivalled collection to the British Museum 
of Natural History. 

The above-named work on the ' Creg 
Molluscs' fills three large quarto volumes, 
illustrated by numerous iilates, and is 
universally recognised as one of the highest 
value ; indeed so great was the demand 
tiiat the Pa! iFOntogTapbical Society reprinted 
the first volume. Wood also published about 
ten separate papers on geological subieets. 
Elected F.G.S. in 1839, te received in 1860 
the Wollaston medal, the society's highest 
distinction, and was a member of various 
other societies, English and foreign. A man 
with wide interests in natural history, lie 
concetitrated himself on one great task, lor, Oc 



be nid, * I wa« bom in ugiit <it one cn^ pit 
■nd dull probsbl; be buried in si^t of 
■notber.* Hediedat MArtIe^iun,afWafew 
dajt' illness, on 3G00.18eO,andwM boned 
■t Melton. In 1831 b« muiied Elinbetb 
T«ylor, only d&u^ter of Tbomu Ttylor, 
mIiciIot, of Landcm. His onlv child, Searlea 
Valentine Wood (1830-18&1), U sepant«:lj 
notioed. 

[0bitBBi7 aotitf in Katun, xxiiL 40; 
AtbaDKom. S KoT. 1880 ; Qnart. Junmal GmL 
Soddty, ISSI, Pneecdinei, p. 37, bm also 1880 
Pnmediagi, p. air ; Geo]. Mag. ISSO, p. S7S 
(doplicaU) ; iofonnatioii froai Mra. i^arlei 
Wood (JoDiai}. per F. W. narmer, »q-] 

T. O. B. 

WOOD, SEARLES VALENTISE, the 
younger (1P30-1684), gwologist, the only 
child of Searles VBlentioe Wood (1790-1880) 
fq.v.l, waa bom at Hacketon, neat Wood- 
bridge, on 4 Feb. 1830. He was edocated at 
King's College, London, and in France ; on 
reluming to England he atudied law, was 
admitted a Boticitor in 1851, and pntctiaed 
in London. As he had been devott^ to geo- 
logy from Ilia earliest years, he took the 
opportunity of his partner's death in 1866 to 
retire from business, after which he made bis 
home with his father, in who»e work he was 
constantly ahelper. Elecled F.G.S. in 1664, 
he publi^ed in ihat vear a map of the East 
AngUan drifts. The next six or seven ye»rB 
after he became free were derated to a. more 
thorough study of those deposits in con- 
junction with !F. W. Harmer, Wood takinff 
as bis eapecial task the drifis of Suffolk and 
Essex, his friend those of Norfolk. They 
embodied the results in a memoir and map, 
published by the Palxontograpbicsl Society 
in 1871, as an introduction to tlie supple- 
ment to the ' Crag MoUusca ' by S. V. Wood, 
senior. The son wrote separately or jointly 
nearly sixty scientific papers. The earlier 
deal with rather wide geological problems, 
but the majority refer to Pliocene and glacinl 
deposits, more especiallj^ the latter. As 
this is a controversial subject. Wood's views 
have not escaped adverse criticism, but they 
always demand respectful consideration as 
founded on mo^t careful and conscientious 
investigation. Indeed he never spared any 
pains to eet at the truth, for which alone be 
cared. For instance, in 1871, on finding a 
■earn in the mid-glncial sands to be full of 
minute fragments of marine shells, he had 
a quantity of the material sent to Brentford, 
where he then resided, By patiently sJfViiig 
this he obtained about seventv recognisable 
species of mollusca, some of which were 
novelties, and these led him lo regard the 
deposit as older than a similar one in La,n- 



cashire. previously supposed lo be contem- 
pOTaneous. 

About 1875 Wood's heath began to bil, 
but his menl&l powers were not affected, and 
he continued to work at and write on bia 
favourite studies. His latest task was the 
investigatioo of the very early Pliocene de- 

Kit discovered si St. Erth's, ComwatL 
died at his residence, Bcacoh HiU Houm, 
Martlesham, near Woodbridge, on 14 Dec 
1884, and was buried near bis talber at Mel- 
ton. In 18&3 he married Klixabelh Oavkr, 
but their onion wm childless. 

[Obitnaij noticM. Nature, xiii. 318. Qmn. 
JoDT. Gfol. Soc. 1S85, vol. xli. Proc. p. 41, 
GsoL Mag, IB8S, p. I3S (with liit of wealUc 
papers); bIbo iuformat ion from Mrs. SndM 
Wood (vidov) and F. W. Harmer. e*].} 

T. G. B. 
WOOD, SHAKSPERE (1827-1886), 
sculptor, bom in Hancbester on 13 Xdt. 
182i, was son of Ilamilton Wood of the 
tirm of Wood, Rowell, & Co., smallware 
manufacturers, of Mancheeter, by his wife 
Sarah Anne, daughter of Charles Bennett of 
Newton Grange. On the break-up ol the 
Manchester business the Wood famiJv re- 
moved to London, where the father was con- 
nected with the Wood Carving Company 
untilabout 1S46. Shak3pererec«ivedapart 
of his education as a sculptor in the schooli 
of the Koyal Academy, and about 1851 he 
visited Rome for purposes of further study. 
For some years he worked hard, and exhibitM 
five sculpturesol the Royal Academy between 
1868 and 1871. From his first s^lilenmt 
in Rome he took a keen inlerust in the ob- 
jet^ts of art and antiquity in and around tb* 
ancient city, and as years went on these sab- 
jects engrossed more and mor«of histiine and 
attention. He delivered lectures to English 
visitors, and gave them the benefit of Us 
copious knowledge- 
He contributed to the ' Times,' at firft •■ 
an occasional correspondent, and afTerrards 
as its accredited representative. He was 
singularly suceeasful in winning the confi- 
dence not only of the papal government bat, 
even af^ the establishment of the kingdom 
of Italy, both of the Vatican and the QnirinaL 
lie died in Rome in Februorr 1S86, leariog 
a widow and children. Wood's slatoea, 
Evangeline and Gabriel, were lent for ex- 
hibition in Manchester a few years ago by 
Gtorge Clay. 

Wood published: 1. 'Tlie Vatican Mu- 
seum of Sculpture ; a Lecture drlivend 
before the British Archteological Society of 
Rome on the 19th of March, 18^,' Komii, 
1869, 8vo. 2. >The Capitoline Museum of 
Sculpture: a Catalogue, Rome, 1^72, 8va 



8vo. 

HiB brother, Marshall Wood (J. 1882), 
Kulptor, exhibited at the Royal Academy 
between ISoJ and 187& twenty-four works, 
and two at the Britiah Institute. At tbe 
■c&demy in 1854 he Bhowtxl a medallion of 
Bobert fiTiiwiung and a bust of Miss Helen 
Grey. In 1864 he was repreiBDIfd at the 
academy by portrait-hufita in marble of the 
Prince of Wiiles and the Princesa of Wales, 
and other marble busts. lie designed statues 
of the nueen for Melbourne, Sydney, Mont- 
i«al, CaiuuttB, and Ottawa. There ia alao 
a statue of heroic size in bronze of Richard 
Cobden in St, Ann's Square, Manchester, but 
neither as a portrait nor aa a work of art can 
it be considered satisfactory. There is a re- 

Itica of this statue in Uampatead Ruad, 
lOndon, He died in London in August 
1882. 

[Athemeum, S Frb. 18SB, p. 208 ; Mancbcitor 
City News, 7 Feb. l88o, 18 Fob. 1886, 211 Feb. 
1880; Hoyal Academy Catalaguea : Grares*B 
CW. of ArLiBlB; Times, II Feb, 1886.1 

A. N. 
WOOD, THOMAS (1661-1722), lawyer, 
bom on 20 Sept. 1661 at Oxford, in the 
parish of St. Jonn Baptist, was the eldest 
•on of Robert Wood {1030-1686) of Oxford 
city, by his wife Mary (1638-1718), daughter 
of Thomas Drope (d. ItiM), vicar of Cumnor 
in Berkshire, and niece of Francis Drone 

S.T.] Anthony Wood ro.T.] waa his uncle, 
e becatae a scholar of Winchester College 
1675, and matriculated from St. Alban 
Hall, Oiford, ou 7 June 1678. On 24 Aug. 
1079 be waaelected a fellow of New College, 
■whence he graduated B.C.L. on 6 April 1687 
and D.C.I,. in 1703. Wood was a zealous 
champion of hia uucle, Anthony Wood, aa 
whose proctor he acted iu 169:i and 1693 in 
"le suit instituted against him for libelling 
le first Earl of Clarendon. In 1693 he 
:plied anonymously to some criticisms of 
umet in ' A Vindication of the Historii>- 
erapher of the University of Oxford and his 
Works from the Reproachea of the Bishop 
of Salisbury' (London, 4to)i and in 161ff 
he published, also anonymously, ' An Appen- 
" to the Life of Seth W'ard' (London, 
i), in which he severely attacked both 
"Ward and Walter Pope [q.v.l on account of 
■ome liberties that he conBidered Pope had 
taken with Anihony Wood. He was called 
to the bar by the society of Oray's Tiin r.r 
grafia ou 31 May 1692, at the iiiBUnM nf 
bis kinsman, Lord-chief-justico Sir John 
Holt [q. v.] Wood acquired considerable 
fame an a lawyer by bis writings, in spitu of 



of Thomas Ueame (1678- 
1735] [q. v.] that ■ those who are the best 
judges were ' of opinion that he is 1 
"'twere & dabbler ' (IIbarmb, Colteclim 
121). His greatest work is his 'Institi 
of the Laws of England ; or the Laws of 
England in their Natural Order, according 
to Common Use ' (Loudon, 1720, 2 vols. 
8vo), a treatise founded on the ' Discourse ' 
of Sir Henry Finch [q, v.] It attained its 
t«nth edition in 1772 (London, folio), and re- 
mained the leading work on EngliKh law 
until superseded by Blaukstone's 'Com: 
taries' in 1769. An introductory ti 
entitled ' Some Thoughts concerning i 
Study of the Laws of England in the t 
Universities,' which first appeared in 17DS 
(London, 4to), and was republished in 1737, 
was after 17S0 published with the subse- 
quent editions of Wood's ' Institute.' 

In middle life Wood abandoned the pro- 
fession though not the study of law, look 
orders, and on 17 March 1704 was presented 
to the rectory of Hardwick in Buckingham- 
ahire, retaining the benefice until his death, 
which took place at Hardwick on 12 July 
1722. In I70o he married Jane Baker or 
Barker (Hbabite, CvlUcthru, i. 48, 193, 
ii. 193). There ia a portrait of him in tha 
warden's lodgings at New College. An 
engraving by Micnael Van der Gucht is pre- 
fixed to the edition of his ' Institute of the 
Laws of England ' published in 1724. 

Besides the works mentioned, Wood waa 
theaulhorof: 1. ' A Dialogue between Mr. 
Prejudice, a dissenting Country Gentleman, 
andMr. Reason, a Student in the University: 
being a short Vindication of the University 
from Popery, and an Answer to some Objec- 
tions concerning the D[uke] of Yfork],' Lion- 
don, 1682, .Jto. 2. 'The DiBsentuig Casuist, 
or the second part of a Dialogue between 
I'rejudice and Reason,' London, 1682, 4to. 
3. ' Juvenilis Redivivua ; or the First Satyr 
of Juvenal taught to speak Plain English: 
a Poem," London, 1683, 4to. 8, 'A Pin- 
daric Ode upon the Denth of Charles II,' 
Oiford, 1685, fol. ; dedicated to James Bertie, 
earl of Abingdon. 4. ' Angliie Notitiic sive 
prresens Status A ngliiB succmcte enucleatus,' 
Oxford, 1686, 12mo: an abridged transla- 
tion of ' The Present State of England,' by 
Edwrird Chamberiayne [q. v.] fi, 'A New 
Institute of the Imperial or Civil Law,' Lon- 
don, 1704, Bvo; 4th edit, with No. 6, Lon- 
don, 1780, 8vo, 6, 'A Treatise on the First 
Priucjplesof LawinOeneroh out of French,' 
London, 1706, 8vo; new edit. London, 1708, 
«vo. With Francis WillU he published 
' Anncruoii done into English' (Diibrd, 
1688, 8vu), completing the labours of John . 




OUUm <1653^!<^) "^q. r.j and Atrsliuii 
Cowlejr ' q. \.~j br truuUtitig the odes vhieli 
tbej Ilm nM Blread J readered into EnglUh- 
ComiseadBtarj lenea bj Wood wen fi^- 
Sxed to WUte Keoaett's ' Moris Eooomiuoi ' 
(1683) ud to OldlHUB's 'Bemuni' (16»i). 

[Wood'i AtLcnt Okni. «d. Blue roL t. p|L 
Ixixii, dxiii. rol. ir.<Dk.l!l,6i7~S: Wood'i 
Futi Oioa^ ol. Blin, ii. 4UI -. Wood's Hiat. 
uid Antiq. of the Colt«g«. rd. Guteli. p. 319 ; 
Hnrue'a Collect ioD* (Oxford Hist. Soc.). piuniD ; 
Wood's UU And Timtm (Oxfoid But. Soc), ii. 
161, iii. S06, iT. 1-44: FoMcr's Alunai Oion. 
1500-lTI4;K>Tb7'sWiQcl»sterSebol>ni, 1S88. 

£200: AJIiboiie'<Dict.of EnslisliLiC.; Niebols'i 
it. AoecdoCc*. i. 4»-51 ; NicboU'a Lit. Ulna- 
Usiium, iv. 117: Fmiht'ii R«g. of Admini»n« 
to Gnft Inn, p. 34S; Upscomb's BUt. of 
Batkiufcbaaisfaire. iii. 363-S ; Hitlkett and 
LuiDft'i DicL of Anoa, toA F^cndoa. Lit.l 

S.LC. 

WOOD. SiK WILLI.\M (ie09-1691), 
toxophiliw. bom in l(i09, was for tQany 
yean iDarehol of the Finabury srcbers, who 
hi^ld their meetingB ia Finsbury Fields. lie 
waa probsbl; knigbled by Charles II for his 
Bkill ID the use of the 'bow. In 1676 his 
societj or regiment purchased a badge or 
shield to be worn bj their maishal, and the 
decoration, known as the ' Catherine of Bra- 
hma Shield,' passed to successive marabals 
tiU 173«, when the office was abolished. 
Subsequently each succeeding- captain of the 
Easter tarmt held it till it passed into the 
hands of the Royal Toiophilite Society on 
its formation in 1781. This society alao ab- 
sorbed the few remsiniug Fincburj archers. 

Wood died on J Sept. 1691, and was 
buried at 8t. James's, Clerkenwell, on 
10 .Sept. with archer's honours, three flights 
of whistling arrows being discharged over 
his gravQ hj the regiment. A. stone, with 
epitaph in verse (given in Stow's ' Survey of 
London BJud Westminster,' ed. Strype, iv, 
67), was placed on the outside of the south 
wall of the church of St. James's, Clerken- 
well, which on the rebuilding in 1791 was 
removed to the interior at the expense of the 
Roval Toiophilite Society. 

"two portraits of Wood are in the posses- 
sion of this society. They were originally 
decorations of the inner sides of the doors 
of a case made for the preservation of the 
Catherine of firaganza shield. One was en- 
graved and published in 1793 (tit lliographi' 
cal Atirrour, London, 1793). 

Wood was the author of a work on 
archery, entitled ' The Bowman's Glory, or 
Archery revived ' (London, 1682,1691). It 
was dedicatttd to Charles II. The second 
port, entitled ' A Itemenibrance of the 




Worthy Show and Shooting of the Duke of 
Shoreditch,' was reprinted »t the end of 
Roberts's ' English Bowman ' (London, 
1801). In some copies of Wood's book a 
portrait was subsequently inserted by book- 
sellers. None appeared in the original issue. 



rXpp. 184-9, S61-2; HnDBanl's Book of 
AicfaeiT, pp. 2i9-S2-, Piok's Hist, of Clarkec- 
VBlUp. 93; Omt. iUag. 1832, ii. 116; Bi^- 
rters of St. James's. Clerkenwell (HorL Su<^ 
PnU.), xii. 14S; Kobarts'i English Buvman. 

Lalii; Granger's Riat. of Englkod, ir. 103; 
>ml«i'a Cat. of Engraved Portraits, pp. 193. 
468; daildhsll MS. 193; Add. MS. SSSitl 
(Brit. Mas.) ; iafarmsUon f^m Col. Walranii] 
B. F. 
WOOD. WILLI.VM (1671-1730), irtm- 
master, of Wolyerhamplon. bom on 31 July 
1C71, ia stated lo have owned large copper 
and iron works in the west of England, and 
to have bad a lease of mines upon crown 

Eroperties in ihirty-nine counties of Eng- 
Lnd and Wales. Ue was also one of t£a 
first founders in England seriously to endea- 
your to manufacture iron with pit coal 
His industry was prosperous, and from i(i9^ 
to 1713 he resided at the Deanery, Wolier- 
hampton. 

In a letter datLnl Kensington, 16 June 
17-'3, Geoi^ I commanded that an inden- 
ture should beprepared between the king 
and William Wood, by which Wood ws* 
tohavethesoleprivilegeond license for four- 
teen years to coin halfpence and farthings 
to be uttered and disposed of in Ireland and 
not elsewhere. It was provided that the 
qiiantity coined during the fourteen years 
should not exceed 360 tons of copper (or in 
value 100,800/.), the said coins to be of good, 
pure, and merchantable copper, and approu- 
mateiy of equal weight and site, in order 
that they might pass as current money. 
Wood consented to pay the king's clerk or 
comptroller of the coinage 200/. yearly, 
and 100/. per annum into the king's ex- 
chequer. The patent was passed by the 
commons on 'Ji July without any reference 
having been made either to the Irish privy 
councd or to the lord lieutenant. It was 
subsequently revealed that the patent had 
been put up to auction by the king's foreign 
mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, and had 
been secured hy Wood for a cash paymmt 
of 10,000/., in addition to douceurs to ths 
entourage of the duchess. The minting 
was commenced in January 17^^-3, or peT> 
haps before that date, in I'hcenix Street, 
Seven Dials {Frefholiifm' Journal, 23 Jan. 
1723), the coinage being conveyed thence 
to Bristol and stored there, preparatory \i 



1>eing shipped to vaHous Irish porls (cf, 
6eter, Memoin uf Briilul, ii. 75). Suven- 
teen thousand pounda' irorth of coin was 
thuB littered during 172^-3. It was better 
tlisn had b(»«n miiit«d by former pti- 

«g under Charles II and William and 
Ifary, and a small currenc^r was f^eatty 
. demand throughout Ireland. On the 
her hand, the amount ordered to be 
coined was greatlv in excess of what was 
needed. Though the workmanship whs |{ood, 
the quality of the coin was poor (30i/. being 
~ ined out of the same amount of copper 
23d. in England), and the measure m- 
lived a tax upon the country of between 
. cand seven thousand pounds a year. Thp 
ffirciimstances under which the patent had 
been granted were held by a section of popu- 
lar opinion in Dublin to be dishonourmg 
to the nation, and a great clamour was 
Tkised, in response to which the Irish 

le of Commons on 13 Sept. 1723 re- 
solved in commiltee that the patent was a 
source of danger to the country, and that 
» W. Wood was puilty of a moat notorious 
'fraud in his coining.' Wood published an 
injudicious reply in the 'Flying Post ' on 
S Oct. 1723, and subsequently fanned 
tile popular indignation by the foolish 
boast that with Walpole's help ho would 
cram the brass down the throats of the 
Irish, whether they liked it or not. The 
appearance in April 1724 of the first of 
Switfa twopenny trat'ts, called ' The 
Drapier's Letters,' was the signal for a storm 
of satire and recrimination directed nomi- 
nally against William Wood. The govern- 
ment of Walpole, after a brief attempt at 
temporising, gave way before the feHiing 
aroused, and Wood'a patent wsa surrendered 
in August 172o. A similar fate awaited the 
patent which Wood had obtained in 1722 
to strike balance, pence, and twopenees 
for the English colonies in America. The 
coins under this patent, made of composition 
called ' Wood's metal ' or ' Bath metal,' and 

'n as the Rosa Americana coinage, only 
bear the dates 1732 and 1723. These coins, 
good sets of which now realise 3/., were ori- 
ginally minted at the French Change in Uogg 
une, Seven Dials. By way of compensation 
&r the loBSof his patents Wood was granted 
a pension of 8,000/. a year for eight yeara. 
He enjoyed this for three years only, dying in 
London on 2 Aug. 1730 {Hvit. Reg. Chron. 
Diary, p. 53). lie married Mary (Molvneui) 
<rf Witton Hall, Staffordshire. On 23 Aug, 
1724 John and Daniel Molyneui of Meath 
fitreet and EsseiStreet, Dublin, ironmongers, 
found it expedient to make u public decla- 
mtion to the iifftict that they were in no 



way concerned with William Wood o 
patent (Swift, Wurta, ed. Scott, vi. 427 n.) 

Haifa dozen prose squibs agunst Wood 
and twice as many in verse are included in 
Scott's edition of Swift (vols. rii. and xii.) 
Some of the latter, such as ' A Full and 
True Account of the Solemn Procession to 
the Gallows and the Execution of William 
Wood, Esquire and Hardware Man,' or 
' W^ood : the Insect,' or 'A Serious Poem 
uiwn Wilham Wood, Brazier, Tinker, 
Hardware Man, Coiner, Counterfeiter, 
Founder, and Esquire,' may possibly have 
been written by Swift. A few echoes of 
the pamphlet-war were heard in England, 
the parliamentary Jacobite party being re- 
sjHinsible for ' Tybums Courteous Invitation 
to W. Wood; 1725, and one or two squibs 
upon Lady Kendal's connection with the 
affair. An engraving called ' Wood's 
Half-pence,' printed at Dublin in 1734, re- 
piesente a cart laden with coins in socks, 
and dragged by a group of devils, who are 
lashed by men armed with whips. Tied 
to the tail of the car is Poverty weeping. 

Wood's coinage is figured in Ruding's 
' Annals of the Coinage,' and in Simon's 
' Essays on Irish Coins,' 1810, plat« Tii> 
There are two varieties of the hal^any : 
on some dated 1732 Hibemia holds the hup 
with both hands ; on others of 1722-4 sho 
rests her left arm upon the harp. The far- 
things resemble the second variety. 

[Mason's UiBt.ofSl. FatricX'a, Dubtia, pp. 330 
aq.; Simon's Eseiy on Irisb Cniua, ISIO, pp. 70 
•q, I Ruding's Annals of the OoinHge. ii. 6B aq. ; 
Thorbom's CoiDa of Great Britain and Ireland, 
ed. Orueber. 1898, pp. S;;5, 2*4 ; Crosby's Early 
Coins of A mm cB, \915, pp. 14G-66; Timmins's 
Indostrial Hist, of Birmingham, p. 240; Ander- 
son 'sCommerca, iii. 124: l]iBt.Ileg.l724,pp,I82, 
243 aq. ; A Defence of the Condnut of the Irish 
PeopU. 1724; Cou's UFe of Sir R. Walpole, 
chup. izvi.; Bnulter's Letters, i. 4, It; The 
Dnipiar Damolished, 1724; LettBra of Swift, ad. 
O. Birkbwk Hill, 1899; Craik's Life of Sirift, 

Ep. 342, 634; Scott'a Lifs of S«ift, p. 288; 
«ck.v's UJBL ii. 42fi ; Uikhon's Hiat. of England 
io the Eigbt«enth CsQinry ; Notes and Qnerias, 
6!h ler. iv. 47, Bth ser. xii. 8 ; WhrnUsy and 
Cunninehnm'a Landun, iii. 83 ; Cut. of Satirical 
Prints in ths Hrit. Mus. (vol. i. No. 1749); Brit. 
Mus, C«t.] T. 8. 

WOOD, WILLIAM (1745-1808), bota- 
nist and nonconformist minister, son of 
Benjamin Wood, a member of the Christian 
Society at Northampton, waa bom on 29 May 
1745 (O.S.) at Collingtree, near Northsn 
ton. He was educate under Stephen Ai 
ington [q. v.] at Market Harborough, going 
thence at the age of sixteen to David Jen- 



tiittgB*B icademy in London to be traiiied for 
the ministry [tee Jbxkixqb, Uivid]. After 
ordination he becao liii public Berric«B at 
Debenham, SutTDlk, on 6 Jul; 1766. Tfa« 
remainder of (hat year and pact of the next 
he spent near London, but in September be 
iettfed at Stamford, Lincolnabire. He re- 
moved thence to Ipawieh in Kovember 1770, 
where he remain^ till the close of 177i. 
On 30 May 1773 he succeeded Joseph Priest' 
Ie7[q.v.] at the Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, >n 
apDointment which he retained till his death. 

In 1782 be began a series of lecture* for 
the young, which, delivered once a fortnight, 
lasted for Beverat yean. These embraced a 
wide range of subjects; but he had jiaid 
much attention lo natural history, especially 
botany, and became a fellow of the Liunean 
Society of London in 1791. Hecontributed 
the botanical articles to Abraham Rees's 
' Cycloptedia' from B to C, and articles to 
James Sowerby's ' Enflish Botany ' (Xos. 
57-775), as well as to Uie second edition of 
Williani Withering's 'Botanical Arrange- 
ment of the Vegetables in Oreat Britain,' 
while he furnished some articles on natural 
history to the ' Annual Review,' and a short 
account of Leeds to Aikin's' History of Maa- 
cheeter' He died at Leeds on I April li-m. 
He married, in 1760, IjOuisa Ann, second 
daughter of Oeorge Oates of Low Hall, near 
Leeds, by whom be bad four children. 

In addition to some published sermons he 
waa author of: I. 'An Abridgment of Ur. 
Walls's Psalms and Hymns ' (written with 
B. Carpenter), [1780PJ. 8vo. 2. 'A brief 
Enquiry concemmg the Dignity of the Ordi- 
nance of the Lord's Supper,' Leeds, 17IK), 
8vo. 3. ' Forms of Prayer ' (for his congre- 
gation at Leods), Xieeds, 1601, l3mo. 

lUBmoirs liy C. Wellbelored, 1807 (with a 
•ilBonctle) ; Rwb's Cyclopadia, vol. xixriii-i 
Oent. Mag. 1B08, i. 372, ii. 910; Brit. Mas. 
Cat.] B. B. W. 

WOOD, WILLI.^M (1774-1857), loolo- 

fiit and surgeon, was bom in Kendal in 
774, and educated for the medical profea- 
aion at St. Bartholomew's Hospital under 
John Abemethy [q. v.] He began practice 
as a surgeon at Vi mgham, near Canterbury. 
Turning hi« attention early to natural his- 
tory, be became a fellow of the Linnean 
Society of London in ITOS, nud in 1801 con- 
tributed a paper 'Un the Hinges of Britiah 
Bivalve Shells ' lo the ' Transactions ' of that 
society. He was elected a fellow of the 
Itoyal Society of London in 1612. Abotit 
1601 he removed to London, where he prac- 
tised till 18IS,whenhe entered into business 
U a bookseller in the Strand, dealing chiefly 



in works on natural hUtory. He quiil«d 
business in 1640 and went to t«aide it 
Ituialip, Middlesex, where he dtcdonlKMay 
1867, leaving a son (38 Mar aocoiditig t« 
Gmt.Mag. 1867, ii. lUl). 

He was author of : 1. 'Zoograpby :ortl« 
Beauties of Nature displayed in aeleet 
Descriptions from the Animal and Ve^elabl^ 
with additions from the Mineral Kingdwa 
. . , with plates ... by ^V. Daniell,' Londo^ 
1607-11, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. 'tienerwl Om- 
chology,' vol.)., London, 18I6.8to; nassaei 
with a new title-page, 1836. &. 'Indca 
TestaceologicuB,' London, 1818, 8ra; Saded. 
with supplement and list of plat«a, 1828-9: 
new ed. revised bySylvanus Danley [1656-] 
1656. 4. ' Illustrations of the Linneaa 
Genera of Insects,' London, I83I, 2 vola. 
12mo. 5. ' Catalogue. . . of the beat Wo^ 
on Natural Uistorv,' London, 1824, 8vo; 
new ed. 1632. B. 'I^ossiliaHanU)niensia[by 
U. Solander] . . . Reprint«d with a list ef 
the figures ... by W. Wood,' London, 1829, 
4to. 7. ' A complete Illustration of the 
British Freshwater Fishes,' 3 Noe., London 
[1840F], 8vo and 4to. 8. ■ Index Entomolo- 
gicus,' London, [1833-J1839, 8vo ; new ed. 
with supplement by John Obadiah West- 
wood (q. v.], London, 1854, 8to. 

He edited Buffon's 'Natural Hiatoiy.' 
with a life of the author, London and York, 
1812, 20 vols.Bvo. He also drew the figures 
for Ilanley's 'Illustrated . . . Catalogue of 
recent Bivalve ShelU' (1&12). and Wpvd 
to illustrate Charlea Thorpe's ' British .Manna 
Concho]ogy'(l&14). 

[Proc. Linn. Sot 1867-8, p. xl ; Brit. Mas. 
CM.; Nat. Hist. Mm. Cat.] B. B. W. 

WOOD, WILLIAM PAGE, B*Bos 
Hathbelei (1801-1881), lord cbancellur, 
and fourth child of Sic 
wa£ bom at his 

on 29 Nov. 1801. Most of fiis early year* 
were spent at the house of his grandmother 
(Mrs. Page) at Woodbridge in Suffolk, when; 
for a time be attended the free school, l-'rom 
ltj09 to 1812 he was at Dr. Lindsay's scLonI 
at Dow in Essex, and in September 1812 he 
entered at Winchester. He was not on the 
foundation. Heremainedtheretill May 1818, 
when, in consequence of his joining in a 'bar- 
ring out,' which the school authoriti as digni- 
fied by summoning the military to their assis- 
tance, he was compelled to leave in company 
with theotlier senior prefects. He then spent 
two years at Geneva, where he was dIbcdiI 
in charge of Duvillard, professor of Etelles- 
lellres, and attended the univerut^ lectures. 
Through his father be was acquainted with 



Matthew Wood [q. T.], w 
father's house in Falcon £ 



i 



numbere of men of eminence of the whig and 
■todical parties, and ia 1817 had aeon in Paris 
many of the ch in f liberal poUliciana. lie hud 
already read wucli, and at Geneva he acquired 
a pood conversational knowledge of French 
and Italian and went into university societj?. 
In 1820 he returned to England in the tram 
of Queen Caroline, whose cause waa vigo- 
rously championed by his father at the time, 
and afterwards spent the summer months in 
Italy with Chevalier Vasaelli, collecting evi- 
dence for the qneen'a case. When he entered 
Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, be 
'was accordingly much more cultivated and 
much better informed than most under- 
graduates of his yeare, but his college career 
was hampered by ill-heitlth. In 19SI lie 
won the second college declamation priie 
with an essav in favour of the Revolution 
of 1668, an:l in 1823 was elected to a 
scholarahip ; but he came out only twenty- 
fourth wrangler in January 1824, and had 
to retire from the final classical einmtnation 
altogelher. In October of that year he was 
elected to a fellowship, though his election 
was nearly vetoed by dissentients who 
fluppoaed tum to hold bis father's radical 
opinions, and remembered bia priie essay of 
1821. 

From the time when, as sheriff of London, 
his father had taken him to the Old Bailey 
sesaions, his ambition had turned towards a 
Jegal career. In Trinity term 1824 he 
entered Lincoln's Inn, proposed and seconded 
by Brougham and Denman, and he read law 
in the chamber of Roupell. The winter of 
1829 be spent with pupils in the south of 
Europe, and, after studying conveyancing 
under John Tvrrell in 1836, be was called to 
the bar on 27 Nov. 1827, and started practice 
at 3 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn. lie soon 
obtained business, and his first apeoch in 
court was delivered before the House of 
XiOrds in Weatmeath v. Westmeath. He 
Tffas much employed in railway work before 

1811, as well as in the chancery courts, and 
it was out of one of his cases that the 
clause since known as the ' Whamcliffe 
clause' originated. In 1841 he gave up 
parliamentary work, and was rewarded bv a 
YSTj lai^ and immediate increase in his 
chancery practice. He became a queen's 
oounsel in February 1845. 

By this time his pecuniary position and 

Eospecta were excellent. His father had 
herited a large fortune, and his own savings 
ttoia professional earnings were enough to 
make him independent of practice. As early 
as 1829 he waa earning 1,000/. a year, and 
had become engaged to Charlotte, daughter 



of Major Edward Moor [q. t.]; they were 
murried on 5 Jan. 16.10, and lived in Dean's 
Yard, Westminster, till 1844. As a queen's 
counsel prospects opened to Wood, which 
made him adhere to his profession, and he 
attached himself to the court of Vice-chan- 
cellor Sir James Wigram [q.T-] He was a 
strong high-churcbman and an advanced 
liberal, and, entering parliament for Oxford 
in 1847, spoke principally on ecclesiastical 
topics, such as church rates, the ecclesias- 
tical commission, the deceased wife's sister 
bill, and the admission of Jews to parlia- 
ment. In 1850 he obtained a committee 
on the oaths question, of which he waa 
chairman ; and it was he who moved that 
Baron Itothschild be permitted to take his 
seat in July 1850 [see lioTHSOHiLD, Lionel 
Natkah Db]. He also spoke and voted in 
favour of the ballot and nousehold suffrage 
and against the game laws. In May 1849 
he accepted from Lord Campbell, chancellor 
of the duchy, the vice- chancellorship of the 
county palatine of Lancaster, thenasinecure 
worth 600/. a year, but only on condition 
that his court should be reformed and be 
made an actual working tribunal. An act 
was accordingly passed for this purpose, and 
he held the office for two years. In 1851 
he was a member of the commission on the 
court of chancery, and prepared several bills 
for the purpose of improving chancery pro- 
cedure, which ultimately were passed. In 
the same year he was appointed solicitor- 
general in Lord John RusseA's administration 
and was knighted. A vice- chancellorship 
n'as offered to him shortly afterwards, which 
he wns inclined to accept, as he found that 
the strain of office, particularly during the 
passing of the ecclesiastical titles bill, wbicti 
ne heartily supported, told heavily upon hia 
health, and destroyed the comfort of his 
domestic life; but at Lord John Russell's 
request he refused the offer and held on. 
The ministry went out in February 1852, 
but in December, when forming his admini- 
stration, Lord Aberdeen offered Wood the 
solicitor-generalship again, or the vice-chan- 
cellorship vacated by Robert Mousey Rolfe, 
first baron Cranworth [qv.] The latter waa 
accepted, and Wood was sworn in before the 
commeucement of Hilary term 1853. For 
the next fifteen years he was an active chan- 
cery judge. Hia practice, only once departed 
from, was to deliver oral jud^ents only, 
without delaying to put them into writing, 
and, thus delivered, iney were occasional^ 
ill-arranged and fragmentary. On this habit 
I Lord Campbell, when lord chancellor, chose 

to animadvert severely in December 18B0 * 
I his judgment in Burch i.'. Bright 



I 



', chose ^H 

860 in ^M 
appeal ^^M 



Wood 



a3.' 



Woodall 



i^aannHLloTs uiii ":i»f .iiaiir.=ir n "iiK mila inir^i 
;n .1 >Tri*r "i Luri >.'.impi>*il ^nfffsniur 
atfaiiwT. ra:.'* ainrip ,f .miirwirlT '.eiiruniur i 
Muitf*r it* -ii« viiir" if ■^iiaxn:»rr7. :vim:h. )o- 
r.iineft !ilzii imt^mtrt nriin 'Iik :tiaan*fiL}r. In 

■ 

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*t.ir irft '.a-v. in»i .n ■:i»r ini'-'^r-irB' it '.'iim- 

ar*jir?ac.:r* .n "ii^? tirfpur** her^-itta ^iip |iu^xi 
anii ~liK sin J :z Ft.irni^fr "vir.ii r«;iFiri * > "an 

jiidruif* .f ipp»-ru .n F-ihriar7 !"?<>. imi m 

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wTi "i»ia irsar-ni Btiriri HirJwrleT :f HA:arr- 

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in ^iir Ir-*Ii :riir:c. ifrha^rs. riii^ija i»* vaj 

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p^'/.vi :> a:, in i rrvrrvri sr- rarely «::1I. 

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ir.T'.r- -*.-. WL^n a y:- :nr =.ia he t^.in•^^i:ri 
the • N .fViTu Or^ran ;ni ' ::r Ki.s:l M:n:aj-V 
e''l>.: jn of * B ■.■: :'n.' m i •nr--urh M i-nta^j tK- 
carr.- intiaiat- with C-jlrrl i*e. Carlvl-- . ani 
Irving': witL }.:• '^"h •: l-irirnd I^eaa llcok h-^ 
wa s i nt i ma* ♦: a: In:- 1:1-. He wa* d'.-rp : v pious 
and ac'iv" in j: :d works. From lSi4 on- 
wanl- he was a aiTmlrrr of the committ-w oi 
the National >oc:vty. and froai lS3b to 1677 
he was a con=tanl ^fandav-schocl t'jacher in 



■viiii:a Ok H'rinL HI** "•:rEr»?:-t^ 
aumfi. * Ji -ill* N'lrj-.cLil PirrrjL 

int .ra«r j? in Fj»haxi:ii;ris'H±lL 

Lrti:?::uv :aL>rti • Tn*a. xzii ii* 

*»r.r?a :f -t.^i^r^i:.* fr:ai -liTc Bit' 
riirrii;ja *t»v-nl TiL'i'ltL*- 



TQ • Marn&re 

■?-c*i:--i-Thf 

irLich an 



1 <>i 



:n*r>v. 1m2; 
J.JLH. 



WOODALL. J'.'HX . :.>3^.5-li>45.. ^ar- 
z^-in. iiira. ihr i" I->Tr, "w-u «.--a of Richard 
^VxiLiIL :c 'W irTT-jjk aai hi* irif-? Marr, 
iii.i;f!i-^r :-c P-LT^ I-iri: o( Xorrh Wal4 
H-t ir-.rii liir u i az.-^arr s-irr*ron in L.-ni 
W_.:nia=37* rri^aifr::-: ia'lo&l '*e* Bertie. 
E*Haz«i2:3i\ la-i a^..rr«^rdi fiTed a tread 
a* >r :a«i la '.Twni.Lrj. aai. J£tt:)irinr'^Tniian 
v-il. nr-i'i 13 La:frrpr«**r :o an ^albas'^T 
**n": •lai'h'rr r.j t^id^a Elizal^th. He r^ 
aiii::i'tii -iija* y-ear* ia German t. rravrllini: 
il*' -a Fria.-tr la-i ia Poland, where he 
prurt jwii -rn^ cirv of rh-r rla^nie. In loi^ 
at; -TLs A-iaiir-r^i :■:■ :a- Barber-Surgwa* 
L'-impaaj in Ljciorn. of which he became a 

LT^n -a >J JC an i aiaster in ld33. He also 



*p»ra*: *:ai-i *::=:- :a H rllmi. whrre he l-i^J 
-v.-n i I'i:ona:ia wh? liv^i by makicr 
:'" .a--r-.: aL.-lr. ni:- ani Vraice treacle, .■f 
wn. :- 'n-r ::7!a-:r la.TOT-a-iin-rd nine ■limpl'-s 
in-Vii :' rnr -s-vrnry-fTr- of :he genuine 
^ n:v>:'..:n. wlilr ta- Treaci-r wa.s madtr to 
«*■— V-nT:iin by ir^^a: :■ islr a::arkrd pewter 
Vvx-T. '.»a bis rv-um be Iive«i in AV.-*.^ 
zf-^TT*. L-n::a. ani w:rked hard with his 
ci> :a :b^ zIltit ■:: lrii>3. H* was 5»^nl 
■earlT in JiaiT-* I's rvlrn :o Poland on public 
■'. :i.ZTSS. Hr was -lei^td surzeon to St. 
Rir 1 1 lairw's H ><: iral on 19 Jan. Itilil on 
iL's rr* rni'ira of Kioh&rd Mapes. and held 
:■£ T till LL- : ^rr. :va:b. In 161:?, on the for- 
a: 1*1 n : f 'be Elist laili Company into a joint- 
?:■:•:£ r.-.is:ar*a. W-.:.iall was appointed its 
nnsr su-rreja-jva-rrAl. and continued in office 
:'. r nr ir'y :b:ry y-ars. He at once drew up 
rer -iV- :ns for rbeir ^urreon*. and exact list? 
oi iniiruaien:* and remedies for their chests, 
and :a Ujl7 pub'.isbtrd. chiefly for their use 
ani That oi iMrjt^ns in the kind's service, 
• T-v > irr:-»n's Mate, or a Treatise discowr- 
inj faitLfulIv the due contents of the Sur- 
i:i:ns Chest'.' On iM March 1617-lS his 
salarT was • increased to 30/. a vear' ( Cal. 
Stnt^' Paper*, East Indies. 1617-21, p. 141). 
In l«*'i'4 he was accused of employinjr un- 
skillul sui^ons {Jb. 1622-4, p. 413). 



Woodall 



Woodard 



Woodftll wfts also iaterested in ibf Virginia 
Coiiipajir> to whicli he subscribed 37^ lOi., 
but is Mid not (o have paid it. In tbe dU- 
es between thepartv of Sir Edwin Sandya 
v.]and that of 3ir Thomas Smith(1558P- 
1625) [q. v.], Woodall sided with Smith, 
l-^hose surgeon he was. Un 18 July 1620 he 
twafi suspended from the court of tbe com- 
~Miiy pending an inquiry into his ' foule as- 
JercionupponSirEdwinSandys.' OnSOOct. 
ri623 he voted for the Burrender of the coin- 
's charters to tbe crown. He had been 
ftctiTe in promoting the exportation of 
■ caittle to Virginia to supply the colonists 
^-tnth milk, and disputes ubout his cattle 
jntioned in the correspondence be- 
tween the English privy council and the 
governor of \irginia (Cnl. &ale Papem, 
Amer. and West Indies, 1574-1660, pp. 53, 
238, 291). 
In 1628 Woodall published ' Viaticum, being 
L-the Pathway to tbe Surgeon's Chest.' It con- 
liiuns a list of instruments and directions for 
P'the treatment of surgical cases. The ordinary 
1 gurgeon was allowed a chest worth 17^., and 
the aurgeon-major one of 48/. value, and 
Woodall praises the discretion of Charles I 
in improving the army medical department. 
_ The ' Viaticum' was republished as a sequel 
a enlarged work, 'Tbe Surgeon's Hate, 
F Military and Domeatique Surgery, with a 
_^'reatise for the Cure of the Plague,' in 1639 
^(London, folio; 4tb edit. 1655). It is dedi- 
cated to Charles I, with secondary dedica- 
tions to Sir Obrifltopher Clitherow and 
the East India Company, and to William 
Clowes (1682-1648) and the Barber-Chi- 
r. jurgeons, and two pages of commendatory 
K^vetses by George Dun, a warden of the 
W^ster^,arepren2ed. Descriptions are given 
Fwf the instruments of surgery, of dru^ and 
I their preparations, of a number of injuries, 
of operations, and of some diseases, ending 
with a general account of alchemy, a treatise 
of the signs used, and several pages of che- 
mical verses. The description of scurvy is 
I Tery full, and is the result of eitended pep- 
■W)nalobaervations,and the book is said to be 
f the earliest in which lime-juice is prescrilied 
It (Browh, Oenesu U.S.A., 
i, 1050); ithad, however, been used in 1093 
by Hawkins (see Hebbeet Spenobr. Study 
tf Sodologg, libr. ed. p. 159). Woodall men- 
tions with respect the practice of two phy- 
ucians to St. Bartholomew's whom he had 
known, William Harvey (1578-1657) [q. v.] 
&nd Peter Turner (1542-1614) [q.v.J On 
30 Nov. 1627 he went to Portsmouth to 

C-** — '" the wounded from tbe Isle of Rh6,Bnd 
3ept. l&ll was appointed an examiner 
i^ns. He died in September ltU3, 



til 
« 
SI 

tl 
"V 

' The'"l 
Btoan 
HoFMiL 
KXreatii 
FXLondi 
cate-" 

the 
Cloi 

■ rurg 

i^t 

■ thei 

witl 
oft 

Bvonal 

■ the e 
K&T i 



leaving by his wife, Sara Henchpole, three 
Bona and one daughter. 

Woodall's worila show some power of ob- 
servation, and indicate a desire to extend the 



verence for, phyaicians, Like most of hia 
contemporaries ho uses many pious expres- 
sions, and has a tendency to quote a little 
Latin and to write doggerel English verse, 
but his English style is not so good as that 
of William Clowes (1540-1604). He had a, 
secret remedy called aurtim vitfB for tho 
plague. Hia portrait, in a skull-cap and ru9', 
engraved by G. Glover, ia at the foot of the 
title-page of the ' Surgeon's Mate' of 1639. 

[Works; Young's Annals of ths Barber- 
Surgoona; Original mnnuscript Jonrnala of St. 
BRrtholotnev's Hospital ; Cul. Stats Piipera, 
Colonial. American, and Ensl Indian, piusim (in 
the inili'i to the latter ho is erroaoaQ.^ly 
entorad hh WiUi.ini Woodall); Brown's Gaofsii 
of the IFnited Slatea ; ViaitatJoa of London 
(Harl, 8oc,)ii, 366.] N. M. 

WOODARD, NATHANIEL (1811- 
1891), founderof the Woodard achoola, born 
on 21 March 1811, was fifth son of John 
Woodard of Basildon Hall, Essex. Hewas 
educated privately, and matriculated at Mag- 
dalen Hall, Oxford, in 183-1. Al the same 
time he married Miss Elica Harriet Brill. 
He graduated BA.inl840 and M.A.in 1866. 
He was ordained deacon in 1841 and priest 
in 1842. Hia first curacy was at Bethnal 
Green ; hia second at St. James's, Clapton ; 
his third at NewShorebam. At New Shore- 
ham he opened in 1847 a small day school, 
of which he appointed the Rev. C. H. Chris- 
tie headmaster ; to the school he gave up the 
vicarage where he resided, and moved his 
family into lodgings. 

In 1B48 Woodard first became deeply 
impressed with tho lack of good schooU for 
tbe middle classes, which should offer defi- 
nite church of England teaching and the 
advantages of the educational «ystem of the 
great public achools at a comparatively amall 
expense. There were public schools for the 
higher classes and national schools for the 
poor, but the middle cloaaes seemed to be left 
out in the cold. In 1848 he issued his first 
pamphlet on the subject, ' A Plea for the 
Middle Classes; ' and in 1852 he issued hia 
second pamphlet, > Public Schools for the 
Middle Classes.' Meanwhile in 1S48 he en- 
tered on bis great educational work by open- 
ing at Shoreham a boarding-school under tlie 
liev. E. C. Lowe (subsequently provost of 
SC. Nicolas College). A number of houses 
were taken and occupied, and in 1850 
Woodard resigned hia curacy and devoted hia 



Woodard 



Woodard 



whole Bttentlon to ihe orKoniwitioa nnd de- 
Telopment of large edupntinnHl scllf^mi's. In 
1861' be setlled at Mart,vn Lodge, Hi-ufield, 
whicli was hig home until hia death. 

In working out hU plans his ideas ex- 
panded, and B society was founded In 1848 
to carry them out. It waa staled that its 
purpose was to eiti'nd ' education amonp 
the middle classes of her majestj's domi- 
nions, and especially among the poorer 
memhera of those classes, in the doetrinea 
Bod principles of the church now established 
... by means of colleges and Bchools esta- 
blished, and to he established, in various 
places,' with the permission of the diocesans 
and under the direction of clei^men and 
laymen in communion with Ihe church. The 
colleges or schools were to be of three (grades 
or classes: 'the first for the sons of clerCT- 
meu and other gentlemen; I be second lor 
the sons of substantial tradesmen, farmera, 
clerks, and others of similar situation ; and 
the third for sons of petty shopkeepers, 
skilled mechanics, and other peraons of Tery 
small means, who have at present do oppor- 
tunity of procuring for their children better 
instruction than is given in parochial and 
other primary schools ; the chnrgea in all the 
schools shall bo on as moderate a scale as the 
means of the aociely will allow ; and par- 
ticularly the maximum charges of schoola of 
the third class shall be so fixed that the hove 
in such last-mentioned achools shall ne 
boarded and educated for a sum very little 
(if at all) exceeding what it would cost their 
parents to provide them with food at home.' 

The first school founded for the middle 
classes by the Woodard Society was St, John's, 
llurstpierpoint. The comer-stone was laid 
in 1851,anditwaanpenpdinl853. Thefirst 
stone of the chapel was laid in 1861. Over 
SO.OOO^wnsexpendedon the handsome build- 
ings, which were designed to accommodate 
three hundred boys. 

Thcsecondschool was St. Nicolas, Lancing, 
where 2/K) acres were secured in Ihe parish 
of Lancing and the first atone of the central 
buildings laid on 31 March I8i>4 by the 
founder. The first atone of the chapel was 
laid by iIiaho|i Gilbert in 1868. The build- 
ings form an imposing pile. 

In 1869 Woodard published • The Scheme 
of Education of St. Nicolas College,' in a 
letter to the Marquis of Salisbury. Woodard 
now proposed that there should he five 
centres of education for east, west, north, 
south, and the midlands; that each centre 
ahould be endowed with funds to support a 
provost and twelve senior fellows, who 
should give their whole time to carrying 
forward the work of education in the seve- 



ral districts; that twelve non-resident fel- 
lows should He elected from the gentlemen 
in the district, and he associated with the 
senior fellows. In accordance with thraa 
proposals a society of St. Nicolas Lancing 
was founded for the south district. Its edo- 
cational establishments consisted at first of 
the two foundations of St. John's, Huntpier- 
point, and St. Nicolas, Lancing. To th«M 
additions were subsequently made. St. 
Saviour's school. Ardingly, for the lowur 
middle class, which had been begun at f^hore- 
ham, was removed in 1870 to Ardinglj, 
where buildings were erected to Beconimn. 
date five liundred bovs, on a property ot five 
hundred acres. All Saints' school, Bloih am, 
Oxfordshire, which was founded in 1800 by 
the Rev. P, Reginald Egerlon, and cost dtk 
36,0001., was banded over b^ him, with ill 
fine buildings, to the corporation of Sl.XIco- 
laaCoUegein 1896. Under the same society"* 
auspices St. Michael's school for girls wu 
established at Bognor in 1SJ4. 

The second divisional society, founded by 
Woodard on the model oftbat ofSt. Nicolas, 
was St. Mary's snd St. John's of Lichfieldfur 
the midlands. A provost and body of fellows 
wereappointediul873. They established St 
Chad's, Henstone, for 320 boys of the middle 
class. The buildings, to the cost of nhicli 
Sir Fercival Heywood contributed munifi- 
cently, were opened by Bishop Selwjn in 
1873, and the chapel in 1879. The cost a- 
ceeded 70,000/. St. Oswald's, Elleemere, and 
St. Cuthbert's, Worksop, were lower middle 
schoolsfor thoseof narrowmeans. Thefini, 
with buildings for 190 boys, was opened in 
1884 at a cost of 30,000/.; the second, with 
bnildings costing 20,000/., for two hundred 
hoys, on a site presented by the Duke rf 
Newcastle, was opened in 1895. St. Anne'*, 
Abbot's Bromley, a boarding school for a hun- 
dred girls, with day pupils, waa commencal 
In 1873. St. Mary's. Abbot's Bromlet. and 
St. Winifred's, Bangor, were lower middle 
schools for girls, boarders, and day pupik 
The first waa commenced in 1882, and new 
buildings were opened in 1893 at a cost of 
4,000/.; the second waa commenced in 1^. 
St. AugUBtine's,Dewaburj,agrammaT»ch(yJ 
for two hundred hoys, was opened in 1884. 

A divisional societv for the west, St. Maiy'i 
and St. Andrew's of Wells, was formed, with 
A provost, in 1897. King Alfred's College^ 
Taunton, which bad previously been pur- 
chased by Woodard in 1880, and carried oo 
as a middle-grade school, was placed in iW7 
under the government of the new divialonil 
society as a school for those of narrow meant, 
with accommodation for two hundred boji. 

More than half a million hoa b 



k 



Wood bridge 



38s 



Wood bridge 



id expended in currying out Woodnrd's 
bemea, which gained Iho giiii[Jort of many 
oinent higli churchmen. In the earlier 
tys of the movement puritan alarm led to 
Dstical outbursts, but the demand forsuch 
Byatem of educBtian, and the satiafaction 
L{ire«Bed by narentB ut its good influence 
t their children, silenced opponents and 
on led lo a reaction in its favour. Wood- 
d's aims have been largely realised in mritiy 
nctions. The governing bodies of all the 
visional societies are now united in a com- 
ihensive governing bnd^ styled the corpo- 
ion of SS. Mary and ^icoias. A feature 
the system to which Woodard attached 
lat iniportance is the benefit fund. Its 
rpose IB to maintain a bond of union be- 
een past members of the schools of all 
I, end to make grants for the advance- 



ent 



1 iifeo 



o relie' 



I tbu 



mbers. The accumulated capital has he- 
me considerable. Though the amount of 
kyment he proposed hns bad to be raised, 
le entire account for a boy at Ardiiigly is 
rrered by twenty guineas annually. The 
Bcipline of the Woodard schools was up- 

i by leaving boys out of school hours to 
leir own self-government, relying on their 
Die of dutT and honour. 
In 1870 Woodard was appointed canon re- 
Sentiary of Manchester by Mr. Gladstone, 
.succession to Archdeacon Dumford, who 
KBme bishop of Chichester. The same year 
leuniveraityofOxford conferred on him the 
morarr degree of D.O.L. In ISSOherepre- 
nted tliti chapter of Manchester as proctor 
, York convocation. In 1881 he became 
ibdean of Manchester. In 1888 the rectory 
'8c, Philip's, Saiford, which had previously 
«D annexed by act of parliament to bis 
iionry, became vacant, and he had in his 
!clining years to accept a parochial charge. 
xw afterwards his mental powers declined. 
« died at Henfield on S5 April 1691, and 
U buried at Lancing College in a vault at 
B south-east of the chapel wall. He was 
ther of seven sons and one daughter. 
[Calendar of the Corporation of St. Mary and 

Nicolas. 1897; Lowe's St. Nipolas CoUega 
1 its Schools; ' Canoo Woodard ' in Lancing 
liege Magnzine. by Francis Hiivorlisld ; iatm- 
Xioa from the Rev. Canon E. E, Lowe. D.D.. 
IT. E. Field, and members of tho femily,] 

.1, A. A. 
"WOODBRIDQE, BENJAMIN (1622- 
184), divine, bom in 1622, wiis the son of 
»hn Woodbridge (1^82-1637), rector of 
'anton-Fitiwarren, Wiltshire, and his wife 
wh (1593-iaag>, daughter of Robert 
irker (1564?-lflU) [i|.v.] lie matricu- 
ited from Magdalen Hall, O.^ford, on 9 Nov. 

TOL. I,XII. 



I 1038, but wont in 1639 to K.^w England, 
I whither his elder brother, John (noticed 
below), had preceded him in 1634 in com- 
pany with bia uncle, Thomas Parker {1595- 
107 1 ) [q. V,] Benjamin was the first gra- 
duate of Ilarvnrd College, commencing B.A. 
in 1642. Retumitig to England, tie re- 
entered Magdalen Hall, and proceeded M.A. 
OQ 10 Nov. 1648. At that time be had 
already been doing duly as a minister in Salis- 
bury, and on 18 May had been appointed 
rector of Xewbury in Berkshire, where ha 
had great success as a preacher and ' was 
much resorted to by those of the pres- 
byterian persuasion,' ' By his eicellent in- 
struction and wise conduct he reduced the 
whole town to sobriety of sentiment in 
matters of religion and a happy unity in 
worship.' In lli52 be attempted to refute 
two ministers of Salisbury, Thomas Warren 
and William Evre, in a sermon on 'Justifi- 
cation by Faith,' which was published and 
commended bv Baxter {TAe Itix/ht Mtthmt 
for a Settled Peace of CoTKcience and Sjiiii- 
tualCanifort,l.otidon,l663). Eyreresnonded 
in ' Vindioiie Justificationis Gratuite (Lon- 
don, If)64),when Baxter upheld his own and 
Woodbridge's viewa in bis 'Admonition to 
Mr. William Eyre of Salisbury' ^London, 
lS54)i and Woodbridge himself issued a 
reply, entitled ' The Method of Grace in the 
Justification of Sinners' (London, 1656). 

Woodbridge was one of the assistants for 
the ejection of scandalous ministers in 1654. 
In 1657 the trustees for the maintenance of 
ministers granted an augmentation of !20^. 
for an assistant for him at Newbury. At the 
Reat^^ration he was made one of the king's 
chaplains and had the canonry of Windsor 
offered him, but ' bogling long with himself 
whether he should take that dignity or nut ' 
(Wool)),itwasgiventoanother. He was one 
of the commissioners at the Savoy conference 
in 1661, but was silenced by the act of uni- 
formity in 1062. Subsequently he preached 
in private in Newbury, hut was frequently 
disturbed and imprisoned. Eventually he 
consented to coniorm and take holy orders 
from Earle, bishop of Salisbury, at Oxford in 
October 1605. But, afterwards reproaching 
himself for bis inconsistency, be returned to 
his quiet preaching in Newbury until the 
indulgence of March 167S enabled bini to 
act with fuller publicity. On the breaking 
out of the ' popish plot in 1678 he was ( 
couraged to greater efforts, and preached 
a place of worship every Sunday at Iligb- 
clere in Hampshire. In 1683 he retired ' 
Englefleld in Berkshire, where he died 
1 ^ov. 1684, and was buried in Newbury 
OD the 4th, 



I 



i 



Wood bridge 



Woodbridge published in 1648, uni 
the pseudonym ' Filodeiter Transilraui 
'Church Membere set in Joynt, or a t 
corery of the Uo warrantable and Disorderty 
Practice of Private Ciiristians, in usurping 
the Peculiar Office and Work of Christ's 
own Pastourn, namely Publick Praatihitig. 
The book waa written in reply to a treat ise 
entitled ' lynching without Ordination, 
published the previous jear under the 
tiseudonym of' Lieut. E, Chillpnden.' Wood- 
bridge's book was republished in 1656 and 
in 16f>7. He alflo published in London 
1601 a worit bv James Noyes (who Lad 
married his mother's sister), untitled ' Moses 
and Aaron ; or the Kights of the Chureh 
and Statu.' Woodbriiige wrote some verses, 
inscribed on the tomb of .Inbn Cotton of 
Boston, Mass. (i/.lGJ)2), which possibly gare 
Franklin a hint Jbr his celebrated epitaph 
upon himself. 

JoHn WooDBBinQB (1613-1696), b 
of Benjamin, was born nt Stanton, near High- 
worth,inl613. Ilewaspnrliallyediic 
Oxford, but, objecting to the oath of 
niity,leftthi) university and studied privately 
till 1634, when he went to America. Wood- 
bridge took lip landa at Newbury in New 
EnKUind, acted as flrst town clerk till 
19 Nov. 1638, and in 1637, 1640. and Iflll 
as deputy to the general court. He wna 
ordained at Andover on 24 Oct. 1645, and 
chosen teacherof acongregationat Newbury. 
Li 1647 he returned to England, and was 



^ I the Isle of Wight, 
settled In New England in 1363, and suc- 
ceeded his uncle Thomas Parker as minister 
at Newbury in 167". Disagreeing with his 
COn^repition on somp points <if chureli 
discipline, he gave up his post 'and became 
a magistrate of the townsbin. lie died on 
17Man;hl696. Hemarried.in 1630, Mercy 
(1621-16&1), daughter of Oovemor Thomas 
Dudley, by whom he had twelve children. 
Dudley Woodbridge, judge-ad voeate of Bnr- 
bados and director-geueml of the lloyal 
Assiento Company, who died on 11 Feb. 
1720-1, and whose portrait waa painted by 
Kneller, was probablv hia son (Nodlg, 
Biogr. Hilt. iii. 260). 

Eustor's Alumni Oion. lSOr)~1714i WchxI'b 
DW, ed. JJliss. \\-. iei;-6t, Fiisli, ed. Blits, 
ii. 108; Pnlmer's NoDMoformisL'i Mcinorinl. i. 
200-1; Money's Hist, of NEwbury, pp. 441, 
BO*;Cii,l.StiitoPapera.Dom. 18JiS-4pp.4-l,l!01. 
1667-8 p. 28. 1601-5 p. 18; Kotteir«.SpocimenB 
of American Poetry, vol. i. pp. xiix-xxi; Sibley's 
(imdnalea of Ilarrard CQiVersily, f. 18, 20-1, 
27 ; Farmor'n Rngister of First Scttlera -. Ma- 
ther's Magnalio, 1702. p. 219; Nev Eogbiad's 



Hiatorical snil Opnenlugiaal Ragist 
342 : Hoaro's Modem Wiluhira. ri. 40S ; Lmk 
Journals, I. TSi P. C. C. 61 Cann; Book lA 
InstitDtiunit (Keord Officf), Seriei A. vol. t, 
Wiltshire, fol. i; Wintbrop^ Uiit of N™ Ei^ 
liuid, pp. 300-10; Spn^na'a AnuU of th< 
AmericHu Pulpit, i. 130-30; MiU'hoirB Wa4J- 
briiigB Kocord, pasBlni; Cuffln's llist. of Sfw- 
liurj.] B. P. 

WOODBURY, WALTEIt BENTLEY 
(lli31-lttB5). invontor of the Woodburytypt 

frocesii, was bom at Manchester on 26 Jua« 
B34. His father dying when he was quite 
young, and his mother haTing a proraennu 
shop to attend to, he was brought un hy bit 
maternal ^ndtBlher(who was alsoliU god- 
father), W' alter Bentley. Bentley, who wm 
a naturalist and a friend of Audubon and ' 
Waterlow, waa related to Thomas TWatln 
(1731-1780) [q.r.], the partner of .loaife 
Wedgwood. WoodburywasgiveanscienDils 
education, and was placed in 1849 as an 
apprentice in a patent office in Manchecicr, 
with a view to becoming an engineer. Thi*« 

J ears later he sailed for the Austnlian guld 
elds, end passed through many vicissihidta 
Having worked in succeraion as a cook, t 
driver, a flurveyor's Inbotirer, a builder, aoj 
a paper-hanger, lie obtained a place inlJM 
Melbourne waterworks. There he rMutatd 
his old hobby of photoeraphy, the collodim 
process in which had been invpot^d by 
Frederick Scott Archer [q. v.] just befowli 
left England. In 1858 with his partner, 
James Pago, he tni grated to Java, and Ihet«. 
at Batnvin, worked thn collodion prawH 
with great success, sending home a uiiw 
of fine tropical views, which were pubitabal 
by Negretti it Zambra. Having manitda 
Malay lady and attained a small eamv>- 
tence, he returned to England in iB63, H« 
settled in Birmingham, wherein 18<M,«y» 
(■xpurimenting with carbon printing, hi< eoa- 
ceiTHilanewmodeofphotc^mpbicengnviBp. 
The dillicultit's to be surmount^ were vwr 
great, hut on 5 Dec. 1865 he was «nabM 
to demonstrate and exhibit examples of tha 
beautiful mechanical process that beacibil 
" to the Photographic Society. TSi 
feature of the invention, palMited tm 
24 July 1866 and called the W'oodbnrytm 
is that a photograph in TOlalino is caiiHiidn 
enormous pressure to indent a eheut of 1*B1 
When perfected the invention came iaia 
common use, both in Europe and America. 
Between this date and his death Woodbnrj 
took out over twenty patents for phnto- 
mechanical printing processes andforphttMj 
graphic and allied apparatu) " * ' 
block processes now in U! , 
Goupil photogravure employed by B 



idforphtMNM 

ail 



Woodcock 387 Woodcraft 



Taladon, & Co., are modifications of Wood- | WOODCROFT, BENNET (1803-1879), 

burytype. lie also invented a method of clerk to the commissioners of patents, bom 

•water-marking, to which he gave the name at Ileaton-Norris, Lancashire, on 29 Dec. 

* iiligrane.' A subscription was started 1803, was the son of John Woodcroft, mer- 

among photographers in March 1885 to en- chant and silk and muslin manufacturer, 

ablj him to develop his stannotype process, who carried on business at Manchester and 

The prospect of wealth unsettled the inven- Salford. Ilis mother, named Boocock, came 

tor, and he moved restlessly from Craven of a Sheflield family. At an early age he 

Cottage on the Thames to Croydon, and learnt weaving at Failsworth, a village 

then to Brighton ; he died suddenly at Mar- about four miles from Manchester, subse- 




being near that of two other photographic In 1826 he took out a patent for propelling 

pioneers, George "Wharton Simpson and hoats, and in 1827 he patented an invention, 

Honry Baden rrit^ihard [see under Prit- of great commercial value, for a method of 

c* HARD, Andrew], hot h of whom had been printingyamsheforebeingwoven. These were 

intimate friends. He contributed a number succeeded by his ingenious increasing-pitch- 

of papers on optical lantern experiments to screw propeller, 1832 ; improved methods of 

the * English Mechanic ' and to * Science at printing certain colours in calico and other 

Home.' fabrics, 1830 and 1846 ; improved * tappets ' 

,„ . «. . - T^t . 1 , ««« ^or looms, his most successful invention, 

[Harrison s Hist of Phoxjgmphy, 1888, pp. jggg ^„j ^^^ varying-pitch screw propellers, 

]] W^ ^i««- rT^'-.V ^^""^^.^l^'^^^ ^r'l 1844 and 1851. tL pecuniary return of 

11 Sept. I880 (Dortrait) ; British Journal or .1 . . . *^ 1 "^ n ^ i.i_ 

Photography. 18 Sept. 1885; Brothers s Photo- these patents was extremely small to the 

craphy. its History and Processes, 1892; Werge's inventor, though several of the mventions 

Evolution of Photography, 1890, p. 82; Ko- were of considerable profit to others. During 

bottom's Travels in search of New Trade Pro- ^^8 residence at Manchester he became inti- 

ducts, 1893, pp. 113-20; Routledge's Die- mate with the eminent mechanicians of the 

coverifls and Inventions of the Nineteenth Cen- town, including (Sir) Joseph Whitworth 

tury, 1891, pp. 536-9 ; Athen»um, 1885, ii. 407 ; [q. v.], James ^asmyth [q. v.J, Richard Ro- 

Nature, 24 April 1873; Davanne's La Photo- bertsfq. v.], Eaton Hodgkinson [q. v.], and 

graphie, 1886-8, i.37, 142, ii. 223, 239,^44. 313.] (Sir) William Fairbaim[q.v.] In 1841 he was 

T. S. in business as a patent tappet and jacquard 

xTrr^rkTknrkmr Tir \ t>ttxt ?• t?.«.^.« manufacturer, and about 1843 started as a 

WOODCOCK, MARTIN, anas Faring- ^^„a„u:„„ onr»;«on^ o«.i t.o4^^««. ««««* •«_ 

TO., JOHN (160;M64C), Fn^ndscan n>artyr, Z^^^m^TlJ^L^^ Jf/^^ed 

born in 1603 at C ayton-le-U ood, Lanca- „„ j,,^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^'^^^ j Fumival's 



— „ — — --'- ~- — lege, ijonaon, ana neia rne post ui 

wal name nor has hi8 parentage been traced, j^j ^^^ ,/ ^-^y^^^^ conJicuous 

He was educated first at St. Omer and then ^pon the p^ing of the I'atent Law Amend- 
atRonie. Ho began his novitiate with the J^^^ j^^\ of 1852 he was chosen for 
Capucins of Pans, but left within a year ^^^ ^ „f superintendent of specifications, 
and was admitted among the Franciscans at ^^^''^^ j ^^^ ,3^^ ^^ appointed clerk 
Douai m 1631, and was professed in 1C33. ^^ t^e commissioners of patents, with sole 
Towards the end of 1643 he wa^ sent on the ^^ „f ti^^ department. His admini- 
Enghsh mission and landed at Newcastle, ^^^^^i„J^ ^^^ „„ked by remarkable ability 
but was seized almost immediately while on „„j liberality, and he may be said to have 
a Tisit to his relatives m Lancashire. After originated and carried out the whole ex- 
more than two years imprisonment he was i,tf„ ^^^ j^ f,,„ „f ^^.^ 
tried at Lancaster in August 1640, con- ,,3 p^i^ted and published the whole o"f the 
demned on his confession ot being a lloman specifications from 1617 to 18.J2-14,3.-,9 in 
catholic priest and executed at Lancaster „^„ber. Copies of the.se, and the current 
on the /th. fxrenger mentions a small specifications together with his elaborate 
cjuarto portrait of W oodcock (Bwyr. Hut. -^^^^^^^ ^„d ot^,^^ publications, including an 
11. JU/;. admirable series of classified abridgmenta 
[Certamen Seraph. Provincia? Angliae, Douai, of specifications with historical introduc- 
1649, 4to; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 109; Baines's t ions, were presented to every considerable 
Lancashire, iv. 802.] A. F. P. town in the country, as well as to many 

ac2 



Woodd 



388 



Woodd esoi 



foreign &nd colonial libraries. Among bis 
official publications were a valuable ' Appen- 
dix to the Speeificalione of English Patents 
fof Reaping Machines,' 1853; and a series 
of reprinta of scarce pamphlets descriptivf? 
of early patented invenlioos, 1856-7^. He 
■was mainly instrumental in starting the 
Patent Office Library, opened in March 
]855, and now become one of the be^t 
teclinical libraries in the country, and of the 
Patent Office Museum, opened in June 1867. 
Incorporated in the museum is a large col- 
lection of portrails of inventara and dis- 
coverers, of which Woodcroft began the 
formation soon after his appointment. His 
pereonal contributions to the museum and 
library were numerous, and show the ^reat 
interest tie took in the historyof inventions. 
Tie was the means of reacuiiiK from oblivion 
the first, marine steam engine ever made, 
that invented bv William Symington (1763- 
1831)[q. v.l fte retired from the public 
service on 3l March 187«. He was a mem- 
ber of the Society of Arta from 1845 to 
I808, and was elected a fellow of the Royal 
Societ;r in 1859. He died at his house in 
RedcUfTe Gardens, Sonth Kensington, on 
7 Feb. 1879, and was buried at Brompton 
cemetery. He left a widow but no children. 
His Don-official publications were : 1. ' .\ 
Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Steam 
Navigation,' 1848, 4lo, which appeared after- 
wards OS a paper on ' Steam Navigation ' in 
the ■ TrflnsBctions of the Society of Arts,' 

1852. 2. 'Tile Pneumatics of Hero of .■iles- 
andria, translated (bv J. G. Greenwood) 
for, and edited by, B. Woodcroft,' 1851. 

3. ■ Amendment of the Law and Practice 
of Letters Patent for Invention,' 1851. 

4. 'Brief Biographies of Inventflrs of Ma- 
chines fortheManufactureof Text ile Fabrics,' 

1853, 12mo, originally published in 1862 by 
Messrs. Agnew of Stanchester as the text 
to a series of portraits of inventors. 

[The EnginePT, U Feb. 1S7B (msmoir b; 
Mr. R. B. Pro'si^r); Mnnrhestar Guardian. 
11 Fob. I87B; Times. 14 Feb. 1879; Journal 
of the Society of Arlf. SI Feb. 1879; Brit. 
Mas, and PHtant Offlpo Library Catalngiias.] 

c, w. s. 

WOODD, BASIL (1760-1331), hymn- 
writer, horn nt liichmond in Surrey -on 
fi Aug. ITliO, wns the only son of Basil 
Woodd (17;iO-1760) of that town, by tils 
wife Hannah (rf. V2 Nov. 1784), daughter of 
William I'rice of Kichmond. He was edu- 
cated by Thomas Clarke, reclor of Chesham 
Bois in Buckinghamshire, and matriculated j 
from Trinity Collwe, Oxford, on 7 May 
177f, graduating B,A. in February 1782 an'd 
M,A. in 1785. On 18 March 1783 he was 



ordained deacon, and iu 17^ priest. On 
10 .\Qg. 17&J he WHS ch'Jsen Wtun-r of St. 
Peter's, Comhill, a post which he retaineil 
until 1808. In February 1785 he was ap- 
pointed momingpreacher at Bentinch Chapel, 
Slarylebone, and soon after entering on hi* 
duties established evening preaching, an ia- 
I novation which at first provoked onpositioa 
^ and afterwards imitation. B«>ntinclcbeinea 

froprietary chnpel.he purchaaed the leue io 
7fl3. Onn April 1808 he was instiiuttd 
rector of Dmyton Beaucbamp In Bueking- 
hamshire. 

Woodd exerted himself suctreesfully io 
establishing schools, Tnder bis siiperititai- 
dencB at least tbtee thousand children paswd 
through the schools connected with B*n- 
tinck Chapel. He was an active member 
of many religious tocieties, including tbr 
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledze, 
the Church Missionary Society, and tW 
British and Foreign Bible Society. He died 
at Paddingfon Green, near London, on 
12 April 1831. He was twicu married: 
first, on 8 Feb. 1785, to Ann id. 23 Aprt 
1791),daughterof Colonel Wood (i. 1775J; 
and, secondiv, on 3 Julv 179^, to Sophia 
SarBh((/. 15 Aug. 1829). danghlerof WMliia 
Jupp of Wandsworth, an architect. By hi* 
first wife he had a son. Basil Owen Id. 
1811), and two daugh tern— Anne Louisa 
(rf. 1624), married to John Morllock; and 
Anna Sophia {d. 1817), marrit^ to Thorns* 
Cabusac^and by his second wife two soot 
and a daughter. 

Woodd was the anlhor of many pubUea- 
tions. among which may be mentioned; 
1. 'Memoirs of Mrs. Hannah Woodd 'lus 
mother], Ixindon, 1/93, 8va; republisiitJ in 
1815 in George Jerment's edition of TW 
mas Gibbons's ' Memoirs of nminently Pians 
Women." 2. 'The Duties of the jfwrieii 
State,' r>indou, 1807, 12mo. 3. 'A Neir 
Metrical Version of the Pislms of David, 
with an Appendice of Select Psalms sail 
Hvmns,' London, 1821, l2mo: 2nd edit. 
1823. A few of Woodd's hymns are stiU 
in common use, the beat knorni beang 
' Hail, Thou Source of every Blessing.' 

[Hsncy Woodd's ItMords of lbs Family of 
Woodd, 1S80; Christian Observer, 1831. pp. 
219-S.5, 298-314; A Family Record or MfSKrin 
ofBhsilWo«id, 1834; Gont. Mag. 183l.i.4TJ; 
FosTcr's AlDmni Oxaa. 171A-)88G ; Buib't 
Ijindwl Ooutry; Allibone's Diet, of En^l Lit.; 
" ■ ' Indei Eccljs.; Biogr. Diet, of LiriB? 
I. 1816: Foster's Vorkshin Prdignes; 
Julian's Diet, of Hymaology, 1802.] E. L C- 

WOODDESON, RICHABD (1715- 

l*'2i'l), jurist, was bom at KingstoD-<m- 
Thames on 15 May 1745. His fath* 



Wooddeson 



389 



Woodfall 



RiCHAKD Wooddeson (1704-1774), divine, 
l>apti8ed at Findon in Sussex on 21 Jan. 
1703-4, was the son of Richard Wooddeson 

id. 1726), vicar of Findon, by his wife 
)orothy. lie was a chorister at Magdalen 
College, Oxford, from 1712 to 1722, and a 
derk from 1722 to 1725, matriculating from 
Magdalen College on 20 March 1718-19, 
And graduating B.A. on 16 Oct. 1722 and 
3I.A. on 6 Julv 1725. From 1725 to 
1728 he filled the ottice of chaplain, and 
fioon after became a school assistant at 
Reading. In 1732 or 1733 he was chosen 
master of the free school at Kingston, where 
he continued until 1772, with a great re- 
putation as a teacher. Among his scholars 
were Edward Lovibond [q. v.], George 
Steevens [q. v.], George Keate [q. v.], Ed- 
"ward Gibbon [q. v.l, William Hayley [q. v.], 
Francis Maseres [q. v.], George llardinge 
£q. v.], and Gilbert Wakefield [q. v.] In- 
llrmity compelled him to resign his post 
in 1772, when he removed to Chelsea. He 
died * near Westminster Abbey' on 15 Feb. 
1774. He was the author of a Latin metri- 
cal prosody, a few single sermons, and some 
poetical pieces. Lovi bond's * Poems on Se- 
veral Occasions' (1785) were dedicated to 
Wooddeson, and contained verses addressed 
to him i^Gent. May. 1774 p. 95, 1823 i. 225 ; 
Bloxam, lieg, of Magdalen Coll. i. 136-43, 
ii. 88, 173; Wakefield, Memoirs, 1804, 
i. 42-51 ; Best, Personal and Literary Me- 
moirs, 1829, pp. 77-8; Gibbon, Autobio- 
graphies, ed. Murray, 1896, pp. 43, 114, 221). 
His only son, liichard, was educated at 
his fathers school, and matriculated from 
Pembroke College, Oxford, on 29 May 1759. 
He was elected to a demyship at Magdalen 
College in 1759, graduating 13. A. on 28 Jan. 
1763, M.A. on 10 Oct. 1705, and D.C.L. on 
31 May 1777. In 1772 he exchanged his 
demyship for a fellowship, which he held till 
his death. In 1766 he was elected to a 
Vinerian scholarship in common law, and 
he was called to the bar in 1767 by the so- 
ciety of the Middle Temple, who elected him 
a bencher in 1799. Alter acting for three 
years as deputy Vinerian professor, he was 
elected a Vinerian fellow in 1776, and 
eerved as proctor in the same year. On 
4 March 1777 ho was elected university lec- 
turer on moral philosophy, and on 24 April, 
on the resignation of (Sir) Robert Cham- 
bers [q. v.], he was elected Vinerian pro- 
fessor, narrowly defeating (»Sir) Giles Uooke 
(q. v.], who was also a candidate. During 
lis sixteen years' tenure of ollice he pub- 
lished two legal works of some value. The 
first, which appeared in 1783, was entitled 
* £lements of Jurisprudence treated of in the 



preliminary Part of a Course of Lectures 




View of the Laws of England' (London, 
3 vols. 8vo ; Dublin, 1792-4, 3 vols. 8vo). 
Originally delivered as a series of Vinerian 
lectures commencing in Michaelmas term 
• 1777, and extending over a course of years, 
the latter work was an important contri- 
bution towards systematising English law. 
I Although it was overshadowed by the lit«- 
! rary merit of Blackstone's * Commentaries,* 
it is probable that Wooddeson's * Sys- 
tematical View ' is in many respects superior 
as a legal treatise. A second edition was 
edited by William Rosser Williams in 1839 
(London, 3 vols. 12mo; Philadelphia, 1842, 
1 vol. 8vo). 

Wooddeson acted for many years as 
counsel for the university of Oxford and as 
a commissioner of bankrupts, lie was of 
silent and retired habits, but in his youth 
was a frequenter of 'honest Tom Payne's 
house * at Mews Gate, where he met many 
well-known authors and patrons of litera- 
ture [see Payne, Thomas, 1719-1799]. In 
1808 a fire broke out in his house in Chancery 
Lane and destroyed his valuable library, 
chiefly composed of legal works. He died, 
unmarried, on 29 Oct. 1823 at his house in 
Boswell Court, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and 
was buried on 5 Nov. in the benchers' vault 
in the Temple church. He left 300/. to 
the university as a mark of gratitude for the 
use of the Clarendon Press, and 400/. to 
Magdalen College. 

Besides the works mentioned, Wooddeson 
was the author of * A Brief Vindication of 
the llights of the British Legislature, in 
Answer to some Positions advanced in a 
Pamphlet entitled " Thoughts on the Eng- 
lish ffovernment, Letter the Second"' [see 
Reeves, John, 1752 .^-1829], London, 1799, 
8vo. lie also made collections for a work 
on tithes, but, finding his puq)ose hindered 
bv ill-health, he requested (.Sir) Samuel 
Toller fq. v.] to carry out the undertaking 
which he had planned. 

[Gont. Mag. 1823, i. 181-3 ; Foster's Alumni 
Oxon. I7I6-I886; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 
332, iii. 704, viii. 620 ; Nichols's Lit. lllustm- 
tions, iii. 9, 36; BLoxiims Magdalen Coll. Reg. 
vi. 321-4.] E. L C. 

WOODFALL, GEORGE (1707-1844), 
printer, son of Henry Sampson Woodfall 
[q.v.], was born in 17U7tand was his father's 
partner in the printing business till Decem- 
ber 1793, when the father retired. George 
afterwards removed to Angel Court, Snow 
Hill, where he carried on his father^s business 



Woodfall 



Woodfall 



Yty himself lill l&W, when his eldest eaa, 
lietiTj Dick Wood&ll. who vts the fifth emi- 
nent printer ofttuitnrime,be«Lme his partner. 
Geurge Woodfall wu esteeioed as a t jpogra- 

fher. A copy of the Bible from hia press in 
WlUwidtocontainbiitoneerror. Dibdin 
styles him ' the laborious and high-ejurit-ed 
Kpogrsphical artist to whom we are indebted 
iorthoquarto repri ntgofotir"0!dCb roniclea " 
and for the reprint of "Uahlujt's Voyages" 
(Bibliographical Decamtron, \i. 406). fllien 
Queen Victoria dined at Guildhall on 9 Nov. 
1837, being five months after her accessicin, 
she was presented with a quarto voluiae, 
' heautifuUy printed and illustrated by Hr. 
George Woodfall,' containingtho words of the 
music then sung. Two copies only were pro- 
dueed, the second being deposited among t he 
city archiTca (Tihperlbi, EiK^cl.of Piint- 
t'ryi.p. 062). Woodfiiirs eminence a* a printer 
waarncoKnised by his brethren; he was usually 
chosen chainnan at the meetings of the Lon- 
don maater-printera. In 1812 be was elected 
a stock-keeper of the Stationers' Company; in 
'"^"' member of the court of - - - • 



master of the company in 1833-4. lie w&s 
re-elected «lock-keeper in 1836, and in 1S41 
he was elected master for the second time. 
La 1823 he became a fellow of theSociet^ of 
Antiquaries, and in 1824 of the Royal Society 
of Literature. He served on the gt'nerul com- 
mittee of the Royal Literary Fund from 1920 
to 1828, and, on hia resignation, was elected 
to the council, an office which he flUed till 
Ills death, with the exception of the period 
between March 1835 and March 1838. when 
he was treasurer to the corporation. He was 
u commissioner for the lieutuuancy of t he city 
of London. 

When Kiinig, the infenlor of the steam 
printing-press, visited London in tbeaututnn 
of 1906 m quest of the fiunncial help which 
had been de<iied to him in Saxony, Autitria, 
and Itusein, he found a svmpnthetic listener 
in Thomas Benslev [q. v.1, who reaucsted his 
fellow-printers, TVoodfall and Taylor, to join 
him in examining Kijnig's invention. Wood- 
fall ^pronounced againet it, little dreaming 
that Its adopt ion in his own office would after- 
wards increase to an extraordinary extent the 
amount of printing executed within a giren 
time. The work by wLich Woodfall is best 
inown now, and upon which he prided him- 
self, was an edition of Junius's ' Letters' in 
three volumes, published in 1812. Several 
years were occupied in compiling the work, 
for which John Mason Good [q. v.] wrote a 
preliminary essay and notes. John Taylor 
(1757-1832) [q. v.] went through the files of 
the'PLibUoAdvarliwr'utWoodfttll'srequeBt. 
' Ju order to see if there were any works of 



Jnnius pterious to his signaiurf uoder Ihtt 
name ' (TilxoR. fyvordt of ny Lt/e. iL 211 ). 
One hundred and forty letters w<>f«f uartfd, 
andof tbe^ 113 wcrp printed as being 'byih* 
game writer under other signatmies.' A ttw 
of them were authentic; bat there vi£ aa 
otherevidence for the others than tliepenotial 
opinion of Wood&U and Taylor < H«^ 
/all MSS. in Brit. Mus.) WoodEiU hu kA 
it on record, on his father's autboritr, thsl 
Junius wrote the ' Letters ' signed ' iLoeins, 
' Brutus,' and ' Atlicus,* and such tcscimooy 
commands the same respect as his fathei^ 
affirmation that, to his personal knowledge, 
' Francis did not write a line of Junius.' 



Jaijufs's ' Junius and his Works,' in which 
Wixidfall combHls the notion th^t Franrit 
either did or could have written the leuen 
w^ilh that signature. Manv of Janias* 
letters in manuscript, which his &tlier hsd 
preaerred, passed to Woodfall, who printed 
the unpublished ones and added facEimllM 
of the handwriting. Woodfall left th«n 
papers lo his sou, Henry Dick \t'oodfill, 
from wliom tbey passed, through Joseph 
Parkes [n.v.]. to the British Museum, la 
notes of Woodfall's career, written by JameB 
Fenton, who was long a corrector for tlw 
press in the firm now repeeenled by Musn. 
Woodfall & Kinder, it is written ; 'Netw, 
even to his son Henry Dick WooiUkll, did 
he ever divulce theautharof Juniii^'s "Lrt- 
tfirs ;" he said so in his will (which I saw st 
Doctors' Commonsmyself.J.Fentonl.' Tkfl 
only reference to Junius in the will, which 
is now in Somerset House, is the foUott-ing: 
' And UUopvetohim[H. D, WoodJall]2l 
my manuscript correspondence and lelUis. 
including those from the author of Jnniu*.* 
George Woodfall died on 22 Dec. 1844 at bi* 
house in Dean's Yard, WeBliniaster. 



WOODFALL, HENRY S.IMPSOS 

(1739-1805), printer and joumalist, was bom 
at the sign of the Rose and Crown in Uttle 
Britain on 31 June 1739. His father, Hnuy 
Woodfall, was prinlerof the ' Public Adver- 
tiser' in Paternoster Row, and master of ths 
Stationers' Company in 17U6, while at hi* 
death in 1769 be was a common councilman 
of many years' Gtandingl Ue had bwn sp- 
preuticed to John Darby(d. 1730) of Bartho- 
lomew Close in 1701, and Darby and hii 
wife were the subjects of his balla'd, " Darby 
and Juan ' [_ first printed ill ' UeutlemanV 



Woodfall 



391 



Woodfall 



Magazine ' for March 1735, p. 153, under the 
heading, *The Joys of Love never forgot. 
A Song'). lie print^*d for Philip Francis 
(1708.J^-1773) [q. v.] in 1746 eight sheets of 
his translation of Horace {Notes and Queries^ 
1st ser. xii. 218). 

Henry Sampson was taught the rudiments 
by his paternal grandfather, who made him 
BO familiar with the Greek alphabet that he 
Tiras able at the age of five to read a page of 
Homer in the original to I'ope, who paid him 
a compliment and gave him half a crown as 
a reward {Gent. Mag. 1805, p. 1180). He 
T^as sent to a school at Twickenham, and 
made such progress in the classics that, when 
removed at eleven to St. PauFs school on 
22 Nov. 1751, he was found to be qualified 
for the seventh form ; but, owing to his 
juvenile looks, he was placed in the fifth. 
lie left school in 1754, and was apprenticed 
to his father. At nineteen he was entrusted 
with the entire conduct of the * Public Ad- 
vertiser ; ' yet his name was first published as 
its printer in 1760. Till 1 770 his corrector 
of the press was Alexander Cruden [q. v.], the 
author of a * Concordance to the Bible.' One 
of Woodfall's correspondents was (Sir) Philip 
Francis [q. v.] They had been at St. Paul's 
together, and sat on the eighth or upper form 
for a year. The first of Francis's letters ap- 
peared on 2 Jan. 1767 with the signature 

* Lusitanicus.' Ojhers followed, with the 
signatures * Ulissipo Britannicus,' * Britan- 
nicu8,'and * A Friend to Public Credit.' For 
a letter with the last signature he received the 
thanks on 19 Aug. 1768 of * Atticus,' who 
soon afterwards adopted the signature of 
•Junius;' when * Junius' had reviled and 
calumniated both the king and Lord Mans- 
field, Francis attacked him, signing his letters 

* Britannicus.* Woodfall had no personal tic- 
quaintance with Junius. He affirmed, how- 
ever, as his son George has recorded, that ' to 
his certain knowledge, Francis never wrote a 
line of Junius' (Manuscript in British Mu- 
seum). He made the like statement to John 
Taylor (1757-1832) [q.v.], adding on one 
occasion when, at a dinner party it was sug- 
gested that Junius was dead, * I hope and 
trust he is not dead, as I think he would 
have left me a legacy ; for, though I derived 
much honour from his preference, I suftered 
much by the freedom of his pen' (Taylor, 
JRecords of my Life, ii. 253). He was ])ro- 
secuted bv the crown for libel after Junius's 
letter to the king had appeared in the * Public 
Advertiser; ' the result of the trial on 1 3 June 
1770 was a verdict of 'printing and publish- 
ing only,' being tantamount to an acquittal. 

On 22 Jan. 1772 the following paragraph 
appeared in the * Public Advertiser : ' * The 



compleat edition of the letters of Junius, 
with a Dedication to the people of England, 
a Preface, Annotation, and Corrections by 
the Author, is now in the Press, and nearly 
ready for publication.' On 2 March it was 
announceu that the work would appear * to- 
morrow at noon, price half a guinea, in two 
volumes, sewed,' and on 3 March the publi- 
cation took place. In the same year Wood- 
fall was an unsuccessful candidate for a paid 
office in the city. He might have succeeded 
his father in the common council, but he de- 
clined the offer, saying that his duty was * to 
record great actions, not to perform them ' 
(Nichols, Lit. Anecd. i. 301). In 1779 he 
was prosecuted in the court of king's bench for 
printing and publishing a handbill, in which 
satisfaction was expressed at the acquittal 
of Admiral Keppel, and sentenced to pay a 
fine of 5*. 8f^.and to be imprisoned for twelve 
months in Newgate. In 1784 Burke brought 
an action for libel against Woodfall, laying 
his damages at 10,000/. He obtained a ver- 
dict and 100/. Woodfall used to say in later 
years * that he had been fined by tlie House 
of Lords; confined by the House of Com- 
mons ; fined and confined by the court of 
king's bench, and indicted at the Old Bailey ' 
(Nichols, Lit. Anecd. i. 301). 

In November 1793 Woodfall disposed of 
his interest in the 'Public Advertiser;' he 
retired from business in the following month, 
when his office at the corner of Ivy Lane, 
Paternoster Row, had been burnt down. The 
newspaper died two years after he had ceased 
to edit and print it. His policy as editor was 
thus expressed by himself on 2 Sept. 1769 : 

* The printer looks on himself only as a pur- 
veyor . . . and the "Public Advertiser" is, in 
short , what its correspondents please to make 
it.' He took credit for not paying these cor- 
respondents, and also for refusing money to 
keep out of his columns anything which, 
though displeasing to an individual, he held 
to be of public interest. He set his face against 
all forms of indecency, refusing to print the 
verses entitled * Harrv and Nan ' sent to him 
on 14 March 170.S; but he preserved the 
manuscript, which is in the handwriting of 
Junius. His editorial supervision was ex- 
tended to Junius's prose. He printed the 
following among the * Answers to Correspon- 
dents ' in the impression for 12 Aug. 1771 : 

* Philo-Junius is really not written suffi- 
ciently correct for the public eye.' The letters 
thus signed were acknowledged as his own by 
Junius himself, both in the * Public Adver- 
tiser' for 20 Oct. 1771 and in the preface to 
the collected edition. 

Woodfall was ma«<ter of the Stationers' 
Company in 1797. The last twelve years of 



Woodfall 



Woodford 



hig life were pawed in Chelsen, where he 
died on V2 Dec. IWVj, anil weis buriwl in the 
chiiruh.Tord. The tombatoue placed over his 
grave was removed to make Toom for the 
filler obelisk (Be*\EE. Memorial* of Old 
VheUra, p. 376) ; the inscription on it is pre- 
served in Nicholn's 'Anecdotes' (i.302). 

fPrirata informfttion from Mpsst*. Woodfill 
& Kinder; the BIb of lbs r^lUic AdveMJwr ; 
Tiropcrley'HEnrjclopEcdiaoCFriDtiDg; Meinoi 
otSir Philip Francis.] " « 



F. K. 



WOODFALL, WILLIAM (1746-^1803). 

Earliaraentnry rcporlpr and dramalic critic, 
oni in 1740, wflH llie younger brother of 
Huiiry Hampflon Woodfall [q^. v.] i[tHfatbi.T 
first appmnticed him to Kichard Baldwin, 
bookseller in Paternoster How, and after- 
wards employed him in printing the ' Public 
Advertiser.' Being smittentvith stage-fever, 
he went to Scotland an an actor in Fisher's 
company [see FtsiiOB, David, 1788P-185H], 
fell in love with a lady, married her, and re- 
turned to London about 1772. He recast the 
manuMript of Richard Savage's ■ Sir Tho- 
mas Overbury,' a play whicli failed when 
performed in 1723 at Drury Lane, nilh the 
author in the chief part. The revised version 
was a success when represented at Covent 
Garden in 1776, and it was printed the fol- 
lowing year {Biographiit Dramatica, i. 764). 
^^'wwfaU's livelihood, however, was gained 
by writing in and conducting newspapers. 
He was editor of the ' London Packet ' trom 
1773 to 1774, when the proprietors of the 
' Morning Chronicle ' engag^l his services, 
which they retained till I7B9. lie is said 
to have visited Dublin by invitation in 17B4 
to report the debates on the 'commercial 

f repositions' (Nicnoijt, Lit. Anecd. i. 303), 
lis reporting was an effort of memory; Le 
listened to a speech and then committed to 
paper a remarKably accurate version of it. 
His fame had preceded him, ond crowds 
followed him in the streets of Dublin because 
he was supposed to be ' endowed with super- 
natural powers.' Nichols records that Wood- 
fall's report was printed and prepared for sale 
as a pamphlet, and that ' not more than three 
copies were ever called for.' 

In 1789 Woodfall established the ' Diary,' 
and published in it reports of the parliamen- 
tary debates on the morning after they had 
taken place, being the Drat who did this. He 
wns a dramatic critic as well as a reporter, 
and in this capacity he sometimes gave 
offence to managers and actors. In February 
177(j Uarrick took umbrage at the comments 
in the ' Morning Chronicle ' on the ' Blacka- 
moor,' of which Bate (afterwards Sir TIenry 
Bate Dudley) [q- v.], editor of the 'Morning 



Post ,' was the author. Hearing thai Gamcfc 
had charged him with Tvnoaur. he wrxe la 
him that, ' as the printer of the " Morning 
Chronicle," I am the servant of the pidfie— 
their message-carrier — their moaUifiNt.* 
adding thiil,inthedisturbanee,li« 'namivly 
iped being murdered.' Replrin^ toTh»i 
Tick had written in reiunv 
ithatthepiece' wasmuch )l - 
the first act. I was mysel t . : 
and at I make it an invariable- r . 
applaud or be sUeat, I listeneii aii-Tiuivii. 
and can rely on the evidence of mj wiua 
on the oec-asion ' (Garrick CorrajKmilaKt, 
ii. la'i, 137). When Richard Cumberlanfi 
' Mysterious Husband' was performed fbrlbe 
first time at Covent Garden on '2^ Jan. 17*3, 
the critique upon it bv Woodfall gave offenw 
to John HenderBon (■l74r-17'*o) ^q.r.]. wbo 
played a leading part, and who retorted by 
writing satirical verses which were not pnt- 
lished.thoughcirculatedinmanuBcripl (TIT- 
LOE, Becordi o/ my Life, i- 379). 

Not many years before faia death Wood- 
fall was an unsuccessful candidate for lb» 
office of city remembrancer. He died in 
Queen Street on I Aug. IdOS, and was buried 
in St. Margaret's churchyard, Westminrtet. 
A portrait of him, painted in 17^2 by Tho- 
mas Beach, is in the National i'orlrait Gal- 
leiT, London. 

His daughter Sophia wrote two novel* 
before her marriage, " Frederick MontcaTers, 
or the Adopted Son,' which appeared in 
1802 ; and ' Koaa, or the Child of the .\bbev,' 
in 1804. She married Mr. McGibbon. f<x 
many years slie was the principal actress in 
traeedy at the theatres royal in Mancheelei 
and Liverpool. 

Woodfall's son William waii a harriiter, 
and bis 'L^w of Landlord and Tenant.' 
published in 1802, became a standard vrork. 
[Sicholsa Lit. Aneod, i. 303, 301 ; Gmt.Msf. 
for 1803i Ana. Reg. tB03; and private ia- 
formatiun from Mosars. Woodfail & Kiiidtr.] 
F. R. 
WOODFORD, Sib ALKXASDEE 
nEOKGl': (1782-Ifi70), field-marshal, was 
lliH older son of Lieulenant-colonel Joha 
M'oodford (d. 1800), by his second wits, 
Sosan (d. 1814), eldest daughter of Cosmo 
George, third duke of Gordon, and widow of 
John, ninth earl of Westmorland. l*>rf 
William Gordon and Lord George Goidra 
[q. v.] were his mother's brother*. Major- 
general Sir John George Woo<lford [a. v.] 
was his younger brother. The father, Jaba 
Woodford, was for some time in the grena- 
dierguards, HesenedunderGeaeral JamM 
A\'olfe [<].v.], and later took an active part 
, in the volunteer movement of the day. B* 



Woodford 



393 



Woodford 



became lieutenant-colonel of the sixth fen- 
cible infantry (the Gordon regiment). Dur- 
ing the Gordon riots, which his brother-in- 
law led, he was the first otiicer to order the 
soldiers to fire on the rioters after the attack 
on Lord Mansfield's house. 

Alexander was bom at 30 Welbeck Street, 
London, on 15 June 1782. He went to 
Winchester as a commoner in 1794, and in 
1799 to Bonny castle's academy at Woolwich. 
lie obtained a commission as ensign in the 
9th foot on 6 Dec. 1794. Ilis further com- 
missions were dated: lieutenant, 15 July 
1795; captain, 11 Dec. 1799; regimental 
captain Coldstream guards and lieutenant- j 
colonel, 8 March 1810; colonel, 4 June 1814; 
regimental second major, 25 July 1814 ; 
regimental first major, 18 Jan. 1820 ; regi- 
mental lieutenant colonel, 25 July 1821 ; 
major-general, 27 May 1825; lieutenant- 
^neral, 28 June 1838 ; colonel of the 40th, 
or 2nd Somersetshire, regiment of foot, 
25 April 1842; general, 20 June 1854; trans- 
£errea to the colonelcy of the Scots fusilier 
guards, 15 Dec. 1861 ; field marshal, 1 Jan. 
1868. 

Woodford was promoted lieutenant in 
an independent corps and was brought into 
the 22nd foot on 8 Sept. 1795, but placed on 
half-pay the following year, as he was too 
young to serve. lie was again brought into 
the 9th foot as captain-lieutenant of the 
newly raised battalion in 1799. He served 
with this regiment in the expedition to the 
Ilelder in September 1799, and was severely 
wounded on the 19th at the battle of Bergen. 
He was brought into the Coldstream guards 
on 20 Dec. 1799. In 1803 he was appointed 
aide-de-camp to Major-general Sir James 
Ochoncar Forbes (airterwards general and 
seventeenth Lord Forbes) [q. v.] Ho re- 
joined his regiment to serve at the invest- 
ment and bombardment of Copenhagen in 
1807. He again joined the stafl* of Lord 
Forbes in Sicily and the Mediterranean as 
aide-de-camp from March 1808 to June 18ip. 
From duty in London he joined his company 
at Isla de Leon for the siege of Cadiz in 
1811, commanded the light battalion of the 
brigade of guards at the siege and capture 
on 19 Jan. 1812 of Ciudad liodrigo, at the 
siege and capture on 6 April of liadajos, at 
the battle of Salamanca on 22 July, at the 
occupation of Madrid and the capture on 
14 Aug. of the Retire, at the siege of Burgos 
in September and October, and in the retreat 
from that place. He commanded the first 
battalion of the Coldstream guards at the 
battle of Vittoria on 21 June 1813, at the 
siege of St. Sebastian and its capture on 
31 Aug., at the battle of the Nivelle on 



10 Nov., the battles of the Nive from 9 to 
13 DeCf and the investment of Bayonne in 
the spring of 1814. He was appointed aide- 
de-camp to the prince regent on 4 June 1841 
for his service m the field, and aide-de-camp 
to the king on the prince's accession to the 
throne. He commanded the second battalion 
of the Coldstream guards at the battles of 
Quatre Bras on 16 and of Waterloo on 
18 June 1815, at the storm of Cambray on 

24 June, at the entry into Paris on 7 July, 
and during the occupation of France. 

For his services Woodford was frequently 
mentioned in despatches, and received the 
gold medal with two clasps for the battles of 
Salamanca, Vittoria, and the Nive,the silver 
medal with two clasps for Ciudad Kodrigo 
and Nivelle, and the Waterloo medal. He 
was made a companion of the order of the 
Bath, military division, and was permitted 
to accept and wear the insignia of knighthood 
of the Austrian order of Maria Theresa and 
of the fourth class of St. George of Russia. 

Woodford was lieutenant-governor and 
commanded the infantry brigade at Malta 
from 1825 until he was transferred in a like 
capacity in 1827 to Corfu. He was made a 
knight commander of the order of the Bath 
on 13 Sept. 1831, and a knight grand cross 
of the order of St. Michael and St. George 
on 30 June 1832, in which year he was 
api)ointed to the command of the forces in 
the Ionian Islands, and acted temporarily 
as high commissioner. He was appointed 
lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar on 28 Feb. 
1835, and governor and commander-in-chief 
on 1 Sept. 1836, a position he occupied for 
seven years. The grand cross of the order of 
the Bath, military division, was bestowed 
upon him on 7 April 1852. He became 
lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital on 

25 Sept. 1856, and succeeded to the governor- 
ship on 3 Aug. 1868 on the death of Sir 
Edward Blakeney. He died at the governor's 
residence, Chelsea Hospital, on 26 Aug. 
1870, and was buried at Kensal Green 
cemeterv on 1 Sept. 

Woodford, married in 1820, Charlotte Mary 
Ann (d. 21 April 1870), daughter of Charles 
Henry Fraser, British minister at Hamburg. 
One of the six lancet windows in the north 
transept of Westminster Abbey was filled 
with stained glass by Woodford in memory 
of his son, Lieutenant-colonel Charles John 
Woodford of the rifle brigade, who was killed 
while leading a charge at Cawnpore during 
the Indian mutiny in 1857. 

[War Oflfice Records; Despatches; London 
Tiroes, 27 Aug. and 2 Sept. 1870; J. Fisher 
Crosthwaite's Brief Memoir of Major-general 
Sir John George Woodford, 1881 ; Mackinnon's 



"Woodford 



394 



I 



HiBt.RecordconiiaCuliL'LnBmGuHnla^CitiiDt 
HisUirlcal Kcrarvls o( ihe iilti Fuot; EUtoiy cf 
ibo tgth or 3nd Sniiicrsi'Uhire H'-eiueat of 
Foot ; IjiborDn'ii WnlerJou Cjimpaiga ; Roj'nl 
MillMrv CaWdnr, 1830; Nspi era History of 
the Wu in Ibo FeDiuula.] It. H. V. 

WOODFORD, JAMES ItUSSELL 
(iaiO-1885), bisho|> of Ely, born on 30 April 
1820 at Uenley-on'TliHines, was tJie onlf 
sou of James Ituj^scU Woodforii, a bop-iner- 
cliant in Jjouthwark, ami Frances, daughter 
of Bnbert Appleton of UtnleV' He waa 
seut to Merchant Taylori' scIiiKtl at tb^ a^e 
of eight, and wad elilcCed to Pembroke Col- 
k^^. Cambridge, as Parkins esbibilionnr in 
im<. He ETaduated li. A. in 184-2, and M. A. 
in 1645. He was ordained deacon in 1843 
and priest in 1645, and in tbe intervening 
Tears held the accond mastership of Oiahop's 
Colle^, Bristol. His first incumbency was 
tbe parish of Bt. Saviour'^, Coal pit-heat b, 
IJriBtol. He did Kood work as vioar of tlie 
poor parish of St. Mark's, Eoslon, in the same 
district, between I&47 and 185o, and in the 
latter year waa pre8ent«d to the vicarage of 
Kempaford, Glouceaiershire. Woodford wob 
one of the eighteen clergy who in the follow* 
ing year signed the protest, against the pn- 
mate John Bird Simmer's condemnation of 
Archdeacon George Anthony Deni«on, Dur- 
ing the thirteen years he was at Kempeford 
he attracted Borne attention as a preacher, 
and wag made by Bishop Samuel WUberforce 
[)|.T,] one of his examining cbaploins. Wood- 
ford became honorary canon of Christcburch, 
and in 1864 was for tbe fir^t time a select 
preacher at Cambridge. He alM> acted as 

froctor for the clergy of his diocMe in the 
anterbury convocation. In 1868 Wood- 
ford was appointed vicar of Leed^. In 1809 
he receivea a D.D. degree from tbe prlntaie, 
and in 187^ was appointed one of tbe queen's 
chaplains. In the following year he suc- 
cueJed Edward Harold Brownp as bishop 
of Ely, being consecrated in Westminster 
Abbey on 14 Dec. 1873, 

Siwn after bis BiLCcession to tbe see Wood- 
ford set on foot a general diocesan fund to 
be applied towards the increase of church 
accommodation and tbe assistance of poor 
parishes and incumbents. He was very ac- 
tive in the work of church restoration, and 
Ue reconstructed the cathedral school at Ely. 
In 1877 he revived, after a disuse of nearly 
ISO years, tbe visitation of tbe cathedral 
church. £a Woodford Elj' also owes the 
ostabliahment o f the t heological coll ege, where 
twelve students are boused and trained for 
parochial work. 

Woodford died, unmarried, at Ely on 



I 24 Ucl. 188o. He was buriodin Bishop Weit'a 
chapel on the south side- of the cathedni 
cho>r ou theSOlh. 

Woodford publishi-d: 1. ■Tlif Churcli, 
Post and Present,' 1^62, 8vo. 2. 'Seien- 
teen Sermons al Bristol,' 1854 ; 2nd pd. 
1800. 3, 'Six Lectures on theCreed," IS-Vi, 
8vo, 4, ' Occasionnl Sermons," let eer. 1H56, 
2nd ed. 16IU: Snd ser. Istll. 2nd ed. 1S85. 
5. ' Christian Sanctity,' four sermons at (Jam- 
bridge, 1863. He also contributed tu '$a- 
mona for the Working Classes,' IKifl, and U 
the series of ' New Testament t^mmenti- 
ries,'18T0: and wrote prefaces for W.B^Hr> 
'ManualofDevotion,'1877,W,A.Brame]d'» 
'In Type and Shadow,' 1880, and 'Tim 
Private Devotions of Bishop ^Vudrcwct,' 
1883. 

Woodford waa ci>-editor with It. W. Bet- 
don of the * Parish Hvmn Itnok,' 1863, and 
assisted in the compilation of the ' Sarum 
Hymnal' in 1S68. In 1864 he edited th» 
third series of 'Tracts for tho Christiiji 
Seasons,' and in 1877 a volumo of Wilber- 
force's ' Sermons on various Oc<»siona.' 

' The Great CommisMon : Twelve Ordina- 
tion Addresses' (1886, 8roi find ed. I^7|, 
and ' Sermons on Subjects from thn (lU 
Testament' (1887, 8fo; 2nd ed, I6i<S), ap- 

? eared postbumously, edited by the Itar, 
I. M. (now Dean) Luckock. 
[Man of ths Tiroa, UUi ed.; Times, 28 rail 
31 On. 1886; Guardian, 2S Oct.; Illtutnled 
London Ne»«, SI Oct. I with pdrtrait) ; Bohia- 
sauRHarcIuiDtTiyloni'Itrg. ; Wilbcrfonw'sUft 
of Biafaop S. Wilberforco (1SB8), pp. 361-t. 
aS7, 30Q : Liddon's Life of Puscy, iii. U3 ; Alll- 
brine'!! Di[:t, Engl. Lit. iiud tiuppl. ; BriL Uu. 
Cot.] a. Le O. S. 

WOODFORD, Sill JOnS GEORGE 

(1785-1879), majoivgnneovl, bomonS^l'sb. 
1786 at Chartliam Deanery, near Canter- 
bury, was second son of Colonel John Wood- 
ford, and younger brother of Sic AlHiandff 
George Woodford [q. v.] He was ediicslml 
at Harrow under Joseph Urnry [q. v.] In 
1800 he was sent to Brunswick to learn hi« 
military duties under the Duke of Brunswidl. 
wboju wife, tbe Princess Augusta, sitter of 
George III, showed him much kindnoss. la 
May ISOO the Duke of Gloucester gave him 
a commiBsion as ensign in the first nginMOt 
of guards, but arranged that ho should »- 
main to complete his year's training in Bniit*- 
wick. On his return to England he attracttd 
tbe notice of the last Duke of QueensbeRJ 
(' Old Q '), who took him to Windsor to yw- 
sent him to the king, and made him a preBant 
of a fine horse. UTien the duke died m 1610 
he left Woodford, though in no way related 



Woodford 



395 



Woodford 



to him, 10,000/. Woodford joined his regi- 
ment ia 1801, but it was not until 1807 that 
he saw active service, when both he and his 
felder brother Alexander were at the siege of 
Copenhagen. In the following year he went 
to the Peninsula with the expedition under 
Sir David Baird [q. v.], which joined the 
British forces under Sir J ohn Moore. Wood- 
ford was deputy-assistant quartermaster- 
general and aide-de-camp to Sir John Moore 
during the many engagements in the me- 
morable retreat, and at dusk was wounded 
in the heel in the battle of Coruna by, it is 
said, the last shot fired. In eighteen months' 
• time he was again able to join the army 
which, imder Wellington, had just crossed 
the Ebro, and to resume his staff appoint- 
ment of deputy-assistant quartermaster-gene- 
ral. He was present at the battles of Ni- 
velle, Xive, Orthes, and Toulouse, for which 
engagements he received a cross. In the final 
engagement at Toulouse on 10 April 1814 
Woodford, 8er\'inff under Sir Henry Clinton 
(1771-1829) [q.v.J in the sixth division, took 
a distinguishea part. 

In September Woodford was back in 
London, and with the legacy left him by 
' Old Q; which had been paid in 1818, he 
purchased his captaincy in the first regi- 
ment of the grenadier guards, which is equi- 
valent in rank and pay to that of lieutenant- 
colonel of infantry in the line. On the 
unexpected return of Napoleon in 1815 he 
joined Wellington's army, serving as assis- 
tant quartermaster-general to the fourth 
division under Lieutenant-general Sir Wil- 
liam Colville. The division was detailed to 
support Prince Frederick of the Netherlands 
on the road to Hal when the great engage- 
ment of Waterloo began. Woodford was 
despatched by Colville on the dark and 
stormy night of 17 June to the general for 
orders, and, riding with great dilBculty 
through the forest of Soignies, arrived in 
the early morning at Wellington's quarters. 
The duke informed him that the battle was 
imminent, and that it was too late for the 
Hal division to move up, but ordered Wood- 
ford to remain with him as aide-de-camp. 
He continued to serve under General Col- 
ville in the march to Paris, and assisted in 
the occupation of Cambray. On the break- 
up of the army in Paris he returned to 
LK)ndon, but in 1818 was appointed to the 
command of the army of occupation until 
the final evacuation of France in October of 
that year. He took advantage of his posi- 
tion to obtain leave to make a survey of the 
field of the battle of Agincourt and its 
vicinity. Discoveries of considerable anti- 
quarian and historic interest resulted. 



In 1821 he was given the command of the 
3rd battalion of the grenadier guards at 
Dublin, and finally he was posted to it as 
colonel on 23 Nov. 1823. He carried out 
various reforms in military discipline. He 
would not allow flogging in the battalion 
under his command, and on 26 May 1830, 
on his own responsibility, published the 
order, * The punishment called " Standing 
under Arms " is abolished.' Though Wood- 
ford's action drew from the Duke of Wel- 
lington a strong remonstrance, the punish- 
ment was never restored. The regimental 
orders of the grenadier guards from 1830 to 
183o are full of evidence of his thoughtful 
desire to improve the conditions of a soldier's 
life. *0n 18 May 1835 Woodford gave evi- 
dence before the commissioners for inquiry 
into the system of military punishments in 
the army. He published a pamphlet in the 
same year entitled * Kemarks on Military 
Flogging: its Causes and Effects, with some 
Considerations on the Propriety of its entire 
Abolition.' Woodford, among other re- 
forms, recommended recreation for soldiers 
in barracks, the establishment of carpenters' 
shops, &c., to teach the men useful trades, 
and regimental libraries. His command of 
the household troops brought him into con- 
tact with the king, William IV, who pre- 
sented him with the royal Hanoverian 
Guelphic order of knighthood ; but his re- 
forming zeal, particularly an attempt to in- 
troduce a more comfortable uniform, greatly 
annoyed the king. Largely owing to Wood- 
ford's advocacy, and in spite of the Duke of 
Wellington's persistent opposition, purchase 
of commissions, and the stock, which he 
considered a useless discomfort to the soldier, 
were abolished before his death. In 1834, 
under the will of his aunt. Lady William 
Gordon, he inherited an estate on the western 
bank of Derwentwater, with Waterend 
House, erected by Lord William, and, re- 
solving to occupy it, he issued on 10 Jan. 
1837 his last regimental order, was promoted 
to the rank of major-general, and retired 
from the service. As a consistent advocate 
of abolition of purchase, he sold his com- 
mission to the government for 4,500/., just 
half its market value. A good linguist and 
a man of scliolarly tastes, he subsequently 
devoted much of his time to antiquarian re- 
search. Though he continued to live much 
like a soldier in camp, he surrounded himself 
with rare books and curiosities. Some years 
before his death he removed to Keswick, and 
there he died on 22 March 1879. 

[Memoir by J. Fisher Crosthwaite, Kendal » 
1881, with photographic portrait; personal 
knowledge.] A. N. 



Woodford 



^Vood^ord 



WOODFORD, SAMUEL (163(H700) 
divine iiml p<.el, bom on 15 April 1B36 in 
the parish of All Hallows in tb« Wall, 
London, wbh the eldest son of HobeTt 
Woodford of Norlhamplon. After leaving 
St. Paul's school he matriculated on 20 July 
IflM as a commoner at Wadham CoUeg*, 
OxfonI, whence he graduated B.A. on 6 Feb. 
1657 {N.3.) Two jenrs later he entered 
ns B student at the Inner Temple, where 
his chamber-fellow wag Thomas Fiatmnu 
[<(. T.l, the poet. He afterwards lived, firot 
ut Aldbrook, then at Binstead, near Ryde, 
> in a married and secular condition.' In 
Kovember 16tt4 he was elected to the Royal 
Society. In January 1B69 he took holy 
orders, and in K173 was presented by Sir 
Nicholas Stuart to the benefice of Hart- 
ley-Mauduit, Hampshire. Through the in- 
flnence of George Morley [c|_, v.], bishop of 
Winchesl«r, he was appointed canon of 
Chichester on 27 Mav IBTe, and of Win- i 
Chester on 8 Sov. 1680. He received the 
degree of D.D. by diplomo of Arclibisbop 
Sancroft in 1677. He died at Winchester 
on U Jan. 1700. He married after the' 
Uestoralion, and had several sons, of whom 
the youngest, William Woodford {il. 1T5S), 
was fellow of New College from 1899 to 
1713, censor of the Royal College of Phy- 
sicians in 1773, and regins nrofessor of 
medicine at Oxford from 1730 till his death. : 

Woodford began his poetical career by 
contributing in 1U6S to the ' Kaps upon I 
Parnassus' of the younger Samuel Austin 
(Jl. lttS8) [q. v.] Of his poem ' On the Re- 
turn of Charles H,' 1660, Wood liad seen no 
copy- His chief works were ' The Paraphrase 
upon the Psalms ' and ' The Paraphrase upon 
the Canticles.' The first originally appeared 
in quarto in 1067, with a dedication to 
Bishop Morley, and was reissued in octavo 
in 167S. In a lengtby preface the reader 
is informed that the ' Parnphrase ' was 
written while Woodford ' had the con- 
venience of a private and most delightful 
telirement ' in the company of Mrs. Mary 
Beala fq. v.] and her uuaband. He had 
been torewnmed against prolixity ' by a 
very judicious friend, Mr. Thomas Sprat ' 
(afterwards the bishop). The object of the 
poet, who drew his inspiration from Cowley, 
was to give as nearly as hu could ' tlie 
true sense and meaning of the psalms, and 
in OS easy and obvious tanns as was possible.' 
Tlia result may bs pronounced successful 
from a literary point of view ; and the 
' Paraphrase ' won the praise of Baxter in 
his preface to ' Poetical FmRmeuls,' 1681. 

In 1679 appeared his 'Paraphrase upon! 

1 Canticles and some select Hymns of 



the New and Old Testaments, with other 
Occasional Compositions in English Rimet.' 
The volume, which is dedicated to Arch- 
bishop Saucroft, has prefatory versas by Sir 
Nicholas Stuart and Thomas Flatman, be- 
sides an ode by W. Croune, D.D. 

Woodford's miscellnneous poems include 
two odes to liftuk Walton [q. v.] and venr» 
in commendation of Uenham'a 'New Ver- 
sion of the Psalms of David.' An edition 
of Woodford's complete works published in 
1713 is described us 'the aecond cdllioa 
corrected bv the author.' A manuscript 
' Ode to the Memory of John, Lord Wilmol. 
Earl of Itochester,' is omong the Rawlinwn 
collections in the Bodleian, to which Ubnry 
Woodford in March 1057 presented a map 
of Rome (Macilit, AnnaU. p. 427). 
Parisol, writing a century later, ihoo^t 
his poems had fallen into undcserti^d ob- 
livion. 

[Wood's Lite, pp. ixxv-vi. Fasti, iL 1«, 
nud ArhuaiB Oioa. (BliM). iii. 076, 826, 113|, 
It. 730-L ; Wndham Coll. Beg. cd. Gardiner; 
Foster's Atamni Oion. lSOO-1714 ; Chalmos'i 
Biogr. Diet.: Woodford's Works; Ailtboiu'i 
DiLt. Engl. Lit.; Biogr. UnivenBlle, 1S2S (tit. 
by Parisot) ; Winchester Scholxrs, od. Xirby; 
Munk's Coll. of Phy». il. IIS. J. Sioholi". 
Select Collect, o! Poems, ir. 1780-3, has twb 
pierea by Woodfor.1— ■ The Voyage,' and ■ SOn- 
iiet addrasssd to tielk Ward, bishup ofSanm.) 
G. La G.N. 

WOODFORD or WYUFORD, Wri- 
1.1*11 op(/. 1380-1411), opponent of Wy- 
cliU'e, is erroneously identitied by Wadding 
with William of Waterford, who appears to 
have flourished about 1433, and wrote a 
■ Tractatus dc Religione,' which be addressed 
to Cardinal Julian Cesarinus (cf. Wiu^ 
Writer* </ Inland, pp. 87, 88). There 
seems to be no doubt that Woodford nuaa 
Englishman, He became a Franclscao and 
wasedueatedat Oxford, where hegraduoled 
D,D. lie taught in the schools and came 
into friendly contact with Wycliife. ' Whm 
I was lecturing concurrently with hiin un 
the Sentences,' he sajs, ' Wydilte used to 
write his answers to the arguments, wbich 
I advanced to him, in a notebook which I 
sent him with my arguments, and to send 
me back the notebook '(LiTTLK.Crfy /Wan, 
p. 81 ). With the development of WyclilTc'a 
views, however, Woodford becatae in- 
creasingly hostile, and when, in his ' C*™- 
fesaio' in 1361, the reformer repudiated 
trans ubstantiation, Woodford wrote his 
earliest extant work in reply. It was en- 
titled 'Septuaginta Qutestiones dc Sacrs- 
mento Eucliaristi«i,' and is thought lo have 
been composed as a course of lectures de- 



Woodford 



397 



Woodforde 



livered in the Grey Friars' church, London, 
as a preparation for the feast of Corpus 
Christi on 10 June 1381 (Nbtteb, Fasc, 
Zizaniorum, Rolls Ser. p. 517) ; five manu- 
scripts at least of this work are extant 
{Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 7 B. iii. ; HarL MSS. 
31, if. 1-94 and 42; Exeter Coll. Oxford 
MS. 7 ; St. John's Coll. 0.rford MS. 144). 
This was the first of a series of works in 
which Woodford attacked Wyclifle and his 
followers, and his writings occasionally 
throw light on Wvclifl^e's career, though his 
statements — e.g. tliat "VVycliffe was expelled 
from Oanterhury Hall — are not always to 
be accepted if lacking corroboration (cf. 
Lechlbr, ^yc/iy<?, 1878, i. 160-8; Church 
Quarterly Review, v. 129 sqq. ; Rabhdall, 
Universities of Europe, ii. 498). He also 
replied to the attacks of Richard Fitzralph 
[q. v.] on the mendicant orders. 

There is little doubt that Woodford is the 
"William de "Wydford whom Margaret, 
countess of Norfolk, described in 1384 as 
her * well-beloved father in God,' and for 
the term of whose life she granted the 
minoresses of Aldgate "Without a yearly rent 
of twenty marks from * le Brokenwharf,' 
London (Ca/. Patent Rolls, 1381-5, n. 452). 
In 1389 he was regent-master in tneology 
among the minorites at Oxford, and in 1390 
was vicar of the provincial minister; in 
both years he lectured against 'W'yclifl^e, 
and Thomas Netter [q. v.] was one of his 
pupils (Fasc. Zizaniorum^ p. 525). Hence- 
forth he seems to have resided principally 
at the Grey Friars, London, and m 1396 he 
obtained from Boniface IX sanction for the 
special privileges he enjoyed in this con- 
vent. Bale, Pits, and Wadding state that 
he died in 1397 and was buried at Colchester, 
but Sbaralea pointed out that in one of his 
works Henry was referred to as king ; he 
also says that Woodford was deputed from 
Oxford to attend a council in ix>ndon in 
1411. Probably he died soon after ; he was 
buried in the cnoir of Grey Friars church, 
I^ndon {Cotton MS, "V^itellius, F. xii. f. 
274 b). 

Bale and subsequent bibliographers give a 
long list of works by Woodford, many of 
which are lost, and some of which can only 
be doubtfully attributed to Woodford (see 
Little, Grey Friars, pj). 248-9) ; but the 
numerous copies extant of the others indi- 
cate that Woodford's works were widely 
read, and he was considered * acerrimus 
hereticorum extirpator.' The following is 
a list of his extant works : 1 . * Commen- 
taries on Ezechiel, Ecclesiastes, St. Luke, 
and St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans' 
iBrit. Mus. Royal MS. 4, A. xiii.) 2. ' De- 



terminationes Quatuor,' i.e. lectures at Ox- 
ford, 1389-90 {Harl. MSS. 31 and 42; 
Bodl. MSS. 2224, 2766, 3340 ; Digby MS. 
170, ff. 1-33). 3. «De Causis Condemp- 
nacionis Articulorum 18 dampnatorum 
Johannis Wyclif, 1396* {Brit. Mus. Royal 
MS. 8, F. xi. ; Ifarl. MSS. 31 and 42 ; Bodl. 
MS. 2766 ; Merton Coll. MSS. 198 and 
318 ; C.C.C. MS. 183, ff*. 23 sqq. ; printed in 
Browx, J'flftfc. Rerum e,i^tendarum, i. 190- 
265). 4. * De Sacerdotio Novi Testamenti ' 
{Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 7, B. iii.; Merton 
Coll. MS. 198). 5. 'Defensorium Mendici- 
tatis contra Armachanum,' i.e. Richard Fitjs- 
ralph [q. v.], archbishop of Armagh {Mag- 
dalen Coll. Oxford MS. 75; Cambr. Univ. 
LU>r.MS.Fi. i. 21). 6. «De erroribus 
Armachani'(CfarmAr. Univ. Libr. Ff. i. 21 : 
New Coll. MS. 290, ff. 258 sqq.) 7. < Re- 
sponsiones contra Wiclevum et Lollardos' 
(Bodl. MS. 2766). 8. *De Veneratione 
Imaginun^ ' {Harl. MS. 31, ff". 182-205). 

[Tanner's Bibl. pp. 364, 784-6; Waddings 
Scriptt. Ord. Min. p. 108 : Sl>aralea*s Suppl. p. 
332; Fabricius'8 Bibl. Med. JEv'i, iii. 612; 
Oudin's Scriptt. Eccl. 1722, iii. 1171-4; Che- 
valier's Repertoire, cols. 980-1 ; Wood's Hist, 
and Antiq. Univ. Oxen. ed. Gutch, i. 482, 493, 
612, 613; Netter's Fasc. Zizaniorum (Rolls 
Ser.), pp. XV, 617,623; Lechler's John Wycliffe, 
1878. i. 166-8, 192, 198, 247, ii. 141 ; Little's 
Grey Friars in Oxford, passim, esp. pp. 246-8 ; 
Bernard's Cat. MSS. Angliae; Coxes Cat. MSS. 
Coll. Aulisque Oxon. ; Cat. Bodl. MSS. ; Cat. 
Harl. MSS. ; authorities cited.] A. F. P. 

WOODFORDE, SAMUEL (1763-1817), 
painter, born at Castle Gary in Somerset on 
29 March 17(53, was the second son of 
Ileighes Woodforde (1726-1789) of Ans- 
ford, by his wife Anne, daughter and heiress 
of Ilalph Dorville. He was a lineal de-> 
scendant of Samuel Woodford [q. v.] At 
the age of fifteen he was patronised by 
the well-known banker Henry Hoare {d. 
178o) of Stourhead, Wiltshire, where many 
of the painter's early works are preserved. In 
1782 he became a student at the Royal Aca- 
demy, where he exhibited pictures in 1784 
and the two following years. In 1786 he was 
enabled by the liberality of his late patron 
to travel in Italy. After studying the works 
of Raphael and Michel Angelo at Rome, and 
copying * The Family of Darius ' bv Paolo 
Veronese, he visited Florence and Venice, 
accompanied by Sir Richard Colt Hoare 
[q. v.] He returned to London in 1791 , and 
resumed his contributions to the Royal 
Academy in 1792. From that year till 1816 
he was a constant exhibitor of portraits, 
scenes of Italian life, historical pictures, and 
I subjects from literature. He sent in all 



Woodhall 



Wood head 



133 pictures tn the Hoj-al Acndemy, nnd 
thiny-ninc to the BritiBli" Insiitution. Hia 
' Dorinda wounded by Sylvia' is in ibv 
Diploma OHllery at Burlington I{ou»>, nnd 
a watereolour, ' Paa teaching Apollo ' 
(1790), is in the South KGHsinglon MnBeum. 
Mfmy of his pictures were enjrraved, includ- 
ing the forest scene in 'Titus Andronicus,' 
engrnved by Anker Smith for Boydeli's 
'ShiikespMro'(1793), severnl fluhjects cn- 
grnvod bv James Henth and others for an 
edition of Shakespeare published by Loag- 
miins (180.)-7), and. atnong krger subjeetB, 
■ A Viistnl ' (1800), by S. W. lieynold*. and 
'Thij Soldier's Widow' (1801), by Maria 
fiiBhorne, both in metEOtint. Mostof Wood- 
forde's compositions were tn the eorrect 
cbssical style of his iieriod. He wan elected 
on associate of the Royal Academy in 1800, 
and an academician m lt(07. In 1815 he 
married and went to Italy. He died of 
fever at Ferrara on 27 July lB17,leaving 



WOODHALL or WOODALL. [See 

UVEUAI.E.] 

WOODHAM, Mrs. (1743^1803), singer 
and actress, previoiuly called Sfcsceb, acd 
ganerally known on account of the elegance 
gf her dress and perAon aa ' Buch ' Spencer, 
wan born in 1743, and woa n pupil of the 
celi'brate<l Dr. Ame. She played at Covent 
Garden Euphrosyne in ' Comus," and was 
regarded as a rival to Miss Brent, subse- 
quentlv Mrs. Pinto. She sang at Matyle* 
bone (iardens under Dr. Arnold, from whom 
she received further instruction. This must 
Lave been between 1 701) and 1773. Thence 
she proceeded to Ireland, and wan for maiiy 
yeara n favourite on the Dublin stage. She 
marriod u man named Smith, and had fay 
him a daughter, who married 'Young' 
Aslley, the eon and auecaasor of Philip 
Aatley [q. v.] On hia death she married a 
Mr. Woodham, from whom she was divorced. 
In her later yeara ahe lived entirely with 
her daughter. On the morning of 2 Feb. 
1803 Astley's amphitheatre took fire and 
woa consumed. Mrs. Woodham heard the 
alarm of fire and came lo the door (or 
the window) where means of escape were 
awaiting her, but returning for a dresa or 
to secure the receipts of the house for the 
laat two nights, which were in her charge, 
was suffocated and burnt, a few calcined ro- 
maina alone being available for interment. 
Her name, which appears as Woodham in 
the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' is given in the 
"Monthly Mirror' as Woodman. No re- 



ference lo her is to be tracwj under any of 
her names in theatrical historiiw. 

[Grnt. Mag- 1803, ir. 88iJ ; Monthly Mirror. 
svi. 211-10,] J.K. 

WOODHAM or Ooddav, ADAM (rf. 
13.081. Fraudscan. [See GoDDiV.] 

WOODHEAD, .\BHA11AM (1609- 
I6?H), ]{oman catholic ccntJVJVersiBliat, ann 
of John WoodliL-ad of Thomhill, I'oTkehiw, 
was baptised at Meltham in the parish of 
Almonbury in tho same county, on 2 April 
I60U. Uavitig acquired the rudiments o( 
laaming at Wakefield, he was entered as ■ 
student at University CoH^e, Oxford, ia 
111^4, and soon afterwards be^me a scholar 
of that house, Tlis tutorswere successiv»>lT 
Jonas RadclifT and Thomas Itadcltlf. H« 
graduated B.A. .> Feb. 10ii8-9, and MA. 
10 Nov. 1631. On 27 April 1633 he waj 
elected a fellow of t^niversity College. He 
took holy orders, passed a course inchvinity, 
and in 1641 was elected proctor. During 
his tenure of that oHice he made a deter- 
mined stand on behalf of the univeruty 
against the efforts of the puritan parlintaent 
to impTise the 'solemn league and corenant.' 
lie was summoned to upjiear at the bar of the 
House of Commons, where hemadetostrgng 



lestBtion. Wood's statement that he reigned 
his office IB consequence of tho denial of tho 
grace of Francis Cheynell [q.v.] is a ground- 
lesa surmise. 

At the expiration of his proctorship Wood- 
head procured the coll^ license to trav«l 
abroad with two pupils, and on 2"J Jnaa 
llHS he had leave of absence for four lermii. 
At this period he began to entertain doiibtj 
concerning the truth of the prulestant faith, 
and felt some inclination to join the Romao 
communion. A comparison of the data) 
allows that hewas neve^ at Rome, as Anthony 
il Wood asserts. Inlll4Shewas frjecl^dfrnni 
hix fellowship by the visitors of the univenitr 
of Onford. Sometime before this Mr. (after- 
wards Sir Thomas) Aylesbury, governor to 
George Villiers, second dukeof Buakingbain 
[q. v.i nnd to Lord Francis, his brother, ia- 
duceil Woodhead to undertake their ioslrn^-, 
tion in mathematics. Woodhead accompanied 
them on their return to London, receiving! 
hands'ime allowance with apartrnpnt* it 
York House in the Strand. He continncd 
to act as their tutor until the deleal al 
Kingston (1648), when Lord Frajicia wa» 
killed and the duke incurred the danger of 
utier ruin. Afterwards he lived lill I'JSS 
in (he family of Arthur, lord Capl (aftpN 
wards Earl of Essex), who settled on him u 



Woodhead 



399 



Woodhead 



annuity of 60/. for life. This pension he re- 
signed on quitting his lordship's service. He 
then retired to the house of his friend Dr. 
John AVilby, a physician, who resided in the 
city. In 1654 or 1655 he and a few select 
friends ])urchased the house and garden at 
Hoxton formerly belonging to Lord Mont- 
eagle, where they lived in common, putting 
into one fund what had been saved from the 
wreck of their fortunes, and devoting them- 
selves to prayer, meditation, and study. 
Woodhead was now avowedly a lay adherent 
of the l^oman catholic church. The state- 
ment that he spent his time at Hoxton in 
educating youth is incorrect. 

In 1660 the king's commissioners sum- 
moned him from his retirement and rein- 
stated him in his fellowship. He accepted 
it again, rather as a mark of justice due to 
the cause for which he was deprived of it 
than with any design to retain it as a pro- 
testant, and in fact ho never communicated 
with the church of England then or after- 
wards. Finding residence in college incon- 
sistent with his religious principles, which 
were now well known, he soon withdrew to 
his solitude at Hoxton. But through the 
influence of Obadiah Walker [q. vi], the 
master of University College, he enjoyed the 
profits of his fellowship for eighteen years, 
and did not formally resign the a])pointment 
until 23 April 1078, a few days before his death 
(Smith, Hist, of University College, p. 257). 
Wood says *he was so wholly devoted to 
retirement and the prosecution of his several 
studies that no worldly concerns shared any 
of his aflections, only satisfying himself with 
bare necessaries ; and so far from coveting 
applause or ])referment (though jierhaps the 
compleatness of his learning and great worth 
might have given him as just and fair a claim 
to both as any others of his persuasion) that 
he used all endeavours to secure his beloved 
privacy and conceal his name* {Athen(B 
O.ron. ed. Bliss, iii. 1158). He died at 
iloxton on 4 Mav 1678, and was buried in 
St. Pancras churchyard, where an altar- 
monument was placed over his remains, 
with a Latin inscription: *Elegi abjectus 
esse in domo Dei; et mansi in solitudine, 
non quserens quod mihi utile est, sed quod 
mult is * (Cansick, EpitapJis at Saint Pancras, 
i. 22). If James II had continued on his 
throne two years longer, Woodhead's body 
would have been translated to the chapel in 
University College, where a monument would 
have been erected * equal to his great merits 
and worth.* The intended inscription has 
been printed* (Athenes Oxon, iii. 1165n.) 

By his will, dated 8 June 1075, Woodhead 
left the residue of the yearly rents of his lands 



atMeltham * to y* minister of the Word of God 
y* shall be settled and officiatt at y' Chappell 
of Meltham aflibresaid at the time of my de- 
cease, and so to his successors in the same 
place and office for ever.* The will and four 
letters written bv Woodhead have been 
printed by the Uev. Joseph Hughes, who says : 
* These documents, both purely protestant 
in their character, seem to disprove the 
statements so frequently made and generally 
believed as to his having joined the Romish 
church, and tend to establish our confidence 
in him as a consistent clergyman of the 
church of England* (Hughes, Hist, of 
Meltham, 1866, n. 82). It is certain, how- 
ever, that Woodliead was a member of the 
Boman catholic church, though he never en- 
tered the priesthood. 

Daniel Whitby [q. v.] described Wood- 
head as * the most ingenious and solid 
writer of the whole Boman party ; * Thomas 
Heame more emphatically wrote : ' I always 
looked upon Mr. Abraham Woodhead to 
be one of the greatest men that ever this 
nation produced ;* and Wood says that * his 
works plainly show him to have been a 
\ person of sound and solid judgment, well 
i read in the fathers and in the polemical writ- 
j ings of the most eminent and renowned de- 
fenders of the church of England.* 

His works ap])eared either anonymously or 
under initials, and many of them were printed 
after his death at the private press of his friend 
. Obadiah Walker. Among them are: 1. *Some 
j Instnictions concerning the Art of Oratory, 
London, 1659, 12mo; 2nd edit., augmented,' 
Oxford, 1682. 2. Treatises on ancient 
church government, in five parts, which are 
respectively entitled as follows: (a) * A brief 
Account of antient Church Government, with 
a Reflection on several modem Writings of the 
Presbyterians (the Assembly of Divines, their 
' Jiis Divinum Ministerii Ecclesice Anglicanre, 
published 1654, and Dr. Blondel's Apologia 
pro Sententia Hieronymi, and others), touch- 
ing this Subject,* I^ondon, 1662 and 1685, 
4to. The authorship has been erroneously 
ascribed to Dr. Richard Ilolden. (h) 'An- 
cient Church-Government, and the Succes- 
\ sion of the Clergy,* pt. ii., Oxford, 1688, 4to. 
(c) * Antient Church Government, Part III : 
Of Heresy and Schisme [Lond.] 1736, printed 
at the cost of Cuthbert Constable, who was 
the " Catholic Maecenas of his day.** * (rf) * An- 
tient Church-Government, Part IV : What 
former Councils have been lawfullv General 
and obliging. And what have been the 
Doctrines of such Councils, obliging in re- 
lation to the Reformation. Reviewing the 
Exceptions made by the Reformed.* This 
remams in manuscript, {e) 'Church Go- 



Woodhead 



Woodhouse 



Tenunent. Pari V : A ReUtiott of the ^ng- 
liahKeroriaBLJon.nndlbeLawfulnesE thereof, 
examined bv the TUfses deliTered in the four 
fgrmer parte,' Oxford, IBS", 4to. This wa* 
aoRwemi the same year in ' Animadversions' 
by George Smalridgw [q.T.] 3. 'TheGuid«in 
CoDtrotersies : or a rational Account of the 
Doctrine of the Itoman Catholic* conceminf; 
the wcleeiaslical Guides in Controveraiei of 
Religion ; reflecting on the later Writings 
of ftot«9tants, parliculsrly of Archbishop 
Laud and Ur. SCillingfleet on this Subject,' 
London, 1660-7, 4to; reprinted lers, 
4. 'TheLLferandWorks]of . . . St. Teresa,' 
1369 and 1^71, 4to; translated from the 
Spanish. 6. ' Dr. Stillingfleet's rrineiples, 
giving an Account of the Faith of Pro- 
testants eonsider'd,' Paris, 1671, fvo. 
0. • The lioman Doctrine of Repentance 
and Indulgence -vindicated Irom Dr. 
Btillin^eei'* Misrepresentation*,' 1672, Pvo. 
7. ■ The Roman Churche's Devotions vindi- 
rated from Dr. Still ingfleet's Misrepresenta- 
tiouB," 1673, 8vo. S. ' Eiercitationa con- 
cemine the Resolution of Faith against 
some Except iona,' 1674, 4to. 9. ' An A-p. 

Kndis to the four Discourses concerning 
le Guide in Controversies : Further shew- 
ing the NecMsity and Infallibility thereof, 
against some contrary Protestant Principles,' 
llifi, 4to. Some copies are entitled ' .4. 
Discourse of the Necessitv of Church Guides 
for directing Christiana in necessary Faith.' 
10. ■ Life of Oregorv Lopei, a Spanish 
Hermit in the West-Indies;' 2nd edit. 1675, 
8vo. 11, 'A ParapUrsae and Annotations 
upon the Epistles of St. Paul,' Oxford, 1675, 
»vo: 2nd edit. 1684. This was the joint 
production of Woodhead, Obadiah Wdker, 
and Richard Allestree [q. v.], the probable 
author of ' The Whole fiuly of Man,' which 
has been erroneously attributed to Wood- 
head. The third edition, London, 1702, re- 
printed in 1703 and 1708, 8to, was corrected 
and improved by Bishop Fell, The work 
was reprinted ai Oxford, 1852, 8vo, under 
tliu editorship of William Jacobson, after- 
wards bishop of Chester, i'2. 'St. Angus- 
tine's Confesaionii,' London, 1679, 8vo ; trans- 
lated from the Latin, 13. A modernised 
edition of Walter Hilton's 'Scale (or Ladder) 
of Perfection,' London, 1679,8vo, 14. ' IVo- 
positions concerniiig Optic Glaase*, with 
their natural Reasons drawn from Ex- 
periment,' Oxford, 1679. 4to. 15. 'Of 
the Benefit of our Saviour Jesus Christ 
to Mankind," Oxford, ltW>, 4to. 16. ' An 
historical Narrative of the Life and Death 
of . . . Jesus Christ." Oxford, 168f., 4to. 
1 7. ' Two Discoui8es concerning the Adora- 
tion of our Blessed ^viour in the Eucharist,' 



Oxford, 1687, 4to. 18. 'Two Di<>c«aiM«. 
The first concerning the Spirit of Martin 
Luther and the Original Reformation. The 
second concerning the Celibacy of the 
Clergy,' Oxford, 1687, 4to. This w»a 
answered by Francis Atterbury (afterwards 
bishop of Rochester), to whose work a it- 
joinder WHS published bv Thomas Deane of 
University College. 19. 'Pietas Ronuni 
et Pariuenais : or a faithful Relation of the 
several Sorts of charitable Bad pious Woriw 
eminent in the Cities of Koine and Paris. 
Tbe one taken out of a Book written by 
Thcodor Amydenus, the other out of that bf 
Mr. Carre," Oxford, 1SS7, 8ro. Jamee Eit- 
rington wrote 'Reflections' on this woA. 
30. 'OfFaith necessary toSalvaiion,andof 
the necessary (iround of Faith sal*i*kal,' 
Oxford, 1688. 4to, 31. <31otivee to boly 
Living; or. Heads for Meditation, diridra 
into Consideraltons, Counsels, and Dotiati* 
Oxford, 1688, 4to. 22. ' A compenfoaa 
Discourse of the Eucharist,' Oxtori, 1688^ 
4to. 23. ' Apocalyps paraphras'd,' Qtfard, 
1689, 4to, not completed. 24. 'A larger Dis- 
course concerning Antichrist,' Oxford. 1689. 
4to, not completed. 25. 'Catholic Theees." 
Oxford, 1689, 4to. 

He also left numerous unpublished woite 
in manuscript, some of which ar» preserved 
in a collection of autograph letters, origins] 
manu-scripta, transcripts, and misrellaneous 
writin)^ by or relating to Woodhead, col- 
lected in the latter part of the eighteenlli 
century by Cuthbert Constable (17 TolumM, 
folio and quarto), and now in tbe library nf 
Sir Thomas Brooke, hart., F,S..4.. at Arai- 
Uge Bridge House, near Huddersfield, 

[ManuacriptLifeofFranrisNicholwioorSiwI- 
■an, kindly lent to the writer, with othmnMn- 
scripts relating to Woodheitd, l>y Sir Tbosis 
Brooke, bart.. F.8.A. ; Life by tha Rtrc. Sibo* 
Berington(lT3S); Catalogue o( MnnnicripU ul 
Printsd Books col lected by Thomaa Brooke ( I SS I), 
li.iOS; Borrows'sRedisler of the ViaiionoftlM 
Unir. of lUfoid, p. fise : Catholic UisMllaaj, 
1S35, iv. 1, 43 : Ualton's translation of the Lib 
□rSt.Terwa,1851.p.4oa; Dodd's CborebHi^ 
iii. 26aT l-^hard'B Hist, of England. 3id sdiLp. 
960 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. nirly ser. if. HTSi 
Oitlow's Bibl. Diet. i. lOS ; Hoghss's Bin. of 
Meltham. p. 303 ; Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 
1B7. ISA, 218, 234 SS3. 35S, 3SS, 374. 3S«, 13t 
434, 4SS: KenDFtt's Begister. pp. 698. OTt ; La 
N'ere'BMoDiinieDtaADglicaiia;LysoDB*BEtiTi»H. 
iii. 354 : Noief snd Queries 3rd mt, ii. SS. vi. 
475, rii. 112, x. 211, 4th ler. i. 367.] T. C. 

WOODHOUSE, JAMES (1735-1820). 
'the poetical shoemaker,' was horn at Rowley 
Regis, Staffordshire, on 18 April 1736. Hia 
pnrents came of old yeomiin stock. Janie» 



Woodhouse 401 Woodhouse 

had to leave school at the age of eight. He cated to William Locke [q. v.], the owner of 

became a shoemaker, and, having married Norbury. His last volume, 'Love Letters to 

early, added to his means by elementary my Wife,' written in 178^, was printed in 

teaching. In 1759 he addressed an elegy to 1804 (cf. Monthly Review for 1804, ii. 426). 



William Shenstone [q.v.l, whose estate, The 
Leasowes, was some two miles from Wood- 
house's cottage. Shenstone became much in- 



Woodhouse died in 1820, and was buried in 
St. George's Chapel ground, near the ^Marble 
Arch. One of his sons, George Edward, 



terested in him, and sent the elegy to his ' realised a fortune as a linendraper in Oxford 

friends in London, and had it printed in Street. In old age Woodhouse was noted for 

Dodsley's edition of his own poems. A col- his patriarchal appearance and stately bearing, 

lection was made for Woodhouse, and in 1764 j A complete edition of Woodhouse's poems, 

he was able to publish a volume entitled edited by a descendant (R. I. Woodhouse), 

^Poems on sundry Occasions.* The poems was published in 1890. Prefixed to it is an 

•were reissued in 1766 as 'Poems on several engraving by Henry Cook of a painting by 

Occasions,' introduced by a modest 'Author's Hobday of the poet at the age of eighty-one. 

Apology.' Woodhouse was now celebrated. Another portrait is mentioned by Bromley 

The anxiety of Dr. Johnson to meet him and Evans. 

niTorded Mrs. Thrale a pretext for inviting | The collective edition contains Wood- 

him for the first time to her house in 1764. house*s autobiography, which remained in 

It was either on this or a subsequent occa- manuscript at his death. The author called 

sion that the doctor recommended Wood- it * The Life and Lucubrations of Crispinus 

house to give his nights and days to the study Scriblerus : a Novel in verse, written in the 

of Addison. In 1770, however, Johnson spoke last Century.' It is written in rhymed blank 

disparagingly of Woodhouse: 'He may make verse, and abounds in long digressions of a 

an excellent shoemaker, but can never make a pious or political nature, but contains some 

f^ood poet. A schoolboy's exercise may be a good satirical lines. 

pretty thing for a schoolboy, but it 'is no [Gent. Mag. 1764 pp. 289, 290 (written by a 

treat for a man.' friend of Shenstone) ; Blackwood's Mag. No- 

Before this time W^oodhouse had given up rember 1829 (art. •Sorting my Letters and 

his trade. For some time a carrier between Papers') ; Mrs. Piozzi's Anecd.p. 125; BosweH's 

Kowley and London, he was appointed by Life of .Johnson, ed. Hill, i. 226 n., 520, ii. 127 ; 

Edward Montagu, soon after the publication Doran's An English Lady of the last Century 

of the second edition of his poems, land (Mrs. Montagu) ; Allibone's Diet, of Enprl. Lit. ; 

bailiff on either his Yorkshire or North- Wooclhouse's Works, wahprefjwM 

umberland estates. He held the position for L. I i^^.""'' oo«^' ^^inkss Illustnous 

«>me twelve years, till about 1778. He Shoemakers, 1883, p. 296.] G. Le G. N. 

was on a friendly footing with Montagu, but WOODHOUSE, PETER {f. 1605), 

was never on good terms with his wife, Mrs. poet, was the author of * The Flea,' or, 

Elizabeth Montagu fq. v.] She is the * Pa- adopting the subsidiary title, 'Democritvs 

troness,' the * Scintilla' or *A'anessa' of his his Dreame, or the Contention betweene the 

autobiography, where she is ridiculed as the Elephant and the Flea.' The poem, which 

•quintessence of tyranny, meanness, vanity, appeared in 1606, was printed for John 

and hypocrisy. About 1778 he returned to Smethwick,whoseshopwas *in St. Dunstans 

Rowley, but soon re-entered the employment Churchyard in Fleet Street, vnder the Dial!.' 

ofMrs.Montagu(herhusband being now dead) The only copy known to be extant is in pos- 

as house steward. He was finally dismissed, session of Earl Spencer at Althorp ; a reprint, 

six or seven years later, according to his own limited to fifty copies, was made in 1877, 

«tory, on account of his opinions on religion under the editorship of Alexander Balloch 

and politics, which were repugnant to Mrs. (trosart. Woodhouse was by no means 

Montagu. In 1788 Woodhouse issued a new destitute of merit as a poet, but * The Flea ' 

volume of poems, which he called, like his is the only memorial of him that exists, 

former volume of 1766, *l'oems on several Although ne disclaims any personal appli- 

Occasions never before printed.' He was then cations in his poem, and declares that his 

«uffering much privation, but by the help of censuresare directed at 'somekinde of faultes 

James Dodsley [q.v.l the brother of his former and not some faultie men,' it is possible that 

publisher, he was able to establish a fairly the elephant, the flea, and the other actors 

prosperous bookselling and stationery bust- in the tale typify persons whom it might 

ness. From 211 Oxford Street he issued in have been dangerous to satirise more openly. 

1803 a small volume, called * Xorbury Park The poem is prefaced by an * Epistle to tne 

and other Poems,' all the verses in which had lleaoer,' some verses ' m laudem authoris ' 

been written some years before. It was dedi- signed ' H. P., Gent./ and an ' Epistle Dedl* 

TOL. LXII. D D 



WiciiIiiziL^ -ic^ Woodhouse 

^ru. t:- •j.z' ■-. : ::- 1.L:-.ri..f. n t-'iiizu. Tr^ar:.--* :tLl«r«:»fraD«rrical Problem* and tli? 

-u-:-' .' : ■"•-r^r:: - ■.. T l:':. - -^-j-li.^? - ta:'il.is :c Vi:r-i.-rj:ci**\CAaDbridg»e, STO»,iii 

m . ^? .-.i:-'! .1:'. "^'-u. _-rr.'. \;^r "v'iiiiJL "i** -nA:***! 7^ M«::zse of continentilTe- 

r-v.- I.-:--: : .- F ■■.. 1 •"" *^'i:r-i =r:ni -Jir -iriz-L-ra:: i=*r.lAi*»i problem* of 

_i~ - T-'.::--^ ..- r;:.: . 1 -:-■ ?..-Lr.-- .-r ~-i.-r -•tra'.iL—.:? T : tIt CTT-lr-pment of L»- 

,r..- : 1...= .. T.-ii-. Z. - . rn::^r T :-:ciTrt"i- ■:.-.>* Tl-rrr. In 1^12 he 
. . - . - i»i.^...-rar-i I ■ _Tvt' j*r I z A*rr»iioniT ' (Cam- 
^Z' ."l^f - " " *. -^;.:"'' . J ■■-;:- ""_i" "■'*// 'ir-'—-- •-. . TrL-iii vi^^ inTeacri asthefim 

""^'V ■ ' ---=-..-_. . -= -;-- „ . : jiir ::' t z: ^ tT-:f7.i-i Tr?rk. A second 

■^"_J ■ _ " . ::Titr : il.-r-I ;- I"^lf .-n ilx.? theon- of 

:n^ . -.. ...:. .-: l -\ .. -r. i^ .?.;:-', ^•j.--;c'il Afrr ::=.- ' IrT tLI* treatise lie 

'. ^. ■"-.-•' r*. . ... --r " .!:• 'L.7-. i -n.i— iTiirvi - Ll- :»r::rv ihr student the 

".::-: -jr-.r -■" t.: ► :~-- . . l." ;i " :■• ~ . "^^. r-^i.':? if :".c.T_i.-z.:tl rfseirci siaceihetixne 

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P-'-oV 1-/1-:^'- 'rv.\-="!^-zinzzT WOOPHOrSE. TIROIAS 1 7. 1:^7:)'. 

o*!.-r '^ z*."'. L*.-i : " -■■rT.l^*. .n:-- :zr nii'z— Hrziin i:i*'_ ". : mirtvT, was a native oi 

Ki'. ..:! -' : :.■> : t:-z- .- izL'.Ty' Ir. :::?:' mi-r lJnc.'.n-ri7»-. Ilr was oriiiintrAi priest *horiy 

wor!-: ■.■: L:i :iT:e;xl-:. f m-wza: :Vji:lr<?'.v, bei-.Tv thv 'l-^'li of Miry in 1 .>>.?. and wa? 

t I r:.- :-;i?'.:er. h :* in L^.i • Trir". r.ometry' Le presented t> a pars-^na^.* in Linci"»ln*biTv. 

n;or»> - ic>": I'ly r*. rire-'-i th- ?*.:i*-n* ani In l.»j he >-?"med his living on accoiE* 

pr»-:.:ir-'i 'he way for tz- ir.*r»lu-:t!-n -fth-* oi the ohanje? intr«."Hiuce«i in the Enffli?li 

ditf».'rt;ntial calciilaa. In 1^10 appeared 'A . church, and, retiring to Wales, became tutor 



Woodhouse 



403 



Woodley 



in a gentleman's family. This situation he 
also resigned soon afterwards on religious 
grounds, and shortly after was arrested while 
celebrating mass and committed on 14 May 
1561 as * a pore prist ' to the Fleet prison, 
-where he lived on charity like other pauper 

Prisoners (cf. HarL MS, SGO, f. 7). In 1663, 
uring a severe visitation of the plague in 
London, he was removed to Cambridgeshire 
for a short time with the other prisoners in 
the custody of Tyrrel, the warder of the 
Fleet. At his urgent request Woodhouse 
-was admitted to the Society of Jesus in 1672. 
He was so animated by his admission that 
on 19 Nov. 1572 he wrote to Cecil exhorting 
him to persuade Elizabeth to submit to the 
pope. The original is preserved in the Bri- 
tisn Museum (Lansdowne MS. 99, f. 1). He 
also wrote papers * persuading men to the 
true faith and obedience,* which he signed 
Tvith his name, tied to stones, and threw out 
of the prison window into the street. On 
16 June 1673 he was tried for high treason 
in the Guildhall, London. He distinguished 
himself by his intrepid bearing and the 
frankness of his answers, was found guilty, 
and was executed at Tyburn on 19 June. 
"Woodhouse was the first priest who suffered 
in £lizabeth*s reign, and the first Itoman 
catholic, with the exceptions of John Felton 
(d. 1570) [q. v.] and John Story [q. v.] 

Two narratives of his life and martyrdom 
exist. The earlier, dated 1574, is contained 
in a small quarto volume of manuscripts, 
entitled * Anglia, Necrol. 1573-1661,* in the 
archives of the Society of Jesus at Rome. 
In this account, which is written in Latin, 
he is called William Woodhouse. Three 
hundred and thirty verses are appended, 
written by him in prison. The second and 
fuller account is in English, and was sent 
to Rome by Henry Gamett [q. v.] It is now 
among the Stony hurst manuscripts. 

Woodhouse was included in the repre- 
sentation of the * Sufferings of the Holy 
3Iartyr8* in England, painted by Nicholas 
Circiniani, in the English Church of the 
Most Holy Trinity at Rome, by order of 
Gregory XIII. The original painting was 
destroyed about the end of the eighteenth 
century, but engravings of it still exist 
(Pollen, Acta of English Martyrsy 1891, 
pp. 370-2). 

[Foley's Records of the English Province, 
1883. vii. 869-61, 967, 1257-67; Berselli's 
Vita del Beato Edmnndo Campion, Rome, 1889, 
pp. 218-33; Stow*s Annales, 1615, p. 676; 
Rambler, 1858, x. 207-12; Parsons's Elizabeths 
Angliae Reginse hseresim Calvinianam pro- 
pognantis snevissimum in Catholicos sui rcgni 
edictum, 1592, p. 189.] £. I. C. 



WOODHOUSELEE, Lord. [See Tyt- 
LEB, Alexander Eraser, 1747-1813.] 

WOODINGTON, WILLIAM FREDE- 
RICK (1806-1893), sculptor and painter, 
was bom at Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshin*, 
on 10 Feb. 1806. He carae to London in 
1815, and about 1820 was articled to Robert 
William Sievier [q. v.], who was at that 
time practising engraving, but w^ho shortly 
afterwards abandoned that art in favour of 
sculpture, and in tliis was followed by his 
pupil. Woodingfton first appeared at the 
lloyal Academy m 1825, and until 1882 was 
a frequent contributor of fancy figures and 
reliefs of sacred and poetical subjects which, 
though deficient in the highest qualities of the 
art, were composed with much grace and 
feeling. He also modelled many portrait 
busts. To the Westminster Hall competi- 
tion of 1844 he sent * The Deluge^ and 'Mil- 
ton dictating to his Daughters,' and in that 
for the Wellington monument in St. Paul's 
Cathedral he was awarded the second pre- 
mium. He subsequently executed two of 
the reliefs on the walls of the consistory 
chapel in which the monument, the work of 
Alfred Stevens Fq.v.], was temporarily placed. 
His other works in sculpture include the 
bronze relief of the battle of the Nile on the 
plinth of the Nelson column in Trafalgar 
►Square, the statues of Columbus, Galileo, 
Drake, Cook, Ralegh, and Mercator on the 
colonnade of the Exchange buildings at Liver- 
pool, and the colossal bust of Sir Joseph Pax- 
ton at the Crystal Palace. Woodington also 
practised painting, and frequently exhibited 
pictures of a similar class to his works in 
marble. In 1853 he sent to tlie Academy 
* The Angels directing the Shepherds to Beth- 
lehem,' in 1854 an illustration to Dante, and 
in 1855 Mob and his Friends;' his 'Love 
and Glory' was engraved by J. Porter. For 
some years Woodington held the post of 
curator of the school of sculpture at the 
Royal Academv, and in 1876 he was elected 
an associate of that body. He died at his 
house at Brixton on 24 Dec. 1893, and was 
buried in Norwood cemetery. 

[Daily Chron. 27 Dec. 1893; Times, 27 Dpc. 
1893; Athenseum, 30 Dec. 1893; Stiinnus's 
Alfred Stevens and his Work, 1891 ; Graves's 
Diet, of Artists, 1760-1893.] F. M. OD. 

WOODLARK, R9BERT {d. 1479), 
founder of St. Catharine's College, Cam- 
bridge. [See W^ODELARKE.] 

WOODLEY, GEORGE (1786-1846), poet 
and divine, bom at Dartmouth, and baptised 
at Townstal church in that town on 3 April 
1786, was the son of Richard Woodley, a 

dd2 



Woodley 404 Woodman 

man of humble position. Hia education • ± *' The Chazchyard and other Poems^' ldQ& 
was :ilighr, but ne aeduloualj cultivated 3. * Britaina Bulwarks, <xt the Bndah Sea- 
evf^Tj oppoitunitj for aelf-improwment. man,* id 1 1 (composed for the most put ia 
Wh^n v*^ry young he aerred in a ^itiah , 1S03). 4. ^ ^Portugal DeUYated : a Poem ia 
man-«it*-war, and began veraifying for the ! five books/ ldl± 5. *" Redemption : a Pom 
amusKsment of hia messmates before he was in twenty books/ Idlti. & * Comubia : i 
twelve years old. After spending devend Poem inUve cantos** 1819. 7. *The Di- 
years ar sea he Uveil at Plymouth Dock, ; vinity of Christ proved^' ldl9: '^'^^ edit 
now Devonport, and in London, engaged in | 1821. For this essay he receired a pris d 
literary pursuits, but hia work brought him • 50/. from the St. David's diocese branch of 
very lirrie pmdt. He was of a mechanical > the Society for Promoting Christian Knov- 
disponition.and in 1804 competed for the <zold ledge. He was the aothor of similar eanvi 
medal of rhe Royal Humane Societv for the * On the Succession of the Christian I^ietfE- 
best essay * (3n the Means of pre ventmg Ship- ! hood* and on * the Means of employing the 
wreck.* Through a change of dates on the '■ Poor.* 8. ^ Devonia : a Poem,* live* cantofly 
parr of the si^ciety the essay arrived after the 1820. 9. *• View of the present State of the 
distribution of the prizes, but he claimed to Scilly Idles/ 18±2 : the best work on tlut 
have anticipate<l the invention of Greorge district which had been published. 10. ' ^ir- 
WlUuim ^lanby [q. v.] He applied &) the rative of the Loss of the Steamer Thamet 
admiralty, the navy commissioners, and the i on the Scilly Rocks' on 4 Jan. 1841. 
corporation of Trinity House for aid in Woodley'was a contribator to the chirf 
furthering his scheme, but could not obtain periodicals!* and the ^Gaietteer of the County 
any a.^Bistance. His address to Dr. Hawes of Cornwall.* published at Truro about l!^17, 
( Gent. Jfat/. 1807, ii. 1051-2) Ls dated from has been attributed to hiwi, 
Dover. 

In 1808 Woodley left Londim for his 
health':^ sake, and do«)n afterwards settled at 
Truro a.'* e<litor of the * Royal Cornwall 
Gazette.* the tory paper of the ct)unty. Here 
he employed himself in writing several 

volumes ot* poetry, and in competing for prize ' Borch, FJS.A., Dioceflazi Bogistry, EIzet«r.] 
e3-'*av'4 ("kn the<>logiiral and :*ociaI subjects. . W. P. C. 

AbVur June 18l>0 he was ordained by the '■ WOODaiAN, RICHARD (1524 P-lSoD, 
then bL^liop of Exeter, and he at once pro- protestant martyr, bom about 13:^4 at Baxted, 
ceedeil r.> rhe Scilly Islands as the mi»- : ^usfiex, was by trade an * iron-maker.' Hiring 
Miomirv. ar a salary of loO^. per annum, of j in the parish of Warbleton, East SosKif 
the Sixnety for Promoting Christizm Know- ; and keeping a hundred workmen in his 
ledge, in rlie islands of St. Martin and St. employ. He became known as a proti»tant 
A^es. Fie was ordained priest by Bishop at the b*?ginning of loo4 by * admonishing* 
Carny in Exeter Cathedral on lo July l>'2\. Geo^e Fairebanke, the rector of Warbletoo, 
At Scilly he remaineil until June 184:^. and when in the pulpit. Woodman was arretsted 
diirin;^ that time rebuilt the church on St. , for this infrmgement of the *act of lo53 
Martin'.-*, and restored that on St. A^mes. against offenders ofpreaehers and other mini- 
At that date he retired with a gratuity of sters in the churche* (1 >£ary st. 2. c 3). 
100/. and a pension of 75/. per annum. He He was taken before the local magistntes, 
WAS appointed on \'2 Feb, LsW to the per- and twice brought up before quarter ses- 
petual ciinicy of Martindale in Westmor- sions to give securitv for good behaviour, 
land, and held it until his death on 1^4 Dec. For contumacious re^isal to do this he wts 
lS4tj. His wife, Mary Fabian, whom he imprisoned during two periods of thres 
married ar Stoke Damerel, died at Taunton '. months { ' two more sessions *) under the 
in .\.iij:a-c l*^o6. Their only son, William ' act. Duriuir this time he was twice ex- 
Auffu^tiis W.Todley, was the proprietor of amined before the bishop of Chichester, 
the • S.jmeri^t County Gazette' (Taunton) , Geonre Ddy '<v ^-r* *°*^ ^^^ times before 
and or her papers; he died at 3 Worcester '■ Cardinal Pole's • ct>mmisaioners.' In June 
Terrac^^. Clifton. Bristol, on 11 March 1>91, ' 1.W4 he was committed by the Sussex migi- 
jind was buried in St. Mary's cemetery, strates to the queen*s bench prison, London, 
Taiinr.-.n- a measure of doubtful legality; there he 

Woodley was the author of 1. * Mount remained a prisoner nearly eighteen months. 
EdgcumbeVwiththe * Shipwreck' and miscel- ! In November looo Woodman was sent br 
lane*-nis verses, 1S04 ; preface sijmed G. W. Dr. John Story ^q. v.', Bonner s persecuting 
(cf. IIi.L££ni and Lmisq, Amm, Lit, iL 1670). , chancellory to t£at Ushop'a notorious ' cosl- 



[Bi'iafle and Coortnsy's Btbl. Cbnmb. ii. 903- 
9<)3. 95 L. 1 362-3 : Allen and Madnre's SJP.CX 
1S98, pp. -MM-l ; British Lady's Mag. Fcbmnr 
1818. p. 93; (xenL Mag. 1847. L 444; 5atei 
and Queries, 3rd aer. iiL 399 ; postscript b> For* 
tajz&l Delivered: ioformation from Mr. Aztfas 



Woodman 



405 



Woodrofife 



house/ After a month's imprisonment here 
he was called up for repeated examinations. 
lie proved by thirty respectable witnesses 
that he had not been arrested for heresy, 
and on 18 Dec. 1555 was set unconditionally 
at liberty, his detention under the statute 
on which he was arrested being held illegal. 
Assertions being made that he had pur- 
chased his release by submission to the church, 
"Woodman vindicated his consistency by 
itinerant preaching in the neighbourhood of 
his home. A warrant was issued for his 
arrest, but he escaped to Flanders, and thence 
to France. After an absence of three 
weeks he secretly returned home ; he was at 
last betrayed by his brother, with whom he 
had had disputes upon money matters. He 
was taken in his own house, and on 12 April 
1557 sent to London. Confined again in 
Bonner^s * coalhouse,' he was six times ex- 
amined during a period of eight weeks. 
Thence he was removed to the Marshalsea, 
the sheriff's prison in Southwark. While 
here he wrote the account of his examina- 
tions preserved by Foxe. His second ex- 
amination took place on 27 April before 
John Christopherson [q. v.], bishop-designate 
of Chichester, during which it appeared that 
a technical difficulty vitiated the legality of 
the proceedings, the bishop-designate not yet 
having been consecrated. On 25 May 1557 
Woodman was brdught before John White 
(1510 P-1560) [q. v.J, bishop of Winchester, 
at St. George's Church, Southwark. White 
had no jurisdiction except such as arose out 
of Woodman's answers to Pole's commis- 
sioners which had been given in his diocese. 
These were on a second hearing (15 June) 
at St. Mary Overy produced against him. 
Woodman at once took the legal point that he 
was not resident within White's diocese, and 
that White had therefore no jurisdiction 
under the act 2 Henry IV, c. 16. He was 
remanded till 16 June, when Christopherson 
appeared as an assessor together with Wil- 
liam Roper [q. v.J, one of the commissioners 
for the suppression of heresy appointed in 
the previous February. Woodman was now 
ordered to be sworn, under this inquisitorial 
commission, as suspect of heresy. He refused 
to swear, and again appealed to his ordinary 
under the statute of Henry IV. This point 
had been foreseen, for Christopherson not 
heing yet consecrated, Pole had nominated 
Nicholas HarpsHeld [q. yJ, archdeacon of 
Canterbury, as ordinary. Tnereupon Wood- 
man allowed himself to be entrapped into 
a declaration upon the nature of the sacra- 
ment and excommunicated. Throughout 
his examinations he behaved with great cold- 
ness. He was taken to Lewes, and burnt 



there in company with nine others on 
22 June. 

Traditions of Woodman linger in Sussex. 
The site of his house is still pointed out. 
He is said to have been connned in the 
second story of the church tower of Warble- 
ton, which bears some indications of having 
been used as a prison. An old stone cellar 
at Uckfield is said to have been another 
place of his imprisonment, and the third is 
the great vault under the Star inn (now the 
town hall) at Lewes, in front of which he 
and his fellow-martyrs were burnt. 

[Foxe's Actes and Monuments (Book of Mnr- 
tyrs), ed. 1641, pp. 799-827; Burnet's Hist, of 
the Reformation ; Wilkins's Concilia, 1737, vol. 
iv. ; Lower's Worthies of Sussex, 1865, pp. 138- 
147 ; Strype's Memorials of the Reformation, 
vol. iii. ; I)ixon*B Hist of the Church of England, 
1891, vol. iv. ; Horsfield's Hist, of Sussex, 1835, 
i. 572.1 L S. L. 

WOODMAN, RICHARD (1784-1859), 
engraver, son of Richard Woodman, an 
obscure engraver who worked at the end of 
the last centurv, was born in London on 
1 July 1784. lie served his apprenticeship 
with Robert Mitchell Meadows, the stipple 
engraver, in whose manner he worked, and 
for some years found considerable employ- 
ment upon book illustrations, chiefly por- 
traits of actors, sportsmen, and noncon- 
formist ministers. Plates by him are found 
in Knight's * Gallery of Portraits,* the * Sport- 
ing Magazine,' the * British Gallery of Art,* 
and Cottle's * Reminiscences.* His largest 
and best work is the * Judgment of Paris,' 
from the picture by Rubens, now in the Na- 
tional Gallery. During the latter part of 
his life Woodman practised chiefly as a 
painter of miniatures and small watercolour 
portraits, which he exhibited occasionally at 
the Royal Academy between 1820 and 1850. 
He died on 15 Dec. 1859. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet, 
of Artists, 1760-1893.] F. M. O'D. 

WOODNOTH. [See Wodenote and 

WODENOTII.] 

WOODROFFE, BENJAMIN (1638- 
1711), divine, son of the Rev. Timothy 
Woodrotte, was bom in Canditch Street, St. 
Mary Magdalen parish, Oxford, in April 
1638. He was educated at Westminster 
school, and was elected to Christ Church, 
Oxford, in 1666, matriculating on 23 July 
1056. He graduated B.A. 1 Nov. 1659, 
M.A. 17 June 1662, and he was incorpo- 
rated at Cambridge in 1664. From about 
1662 he was a noted tutor at Christ Church, 
and in 1063 he studied chemistry with An- 
tony Woody John Locke, and others, at 



WoodrofFe 406 WoodroflFe 

rKford undf^r Peter Sttluel from Strwbai^. building it in die hope of dzmwing to it dM 
He was admitted F.Kj4. on 7 May I66r^. - Greek yoatha bionglifc to tgnj^Uml Vy dM 
EaAj in 1668, as Balliol College had no ; advocates of reunion with die Greek chneL 
ataturable master of arta to hold the office | About 1697 he commenced the erection, on 
of proctor, he entered himaelf there aa a mrt of the adjoining site of the eoUege of 
commoner and was elected hj the college as Carmelite friars, of a large houae to be called 
proctor. The ralidity of his election was the Greek College. It was of flimsr con- 
referred ro the king and privy council, hot atmction, no one wonld live in it, and it 
was remitted to the university and given by • was known aa * Woodroffis's folly ' till its 
convocation against him. destruction in 1806. Bv Febmazj 1606-9 

Woo<irotfe was appointed chaplain to the five young Greeks had been brought ftam 
Duke of York in 1669, and aerved with him Smyrna, nnd the number was afterwards in- 
when the duke was in command of the creased to ten. The nuamanagemeut of the 
Royal Prince in the engagement with the i college and other delbcts came undor the 
Dutch olf .South wold on if^ 3Cay 1672. This censure of the Greek ecclesinatics at Con- 
lefl to his appointment as chaplain to stantinopLe. and the youths were forbidden 
Charles EI in 1674-, and to his advancement ' to studv at (JxfonL <>neofthem,Franci8C0i 
in the churrh. He became lecturer to the Pros-mlentes, printed in 1706 the woik, 
Temple in November 1672. and through the ; which was reproduced in 1362, in the 
intliience of the Duke of York was installed : Greek language exposing the paradoxes and 
canon of Christ Church on 1 7 Dec. 1672. On sophisois of the princif^L Detaila of tbe 
14 Jan. 1672-^$ he proceeded B.D. and D.D. j manner in which some of these boys wen 
Through the favour of Theophilus, earl of ' drawn otF to the Roman chorch, ani^ of the 
Hiintinflfdon, a former pupil, he was insti- outlay incurred by Woodroffe in maintaining 
tiit»id in 1673 to the vicarage of Fiddleton in . the establishment, are set out In the calen- 
Dor?)et, but resigned it in the next year, < dar of treasury papers (1702-7, pp. 42, 207- 
when he was made subdean of Christ 200, :362, 390-400, 407) and in ^ Xotes ind 
Church. At this time WoodrolFe was a - Queries' <2nd ser. ix. 4o7-dK He reeeiTed 
frequent preacher at Oxford, but, if the i grants from William III and Anne ibr the 
te^f imony of Humphrey Prideaux can be J Greek college. 

rrflied upon, his sermons were the subject of Another disappointment in connectioo 
much ridicule (Ij^ffer^fo John EIUm^ CumAan \ with Gloucester Hall befell its principal. Sir 
Soc.) In 167'> hti was appointed to the Thomas C»)okes q. v.], a Worcestershire baio- 
vioiniif'* of Shrivenham, Berkshire, on the ; net, determined in July 1607 upon spending 
nomi nation of Ifenea^e, earl of N'ottingham, ' lO.'JtJO/. as an endowment for a college at Qx- 
to whose three i»ons he had been tutor at I f«)nl. Gloucester Hall was the favourite oIh 
Cliriat Church ; but Prirleanx a!»rterts that he ; ject, though the money was all but diverted 
got the living through tricking Richard el^ where mainly through Woodrofle insert- 
i'enrs Tq. v.l ing in the charter a clause that the Idi^ 

On 15 Nov. 1676 WoodrodTe obtained a '. mig'ht put in and turn out fellows at his 
license to marry liorothy Stonehouw of ; pleasure. This was withdrawn, but Cook« 
ffe-^.^lsleijrh, Berk:*hire,aai8ter of Sir Blewett ' still refused on various grounds to canr 
iSr«mehouMe, with a reputed fortune of 3,0(X)/., out his intention, and WoodrotFe preached 
and they went to live at Knightsbrid^e so a sharp sermon on 23 May 1700 at recken- 
a.^ to be near the court. He had b'en ap- . ham before the trustees of the Cookes charitj. 
p«^>inte«l to the rectorj' of St. Bartholomew, | The baronet died in 1701, and the bill for 
n*'arthe Royal Exchange, London, on 19 April settlin^r his charity upon Gloucester IIill 
UuW^ and he was colLited to a canonry in i was defeated in the House of Commons after 
Lichtield Cathedral on 21 Sept. I ^7?^. These " pas.« ing through the House of Lords on 
pr^rferments he held with his canonry at ' 29 April 1702. Three pamphlets were issued 
Cliri.sr Church until hi.s death. ; by WoodrotFe in its support, and an anony- 

In U><'> Woo<lrotfe was consid**red a likely mou.-? reply was i^Titten by John Baron. The 
p^.T."»on for the bi.sliopric of <Jxford, but he ' matter was not carried through until the 
did not obtain the appointment. He was ' printripal's death. 

nominated dftan of Christ Church by .lames II Wo«xlrotle married, as his second wife, 
on M D.o. lf>S8, but was not installed, the . Mary Marbury, sister and one of the three 
dean-rv l>*Mng givm to Aldrich. Wofxlroft'e C'»heiresses of William and Richard Mar- 
was admitted on \T} \\\)T, 1^392 principal of ] bury. He was * proprietor of one of the 
CHoucester Hall, which was in complete ' sult-rocks in Cheshire,' and he bought the 
deray, and by hin interest amonif the gentry j manor of Marbury in 1705 for 19,000/., but 
drew to it several students. He began re- j could not complete the purchase. Two actions 



Woodrooffe 



Wood row 



L these estates were c&rried to the 
)rds, and he lost them both. He 
■wae for Eome time confined in the Fleet 
prison, and his canoDr^ was sequestrated in 
April 1709. He died m London on 14 Aug. 
1711, and was buried on 19 Aug. in hu 
own vault in the cburchof St. Bartnolomen 
(Malcolm, iflnii, Medivivum, ii. 428). He 
was B, learned man, knowing several lan~ 
guages, including Italian, Portuguese, and 
• some of the Orientals,' Mr. Ffoulkes men- 
tions a letter by him as ' in excellent Greek 
and beautifully written.' He read in Fe- 
bruary 1691-2 at the Guildhall chapel < the 
serrica of the Church of England in the 
Italian lang'uage ' (IlUt. MSS. Cinnm. 6th 
Rep. App. p. 3fli). llut he wanted judgment, 
Bnd his temper was unsettled and wiiimsi- 
cal. A |)ortrait of him bangs in the pro- 
vost's lodgings at Worcester College. 

Woodroffe's writings consisted, in addi- 
tion to single sermons and poems in the 
.OxfordcollectionSjOf : l.'SomniumNaTale,' . 
1673. This is a Latin poem on the engage- | 
ment in Southwold Bav. 2. ' The Great 
Question how far Religion is concerned in i 
Policy and Civil Government,' 1679. 3. ' The ' 
Fall o( Babylon : Uefiectionson tlie Kovelties 
of Home by B. W., D.D.,' 1690. The licenser ! 
would not allow its publication in March 
1686-7. 4. ' O Livro da Ora^ao Commun ' 
(English prayer-book and Psalms translated 
into Portuguese by Woodroffe and K. 
Abendana, J udsus), 169o. 5, ' Examinis et. | 
examinantis examen, adveraus calumnias 
F. Foris Otrokocsi,' 1700. Prefixed is tlie \ 
author's portrait by R. "White. 6. ' Daniel's 
Seventy Weeks explained,' 1702. 7. ' De ! 
S. Scripturarum Aviapntia, dialog! duo inter 
Greo. Apt*! et Geo. Mamies prteside Henj. 
WoodroEfe GrKce,' 1704. ^ 

[Union Beview, i. 490-500, ii. 650, bv E. S. I 
Ffoulkes; George Willinme'H Orthodoi Church I 
in the Eighteenth Century, pp. zvlii-ixr ; 
Pearson's Levant Chaplains, pp. 43-6, 66-8 ; 
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 15(jO-171-1; Wood's 
AthenEG. ed. Bli^s, iv. S10~2 ; Wood's Fasti, ed. j 
Bliss, ii. 218, 262, 3D], 332-3: Clark's Oiford | 
Colleges, pp. 436^42 ; Le Nevo's Fasti, i. 62o, 
ii. 613-18, ill. 681 ; Welch's Westni. School, pp. . 
149-6 ; Wood's Life and Times, ed. Clark, i. i 
472, 484. ii. 129. 193, 266. iii. 398, 399, 4:^6 ; 
Heame's Collections, passim; Watt's Bibl.Brit, ; 
Baron's Case of Gloucester Hull ; The Case of | 
I>T.Woodrafre(BoJUian^; Barker's Life of Bus- ; 
bj; Lords' Journals, xvii. 27-98, iviii, 19-100; ' 
Commons' Journnts, liii. 843. 663 ; DhdicI and 
Barker's Hint, of Worcester College,] i 

W. P. C. I 

"WOODROOFFE, Mes. ANNE (1766- I 
1830), author, only child of John Cox of 
Harwich, was bom on 14 July 1766. On , 



'27 July 1803 she married at Streatham 
^ Nathaniel George Woodrooffe (1766-1851), 
! who was vicar of Somerford Keynes, Wilt- 
i shire, from 1803. The Woodrooffe family 
was of some antiquity, being descended from 
Thomas Woodrooffe (rector of Chartham, 
I Kent, 1640 to 1660), of the house of Wood- 
roffe of Hope in Derbyshire (cf. Wood- 
rooffe, Pediirr«o/»*«wiTOo/-e, 1878). Mrs. 
Woodrooffe devoted herself to teaching, in 
which she attained great excellence. In 
1821 she issued at Cirencester 'Cottage Dia- 
logues ' (8vo ; ;ind edit. 18.i6), which was 
written with a view to entertaining and im- 
proving the lower classes by a delineation 
of characters and scenes in rural life. Her 
moat important book, ' Shades of Charac- 
ter ' (Ualli, lH2i, 3 vols. 4to), was ' designed 
to promote the formation of the female cha- 
racter on the basis of Christian principle,' and 
is a system of education for girls set forth in 
the form of dialogues with a slight thread 
of story running through them. The fourth 
edition is dated 1841, and there was a seventh 
in 1855. The book shows insight into human 

Mrs. Woodrooffe died on 24 March 1830, 
and was buried at Somerford Keynes. She 
left one daughter—Emma Martha, bom on 
30 Jlay 1807, who married, on 6 Feb. 1852, 
Thomas Wood (d. 19 Dec. 1865). 

Other works by Mrs, Woodrooffe are t 
1. ' The History of Michael Kemp,' Bath, 
1819, 12mo ; 9th ed. 1855. 2. ' Michael the 
Married Man,' a sequel to the last, London, 
1827, 12mo; L>nd ed. 1855. 3. 'First Prayer 
in Verse,' new ed. 1855. 

[Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit.; Bsth aod 
Cheltcaham Gazaite, 30 March 1830; Gent. 
Mac. 1862, i. 102. In the Brit. Mus. Cat. most 
of Mrs. Woodrooffe's works are assigned in error 
to • Sarah ' Woodrooffe.] E. L 

WOODROW, HENRY (1833-1876), 
promoter of education in India, horn at Nor- 
wich on 31 Julv 1823, was the son of Henry 
Woodrow, a solicitor in that city. On his 
mother's side he was descended from the 
Family of Temple of St«we. After four years' 
education at Eaton, near Norwich, he entered 
Rugby in February 1839. He was in the 
ichoolhouse, and was one of the six boys who 
took supper with Dr. Arnold on the evening 
before his death. Many of the incidents of 
Woodrow'sschoollifeare recounted in 'Tom 
Brown's School Days,' though Judge Hughes 
lias divided them among different characters. 
(Vmong his friends were Edward Henry 
Stanley, fifteenth earl of Derby [q. v.], Sir 
Uichard Temple, and Thomas Hughes. He 
was admitted to Caius College, Carabridlge, 



Wood row 



Wood row 



na fourteenth wra.ugler aud M.A. by roral 
mondfttein 1840. In MichBelmas 1846 'he 
ytaa elected to a junior fellowship whicb he 
retained until 1854. In Noveniber 1&48 be 
accepted thepostofprlncipalofthe Mart i n i&rd 
College at Calcutta, and in 1S54 be waa ap- 
pointed Becretnry to'.he council of education, 
Teceiving also the charge of the government 
Hchool book B^ncy. The orrBngements in 
TOguu when he accepted office had loDgheen 
reoogmieed as uneatisfftctory. The council 
was composed of members all of whom bad 
regular oHicial duties of other kinda, and 
most of Ibe labour of ndminiatration fell 
upon the secretary. Under this system edu- 
cation in Bengal had been declinine- The . 
only government vernacular echooTs were 
those founded by Lord Hardinge [see IIahi)- . 
iNflE, Sib Hhsrt, first ViBCOirarJ and these | 
had dwindled from lUl to twenty-six. In I 
18fi5 a new syatem was introduced. A 
Beoarate department, called ' The Bengal 
Kducational Service,' was instituted whose 
sole duty wdb the management of govem- 
ment education. William Gordon Young 
wafl anpointed first director of puhlic Ln- 
etruction in Bengal, and Woodrow became 
inspector of schools in ea.Bteni Ilengal. At 
the time of Woodrow's nomination be had 
only sixteen suhoole to inspect from Cal- 
cutta to Cbittagong, among fifteen millions 
of inhabitants. lie threw himself ardently 
into the work, and, not confining himself to 
his official duties, stimulated the interest of 
thi! natives by frequent lectures on physical 
science. In 1861 the number of schools had 
increased to eight hundred, and inl876ithad 
risea to more than five thousand. On his 
first appointment he introduced the system 
of 'circle schools,' under which one superior 
teacher visited a croup of village schools in 
turn. This plan, tliough now olwolete owing 
to the increased number of teachers, was 
very Buccessful at the time in raising the 
stondard of the elementary schools. W'ood- 
row also introduced practical 8tudies,8uch as 
surveying, into the curriculum, in order to 
demonstrate more forcibly the advantages 
of Bovernment teaching to the people, and 
on bis visitA of inspection he erected nume- 
rous sundials to supply the lacli of clocks. 
In 1859 Lord Stanley, his former school- 
follow, who was then secretary of elate for 
India, gave Woodrow high praise iu his 
memorable despatch <m education, quoting 
from several of bis reports and tesiilying to 

*'■ ^ -"- -,8 of bis system. 

lued his labours until 
;■ later, when Sir George Camp- 



bell, the lieutennnt-govemor, considCTin; 

that government uducBtion was eaffieiently 
well organised to dispense with a specisi 
department, replaced the administnlion of 
the schools in the hands of the collectors of 
districts by a resolution dated SOSept. 1872, 
restricting the educational department ti> 
the duties of teaching and reporting. 

Although Woodrow did not r^gtrd the 
new system with favour.he accepted quietly 
the change in his position. In the follow- 
ing year he visited Europe, inapecled tlia 
scnooU and colleges at ^'ienns, studied the 
Swiss schools at Zurich, aud while in Eng- 
land acted as examiner in the goremmeot 
competition exominDtions under the civil 




On his return to Calcutta in 1675 b*ea- 
deavoured to induce the nniversity of Cal- 
cutta to extend lis curriculum in physical 
sciences and to curtail the study of meta- 
physics. In the same year he acted for s 
month asprincJpsl of the presidency coU(f« 
at Calcutta, hut in September he was ap- 
pointed to officiate as director of public in- 
struction in Bengal, and be eucceedfd 
definitelyto the post on the death of Wilhim 
Stephen Atkinson in January l«i76. Hil 
apjiointment occasioned great satisfocttoD Uy 
the natives of Bengal, but his tenure of 
office was short. He died without is^oetl 
UarjCling on 11 Oct. 1876. He married it 
Cakulta,onl80cC. 18o4,Elitabelb,daught«r 
of C. Butler, a surgeon of Brentwood in 
Essex. The natives of India raised 7Q0I. to 
found a scholarship in Calcutta L'nivenily 
and to erect a memorial bust of Woodrow. 
The bust was executed in marble by Edwin 
Roscoe MuUins and placed in the uniremtir 
of Calcutta. Another bust of him is ID tllB 
librarv of Cains College, and a iiiblet wu 
placed in Uugby school diapel iu 1879 by» 
lew of his friends and schoalfellowi. In 
1662 Woodrow extricated from the mawof 
records the minutes of Ijird Macaulay irh«i 
president of the council of education, aod 
published them separately. For this he re- 
ceived the thanks of the govern or^cnaiJi 
Lord Canning. He wastheButhornl apmi- 
' ' t ' On the 

of Testa for thysic 
present System of Compelitive l:'.-i:niir.:<. ■'■ 
lOrtheAriny.Navy.ondlndiant.'n il ^.t^jv.', 
London, 1875 (cf. ZW/y JVptta, i^f Jun. lo7u). 
[An Indian Career : Uemoir of llenry Wood- 
row, ISTSi laarie'a Distinguished Anglo- lodiuis 
2nd SM. pp. 137-BS. 313-87; Bngby Pchoul 
Register, 1881. i. 208; Venn's Bioar. Ilifll- 6f 
Ounvilto and Calae College, 189S, ii. 1S7 ; Jooc- 
□al of the Natl ODxl Indian AsBociation. ISTT-PP- 
U-17; Record, 23 April 1879.] E. 1. C, 



Woods 



409 



Woods 



WOODS, JAMES (1672-1759), noncon- 
formist minister. [See Wood.] 

WOODS, JOSEPH (1776-1864), archi- 
tect and botanist, second son of Joseph 
"Woods by his wife Margaret, daughter of 
Samuel lloare, was bom at Stoke Sewing- 
ton on 24 Aug. 1776. His father, a member 
of the Society of Friends, engaged in com- 
merce, contributed in English and in Latin, 
both prose and verse, to the ' Monthly 
Ledger.' Delicate health causing Wooos 
to be removed from school when only thir- 
teen or fourteen years old, he was mainly 
self-taught, but became proficient in Latin, 
Greek, Hebrew, French, Italian, and modem 
Greek. When sixteen he was articled to a 
business at Dover ; but, preferring architec- 
ture, he placed himself in the office of 
Daniel Asher Alexander [q. v.], and after- 
wards began to practise, but, having no 
business capacity, was not very successful. 
He designed Clissold Park House for his uncle 
Jonathan Hoare, and the Commercial Sale- 
room, Mincing Lane ; but in the latter build- 
ing, a failure having resulted from his miscal- 
culation of the strength of some iron trestles, 
he had to make good the loss. In 1806 
W'oods formed the London Architectural 
Society, of which he became the first pre- 
sident ; and in 1808 he printed, but does not 
seem to have published, * An Essay on 
Modem Theories of Taste' (London, 1808, 
8vo). Having been entrusted with the 
editing of the remainder of Stuart's * Anti- 
quities of Athens,' Woods in 1816 issued 
the fourth volume of that work [see Stuart, 
James, 1713-1788], Woods had already 
devoted considerable attention to geology, 
and still more to botany, as is proved by 
the appearance in the * Transactions ' of the 
Linnean Society for 1818 (vol. xii.) of a 

* Synopsis of the ]3ritish Species of Rosa,' 
the first of a series of papers devoted to the 
more difficult or * critical ' genera of flower- 
ing plants. In April 1816 he had started 
on a continental tour through France, Italy, 
and Greece, the results of which appeared 
in a paper * On the Rocks of Attica com- 
municated to the Geological Society in 1824 
(^Geological Transactionsy i. 170-2), and in 

* Letters of an Architect from France, Italy, 
and Greece ' (London, 1828, 2 vols. 4to) ; the 
work has illustrations by the author which 
are good in drawing but poor in colour and 
chiaroscuro; the text evinces considerable 
critical taste and judgment. 

On his return to England in 1819 Woods 
took chambers in Fumival's Inn ; but in 
1833 he retired from his profession and 
settled at Lewes, Sussex, devoting himself 



mainly to botany. He contributed critical 
papers on * Fedia ' to the Linnean * Trans- 
actions ' for 1835 (vol. xvii.), on *Carex' 
to the * Phytologist ' for 1847, and on * Atri- 
plex' to the same periodical for 1849, and 
made various excursions in England and 
abroad while engaged upon the * Tourists' 
Flora,' the work by which he is best known. 
Accounts of such excursions to the north 
of England and to Brittany appear in the 
* Companion to the Botanical Magazine ' for 
1836 and 1836, and that of one to Germany 
in the * Phytologist ' for 1844 (vol. i.) In 
1850 appeared the * Tourists' Flora : a De- 
scriptive Catalogue of the Flowering Plants 
and Ferns of the British Islands, France, 
Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the Italian 
Islands' (London, 1850), a work which has 
not yet been superseded. With a feeble 
constitution in a largely developed frame. 
Woods possessed tireless energy, and, being 
always a good walker, he continued to make 
excursions and to study critical plants, with 
a view to a second edition of his * Flora,' up 
to the time of his death. Thus there are 
records in the * Phytologist ' of visits to Gla- 
morgan and Monmouth in 1850, to France 
in 1861, and to the Great Orme's Head and 
part of Ireland in 1855; and in 1857 he 
visited the north of Spain (Journal of the 
Linnean Society, 'Botany,' vol. ii. 1858). 
He studied the genus Salicomia, partly in 
conjunction with Richard Kippist (1812- 
1882) [q. v.], also a native of Stoke New- 
ington, who had assisted him with the 
* Tourists' Flora' {Phytologist , vol. iv. 1851, 
and Proceedings of the Linnean Society, vol. 
ii. 1855) ; but the last series to engage his 
attention were the Rubi (Phytologist, new 
ser. vol. i. 1855-6), many of which he 
sketched. He also amused himself, when 
over eighty years of age, by finishing up 
some of his early architectural sketches as 
presents to his friends; and he was for 
many years an exceptionally brilliant chess 
player. 

Woods died, unmarried, at his house in 
Southover Crescent, Lewes, 9 Jan. 1864, and 
was buried in the Friends' cemetery in the 
same town. He was a fellow of the Linnean, 
Geological, and Antiquaries' societies ; and, 
in addition to fifteen papers with which he is 
credited in the Royal Society's * Catalogue' 
(yi.436), he contributed to Smith's * English 
feotany ' descriptions of several species that 
he had discovered which were new to Britain. 
Robert Brown (1773-1858) [q. v.] gave the 
name Woodsia to a rare and beautiful genus 
of British ferns. There is an engraved 
portrait of Woods by Cotman, dated 1822, 
of which there is a copy at the Linnean 



Woods 410 Woodville 

, i TDOouw Hi* hertMrioiii of British the mines of the northern teriilurv. There 

eDU was given bj him to Jam«« Ebeneoer he contracted fever, and, after halting for 
heno Jl'^-\ and* is now at the Royal In> some time at Brisbane, arrived at SjdiMj in 
stitatiooT ^Hransea ; bat hi« laiver fpeneFal 18^7. lie continoed his seientifie work,'hat 
eoUecticn is now the propertT of Mr. Frederic the hardships of travel had nndemiined his 
Townsend of Ilonington, \Carwickshiie. , const it ation, and he died at Sjdnej on 

[I»v«r^f WorthiM of Sii««x. 186^, p. S12 : 7 Oct. 1889. A numnment was erected over 
Friends' Biofzr. C^t. p. 736; Proceedings of his grave bj pablie sabecriptioo. 
the liscean SDcietj, 1863-4. rol. zxxii.; Jour- Woods was a man of wide coltme, a mn- 
nal of Botanj, 1861. p. 6i .- Britten and Bonl- sician, an artist, and something' of a poet, 
ger s Biogr. Index of British Bouni5:».] ^ for he wrote a number of hymns (printed for 

G. S. B. prirate drcnlation) and a poem entitled ' The 

WOODS, Jl'LLVX ED3IUND TEXI- Sorrows of Mary,* 1883. At one time also 
SOX- (183^-l&'^s geologist and naturalist, he edited two 'religious periodicals, 'The 
was the sixth son of James Dominick Woods, Southern Cross* ai^ *The Chaplet.' His 
barricter and journalist, by Henrietta, second conversational powers made him popular in 
daughter of the Rev. Joseph Teni«on of society, and he was beloved br thoee among 
Donoughmore, Wicklow, ^reat-gr&ndson of whom he laboured, for he Uvei meet firugally 
Edward Tenison 'q. v.], bishop of Ossory. that he might give largely. He also wrote 
Julian Edmund was born at Milbank Cottage, a ' History of the Discovery and Exploim- 
West Street, South wark. on 15 Nov. 1^32, tion of Australia ' (London, 1865, 2 vols.), 
and was chiefly educated at Newington gram- another book on the ' Fish and Fisheries of 
mar school. While still young he became New South Wales,' published in 18d2, and 
a Koman catholic and joined the Passionist letters in newspapers descriptiveofhis travels, 
ord»rr. In 1852, as his health had failed, he j together with more than a nundred and fifty 
went to France, where he continued his ! papers on natural history, geology, wai 
studies, first at Lyons, afterwards at Hy&res. palaeontologv. Most of them were printed 
In 1^54 he returned to England, but, finding m the publications of Australian and Tas- 
himself unable to remain, accompanied Bishop ,' manian societies, but two were contributed 
Wilson to Tasmania to work under him. In ! to the Geologiod Society of London (in 
I806 he purpost^ returning to England, but • 1860 and 18&), of which he was elected a 
on reachingAdelaidewa.s persuaded by Bishop fellow in 18*59. He was elected president of 
Murphy to remain there. Hitherto he had the Linnean Society of Xew South Wales 
been in minor orders, but he was ordained in 1<S>0, and received the gold medal of thd 
deacon on 18 Dec. 1?<56, and priest a few days Koyal Society of that colony in 1888. 
aftennards. He then became missionary : [information from C. M. Tcniaon, esq., Ho- 
priest in the south-eastern district of South b^rt, Tasmania, and a brief obituary notice, 
Australia, where he worked energetically Quart. Jour. Geol. 80c. 1890, voL xlri. Proc 
for ten years. Towards the end of that ' p. 48.] T. G. B. 

time he assumed the name of Tenison before ^^^^^^ ,.^««^«, ,,^^^, ,«^- 

WOODS, KOBERT (1622 P-1665), ma- 



his surname. In 1^^7 he became vicar- . . .^ ^ ^ 

general of the diocese, and for four years thematician. ^^ee »\ ooD.j 

w^'* resident in AdeUide. But he felin- : WOODSTOCK, EDMUND or, Eakl of 

qui>hed that oost to bt^coran a travelling j^^st (1^01-1330). [See Edmcsd.] 

mis>ionary under the archbishop of Svdnev, "" _ 

and ill 1 873 was missionary priest in Queen's- I WOODSTOCK, EDWARD OF (1330- 

land, duty of this kind specially attract- , 1376), the BUck Prince. [See Edward.j 

ing him because it afforded opportunities 1 ^qODSTOCK, ROBERT OP (d, 1428), 

for Prr^;^utmff "^pT^^^^", ^"^win^it " canonist and civilian. TSee IlEETii, RobeeiJ 
tween 18/4 and lo/ohe spent much time m , ^ -» j 

Tasmania, compilinp: a census of the con- i WOODSTOCK, THOMAS or, Eakl of 
cholocy and ])ttljf.-ontolo^y of the island, ■ Buckixgham and Duke of GLorcESiEB 
which was imblished in the 'Transactions' (^13.).>-1397;. [.See Thomas.] 

of the local Uoval S^xiietv. In 1877 he ; 

went hack to Svdnev and devoted himself WOODVILLE or WYDVILLE, AX- 
mor.; and more to science, till in 1883 he re- . THONV, Bakon Scales and second Eakl 
linqiii/-h<d chjrical work and started on a Ki vers (144i»:-- 1483), eldest son of Bichard 
loiitr tour in Malay, Singapore, the Philip- | Woodville, first earl Bivers [q. v.], and his 
pines, China, and Japan. On his return to wife Jacquetta, duchess of l^.iford,wasbom 
Auhtniliii in i>^f<ii \w was sent by the go- ; in or about 144l' (Baker, ii. 16:?). Lionel 
verninent of South Australia to report on | Woodville [^q.v.] was a younger brother. In 



Wood vi lie 



411 



Woodville 



January 1460 his father took him to Sand- 
wich, where both were surprised and cap- 
tured by a band of Yorkists and carried off 
to Calais to be severely * rated * by the Yorkist 
leaders for upstart insolence in taking part 
in their recent attainder at Coventry (Will. 
WoRC. p. 771 ; Paston Letters, i. 506). He 
married, between 26 July 1460 Twhen her 
father was slain by the Yorkists) ana 29 March 

1461, Elizabeth, baroness Scales and Neu- 
celles (Newcell8).in her own right, the child- 
less widow of Sir Henry Bourchier, second 
son of Henry Bourchier, earl of Essex [q.v.] 
At Towton Woodville fought on the Lancas- 
trian side, and was at first reported to have 
fallen (ib, ii. 6, 8 ; Cal. State Papers^ Vene- 
tian, i. 103, 105-6). llegarding the cause of 
Henry VI as now * irremediably lost,* he 
and his father transferred their allegiance to 
Edward IV (ib. i. 111). His recognition as 
Lord Scales m right of his wife followed in 

1462, and under this title he was summoned 
to parliament from 22 Dec. in that year 
(DiJGDALE, ii. 231 ; Complete Peerage, vi. 
371). At this moment he was helping to 
direct the siege of Alnwick Castle, which 
fell on 6 Jan. following {Paston Letters, ii. 
121). After his sister Elizabeth's marriage 
to the king in 1464 his advancement became 
rapid. Two years later he succeeded the 
Duke of Milan as a knight of the Garter, and 
received a grant of the lordship of the Isle 
of Wight, of which he seems to have been 
the last holder. He was pushing a claim 
to the disputed estates of Sir John Fastolf 
[q. v.] (ib. li. 214). 

Scales, like his father before him, was an 
accomplished knight, and his tournament 
with the Bastard of Burgundy in June 1467 
aroused more than national interest. Two 
years before, at the instigation of the queen's 
ladies and with the permission of the king, 
who was probably already meditating a 
Burgundian alliance, he despatched a chal- 
lenge to Anthony, count of La Koche, in the 
Ardennes, natural son of Philip, duke of 
Burgundy, and brother of Charles the Bold, 
a knight of great renown (Excerpta Ilis- 
fonca, pp. 178-84). The Bastard promptly 
accepted the challenge, but the wars in 
which Burgundy was soon engaged delayed 
his coming over until May 1467 (ib. p. 
173; Fo'dera, xi. 673; AViLL. WoRC. p. 
786). Great preparations were made for the 
combat, which took place in Smithfield on 
11 and 12 June before a splendid audience, 
the king himself presiding over the lists. In 
the first course on horseback the Bastard's 
horse struck its head against the iron of 
Scales's saddle and fell upon its rider, who 
waived the offer of a second horse, remarking 



to the chronicler, Olivier de la Marche 
(p. 524), that Scales had fought a beast that 
day, but should fight a man on the morrow. 
On the 12th thev met on foot with axes, and 
fought so fiercely that the king, seeing that 
Scales was getting the better of his anta- 
gonist cried * Whoo ! ' and threw down his 
warder. The battle was declared drawn 
(Excerpta Historica, pp. 211-12 ; Fabyan, 
p. 606 ; Will. Worc. p. 787 ; cf. Stow, 
Annals). A history of this famous tour- 
nament has been preserved in a manuscript 
belonging to Scales's friend. Sir John Paston 
(who was engaged to his cousin, Anne 
Haute), now in the British Museum (^Lans- 
dovme MS. 285). It is printed with some 
original documents relating to the affair in 
Bentley's * Excerpta Historica.' The death 
of Duke Philip, wnich recalled the Bastard to 
Brussels, hastened the conclusion of the nego- 
tiations for a marriage between his brother, 
the new duke, and Edward TV's sister Mar- 
garet. Scales was a member of the embassy 
which went over in September and definitely 
arranged the match (Fadera, xi. 590). 
He accompanied the bride to Bruges as her 
presenter m June 1408, and broke eleven 
lances with Adolf of Cleves in the jousts 
with which the marriage was celebrated 
(Olivier de la Marche, p. 560 ; Paston 
Letters, ii. 318). The Burgundian alliance 
threatening trouble with France, Edward 

fot together four thousand men to assist the 
^uke of BrittAny against his suzerain, and 
entrusted (7 Oct.) the command of the fleet 
which was to convey it across to Scales, 
now governor of Portsmouth (Fcedera, xi. 
630 ; Will. Worc. p. 792). I^uis XI at 
once came to terms with Duke Francis, but 
the fleet put to sea about 25 Oct., on a 
rumour that Queen Margaret had come 
down to Ilarfleur. After aimlessly cruising 
about for a month, it returned to the Isle of 
Wight (ib.) 

Scales and his father were with the king 
in Norfolk in June 1469 when the Nevilles 
sprang their mine against the Woodville 
ascendency. According to a statement not 
improbable in itself, Edward sent them away 
in the hope of allaying the discontent 
(W^AVRiN, V. 580). Scales somehow con- 
trived to escape the tragic fate which befell 
his father and brother after the skirmish at 
Edgecot (26 July 1469). It made him Earl 
Rivers and constable of England, but he after- 
wards resigned this latter dignity to the Duke 
of Gloucester (Excerpta Historica, p. 241). 
He was at Southampton in the spring of 
1470 when Warwick on his flight to Calais 
tried to cut out his great ship the Trinity from 
that harbour, and succeeded in repulsing the 



Woodville 



\\''oodville 



WORTH, p. 9). Edward made 
of Calais and entrusled bLm 
me in the Uhanuel against the 



While 



TIER VB tA. MaBCHS, p, 629 1 DUODALB, ii. 

231 i but cf. DoTLE). He ii credited hy 
Wavrin (v. 604) with d victory over War- 
trick's fleet in the Seine. He shared Ed- 
word's subsequent exile in the I«w Coun- 
tries, and, returning with him lu 1471, 
rescued him irom an awkward sil 
York and helped to secure him 
Bamet (ib. pp. 611, 640, G47, 652. 
the king was crushing the Lancastrians 
TewkeBbury. Rivera beat off the Bastard of 
Faucnnberg'a attack upon London, and was 
made councillor (8 July) to the young 
PrincB of Wales (Warkwobth, p. 19; 
DorLE). 

lUvera's recent vicissitudes of fortune 
had, however, made a great impression on 
Lis mind ; having been relieved, as he 
afterwards eipkined in the preface to the 
' Dictt<s and Mayings of the Philosophers,' 
by the goodness of Uod be was exhorted to 
dedicate hia recovered life to his service. 
In (Jctober 1471 he obtained a royal request 
for safe^onduct for a voyage to Portugal 
' to be at a day upon the Saracens ' {Firdtra, 
M. 727 ; Platan Letten, iii. 14, 32). The king 
was reported to have been not best pleased 
with his leaving Uira (iVi. iii. 1 1). There was 
u rumour that lie had sailed on Christmas- 
eve {ih. iii. 33). Ue returned in any case 
before 23 July following, when he was em- 
powured to arrange on slliancewitli the Duke 
of Brittany (firrfern, xi. 760). Soon aOer 
he took over a thousand men-at'-arms and 
archers to Brittany, but in November was 
said to be coming hastily home, disease having 
made great ravages among his men {Paston 
LetltTi, iii. 59). InFebruary 1473 he became 
one of the Prince of Wales's guardians and 
chief butler of England, But his present 
prosperity did not cause him to forget the 
"tyme of grete tribulacion and adversiie' 
by which it had been reached, end in the 
summer of this year he went by sea to the 
julrilee and pardon at -Santiago de Compo- 
fltellu. He returned, perhaps through Italy, 
to be appointed ( 10 Nov.) governor to the 
young prince, a dignified post which, as he 
tells us, gave him greater leisure for hia 
literary occupations. But it was not unin- 
terrupted. In the first year of his office 
he was twice sent to try and induce Cliarles 
the Bold to abandon the siege of Neuss for a 
campaign against Louis XI, and in 1475 he 
took part in the luilitBry parade which ended 



the autumn he wi>nt on a pilgKmage to 
Rome, whence he visited the shrine of St 
Nicholas at Bari and other holy plac^ of 
southern Italy {VwiUin Lettert, \a. 1(12; 
jErcr>rpfal/wr«rini,p,24o; Cal.StatePaptn, 
Venetian, i. 133). Returning from Ronw 
early in 1476, he was robbed of all bis jewels 
and plate, estimated as worth a thouMod 
marks or more, at Torre di Baccauo, a few 
miles north of the city. Some of the stolen 

Eroperty was sold at Venice, and Riven 
aving applied for restitution, the signorit 



PicQuigny(CoMMiN-Ea,i.321jDoTLB>. Bi 
I badge was now the scallop-shells. 



decided that this should bedone gratuilauily, 
out of deference forthe kingof Enehudaiid 
his lordship (rt. i. 130). SiMua IV invested 
him with the title of defender and director 
of papal causes in England (CAXTor at the 
end of ' The Cordyale." 1478). On his way 
north he is said to have fought at Morst 
<22 June) for the luchleaa Uuke Charles 
(Ram^at, ii. 418). A greater honour tbtn 
any that had yet befallen Rivers wis pre- 
sently in contemplation. Hie first wife had 
died during his visit to Compostella. Is 
147B a marriage was arranged for him with 
Margaret, sister of James HI of Scotland 
(Fttdera, xii.171; Actst-f the. Parliament af 
Scotland, i\.\\l). Edward bretowcd upon 
him Thorney and three other honours, the 
Scots parliament voted twenty ihousaod 
marks for the martiage, and a safe-coaduct 
was cent to the bride on 22 Aug, 1479(i. 
ii, 120; Faidfra, liL 97, 162; RAHSAr, u. 
437). But the match ysan suddenly brokni 
oH' owing, it is surmised, to the discovery of 
Edward's intrigues with her brother's aab- 

Svhen the king died (9 April 14e3),River« 
was at Ludlow with the joung prince; mo«t 
of his relatives were in London. Kdiranl's 
nomination of Utoucesler as pro 
the end of the Woodville predon 
if Edward IV supposed that the Woodvilles 
would quietly accept a subordinate position, 
he miscalculated. Rivers started from Lud- 
low with they onng king, hia own half-bmlher 
Richard firey, and a retinue limited by orden 
to two thousand, on 24 April, and yita a, 
Stony Stratford on the 29th. Leamitie that 
Gloucester an his way south from Yoiishim 
had just reached Northampton, ten milttstn 
his rear, Rivers and Orev rode back to oint 
him. Gloucester and Buckingham enter- 
tained them at supper in apparent cordialitj, 
but next morning took steps to prevent tliein 
reaching the king before thems^ves. Rlvtn 
protested, but was charged with attemutiog 
' to Bet distance between the king and theai,' 
put under arrest with Grey, and sent oS in 
safe keeping to SherilT-Hutton Castle, our 
York, which had come to Gloucester ihrougb 




Wood vi lie 



413 



Woodville 



hi8wife(Ror8,p.212; More; Stow). More, 
though friendly to them, admits that the 
discovery of large quantities of arms and 
armour in their baggage created a general 
impression that their designs were treason- 
able. 

At Sheriff-Hutton on 23 June Rivers 
made his will, in which he gave instructions 
that if he died south of the Trent he should 
be buried in the chapel of 'our Ladv of 
Pewe ' beside St. Stephen s College at West- 
minster, which owed to him various papal 
privileges (Rrcerpta Historical pp. 245-6). 
feut being removed to Pontefract and ordered 
for execution, he directed that he should be 
buried there * before an Image of our bliss id 
Lady with my Lord Richard * {ib, p. 248), 
appealed to Gloucester to see his will exe- 
cuted, and wrote the pathetic * balet ' on the 
unsteadfastness of fortune beginning 

SumwhAt musying, 
And more mornyng 

(Rous, p. 214 ; Ritson, Ancient Songs, ii. 8). 
It is uncertain whether he was given the 
form of trial before his execution, which was 
carried out on 25 June by Sir Richard Rad- 
cliffe [q. v.j (Rvcerpta IlUtorica, i. 244). 
Rous (p. 213) says that the Earl ofNorthum- 
berlanawas his chief judge; but in any case 
he was deprived of his legal right to trial by 
his peers. A hair shirt he was found to be 
wearing next his skin was hung up before 
the image of the Virgin in the church of the 
Carmelites at Doncaster (Rous, pp. 213-14). 
Rivers has been deservedly cnaracterised 
as the noblest and most accomplished of all 
Richard IIFs victims (Gairdnbb, p. 73). 
* Vir, baud facile discemas, manuve aut con- 
fiilio promptior' was the verdict of Sir 
Thomas More; *un tres gentil chevalier' 
that of Commines (i. 321). But the warmest 
testimony to his virtues comes from Caxton, 
with whose name that of his friend and 
patron will always be associated. In the 
printer 8 epilogue to the * Cordyale,' after re- 
cording the earl's devotion to works of piety, 
he concludes : * It seemeth that he con- 
ceiveth wel the mutabilite and the unstable- 
nees of this present lyf, and that he desireth 
-with a greet zele and spirituell love our 
goostlye nelp and perpetual ealvacion, and 
that we shal abhorre and utterly forsake 
thabominable and dampnable synnes which 
communely be now a dayes.* This zeal for 
morality dictated the choice of the French 
works which he translated and had printed 
by Caxton. The * Dictes and Sayings of the 
Philosophers/ the first book printed in Eng- 
land (1477), was translated by Rivers (from 
Jean de Teonville*s French version of the 



Latin original, lent him by a friend to be- 
guile his voyage to Compostella in 1473) be- 
cause he found it * a glorious fair myrrour to 
all good Christen peple to behold and under- 
stonde.' A few months later (February 1478) 
his translation of the 'wise and holsom' 
* Proverbs of Christine de Pisan * * set in 
metre ' issued from Caxton*s press, followed 
in March 1479 by his version of the ' Cor- 
dyale,' ' multiplied to goo abrood among the 
peple, that thereby more surely myght be 
remembred T?ie Four Last Thingis undoubt- 
ablv comyng.* Caxton alludes to others that 
had passed through his hands, but whether 
this means that he printed them is not clear. 
Besides these translations. Rivers wrote 
'diverse Balades agenst the seven dedely 
synnes,' but the only specimen of his muse 
that has been preserved is the gentle lament 
on the fickleness of fortune which Rous 
ascribes to the last days of his life (see above). 
The only known portrait of Rivers is con- 
tained in an illumination in a Lambeth 
manuscript representing the earl presenting 
one of his books and its printer to Ed- 
ward IV. Horace Walpole had it repro- 
duced as a frontispiece to his 'Royal and 
Noble Authors,' ana an en^aving of Kivers's 
head is in Doyle's 'Official Baronage.' It 
shows a clean-shaven intellectual face. 

Rivers was twice married, but left no 
legitimate issue. Lady Scales, his first wife, 
died on 1 Sept. 1473, and, after the failure 
of the negotiations for his marriage to the 
Scottish princess, he took for his second wife 
Mary, daughter and coheir of Sir Henry 
Fitz-Lewis of Homdon, Essex, by Elizabeth, 
daughter of Edmund Beaufort, second duke 
of Somerset. She survived him, and married 
secondly Sir John 'Neville, illegitimate son 
of the second Earl of Westmorland. Rivers 
had a natural daughter, Mai^ret, who be- 
came the wife of Sir Robert Poyntz of Iron 
Acton, Gloucestershire [see under Poyntz, 
Sib Fiuncis]. His brother Richard suc- 
ceeded him as third (and last) Earl Rivers. 



[Rotuli Parliamentomm ; Eymer^s Foedera, 
original edition; State Papers, A^enetian, ed. 
Rawdon Brown; William of Worcester (with 
Stevenson's Wars of the English in France), and 
Wavrin's Chronicle in the Rolls Ser. ; Wark- 
worth's Chronicle, ed. Camden Soc. ; Eoas's 
Chronicle, ed. Hearne ; Fabyan, ed. Ellis ; Com- 
mines's M^moires, ed. Dapout; Olivier de la 
Marche 8 M^moires, ed. Bochon ; Paston Letters, 
ed. Gairdner ; More's Vita Ricardi III, ed. 1689 ; 
Stows Annals, ed. 1631 ; Bentley's Excerpta 
Historica, 1831; Dugdale's Baronage; G. £. 
C[okAyneys Complete Peerage ; Ramsay's Lan- 
caster and York; Gairdner^ Richard III, ed. 
1898 ; other authorities in the text.] J. T-t. 



WocMlviIle 414 Woodville 



* WOODTILLS "IT WmnmXE: CiCoco ud Hana. «(L Goefit^ PL 63^; CdL 

ward I\\ 'S» EniXEJJCa.' '■"^'^s*- P- "= ^ct. PkrL tt. S», 272; Dep.- 

EMpHr'ft PihL Bwocdi^ 9cit Btp. ^fp. itppi. 

• WOODVIULB.II'>yEL'L44#?:^-:ft?4», li.iL. 31. 3». II±. 127: L? Serc-* F*id E«l 
%iiifai:n :d SL-^wnrrr. hi:n ihrnis lM»J.w» -i»cL l 3**, tL 411. J^^: Ph?ob Lcctca. ix 

wari* ±r« Etrl R.T*t. ><, hj iit mar- «*=«'^»'-=a it-pc«i»^.urfi»=r,*e^^h^«tide.] 

TOiPt TT-Jnii i itaiiHinia- TriiSi w '{i J on 'slT LftOr- - A. J. A. 

e^AMT. iiirf -:e &iia.ri x. ▼/ Aazh^uj WOODTILLE cr WVDEVILLE, 

«rf«ii*r br-^niiiw. H* th.4 ^iiita;^*!! is •>iiTpL wi* *«:a of Ra^fiari Woodrille of the Mote, 

luk rrbi-xaSfifi l^.If- W xii ats !:2uiz B«*ftr 3Lu<iiC0Be In Ktmt. and < afcer the dmh 




ciriHi«i T^'.c-L.* fltarm-iLrtr ai^ •!cjji*kILx' of H^hct II. her the manorial rirht* we» fim 

tbt -iiiT^riinT .-.f Oif ;rL bt=i:ix :hf3i. iccori- ioiiir«5d bj W^wdrQle * nncle Thoma& His 

itiz v> W-f.rLTrto- i.* n»y: *^prr:i»«i by Le m-irher w»* Joan Beaach^mp. h^irvs oft 

>'r'T*. trer.rirjfc?i-ja :f ''.b* 'i:':i«ae «>i 41 •>«- Somrr^uhire f*iiiilT » Bakes, ii. 166 : HUt. 

l-fc^> L^ bw*=B p?»b*rLdA?T of Mirk ni Sc J/.<.< Cr/mm. i^h Rep. p. 113; bat cf, G*- 

P*.i:'s CVLrcrtL la If^i briiiar thisi as ««r:.y:>^ tI. ISOl Ilk^ard WoodTiUe tb* 

C»i3in<iT, L^ WM EA-fi? hcf^icp of znlishnrT eli-rr. wh:-m Dnzriale Iktl^ to di«Tiiigiii«h 

hv fAyii prjTL*i:T: : th* t'rfnpt-jnlLtie* w»sf» fr:ai hi* *:n. wms a tru^ed serrant of 

rJ*V/T««:d ?/> him oa is VArrh. He was con- Henrj V and the reeent B«dfard in the 

^xr%T.*A LR April. Frrcieh warfw He hela a command in the 

Aft^- Kdward H"* d**th W-oodrilLrV po- exp*riiLtIon« of 1415 and 1417, and in 1430 

KtrloTi 1>ecaa<<^ d:£cal:. In the l«ginninz of became e^qoire of the body to Henir V and 

Mavthftqaften^EIirabitthWoodfille.receiTed eent^chal of Normandy (GtHa Hinrki P. 

word of the arpwt of RiTcr* and Grey at pp. 9. 277: Dcgdale.* ii. 230). The kinz 

Kf^/ny ••••«• ford, and a*, once wen: into sane- bestowed upon him in 1418 the Norman 

t'Mry Af. \Vf:«tni;n.*vr. \Vo>iTilie wrnt with aeifmi^rle? of IV-aox and Danjaru (Loxgxo5. 

h':T,h:* i* *t^.iz.^ likely tJiA'. he s-xn came p. li>j«. B-^iford, on becoming t^hX for 

Of jr. A» a bi-thoji he had nothinj to fear. Iler.ry W in France, made Wxidviile his 

If". 7i-%* in th*: fro K-. mi "ion of tLe pe-^ce in chamberlain, and rewarded his 'prans n> 

J in*: Jin 'J July. Uv*rr h'.- K/ok an important taV-lr* et aZi^reabK-s services' with farther 

j»art, in ftrjhnhi'.nj IVi'"kIn;rliam'« rebellion, prant* of confi«oated estate* (*'A. pp. Kt>-6: 

WA^ n-'im'-'i in I ::c!iar'l> proclamation, and MoxsiRELrr. iv. l.>^ ». His conn*?c: ion with 

wli«-n t|j<f ri-iin;? fail«.-d h»; was one of the B-lrord induced Braufort and the courcil 

m^nv who iUA to Henr\' of ICicbmond in to t-ntrust the Tower to hi* kt^-pinxr wht-n 

Brittany. Ilichar'l wa^* in some dirticulty Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, attempted a 

wiMj r*'i£iir'\ *o t!j*r «■#:<?, th»; temi^oralities of cjup d'etat with the help of the Lonoloners 

wliich w-p: liand*rd o\'«;r to the k*?eping of in 141'.") iOrd. Privy Coun^iL iii. lt>7; Uam- 

Thofni- l,Jin;fton ' (\. v.", who eventually sue- sat, i. 3^1 ). He returned with the resrent 

<:t*t't\t'A him as binhfip. The matter was to France in the spring of 1427 to take up 

pt&\\tt\ by an act of purliament which de- in July 1429 the post of lieutenant of Calais, 

clan-d hi-t f';mjK»ral iio-jnenpions forfeit* j^l, but where the marriage arranged between his 

r»d \\it(A\'\\\*iH life. He di*Kl, possibly daughterJoan and William Haute. 1 



in IJritiariy, Mor*'. 2.'5 June 1484. A manu- 
nrrijit. iKiok of mi.-*C'-lhin<.*ou sentries compiled 
iil»';iit th" <-ri'I of the H'iventeenth century, 
pn-iM-rvr! Ill Sill iwhurv, says that hedi<j<l ami 
WftJi hiiri<;d lit Hi'ttiilieu. A local tradition 
ntty.1 thut In- wiiM buried in Salisbury Cathe- 
driil, iind that a (;ttnopi«d tomb at the inter- 
wr-i ion of the north-west transept and north 
aitili! of I h(f choir is his. 

I Inlnniiiiliori kiiiMly fiirninhod hy II. E. Miil- 
flnii, «iN(|.; IliiriiMty'N iiiuiriiNtor nnd York, ii. 
47/>, fii'.; Oiilrdiiftr'H Uirluiril HI, now edit., 
|iji. /iH, i:)6, Ml, 168; Woud'v App. to Uist. of 



.ane^uire 
of Kent, was apparently solemnised (Drc- 
DALE, ii. 2:30; Ord, Prtry Couryil^ m. 24-% 
.*52t>: Rrcerpta Ilutonca, p. 240). He ft ill ' 
held this position in 1430, though in 14.'H be 
seems to have been detached for a time to 
serve on the council of Henry VI whilr* in 
France (i^«?(/<»m,.x. Wo; Dotle; Ord. Priy 
Council^ iv. 82). There is some difficulty, 
however, during these years in distinguish- 
ing him from his son. He probablv settled 
down at Grafton after the death of liis elder 
brother (who made his will on 12 Oct. 1434), 
was sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1438, 



Woodville 



41S 



Woodville 



and died between 1440 and 1442 (Bakeb, ii. 
166). 

Richard Woodville the younger was 
knighted by Henry VI at Leicester on 
19 Alav 1426 (Lelaih), ii. 491). It was 
probably he who commanded a troop in 
France in 1429 and conveyed the wa^es of 
the Duke of Burgundy's forces to Lille m the 
following year (Dotle; Fotdera^ x. 464). 
He is said to have been taken prisoner in 
the attack upon Gerberoi in May 1435, but 
must have soon obtained his release, as he 
served under Suffolk in 143.5-6 (Wavrin, 
p. 64 ; DuGDALB, ii. 230). The foundation 
of his fortunes was his surreptitious mar- 
riage, apparently in 143(J, with Jacquetta of 
Luxemburg, the young widowed Duchess of 
Bedford. She had to pay (23 March 1437) 
a fine of 1,000/. for marrying without the 
royal license (Itot, Pari, iv. 498 ; Devon, p. 
436). Woodville received a pardon on 24 Oct. 
following (Ffrderaf x. 077). The mesalliance 
gave great offence to Jacquetta's relatives 
(Wavrin, p. 207). The statement after- 
wards made (ib. p. 455) that Woodville and 
Jacquetta had two children before marriage 
is doubtless a mere calumny. 

Woodville served under Somerset and 
Talbot in the attempt to relieve Meaux in 

1439 (ib. p. 257 ; Dotle). His reputation 
as an accomplished knight caused him to be 
selected to ' deliver ' the redoubtable Pedro 
Vasque de Saavedra, chamberlain of the 
Duke of Burgundy, who came to London in 

1440 to 'run a course with a sharp spear 
for his sovereign lady's sake* {Fcvdera^ x. 
828; Faston Letters, i. 41 ; Chastellain, 
iii. 455). They met in lists at Westminster 
on 26 Nov., but the king stopped the com- 
bat after the third stroke (Stow). In June 

1441 Woodville once more went to France, 
in the train of the Duke of York, and helped 
to relieve Pontoise (liAMSAY, ii. 37). He 
became a knight banneret and captain of 
Alen9on (25 Sept. 1442). On 9 May (Dug- 
dale gives 29th) 1448 he was raised to the 
peerage by letters patent as Baron Rivers. 
Ilis choice of title is puzzling. Dugdale 
thought he took the name of the old family 
of lied vers or De Uipariis, earls of Devon ; 
and his addition to his arms of an inescut- 
cheon bearing a griffin segreant, which was 
part at least of their device, has been held 
to confirm this hypothesis {Complete Peer- 
age^ vi. 371). But the inclusion among the 
eeigniories granted him in support of bis new 
dignity of a barony of Rivers and a casual 
reference (in a letter of 1475) to his son 
under the name of Lord Anthony ^ni^r^ sug- 
gest a connection with the barony of Rivers 
or De Ripariis of Aimgre (Oogar) in Essex, 



which had been for some time in abeyance 
{ib, V. 398 ; Dugdale, ii. 230 ; Cal. State 
Papers, Ven. i. 136). No connection with 
either family seems to have been discovered 
by genealogists. 

Rivers took part, in the suppression of 
Cade*s rising in June 1450, and, though the 
rumour that he was to succeed the mur- 
dered Suffolk as constable of England had 
proved baseless, he was admitted to the 
order of the Garter (4 Aug.) and the privy 
council (Doyle ; Paston Letters, i. 128; Ord. 
Privy Council, vi. 101). The French having 
now begun the conquest of Aquitaine, 
Rivers received a commission as seneschal 
of the province on 18 Oct. 1450, and was to 
take out a strong force ; but the transports 
remained idle at Plymouth for nine months, 
and the expedition was abandoned on the 
news of the fall of Bordeaux {ib. vi. 105, 
115; Ramsay, ii. 146). He seems to have 
spent the following years at Calais as one of 
the lieutenants of the Duke of Somerset, 
who had been appointed its captain in 
September 1451, and was thus unable to 
support the duke and the king at the battle 
of St. Albans {Ord. Privy Council, vi. 276 ; 
Dotle ; BEAUCorRX, vi. 46). lie was sum- 
moned to the great council in January 1458 
which arranged a temporary reconciliation 
between the two parties, the unreality of 
which was illustrated in the following July 
by his appointment to inquire into the Earl 
of Warwick's piratical attack upon the 
Liibeck salt fleet (Ord. Privy Council, vi. 
292; Fadera, xi. 415). When hostilities 
were resumed in 1459 and Warwick and 
the Earl of March were driven out of the 
countfA' and took refuge at Calais, Rivers 
was stationed at Sandwich to guard against 
a landing. He was suri)rised in his bed, 
however, one morning shortly after the New 
Year 1460 by Sir John Dynham with a 
small party from Calais, and carried across 
the Channel with his son Anthonv (Will. 
WoRC, p. 771). On their arrivafat Calais 
the captives were bitterly ' rated * by 
the Yorkist leaders for having joined in 
stigmatising them as traitors. Warwick 
reminded him that his father was but a 
squire brought up with Henry V, and that 
he himself had been 'made by marriage 
and also made lord,' and *that it was not 
his part to have such language of lords, 
beingof the King's blood* {Paston Letters^ 
i. 506). 

When and how they escaped from their 
captors does not appear, but they fought at 
Towton on the side of King Henry, whom 
Rivers accompanied in his flight to New- 
castle {Cal. State Papers, Ven. 1. 105-6). On 



Woodville 416 Woodville / 

30 An^. 14»'il. hoTr**^!?^ Coant IjidoTico trix, ed. Dapont, iL 406; Apart om tkt 

Dallujo r»rpi'rr.**i ro rhr hnk*- of Mibin that Dignity of a Pftr^ t. 39??). 
the Hftrl ha-i ^^ i:*.t';d If-nry and t»-n'i»?r^l Hirers married Jacqaetta, daughter of 
hU &lI-2iano»; to E«i^.ir«l IV. •! h»»ld Pater de Luxemburg, count of St. Pol, bj- 
j^veral o )nvTrsdtl'jr>.' h- wro*e, • with t hi* Marzrierite. daughter of Francois de Bau, 
lorri de Kiv»rr^ ab-^ut Kin;f Henry'.* caii*e, dake of Andria in the kingdom of Naples. 
and h-* a^-urvii m»* thac it wa* list irre- She was the widow of John of Lancaster, 
mr'liably ' u'A. i. 1 1 1 ■. Edwarl'* secn^t duke of Bedford '(\. v.\ bmther of Henry V, 
marrlaz- 'virh liivers** 'laughter Elizab«rrh on and «he surrived her second husband, dying 
1 May 14*'4 more than r*r-^s*ablLshed hUfor- on kH) May 1472. She bore Hirers fourtaA 
tiine;>. anil gave him a *we»t r^rvenze upon or tifteen children, seven sons and seven or 
AVarwick tur thr tre.irm-nf he ha#i receivt^ eight daughters. Five sons survived in- 
fo urvear* before. Th«* Wo'xiville influence .fancv: 1. Anthonv. second Earl Kiven 




wa^ appriinre'l trea.*ur»='r on 4 March 14^jr5, dowager duchess of Norfolk, a'lnt of War- 

and on 'Jo May at Winds' ir h*; wa.4 made Earl wick *■ the kingmaker.* * Maritafinm diabo- 

Hiver*. Hi* numerous s-^tn* and daughters licum ' comments William of Worcester (p. 

were marriM into th*:? nche:*t and nobleet 7S^ ), and adds obscurely, ' Vindicta Bemarai 

baronial families. John Tiptnft, earl of Wor- inter eosdem postea patuit ' (of. Hot. Pari 

ce-ter 'q. v. '.had tore* ii.Ti the posit ion of high v. t)<)7). He was knighted at his sisters 

constaMe ^if England in favour of the king's cnn^nation two months later, and shared his 

father-in-law. who to<ik up the staff on fathers fate in 1469. 3. Lionel, bishop of 

t^4 Aug. 14<'»7 (Ft/^fiera. xi. -VjI ). Warwick Salisbury ]^o. v.' 4. Sir Edward, erroneously 

and the Neville cUn, who found themselves called lifci ^V'oodville in one of the * Pei- 

ou.*red fr'>m the predominance at court they ton Letters' ( iii. 344). He commanded the 

had enjoy »*d in tne first years of the reign, Woodville fleet in 1483. and shared Henry 

becam*; morp and more Vst ranged from the of Ikichmond*s exile in Brittany. In 14^ 

king and hostile to the Wowlvilles. Overt he greatly embarrassed Henrv by taking over 

hostilitie* began with the pillage of Hi vers's a small force to help the bretons against 

K^inti.'.h ♦f^rllt»r by a mob of Warwick's jMir- the French, and fell in the battle of St. 

ti*anfl on N^-w Veiir*> day 14^>*^ <Wavrin, Aubin du Cormier on 2** July (lift. ; BrscH.i. 

frd. Diipont. iii. 11»lM. But Warwick thought 4-3). '). Richard, attainted in 14>3, restond 

the movement h^-r** and th^ similar onu in in 14*v): he succeeded his brother .Vnthony 

Yorkshin* un<l»r Kobin of Ufdesdale 'q. v.] as third and la*t Earl Rivers, and died with- 

pntmatun*. and an int<*rview between Rivers out issue in 1491. Rivers's daughters were : 

and Archbishop X»vi 11m at Nottingham ended 1. Elizabeth, who married, first. Sir John 

in Warwick*-: vi>itincr th** kinjr at Coventry (irey, eighth lord Ferrers of Groby 'q. v.], 

toward* th«- end of .January ( Will. WoRC. secondly, Edward IV, and is separately 

p. 7''IM. Bi»t th»i n'conciliation was noticed as Queen Elizabeth (1437^-149:?!. 

mendy t»'mi)orur\', and the marriage of '2. Margaret, who married (October 14^) 

<Mar»;nf»* and IsaUd Nifville in July 14^59 Thomas Fitzalan, earl of Arundel (<f. lolU), 
wan followed by an op*n outbreak. The ' whom she pn^deceased, dying before 1491. 

prfKdamntif)n issued by Warwick and his 3. Anne, who married, first (in 14t>6\ Wil- 
fri»'nd«i laid most stri*.*.s upon the king's ; liam, viscount Bourchier, and, secondly (he- 



•!.*trang»*m»'Ut of the * err eat lords of his 
blood' for tli»' NVoodvilles and otlwr * se- 
<lufiou.* p«TSf»nes' ( Wakkwokth, pp. 4()-51). 
Rivefy and otln-rs of th»! family w^n; at that 



fore 1481 ), ( Jeorge Grey, earl of Kent. She 
died before 1491. 4. Jacqiietta, who married 
John, lord Strange of Knockin (</. 1477), 
and died before 1481. 5. Marv, who raar- 



inoMU'ut with the king, wlio was making a I ried (146<^) William Herbert, earl of Hunt- 
pr'»^rnf.M-t thn)Ugh th»? castrrn counties; but i ingdon [see under Herbekt, SiR Willi ax, 
wIh'u the n»*ws cain«^ in that the country! Karl OF Pembrokk, r/. 14G9]. Shewasdvad 
WMK ri-^in^f in tlu* Nt?vill«' int<*rfst they left | in 1481. G. Catherine (b. about 14o7), who 
liirn, or lut thouglit it ]»rud»»nt to dismiss' married, first (14(>6), Henrj' Stafford, second 
lh«iM (NVavimn, v. oMO). After Edward's " duke of Buckingham [q. v.], secondly, Jasper 
d« r«'nt at I'Mg.'cot {'2i\ July), Rivers and his j Tudor, duke of Bedford [q. v.], andj thirdly, 
Hon Sir. John Woodville were taken at Chep- ' Sir Richard Wingfield [q. v.]^ 7. A daugh- 



t*row, convt'viMl to K«'nil worth, and executed 
%m \'J A HIT. *( NVakk WORTH, pp. 7, 40 ; Three 
J')/trffith'('enfufy Chronic U«, \), 183; Wa- 



ter who is said to have married Sir John 
Bromley (Dugdale, ii. 231). 8. William 
of ^^'o^ceste^ (p. 785) mentions still another 



' Woodville 



417 



Woodward 



daughter, who was married (February 1466) | effects of the plants. The second volume ap- 

) Ruthin, son and i peared in 1792, the third in 1793, and a sup- 



to (Anthonv) Lord Greyde 
heir of the £arl of Kent, but he does not give 
her name. She does not appear in the pedi- 
grees, but the chronicler can hardly be guilty 
of a confusion caused by the second marriage of 
Anne Woodville to Anthony Grey's younger 
brother George, who succeeded him in the 
style of Lord Grey de Ruthin. 



plementary volume, containing plants not in- 
cluded in the * Materia Medica,* in 1794. A 
second edition in four volumes was published 
in 1810 (Lohdon, 4to), and a third in 1832, 
edited bjr (Sir) William Jackson Hooker 
[q. v.], with a fifth volume by George Spratt. 
As was natural from his official position. 



[Rotali Parliamentorum ; Rymer's Foedera. 1 Woodville took a keen interest in the various 
ong. edit. ; Issues of the Exchequer, ed. Devon ; j remedies for smallpox. The older system of 
Ordinances of the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas ; inoculating persons with a mild form of the 
Cal. State Papers. Venetian, ed. Rawdon Brown ; 'f disease itself first attracted his attention, 
Wavrin's Chronicle, ed. by Hardy in the Rolls j and in 1796 he published the first volume of 
Series and by Dupont for the Soci^t^deTHistoire a * History of the Inoculation of the Small- 
de France ; William of Worcester ed. by Steven- , p^^ i^ Qreat Britain ' (London, 8vo). The 
aon in the second volume of the Wars of the Eng- . g^^ond volume did not appear owing to the 

discovery by Edward Jenner (1749-1823) 
[q. v.] of the efficacy of vaccination from 
cow-pox. Woodville was at first hostile, 
but afterwards enthusiastically adopted 
Jenner's theory, and made many experiments 
with a view to elucidating it. In 1799 he 



lish in France (Rolls Ser.) ; Wark worth's Chro 
nicle, ed. Camden Soc. ; Gesta Henrici V, ed. 
English Historical Society ; Monstrelet's Chro- 
nicle, ed. Douet d'Arcq for Societe de THistoire de 
France; Longnon's Paris pendant la Domination 
Anglaise(Soc.derHi8toirede Paris) ; Chastellain, 
ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove ; Leland's Collectanea, . 

ed Hearne; Excerpta Historica, 1831; Paston ' published 'Reports of a Series of Inocula- 
Letters, e<l. Gairdner; Doyle's Official Baronage; 
Dugdale'a Baronage ; G. E. C[okayneys Complete 
Peerage ; Beancourt's Iliatoire de Charles VII ; 
Bamsay's Lancaster and York; Busch's England 
under the Tudors.vol. i. (Engl.transl.); Baker's 
History of Northamptonshire.] J. T -t. 






tions for the \ariol8B Vaccince or Cow-pox ; 
with Remarks and Observations on this 
Disease considered as a Substitute for the 
Smallpox,' London, 8vo. This treatise was 
translated into French in 1800 (Paris, 8vo ; 
new edit. 1801). In 1800 appeared * ACom- 
WOODVILLE,WlLLIAM(1752-1806), parative Statement of Facts and Observa- 
physician and botanist, was bom at Cocker- tions relative to the Cow-pox, published by 
mouth in Cumberland in 175:?. He studied | Doctors Jenner andWoodviUe * (London, 
medicine at Edinburgh University, where he 4to). 

became the favourite pupil of William Cullen j Woodville, who was a member of the 
[q. v.], and graduated M.D. on 12 Sept. 1775. Society of Friends, had his residence in Ely 



After spending some time on the continent 
he began to practise at Papcastle in his 
native county, but shortly afterwards re- 
moved to Denbigh. In 1782 he came to 
London, became physician to the Middlesex 
dispensarv, and was admitted a licentiate 
of the College of Physicians on 9 Aug. 17&4. 
On 17 March 1791 he was elected physician 



Place, Ilolbom, but died at the smallpox 
hospital on 20 March 1805, and was buried 
in the Friends* burial-ground, Bunhill Fields, 
on 4 April. His portrait, by Lemuel Abbott, 
was presented to the smallpox hospital. It 
was engraved by William Bond. 

[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 345; Gent. Mag. 

1805, i. 321-3, 387; Smith's Cat. of Friends' 

to the smallpox and inoculation hospitals at ' Books ; Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; Georgian 

St. Pancras, in succession to Edwara Archer | Era. 1833, ii. 681 ; Lettsom's Hints, 1816, iii. 



[q. v.l 

Woodville, who was elected a fellow of 
the Linnean Society in 1791, had a strong 
taste for botany, and appropriated two acres 
of ground at King's Cross belonging to the 
hospital as a botanical garden, which he main- 
tained at his own expense. In 1790 he pub- 
lished the first volume of his great wort on 
* Medical Botany ' (London 4to), in which he 
gave a description of all the medicinal plants 
mentioned in the catalogues of the * Materia 



24, 33-41 (with portrait) ; Kecs's Cjclopsedia, 
1819.1 E. I. C. 

WOODWARD, BERNARD BOLING- 
BROKE (1810-1869), librarian to the queen 
at Windsor Castle, eldest son of Samuel 
Woodward [q. v.], the geologist, was born 
at Norwich on 2 May 1>^16. Samuel Pick- 
worth Woodward [({. v.] was his younger 
brother. He was sent in March 1822 to the 
Grey Friars Priory, a private school kept bv 
William Brooke, to whom on 29 Sept. 1828 



>fedica' published by the Koyal Collecfes of j he was apprenticed for four years. On the 
Physicians of London and Edinburpfli. These i expiration of this apprenticeship he worked 
descriptions were illustrated by plates and for a time under his father's super\'i8ion, 
accompanied by an account of the medicinal copying armorial bearings and other heraldic 



VOL. LXII. 



£ £ 



devices for Hudson Gumey [ij. c] lie also 
studied in his leisure moments botany and 
otber natural sciences in a practical manner, 
and kept copious not^s, some of which were 
utiliied by Hewett Cottrell Watioa [q. v.], 
the botiuiiat. 



Norfolk, and late in the following year he 
obtained a post in the banking house of 
Messrs. Gumey at Great Yarmouth. Through 
the influence of friends at East Dereham he 
became strongly attracted to the congrM'a- 
tional ministn,', and on coming of age left 
Varmoulh and went to study under W. 
I*gge at Fakenham, Norfolk, and the Kev. 
Mr. Drane at Gueatwick, Norfolk. In 1838 
he entered as a student at the newly esta- 
blished Highbury College, London, and gra- 
duated B.A. London, 17 June 1841. 

On 27 April 1843 he was publicly recog- 
nised ' pastor of the independent churcli of 
WoTtweU-wUh-Harleston in Norfolk.' He 
soon after began to apply himself to literary 
work, and in this connection enjoyed the 
friendship of John Childs [q. v.], head of the 
printing firm at Bunpay, and acted for a 
time also as tutor to his grandsons. At tbe 
end of 1848 he resigned liiB pastorate, and, 
with the view of devoting himself solely to 
literature, removed to St. John's Wood, Lon- 
don, in March 1849. In November 1863 he 
moved to Bungay to be nearer to his friends 
the Childs, who were concerned in the pro- 
duction of his larger works, and whom he as- 
sisted in many of their undertakings j but in 
1868 he returned to the neighbourhood of 
Hampstead. On 2 July I860 he was ap- 
pointed librarian in ordinary to tbe queen at 
Windsor Castle. Under the superintendence 
of the prince consort began the rearrange- 
ment of the fine collection of drawings by 
the old masters at Windsor. He died at his 
official residence, Itoyal Mews, Pimlico, on 
12 Oct. 1869. In 1843 he married Fanny 
Emma, ninth daughterof Thomas Teulon of 
fierkeley Street, London, the descendant of 
a. Huguenot family. By her he had three 
daught«ra. She died on 30 April 1860, nnd 
be married, on 19 Aug. 1851, Kmmn, seveuth 
daughter of George Earham of Wirhersdale 
Hall, Suflblk. 

Woodward was elected a fellow of tbe 
Society of Antiquaries in 1867. He was 
author of: 1. ■ The History of Wales,' Lon- 
don [1850-3], 8vo, 2. ' The Natural His- 
tory of the Year' (originally issued in the 
'TuachBr's Offering; 1861), London, 1862, 
13mo: 3rd ed. 1863; revised edit, (so called) 
187;i. 3. 'ThellistorvofthellnitedStfttes 
of America' (by W. H. Bartlett as far as 



vol. i. p. 530), New York [1865-S], 3 roll. 
8va, 4. 'First Lessons on tbe'Englith 
Reformation,' London [1867], 1:^0: 2nd 
edit. 1860. 5. 'First Lowons in Attn- 
nomy' {5th edit, rewritten by B. B. Wood- 
ward), London f 1857], l'2mo. 6. •Fiw 
Lessons in the Evidencee of Chnstianitr' 
(originally issued in the ' Teacher's Ofierine.' 
1858-9), London [1860P], limo; Snd t*L 
1865. 7. 'AGeneral Histo^of HampsluR' 
(as far as p. 317, aflerwards carried on bj 
Tbeodor C. Wilks), London [1859-69], 4te. 
8. ' Encyclopedia of Chronology,' in con- 
junction with W. L. K. Cates, who coid- 
pleled it, London, 1873, 8ro. At tbe tim« 
of bis death he was busy upon a 'Life 
of Leonardo da Vinci,' which was to hive 



He also wrote many articles and reriewi , 
for the ' Eclectic Review." Sharpe's ' London | 
Magazine,' tbe 'Gentleman's Miigarine,'»nd 
otber periodicals. 

He edited: 1. 'The History and Anti- 

?uities of Norwich Castle,' by his father, 
847, Ito. 2. Barclav's 'Complete Dic- 
tionary of the English Language, new edit. 
1851, 4to, for which he wr ' 



.for which he wrote a 
' compendious English grammar,' besidM t»> 
writing much of the rest. He also founded 
and edited ' The Fine Arts Quarterly B*- 
view,' which appeared from May ISJ63 10 
June 1867. 

Heb 
Terre; ■ 
Henry Woodward. 

[Obituiiry by W, L. R. Cal«a in the Komeb 
Penny Mi^zine, 18T0. p. 24; Men of Qn> 
neDCfl, No. iliii. with pliot»™rtrait (ths p"*- 
trait proHxed (o lUbbaD's ■ Brief Momoir' i< 
almofit iba only reliable item in that unanlW 
rieed production); private informsliua : Brit, 
Mds. Cat.] B. B. W. 

WOODWARD, GEORGE MOUTARD 
(17tt0?-1809), caricaturist, son of WilEsffl 
Woodward of Stanton Hall, Derbysbim,«u 
born in that county about I7fl0. He re- 
ceived no artistic training, but, having muck 
original talent, came to London, with «a 
allowance from hjs father, and becami • 
prolific and popular designer of social carie*> 
tures, much in the style of Bunbury, whidi 
were etched chiefly br Rowlandson and 
Isaac Cruikshank. Alttiough their bnmoar 
was generally of a very coarse and eitrav*- 
frant kind, they display a singular wealth of 
imagination and insight into character, ani 
some are extremely entertaining. .Among 



LL 



Woodward 



Woodward 



the best tire ' Effects of Mattery,' ' Effects of 
Hope,''Club of Quidnuncs,' 'Everj-body in 
Town,' ' Everybody out of Town,' nnd ' Spe- 
cimena of Domestic Phrenay.' Woodward 
also wrote msny lig'bt fugitive pieces in prose 
■md Terse, some of which were issued in a, 
Tolume in 1806, with a portrait of the author 
Snna a drawing by A. Buck, He was of 

rted and intemperate habit«, spending 
of his time in tarems, and died in a 
late of penury at the Brown Bear public- 
onse in Bow Street, Covent Garden, in 
Fovemberl809, HepubUshed: 1. 'Eccen- 
3 Excuraions,' with a hundred plates by 
^Cruikshank, 1796. 2. 'The Olio of Good 
with Sketches iUustrative of the 
races,' 1801. 3. 'The Musical 
iafor 1802 . . . dedicAted to Mrs. Billing- 
4. 'The Bettyad : a Poem descriptive 
r the Progress of the ^oung Roscius in 
lOndon,' 1805. 5. ' Caricature Magaiine, 
.? Hudibrastic Mirror, being- a Collection of 
teiginal Caricatures,' 1807. 6. 'An Essay on 
* B Art of ingeniously Torroentins,' 1808. 
'Cheaterfleld TraveBtie, or Boliool for 
bCodem Manners,' 1808. 
• [Gr(!go'» Rowlandson the Caricaturiit, 1830 ; 
1, Angela's GeminisceDcea, 13SB-S0 ; HedgrHve's 
" LofArtiBtB; Geat. Mag. 1809, ii. 1176.] 
F. M. 0"D. 
WOODWAKD, HENRY (1714-1777), 
Ctor, the eldest son of a tallow chandler 
B the borough of Southwark, London, was 
Dm in London 2 Oct. 1714, and intended for 
is father's occupat ion. Tie whs at Merchant 
I TftjloTB'schoolfrom 1724tol728. Afterhis 
f ifkther's failure in business ' Harry ' Wood- 
e was generally called, joined the 
Jlliputian troupe of Lun [see KlCH, John] at 
tincoln's lun Fields, playing on 1 Jan. 1729 
1 the ' Beggar's Opera' as the Beggar and 
Icn Budge (the ' Thespian Dictionary ' says 
kPeschum). During tlie season the per- 
) was repeated fifteen times, and 
(Poodward, now thoroughly stage-struck, 
mained with Rich, who instructed him in 
Iftrlequin and other characters. ' Master' 
Woodward appeared at Goodman's Fields 
ta 5 Oct. 1730, and as ' Voung ' Woodward 
^ayed on 30 Oct. Simple in the ' Merry 
Wives of Windsor.' On 31 Dec. he was 
p,Sicky in the ' Constant Couple,' on 7 Jan. 
■ 1781 Page in the ' Orphan,' and on 5 May 
I 'Tom Thumb, for his benefit, when he spoke 
Mprologue written by himself. On 12 May 
"e WHS a Spirit in the ' Devil of a Wife,' 
and 2 June a priest*ss in ■ Sopho- 
1 a Spirit in the ' Tempest.' At 
'a Fields, where he remained until 
!6, we read in the bills of Woodward, 
Voung Woodward, Master Woodward, and 



H. Woodward. Presumably these are all 
the same, though Dr. Doran seema to think 
the contrary. To one or other of these 
names appear Ilaty in 'Tamerlane,' Sulin 
ift ' Mourning Bride,' Harlequin, First 
Drawer iu the ' Cheats, or the Tavern 
Bilkers,' Daniel in 'Conscious Lovers,' Donal- 
boin, Setter in 'Old Bachelor,' Squire 
Richard in the ' Provoked Husband,' Harry 
in ■ Mock Doctor,' Joques in ' Love makes a 
Man,' Siiuire Clodpole in ' Lover's Opera,' 
Supple in ' Double Gallant,; Fetch in 
' Stage Coach,' and Shoemaker in ' Relapse.' 
On 25 Sept. 1734, Woodward acted harle- 
qaitt as Lun, jun. Subsequently he was 
seen as Petit in the ' Inconstant,' I'rince 
John in'The Second Part of KinpHenrylV,' 
Victory in ' Britannia,' Sneak in ' Country 
lifisses,' Slango in ' Honest Vorkshireman,' 
and Alhanact in ' King Arthur.' Wood- 
ward's name appears on 29 Jan. 1733 as 
I&souf, an original part, in Sterling's ' Parri- 

After the removal of the company to 
Lincoln's Inn Fields, Woodward appeared 
on 3 Jen. 1737 oa Harlequin Macheath in 
the ' Beggars' Pantomime, or the Contending 
Columbmes.' The authorship 6F this is 
ascribed to Lun, jun,, i.e. Woodward, who 
dedicated to Mrs. Clive and Mrs. Cibberthe 
printed version, ISmo, 1736, with an apolosj 
for having burlesqued their quarrel over (Be 
part of Polly in the 'Beggar's Opera.' On 
1 2 Feb. 1737 Woodward was the first Spruce 
in Lynch's' Independent Patriot, or Musical 
Folly,' and on 21 Feb, the lirat Young 
Manly in Hewitt's ' Tutor for the Beans 
[fie], or Love in a Labyrinth.' 

At the end of the season (1737) the 
theatre was closed, and Woodward went to 
DruiT Lane, appearing on 13 Jan. 1738 as 
Feeble in the ""Second Part of King Henry IV.' 
Here be remained until 1741-3, playing 
many parts in comedy (for a full list He« 
Genbst). Among them were Slender, Gib- 
bet in the 'Squire of Alsatis,' Kastril in 
'Alchemisl,' Abel in ' Committou,' Jeremy 
in ' Love for Love,' Simon Pure, Sir Amorous 
Ln Foole in ' Silent Woman,' Duretete, Sir 
Novelty Fashion, Lord Foppington, Poet iit 
'Timon of Athens,' Pistol, Richmond iu 
' CUarles I,' Silvius in ' As you like it,' Ven- 
to*o in Dryden'a ' Tempest,' and Sir Andrew 
Aguecheek. 1'he original parts assigned 
him are insignificant. Thev consist of 
French Cook in ' Sir John Cocile at Court,' 
Dodsley's sequel to the ' King and the 
Miller of Mansfield," 23 Feb. 1738 ; Poet in 
Miller's ' Hospital for Foola,' 16 Nov. 1781); 
Dappemit In Edward PhiUips's ' Britons, 
Strike Home,' 31 Dec. i Beau in Qarrick's 



\\'oodward 



Woodward 



'Ledw,' IS April I740i and Kererout in 
'PoUt« ConT«rsatioii,' tsken from Swift, 
S3 ApriL On 29 Dec. 1711 he appeared at 
Oovent Garden as Coaclimati in the 
* Drummer.' At Drury Lane he remained 
till ITl", plajing the lead in comedy, and 
adding to his repertory some lifty cbarac- 
ters. Among IheM were OBric, Csmpley in 
■ Funeral,' Bullocb in ' Recruiting Officer,' 
Brisk in ' Double Dealer,' Jerry BIacka«re 
in ' FUin Dealer,' Lucio in ' Measure for 
Meosare,' Lord Sands, Pistol, Ben in ' Love 
for Love,' ParoUet, Sir Courtly Sice, 
Ouideriud in ' Cymbeline,' the Lying Volet, 
Antonio in 'Don Sebastian,' and Colonel 
Feignwell. Two oriirinal parts were aa- 
i^igned Um— Flash in Garrick's ' Mi«e in ber 
Teens,' 1" Jan, 1747; and Jacit Me(n;ot in 
Iloadlf.v's 'Suspicious Husband,' 112 Feb. of 
the same year. 

Engaged by Sheridan for Smock Alley 
Theatre, Dublin, \^'oodward made his first 
nppearanc« there on^SSepI, 1747 as Marplot 
in the ' Busybody,' and played also Brass in 
the ' Confederacy,' Trappanti in ' She would 
and she would not,' and other parts. As 
Marplot he came out again on 10 Sept. 1746 
at I>ury Lane, * first appearance for seven 
years.' He repeated some of his Dublin 
fiuccesfies, and was seen during the season as 
Tom in ■ Conscious liovers,' Justice Ureedy 
in ' A New Way to pay Old Debts,' Ksinble 
in ' London Cuckolds," Qregoir in ' Mock 
Doctor,' Captain Braten, Scrub. Mercutio, 
llarlequin in ' Emperor of Ibe Moon,' Fine 
Oentleman in ' Lethe,' Faddle in ' Found- 
ling,' and Itamilie in the ' Miser,' and gave 
on 18 March 174!) liis own unprinted inter- 
lude, ' Tit for Tat,' in which he made sport 
of Foote, who had taken him off in his 
' Diversions of the Morning.' In November 
1762 the actor bad to make an atRdavit that 
he had not insulted one Fitipatrick (the 
same probably who in 17113 caused a riot in 
the theatre). 

During this same year (1762) Woodward 
was subjected to an attack at the hands of 
the mountebank 'Sir ' John Hill [q. v.], who 
inserted in his 'Inspector' a letter 'to Wood- 
ward, comedian, the meanest of all charac- 
ters.' This elicited apampblet,* A Letter from 
Henry Woodward, Comedian, the meanest 
of all Characters [see Iiinpector, No. 624], 
to Dr. John Hill, Inspector-General of Great 
Britain, the greatest of all Characters (see 
all the Inspectors) ' [London], 17/)2 (2nd 
edit.), 8vo. This was followed by 'A Letter 
to Mr. Woodward, on his Triumph over the 
Inspector. By Sampson Edwards, the Merry 
Cobler of the Ilaymarket,' London, n.d. 
[1752], 8vo; 'A Letter to Henry Wood- 



ward, Comedian, occasioned by his Letter la 
the Inspector. By Simon ("ortridge, the 
Facetious Cobler of Pall Mall,' &c., Lon- 
don, n.d. [I7(i21, Svo, and finally 'An 
Answer to Woodward, by the Earl of . . .,' 
London, 1753, Svo, a mock defenro of 
Hill. 

Between 17ol and 1756 Woodward kid 
produced and doubtless acted in several on- 
printed pantomimes of his own — ' Ilarleqtiiii 
Ranger, season of 1751-2; ' The Genii,' pro- 
duced in 1733, and often revived; 'QuBen 
Mab,' 1753; ' Fortunalus,' 1763, freouenUj 
revived, ' Proteus, or Harlequin in China,' 
175-S;and'Mercur?Harlequin,'175G. ThM 
all displayed gifts of construction and inven- 
tion, and were highly popular. Some of 
thecD had previously been seen in Dubtin. 
' Marplot in Lisbon '(1760, 12mo) wasacted 
at Drury Lane on 30 March 17.>1. It ii 
only a compression, with some slight alteix- 
tions by Woodward, of Sire. Centlivte't 
' Marplot,' a continuation of the ' Busybody,' 
and was seen again in Dublin and at Covent 
Garden. 

At Drury Lane he remained until 1/58, 
being seen as the Little French Lawyer, Sir 
Harry \^'ildai^. Trappolin in ' Duke and do 
Duke,' Quicksilver in ' Eastward Hoe,'Boba- 
dil, Slephano in the 'Tempest,' Celadon ui 
the ' Comical Lovers,' Face, Sir John Daw, 
Sir Fopliog Flutter, Launeelot Qobbo, Polo- 
nius, Subtle in 'Alchemist,' Clown in- Win- 
ter's Tale,' Copper Captain, Lissardo in ths 
' Wonder,' Falstaff in the ' Second Part of 
King Henry T\',' and other ebaracifn. 
Chief among his original parts were AVit- 
ling in Mrs. Clive's ' Rehearsal, or Bays in 
Petticoats,' 15 March 1750 ; Don Lewis in 
Moore's' GU Bias,' 3 Feb. 1751 ; a part iahia 
own unprinted ' Lick at the Town,* 16 March; 
Petruchio in Qarrick's ' Catharine and P»- 
truchio,' 18 March 1764 ; IKck in Murphy* 
'Apprentice,'2 Jan. 1756; Block in Smol- 
lelt\ ' Reprisal," 22 Jan. 17G7 ; Daffodil in 
the ' Modem Fine Oentleman,' 24 March ; 
Nephew in the ' Gamesters,' altered from 
Shirley by Qarrick, 32 Dec. ; and Raior in 
Murphy's ' Upholsterer.' 30 March 1758. 

At the end of the season of 1757-8 Wood- 
ward finally severed his connection with 
Drury Lane. His last eneagement hod been 

Srodigal of interest and incident. lie was 
larrick's right-band man, and divided with 
him the empire overcomedy. HisMercutio. 
when Garrick and Barry in ' liomeo and 
Juliet ' divided the town, had been an un- 
8 urpasKable triumph. Murphy said, conceni- 
ing the performance, that ' no actor evw 
reachedthe vivacity of Woodward.' Hispei^ 
formance of Bobadll was pronounced ■ won- 






Woodward 



421 



Woodward 



derful' by Tate Wilkinson. No less con- 
spicuous triamph had attended his Parolles. 

Woodward's inducement to leave Drury 
Lane had been a tempting but, as it proved, 
delusive, offer from Spranger Barry [q. v.] 
Bany had counted on the support of Mack- 
lin in opening a new theatre in Dublin. 
Macklin proving recalcitrant, he turned to 
Woodward, who had saved 6,000/., and 
Woodward, after some hesitation, entered 
on the scheme at the persuasion of Barry, 
whom Rich declared capable of ' wheedling 
a bird from the tree and squeezing it to death 
in his hand.; On 22 Oct. 1758 Crow Street 
Theatre, built by subscription, was opened 
under the new management, Wooaward 
speaking a prologue but not acting. On 
28 Jan. 1760 Footers * Minor * was produced. 
Woodward, as the original Mrs. Cole, acted 
with so much coarseness as to damn 
a piece that afterwards made a success in 
London. The onlv other parts he played in 
Dublin in which he had not been seen in 
London were Young Philpot in the * Citi- 
zen,' Squire Groom in * Love ^-la-Mode,' and 
Humphrey Gubbin in the 'Tender Husband.' 
But tne Dublin management was not a suc- 
cess, and by 1762 W^ward had lost half 
hifl savings. In this year the joint-managers, 
who in 1761 had opened a new theatre in 
Cork, quarrelled, recriminated, and dissolved 
partnership, Woodward returning to London 
(for some incidents of the estrangement of 
Woodward and Barry see C. McLoughlin, 
Zariffa^s Triumph^ or Harlequin and Othello 
at War, 1762, 8vo). 

On reappearing in London at Covent Gar- 
den in * Marplot,^ on 6 Oct. 1763, Woodward, 
who had spoken in Dublin many prologues 
of his own writing, delivered one entitled 
* The Prodigal's Return ; ' this occasioned a 
vexatious charge of * ingratitude ' when in 
1764 he revisited Dublin. At Covent Gar- 
den he played some of the parts in which he 
had been seen in Ireland, and was the first 
Careless in Murphy's * No One's Enemy but 
his Own,' 9 Jan. 1764 ; a part, probably Lord 
Lavender, in Townley's 'False Concord,* 
20 March ; Young Brumpton in the * School 
for Guardians,' 10 Jan. 1767 ; Careless in 
Colman's * Oxonian in Town,' 7 Nov. ; Lofty 
in Goldsmith's ' Good-natured Man,' 29 Jan. 
1768 ; Marcourt in Colman's ' Man and Wife,' 
7 Oct. 1769 ; and Captain Ironsides in Cum- 
berland's * Brothers,' 2 Dec. He had also 
been seen as Justice Shallow, the Humorous 
Lieutenant, Sir John Brute, Lord Ogleby, 
and Sir Brilliant Fashion, and had produced 
in 1766 his own 'Harlequin Doctor Faust us.* 
On 19 Nov. 1770, as Marplot in the * Busy- 
body,' he made under Foote his first appear- 



ance in Edinburgh, playing a round of cha- 
racters. On his homeward journey he acted 
under Tate Wilkinson in York. Still under 
Foote, he was on 26 June 1771 at the Hay- 
market the first Sir Christopher Cripple in 
the * Maid of Bath.' Back at Covent Gar- 
den, which he did not further quit, he was 
the first Tardy in* An Hour before Marriage,' 
25 Jan. 1772; General Gauntlet in the 
'Duellist,' 20 Oct. 1773; Tropick in Col- 
man's * Man of Business,' 31 Jan. 1774 ; Cap- 
tain Absolute in the* Rivals,' 17 Jan. 1776; 
Sir James Clifford in Kelly's * Man of Reason,' 
9 Feb. 1776 ; and FitzFrolick in Murphy's 
* News from Parnassus,* 23 Sept. He had 
also been seen as Ranger, Jodelet in his 
alteration of the * Man*s the Master' (1775, 
8vo) on 3 Nov. 1773, and Lord Foppington 
in the * Man of Quality.' His * Harlequin's 
Jubilee' was given at Covent Garden in 
1770. His * Seasons,' founded on the * Spec- 
tator,* is included in Mrs. Bellamy's * Apo- 
logy ' for her life. Woodward's last appear- 
ance was on 13 Jan. 1777, when he played 
Stephano in the * Tempest.' On 18 March 
he was too ill to act for his benefit. On 
17 April he died at his house. Chapel Street, 
Grosvenor Place, and was buried in the vaults 
of St . George's, Hanover Square. Mrs. Wood- 
ward predeceased her husband, and Wood- 
ward spent the last ten years of his life 
with George Anne Bellamy [q. v.] To her 
he left the bulk of his estate, which, how- 
ever, she never succeeded in obtaining. 

Woodward has had few equals in comedy. 
His fig^ure was admirably formed and his 
expression so ccinposed that he seemed 
qualified rather for tragedy or fine gentlemen 
tnan the brisk fops and pert coxcombs he 
ordinarily played. He was unable, however, 
to speak a serious line with effect, but so 
soon as he had to charge his face with levity, 
and to display simulated consequence, brisk 
impertinence, or affected gaiety, he was the 
most engaging, consequential, and laughable 
of actors. Churchill, m * The Rosciad,' tried 
to depreciate him as * a speaking harlequin, 
made up of whim,' but the stroke was in- 
effective. He was quite unequalled as 
Bobadil, a part, says Dr. Doran, that died 
with him. His Mercutio has never in report 
been surpassed. In Marplot he * was every- 
thing the author or spectator could wish.' 
Sir Joseph Wittol, Brisk, Tattle, Parolles, 
Osric, and Lucio were parts in which he was 
unequalled, and his Touchstone and Sir 
Andrew Aguecheek were much approved. 
In Trappolin, Captain Flash, Clodio, Sosia 
Duretcte, Lissardo, Captain Mizen, Brass, 
and Scrub, his deportment was too studied. 
Sometimes indeed he over-acted. It was 



Woodward 



433 



Woodward 



jiaiil in h:.' behalf that while in gcmmtfigt 
f^v jijr with the rown he wu cont*;nr to plaj. 
in x.hf ' lUthKunml ' a soldier bringing in a 
in«;««a;(e. Fl*; Prceived the highest terxn^ of 
an J r:omic actor of the daj. HL<* clainu to 
rank a^ a riramatUt. except aa regards his 
pantomime, are trivial, hid work containing 
next to nothing original. 

A p^irrrait of Woodward, by Worlidire.as 
Drafts in the 'Confederacy;' a second, by 
Vand^rgiicht, sa IVtmchio. enzraved by 
J. K. Smith, and reproduced in the illiutra- 
tionjt ro Chaloner .Smith*A 'Catalogue : * and 
a ikerch of him as ISaior in the ' L'phoUterer/ 
by I)e Wild^ after ?^Sany, are in the Garrick 
Club. One, by F. Hayman, aj the Fine 
fientU-man in ' Ijerhe/ wan engraved by 
McArdrll; and one by Sir Joshua Keynoldd, 
in what charact«?r i^ not Aaid, engraved by 
Jnm*'^ WatAon. A portrait a4 IVtrachio, 
aft^r VAnd*;rgucht, and one a^ the Fine 
i rf;ntleman,are among the engraved portraits 
in rh« National Art Library. A writer in 
' ^'o^»•^ and (Queries ' ref*;r9 to ' Illustrations 
by \\*'Kxlward of the S»rven Ages of Par- 
i-ifH ' — * Curate/ * I'riest/ * Pedagogup,' 

• Virar/ * linctor/ * Incumbent/ and * Welsh 
I'.ir-in ' (\)rh ser. ii. iVy.\}. 

|'f*-ntt4t'4 Accoant of the En^linh Stage; 
Hir'hoiii'k'ii Irifth Staf^io ; ChctwryHl's History of 
tl:'- Sfiiirr ; I?i')i^phiii r>ram;iticA : Tjite Wilkin- 
ttiti.'n Mmioirs iin-l W.-intlrrinj^ i'jitHnree ; An 
A|"»I'jL'y r'-^p th- Lif»r of <fi'or::»' Annr Ii>:II.im,v. 
171-''. M.in.ief:r'i N<>to Bt»<ik; TUrk Iius§elL'fl 
lit ] f -•^riM^ivft ActoFH ; I>»niri'j» Annals of the 
StJiiri', ill. I/>ve; Davii'i'n Lift* of (iarrii^k. and 
JJriNi.ifi'- Mi-^'i-llanip.*. ; The«i>i'in I)icti«)njiry ; 
ChtiriiiiH'-. K'iM'i.id ; I-'itzir»-niti*M Life of Gar- 
ri'k ; I)iJ'Iiii ."» Ili^^tory of tli»* Stair*-* : li«>.nlen'» 
Lil* 'if Si'iil'ins ; '''Kin-A^'h K»-rol lections ; Dib- 

• lifis Hilinfiiin»ll Sta;;i- : <fi'ijr;;i,in Km ; L>>ire'd 
iJiM 'ii^Tij'liy of thf* St.icf ; Victors Works; 
Virti-r .I'.'l Oiilton'i* IIi-.t«jry jf tlie ::>t.i;;»' ; Dni- 
m.iM.' <'iri-<«ir. 1770.] J. K. 

WOODWARD. IIKZHKIAII or EZE- 
KIAS (I.V.M) H»7">), noiu'iinfonni.^t divine, 
w.'i, jvi^-ihly thf* floii of Kzt*kinM \\'rK)dwnrd 
tif U'lirwicK-jhir*', who mar ririilattMl from 
rnivtr-ity ('ulli'j,'»s Oxfnnl.nM !*.'» Oct. \ryf<:\, 
r'./i-kiii" tin* youn^jiT, who was «»f Wnr- 
ii*'.f«'r«.liin'. iittrndt'il 11 >:rniiimiir s<rho*>l in 
hi^ imrivi* rnnnty, matriciiliitcd from Hallinl 
(•iilli-;:i». Uxford, (III It) Jun»» WHO, nnd frra- 
iliiMtrd 15. A. (Ml l"i Fi'li. 1<»I*J. ]I»»pivt'sn 
piithftic pictiin* t^( liis ♦•nrly y»»ur« in tho 
linfiirt' t't 'Of th»» C-hiM's iNirtion * and th»» 
ll>|•||'"n^■-^ <if his <M I lira til in. This and an 
iiii|M>iliMii'iit in his >p(>t>('li iiiadi' iiiin d»>>pair 
of tiiiiliiiL; a rari'iT tit litT tlian ' t«) dipiT** <>r 
til lii-ir^r,.;' |,,. lift i>nniii>'f 1 \i\ lalHtiir with his 

own liand". and for thai purpose twice went 



to a ' sfnofpi land.' From a pannaff" in bis 
dedication of * Li^t to Grammar ' It would 
appear that he Visited tbe court of thi 
elector pala:ine at Heidelberg. He re- 
turned about 1619 and opened a adftoolax 
AldermanbuTT. His educational methodi 
di^lay^l much originalitT and insight. 

' With Thomas Heme 'q. V.~ and Haztlib 
he endeavoured to introdoce* into Fnglidi 
achooU the system of John Amoa Comeniu^ 
the great Moravian bishop and edncationift, 
viz. the teaching of the mother con^ue be- 
fore Latin, instruction in the facts of natnze, 
and the * enfranchising of the understandiD^ 
by the senses ' in every way. Charles Hoole 

- [q. v.~ in his translation ( ItSo^ ) of Comeniiu's 
M>rbis Pictus* refers to Woodward a> tn 
eminent schoolmaster, and his educationsl 

. writings are evidently the result of lonjr 
experience. 

Wo'xlward was, according to Wood, 
' always puritanically affected, and in IMl 
he began to employ himself in controversisl 
writing and preaching on the presbvteriin 
side. He probably preached in St. Clary's, 
Aldermanbury, of which Edmond Calsmy 
the elder ~q.'v.] had then the coze. He 

I seems, however, to have been soon dnwn 
into some sympathy with the independents. 
In 1644 he published 'Inquiries into the 
Cau«»*fl of our Miseries ' anonymously, and 

' without a lic«-*nse. Only two of thrttr com- 
pleted sections w»>re issued ; tho sec<3nd wis 
seizetl while in the press. Three further 
sectirms wnre d»fsignea but were not written. 
I^ter in the year the warden of the Sta- 
tioners' Company complained in the House 
of Lonls * of the frequent printing of scan- 
dalous books by divers, as Ilezekiah Woiid- 
wanl and John Milton.' Woodward wa» 
committed to the custody of thegentleman- 
ushfT, and, after submit t ing t o an exam inat ion 
by two judges, was released on giving his bond 
to app#?ar when summoned. Woodwartl was 
a great admir»»r of John Goodwin 'q.v.",and 
a sympathis#.*r with the * Apologetical Nar- 
ration, but quite unable to make up his mind 
as to the p«'»ints at issue between presby- 
terians and independents. He firmly be- 
lievd in a final agreement : *so that Ihave 
not understanding enouph,* he confesses, 'to 
toll my »Aff* what way I am, unlesse for both, 
as they may both lead each to other, and 
m»vte in one.' Later on, according to Wood, 
* wh»'n he saw the independents and other 
factious p#»ople to be dominant, he lK*came 
on»' nf them, and not unknown to Oliver,' 
whoso chaplain, * or at least favourite,* he 
hi»eanii». About 1649 he was pn'sonted by 
Cromwell to the vicaragi* of Hray, near 
Maidenhead. Here he remained some vears, 




Woodward 



AVoodward 



md writinK vigorously. He col- 
ad him B select band of followers, 
■with whom he frequently held meetings for 
nver in the vic&rsge-house. Hh allowed 
is house to fall into ruin, and diminished 
the income of the living by refuaing tn 
accept legal tithes, urging that ministars 
ought lo depend soleij on voluntary sup- 
port. In 1660 he left Bray to escape ejec- 
tion, and retired to Uxbridge, where ue con- 
tinued to preach to bis aiUierents until Lis 
on 29 March lti7d. Ke was buried 
n Chapel vard near to the grave of his 
rife Frances, who died on 30 Aug. IdBl, 
_ 1 daughter Frances became the second 
jprife of John Oxenbridge [q. v.] 
, Woodward was the ' Friend ' who wrote 
i lengthy 'Judgment upon Mr. Edwards 
■» Booke, he calleth an Anli-Apologie,' in 
Mponse to ijamuel Hartlib's ' Short Letter,' 
^hich was printed in 1644. The 'Judge- 
toent' is, according to Masson, a 'real 
lliough somewhat hazy and perplexed ren- 
bning for toleration.' Of forma of prayer 
. 18 disapproved, and strongly objected to cLil- 
Edren being taught the Lord's prayer. His 
lardour for the observance of the Lord's day, 
r and his horror of ' the cursed liberty for 
iports,' probably prompted Heame to de- 
ecribe lum as ' that most abominable attd 
prophane Fanatick, Hezekiah Woodward.' 
Besides Ihe ' Inquiries ' already mentioned, 

^ Woodward's publications include: 1. 'A 
Child's Patrimony,' London, 1640. 2. 'Of 
ihe Child's Portion' (continuation of the 
•bove), London, IftlO. 1649. The long pre- 
face to this second part was published sepa- 
ratelr in 1640 under the title of Vestibuluni, 
or a Manuduction towards a Faire Edifice.' 
8. ' A Light to Grammar and all other Arts 
and Sciences,' London, 1641. 4. 'A Oata 
to Science, opened by a Naturall Key,' Lon- 
don, 1041, 5, 'The Compendious History 
of Foolish, Wicked, Wise and Good Kings,' 
London, 1641, 1716. In 1643 the work 
appeared under the title of * The Kind's 
Cimlnicle,' in two parts, part i. deallngwith 
the wicked, and part ii.with the good kings. 

6. 'The Church^ Thank-Offering to God, 
her King, and the Parliament, for Uich and 
Ancient Mercies,' London, 1643 (anon.') 

7. 'Three Kingdoms mode One by eut'ring 
Oorenant with one God,' London, 1S43. 

8. 'The Solemn League and Covenant of 
Three Kingdoms cleared to the Conscience of 
Every Man,' London, 1643. 9. 'The Cause, 
Use, and Cure of Feare,' London, 1643. 
la 'Aa You Were,' London, 1644 (anon.) 
II. 'A Good Souldier maintaining his Mili- 
tia,' London, 1644. 12. ' X Dialogue argu- 
ing that Archbishops, Bishops, Curates, 



Neuters, are to be cut off by t 
God,' London, 1644; the book was reissued 
in the same year under the title of ' The 
Sentence from Scripture and Reason against 
Archbishops, Bishops with their Curates.' 

13. ' Soft Answers unto Hard Censures,' 
London, 164G. in which the treatment re- 
ceived by the ' Inquiries ' and by the ' Judge- 
ment on the Anti-Apologie' is described. 

14. ' The Lord's Day the Saints' Day, Chrisl- 
mns an Idol- Day,' London, 1648. 15. 'A 
Just Account upon the Account of Truth 
and Peace,' London, 1656; directed chiefly 
against the practice of free admission to the 
Lord's Supper, and the vindication of the 

fracttce by John Humfrey [q. v.], London, 
656. 16. ' An Appeal to the Churches of 
Christ for their Rignteous Judgment in the 
Matters of Christ,' London, 18&tt. Thesevea 
points or sections were published separately 
in the same yevr. 1 7. ' A Conference of some 
Cliristians in Churchfellowship, about the 
Way of Christ with His People,' Ijondon, 
16n6. 18. 'A Church-Covenant Lawfull 
and Needful!,' London, 1656. 19. ' An In- 
offensive Answer lo remove Offences,' Lon- 
don, 1657. 

[Woodwanl-B Works; Wood's Athena^, nl. 
Bliis, iii. l<J34-r>. Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 343 ; Mas- 
een's Milton, iii. 230-1, 293^-6 ; Hist. MSS. 
Comm. 6th Rep, App. p. 39 ; Fost«r'B Alumni 
Oion. 1600-1714; Note, and Queries, 3rd sor. 
z. 606; Cat. orLibrary at SioD College; Heame'i 
CollectioDs (Dobla). ii. 239 : Lords' Journals, 
Tii. 118; informatian from Miss Hub tiack and 
from Alfred do Burgh, esq,, of Trinity Collie 
Lihrary, Dublin.] B. P. 

WOODWARD, JOHN (1665-1728J, 
geologist and physician, whose father is 
said to have sprung from the Woodwards 
of Deane in Gloucestershire, his mother 
being descended from the family of Burdett, 
was bom b Derbyshire on 1 Mav 1665 (of. 
yisifation of GlouceiterMre, Harl. Soc. 

K. 185-6). On leaving school at sixteen 
is believed to have been apprenticed lo 
a linendraper in London. About 1684 he 
CBjne under the notice of Dr. Peter Barwick 
\q. v.], physician to Charles II, who received 
liim into "hie house and took him under his 
tuition in his own family. On 13 Jan. 1692 
hewaselectedprofessorofphysicinGreshsm 
College, and F.R.S. on 30 Nov. 1693. On 
4 Feb. 1695 he was created M.D. by Arch- 
bishop Thomas Tenison [q. v.], and on 
28 June of that year he received the same 
degjee from the university of Cambridge, 
being at the same time admitted a memb»r 
of Pembroke Hall {(iraduati Cimtabr. 165&- 
1823, p. 526). He was admitted a candidate 
of the College of Physicians on 25 June 



J 



inino-ix 

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rhr rtiaMli "rrm "fii- ' maf ipnila if Tarn Trrmy 
aniBiauu (bec oa waa .so caaan no 
dwfliydiac riiefhad aH bMK nmoBtt op 
die dooii widi die ^^ij"— "^^ of dn ^fi»- 
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miaciv» apeexiic jnaixiea* due ha 
duiir TToe 'iiapaaidinL in dia 
ihiieriso 

1^ 'Eaaj* waa mtunmA hv-Dc Jhhn. 
JLrhndmac j^ v.^ £ihn. Bajr i^ ▼.% and 
oriiars. who w^re anawsRd hy- John HaErof 
in lid * Rfmarss la wmK lartf Pixkes r*Iiis- 

T!ie Linn Tiujiiiiriim uf ^mn wnckwas ;nin- 
mHXiSt*ii la ly Eir. EL CasLenriiitf ifT-ibuupou 
inti 'ii 'lim ^ ^ini-^nrd T^iiisfi in hia * '^tica- 
rult} HLdr.:r*iL T-aTiir'rt xLiUiCTara.' 5e wma 
ald43 w»il TftmifL lir 'Jui peru^L in bnrany. 
P^.ikiimH; tearTThiniT iun u' juiicaia botaai- 
etia.' Hltf paaiff. ' Sime Tliiiiiifnju ud Ex- 
pi»ri3XiHi:i4.!f}niatn'ntr V.«tz*HLinnii.' ?qk£ fMbc» 
ciui R«3V%1 S^ierr ji WfiC. ihtswi^Iiim ^5 haT* 

piiLau-oiiT^iiiuiiET. aoii yOi^ if %ae ibrsc so 

perlsens, wEiile h»* o^T&Linly 'fiiKisvBRd 
■ TnazTOinnion' - iii, Hirr.*¥.Zir. ffEamptf^ 
ill. -5L?r^. ->:>G *. T? larii^iirtaes he also paid 
iijGi« arriMLd*:-!!. acd wia 'hi pcaasaKr oif an 

ir:cL ifcjtil-l wi::h '^ril'SiTs^^ t^atts*. iriieL 
WW -iiHicri^i br L?r. Htcrr I>:«fw*il ^fc* 

*azT*Tr»i bj KeciiT tus. •iriijt: i:r & prica 
f-ifc-^b-irii ^. Aj^t**ri:L-a ia. ir*>S- TIlLs ?»-ILe 
br-.'^^t': W»iTApi b.3.: :i:CLO» anther aaii- 
«)rurif»s« ar.i il-i:> va» "^ ii>i;ce of Ksch 
rldicnle aaricx «5:*"enipr-drT witA. 

^>n z-»«3icikl *;itp«t» iV.ztiiijTfcri wrr*:* be* 

lif«in:* wa* bU "STate of FtTsit' •171*^1, 
in which he atcackad die wor&of Dr. John 




p.3iSV 

w«h.hiaQkari-i 
Trimntiafc oa haaoIiLni 
waa of LiOL tti< ha _ 
no cha uni-waait r of ra i i i hii|ie : IQQL to W 
paidu a [taeciDRC w&} waa Co hi!- ahadhekr 
•nd pRaferahLj a !a;vnian. mad wb> shp?cU 
•itiirvisr not ftsw^f soan fsn; bctozei «vcfT 
j»ar. me a£ Isaac •}£ wiuch. waa :abe ptiatad. 
•in wma 'ir other of du^ snhpfcts treated 
in hia h*mkaL fLt also beqtae^lKd ha col- 
iHCCiim 'Hi izamla^ wish, char cabinefis and 
isaalii^iea^ to che suia ocnivvnEST aader 
eisiain t^ct vdaoas^ diResioas aatf Ismita- 
Gona ai t:o cheer iasm cart and 
nance. H^ coCect&sn f xaaed tha at 
of che pRseoc W«»dwaKdian If m e iua , 

The eooipiJete lisc oi hat wioefcstc aa fol- 
low? : I. - An EaaaT cowasd a XaUnal Hit- 
birr of z!bt Eazi:h.*lLaoid?a. 1406. Sro: iad 
•sdiL ir^jfi: Sed cdic 173: Latin traila- 
ciiin b J J. J. Schaoehaer. entitled ' SpeoBea 
•jetxcnphofr FhsraatS Zdiicb. 1701^ eroz 
Fncch. cn2»Iac»»i hr 31. Macrnec I^iis and 
AaidCisriaa. irS-x 4to : Italian tTanalatioo* 
V-m^tx, 17$>. Stou ± - Brief Instractioas 
S-ic m.-fkThr C*beerra:L7e« in all parts of th» 
W^rid aflki satiiRz over Xatanl Things* 
'aarn.'. 1^^ -Icou Z. * An Accoont of soma 
RotBaa Urns .... With BeAecrioos apoa 
the AsuL^nt and Pre»Kit Stat« of Loadoa,' 
Loodocu 171^ ^To: 3rd edit. 1723 ; abo re- 
isRKd in Som^m* *' Coikctioa of Tracts* ( toL 
IT. 174-^. and tyA. xiiL ld09>. 4. *Xataia- 
lis Hifftoria Tdlazia illastimla et aneu/ 



Woodward 42s Woodward 

London, 1714, 3 pts. 8vo; English trans- his preferment till 1781. On 4 July 1772 
lation by B. Holloway, London, 1726, 2 pts. he was installed chancellor of St. Patrick's, 
Svo. 6. * The State of Physlck and of and in May 1778 he exchanged his chan- 
Diseases,' London, 1718, 8vo ; Latin trans- cellorship for the rectory of Louth, 
lation by J. J. Scheuchzer, Ziirich, 1720, Woodward took a keen interest in the 
8yo. 0. 'An attempt towards a Natural welfare of the Irish poor, and in 1768 he 
History of the Fossils of England,' London, published 'An Argument in Support of the 
1728-9, 2 Yols. 8vo ; issued in five parts, right of the Poor in Ireland to a National 
each with its own title, vol. ii. appearing Provision ' (Dublin, 8vo). In the following 
first. 7. 'Fossils of all kinds digested into year he was one of the principal founders of 
a Method,' London, |1728, 8vo. 8. 'Select the House of Industry in Dublin, in con- 
Cases and Consultations in Physic . . . pub- nection with which, in 1775, he wrote ' An 
lished by P. Templeman,' London, 1757, Address to the Publick on the Expediency 
8to. of a regular Plan for the Maintenance and 

In addition to the botanical paper already Government of the Poor ' (Dublin and 

quoted, he communicated to tne 'Philo- London, 8vo), a pamphlet remarkable for 

sophical Transactions ' of the Royal Society being one of the earliest as well as ablest 

' An Account .. .of the Procuring the Small- pleas for the introduction of a compul- 

pox by Incision or Inoculation' (1714), sory provision for the poor into Irelana on 

extracted from a letter by E. Timonius; the English model. On 4 Feb. 1781 he 

and a paper on the ' Method of preparing was consecrated bishop of Cloyne. In 1782, 

Prussian Blue ' (1724), which he received immediately after his enthronement, he dis- 

from a German correspondent, the process ting^ished himself in the Irish House of 

having previously been a secret ; in 1776 Peers by strenuously advocating the repeal of 

a P&per by him, edited by M. Lort, ' Of the the penal statutes against Homan catholics. 

Wisaom of the Ancient Egyptians,' was In 1787 he publishea a defence of the Irish 

published in ' Archseologia ' (vol. iv.), and church, entitled ' The Present State of the 

separately in the following year. Church in Ireland,' which passed through 

[Clark and McKenny Hughes's Life and nine editions in a few months, and earned 

Letters of the Kev. A. Sedgwick, i. 166--84,with him the thanks of the dean and chapter of 

engraved portrait from the coDtemporary oil- Christ Church, Dublin. In this pampnlet he 

painting in the Woodwardian Museum ; Ward's endeavoured to show that only adherents 

Lives of Professors of Gresham College, pp. of the established church could be sincerely 

283-301 ; Weld's Hist Royal Soc. i. 363-5 ; attached to the state, thus attacking both 

Nichols's Lit. Anecd. v 95, vi. 641 ; Brit. Mus. Roman catholics and presbyterians. It drew 

Cat.; Noble 8 Contia of Granger sBiogr. Hist: numerous replies, including treatises by 

Munks Coll. of Phys. n. 6 ; Britten and j^^^^ Butler [q. v.], Roman catholic arch- 

BWger s English Botanists ; Phil. T^rans. Roy. ^. , ^^ ^^^^^^ J^ ^^ ^..^j.^ Campbell 

'■' ' [<!• V'l * leading presbyterian divine. 

WOODWARD, RICHARD (1726- Woodward died on 12 May 1794, and 

1794), bishop of Clo^e, baptised at Old- was buried in Cloyne Cathedral, where a 

lands, near Bitton m Gloucestershire, in monument was erected to him in the north 

July 1726, was the elder son of Francis transept. He was praised by Wesley as 

Woodward {d, 1730) of Grimsbury in Glou- * one of the most easy, natural preachers ' he 

cestershire, by his second wife, Elizabeth had heard (WESLBr, Journal, 1827, iii. 

Bird of Bristol, who after his death married 422). By his wife Susanna (d. 11 May 

Josiah Tucker [q. v.], dean of Gloucester, 1796), daughter of Richard Blake, he had 

Richard was educated by Tucker, and matri- five sons, of whom Richard (d, 11 Dec. 

culated at Wadham College, Oxford, on 1828) was a prebendary of Cloyne; and 

21 Oct. 1742, graduating B.C.L. on 16 Oct. Henry (d, 14 April 1863), rector of 

1749, and D.C.L. on 14 Feb. 1759. He was Fethaxd in the diocese of Cashel. His 

presented to the rectory of Donyatt in Somer- daughter Mary was married on 8 Dec. 

set. While travelling on the continent, how- 1786 to Charles Brodrick, bishop of Kilmore 

ever, he made the acquaintance of Thomas (afterwards archbishop of Cashel). Through 

Conolly [q. vj, who persuaded him to come her he was ancestor of the present Viscount 

to Ireland. Conolly s sister was the wife of Midleton. Woodward was the intimate 

John Hobart, second earl of Buckingham- friend of Philip Skelton [q. v.] (cf. Burdy's 

shire [q. v.], lord lieutenant from 1777 to * Life of Skelton,' prefixed to Skelton's 

1780, and to his influence Woodward owed Complete Works , p. cxiii). 

his later preferments. On 31 Jan. 1764 he [Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross^ 

was installed dean of Clogher, retaining 1864, iiL 122-6; Gardiner's Rasters of Wad- 




•LTi ^jmiD. 



cum. TJT'bB 

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^fiz3«v''u7' imtDwwnniLrizaar 

-vnik Ik Dt±^ 'iitt 
4siiifaici«t mfiiTR "iis Smbkct- if JLoriifiuaEes 
A tfdis if 2iira» if inrTHnr ^Kudub: vinciL 
w>4R ulsa"v*icri» jiiniiaiieit '3Biiiq!L ^as 
fih^ciiimf Hjiiiinn. <->]cais7' m au. ujumiox 
61 iiH '^EflBiTT' Bui A3cqiiicii> if I^icvjcn. 
■it».' T.I ';iie lame^ *ici!C]r bm jassae m. 
jnsiSA. *v^iii£a. JP40» icBEKit in. 

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t'agt i'MndiiZif.na :f "Wxaxi-.niiSiiaL AaiKT-. 
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Woodward 



Kology and minerology in tlie Britisli 
meiiiD, a poaition wkicli he occupied 
until Che close of hia life. Hia official 
duties lad him to conceatratc attention on 
invertebrate fossils, and more especially on 
the foBsil moUusca, to the study of which 
he happily added that of the living forms ; 
BO that in a few jears he came to be re- 
Borded as the higheat authority on the sub- 
ject of recent and foeeil ahells. His re- 
Bearcht-s on Che Hippuritidic, rtn extinct 
fftmilj of moUusca, are worthv of note, 
while his 'Manual of the Mollusca : ot, 
Budimentary Treatise of Recent and FossU 
Sheila,' lo tiie preparation of which he de- 
voted all hia leisure hours for six years, was 
at once adopted as the standard work on the 
eubjecC. It appeared in three parts in 1851, 
1853, and 1856 ^London, 8vo), passed 
throue'h several editions, and was translated 
into French in 1870. The illuat rations, filling 
twenty-four plates, were enRraved by J. \V. 
LowiT from original drawings by the author, 
and they remain among the choicest speci- 
mens of steel engravings. Conaiilerable . 
attention was given by W'oodward to the I 
fossil Echinodermata. He named and de- i 
Kribed the new genus Echinothuria, from an 
anomalous fossil form. Long afterwards Sir | 
Chailes Wyville Thomson [q. v.] founded a _ 
new famiW, EJchinothuridot, to contain the i 
original fossil genus and also two recent i 
senerabroughttolightby deep-seadredgings. | 
Woodward describe someof the fossil species 
of echinoderms in the ■ Decades ' of the geo- 
logical Hurvej. He was elected a fellow of 
the Geological Society in 1854, and in 1804 i 
the university of Gottingen conferred ujion ' 
him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philo- 
•ophy. He contributed man; original papers 
to the 'Annals and Maga/ine of Natural 
History,' the ' Proceedings of the Zoological 
Society,' the 'Quarterly Journal of the Geo- 
logieal Society,' the 'Geologist,' and the 
'Geological Magoiine.' He also wrote for 
the * Critic ' and other periodicals. He waa 
for several yearsexaminerin natural science 
to the council of military education at Sand- 
hurst, and afterwards examiner in geology 
and pabeontology to the university of Lon- 
don. He died at Heme Bay, whither he 
had gone to recruit his health, on 11 July 

lees. 

[Memoir in Tning. Norfolk NBturaliala' So- 
aoty, 1882, iii. 379-312. with partrsit snd Hat 
of papers.] H. B. W. 

WOODWAKD, TnOMAS(180l-1852), 
animal painter, son of Herbert and Elizabeth 
Woodward, was born on 6 July 1801 at I 
Pershore, Worcestershire, where his father 




Woodward 



practised as a aolicitor. His childish efforts 
at painting meeting with encouragement from 
Benjamin West, he was articled to Abra- . 
I ham Cooper [q. v.], and from 1922 until hia 
death was a large exhibitor at the Koyai Aca- 
, demy and British Institution, chiefly of his- 
torical compositions, in which horses formed 
n prominent feature. Among these were 
' Turks and their Charters,' ' The Chariot 
I Eace,' ' Horses pursued oy Wolves,' ' A De- 
I tachment of Cromwell's Cavalry surprised in 
a Mountain Pass,' ' The Battle of Worcester,' 
I nnd ' Mazepm.' On the recommendation of 
I Sir Edwin Xandseer, who thought highly 
I of his talent, Woodward painted many por- 
I traits of favourite horses for the queeu, the 
I prince consort, and other distmguishod 
' persons ; several of these were engraved for 
Che 'Sporting Magaiine.' His 'Tempting 
Present' has also been well engraved. 
Being unable, on account of his delicate 
health, to settle in London, Woodward 
resided chiefly in his native county. He 
died unmarried, at Worcester, on 30 Oct. 
1952, and was buried in the abbey church 
of Pershore, where there is a mural tablet 
to his memory. 

[Art, Journal, 1852; Gnnt. Mi^[. 1862. ii. 
est - KedgraTB's Dii^t. of Artints ; Uraves'a Diet, 
of Artists, 1760-1893; priratB information.! 
¥. M. O'D. 
WOODWARD, THOMAS JENKIN- 
SON (1745P-1820), botanist, boni about 
1746, was a native of Huntingdon, where 
his family had long been established. Hia 
parents died when he was tiuite young, leav- 
ing him, however, well off. He was edu- 
cated at Eton and Clare Hall, Cambridge, 
wherehegraduHtedLL.B.in 1769. Shortly 
after he married Frances {d. 27 Nov. 1633), 
the daughter and h--iresB of Thomas Man- 
tling of Bungay, Suffolk. 

He was appointed a magigtnite and de- 
puty-lieutenant for the county of Suffolk, 
and on his subsequent removal to Walcot 
House, Diss, Norfolk, to the same offices for 
tbat county. On the establishment of the 
volunteer system he became lieutenant- 
colonel of the Diss volunteers. He was 
elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of 
London in 1789. 

lie died at Diss on 28 Jan. 1820, and was 
buried there. He left no issue. To botany, 
especially the English flora, he was devote'd, 
and isdescriljed by Sir James Edward Smith 
[q. v.] as _' cue of the best English botanists, 
whose skill and accuracy are only equalled 
by his liberality and leal in the servi^p nf 

the science' (Rbes, Cyclop.), and it ._ 

his honour that Smith named the genua 
W ' — ■ 



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Woolf 



Wool house 



Wootf, B carpenter, by his wife, Jane >'ew- 
ton. lie w&s apprenticed to a carpenter at 
Pool, near CamboTne, and after the expiry 
of his indentures he went to London, and 
ent«red the service of Joseph Bramah [q. v.] 
at Pimlico as a millwright. In I79d he 
became a master^n^ineer, and in the next 
year be assisted Jonathan Carter Homblower 
[see under Hobhbiower, Jonathan] to re~ 

Kir a fault in a two-cylinder engine which ' 
had erected at Meui's brewery. In con- 
sequence he was appointed resident engineer 
in the brewery, where he remained until 
October 1806. On 29 July 1803, while re- 
aiding at Wood Street, Spa Fields, ha took 
out a patent (No. 2726) for ' an improved 
apparatus for converting water and other 
Lquida into vapour or steam for working 
steam engines.' Two boilers built accord- 
ing to his ideas were erected in 1803 in 
Meux'a brewery. Woolf also proposed to 
turn his apparatus to heating ' water or 
other liquids employed in browing, distilling, 
dying, bleaching, tanning,' and other pro- 

Woolf had long .considered the posubility 
of increasing the efficiency of Bt«am engines 
by driving with steam at a higher pressure 
than Watt was accustomed to use. liichard 
Trevithick [q. v,] had already shown the 
advantageB of high-preasure engines, but 
the dan^r of axplosion prevented him from 
developing the new defMirture thoroughly. 
Woolf ingeniously avoided most of the 
risks of accident by raising the temperature 
of the steam in the cylinder itself. In 1804 
and 1806 be took out patents embodying 
his improvements (Nos. i772, 2863). 

In 1806 Woolf became partner with an 
«ngineer named Edwards in a steam-engine 
factory at Lambeth, and while in tliis posi- 
tion he took out another patent (N'o. S346) 
on 9 June 1610 for further 'improvements 
in the construction and working of steam 
engines.' His improvements, in fact, con- 
sisted of a revival of Ilornblower's com- 
Eannd engine, which was rendered possible 
y the espii^ of Watt's patent. Using 
flteam of a fairly high pressure, and cutting 
off the supply before the end of the stroke 
in the small cylinder, \Voolf expanded the 
steam to several times its original volume. 
In engines of this type the steam passed 
directly from the first to the second cylinder, 
and in consequence the term ' Woolf engine ' 
has since been applied to all compound 
engines which discnarge steam directly from 
the high to the low pressure cylinder with- 
out the use of an intermediate receiver. 
Thb type of engine has been more commonly 
adopted in France than in England, 



and returned to Cornwall to devote 
to improving methods of mining. In 1818 
and 1814 he erected steam stamps for crush- 
ing ore at Wheal Fanny mine at Itedruth. 
About 1814 he introduced his compound 
engine into the mines for the purpose of 

tumping, erecting engines at Wheal Abr*- 
am and Wheal Var In 1614 and 1816. In 
18'24 he erected engines at Wheal Busy, in 
1825 at Wheal Alfred and Wheal Spamon, 
and in 1827 at Consolidated mines. His 
engines were, however, quickly superseded 
by Trevi thick's high-pressure single cylinder 
engine, which had the advantage of greater 
simplicity in construction. Until 1833 he 
acted as superintendent of Harvey & Go.'s 
engine manufactory at Hayle. He died at 
The Strand, Guernsey, on 26 Oct. 1837. 

[Boase and Caurtaej'sBibl. Comub. ; Smiln'a 
hWaa of the Engineers, iii. 262; KWa Eiafoch 
und direktwirkenden WooLf'schec WssBsrhal- 
tungBtcaschinen der Qruba Altenberg bet Ai^ 
clien, Stuttgart, 186S; Qregory's Trsatiee of 
Uechnnics, 1306, ii. 394-4U4 ; Stuart's De- 
soriptivfl History of the St«am Engine, 1S24, 
pp. 168-71 : Stnart's Hist, and Descript. Aner- 
dotra of St«am Engines, pp. 170-2, 61 1 ; Albaa's 
High-preseure Steam Engiae, ed. Pole, 1848, 
pp. 69-81 ; Trevithiek'B Life of Richard Trevi- 
thick, 1872 ; Encyclopiedia BritannicH, 9th edit, 
zxii. 477. 494; Mining Almanack, 1849, pp. 
170-1; JourDnl of the Roynl Institution of 
Cornwall, 1872, pp. ilvii-ix ; Cornish Tels- 
grsph, 15 July 1874; Tilloch's Fhilonphical 
M«g. ivii. 40-7. lii. 133-7. xiiii. 123-8, irri. 
316-17,»lTi. 43-i, 120-2, 29S-7, 480-1.] 

WOOLHOUSE. JOHN THOMAS 

(1660 P-1734), oculist, belonged to a family 
who followed that ))roft>ssion from father to 
son for four generations. Bom, accordingto 
Haeaer, about lOSO, he travelled throughout 
; Europe to make himself familiar with the 
various methods of treating diseases of the 
eye, and thus became known to the principal 
men of the age. lie served for a time aa 
groom of the cnamber to James II, who also 
appointed him his oculist. In 1711 he was 
living at the Hotel Notre-Deme, Hue St, 
lienoiet, at I'aris, where he ser\'ed as sur- 
geon to the Hospice des Quinze-Vingte. In 
Paris he is said to have had a large practice, 
but on his return to England later in his 
life ho failed to secure much attention. Ha 
was, however, admitted a fellow of the 
Koyal Society of London in 1721. He was 
a member of the Itoyal Academy at Berlin, 
and of the Noble Institute of Bologna. He 
died in England on 15 Jan. 17.%)-4. 

Woolho use appears by his writings to have 
approached perilously neoi to charlatanism, 



Wooll 4io Woollett 



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Woollett 



431 



Woolley 



ablest landscape engraver who had yet ap- 
peared in England, and was followed by the 
' Phaeton/ 1763, and * Celadon and Amelia,' 
1776, both from paintings by Wilson, and 
two admirable plates after C. Dusart, * The 
Cottagers * and ' The Jocund Peasants/ So 
far WoUett had confined his practice almost 
exclusively to landscape work, but on the ap- 
pearance in 1771 of West's * Death of (Gene- 
ral Wolfe,' he undertook to engrave it, shar- 
ing the venture with Boydell and William 
Wynne Ryland [q. v.] The plate, which is 
his most celebrated work, was published in 
January 1776, and achieved extraordinarv 
popularity both in England and abroad. 
On a proof of it being shown to the king 
shortly before its publication, the title of 
' Historical Engraver to His Majesty ' was 
conferred upon Woollett. The * Battle of 
La Hog^e,' also after West, which appeared 
in 1781, was almost equally well received, 
and both prints were copied by the best 
engravers in Paris and Vienna. Besides 
those already mentioned, Woollett produced 
about a hundred plates from pictures by 
Claude, Pillement, Zuccarelli, R. Wright, 
the Smiths of Chichester, W. Pars, G. 
Stttbbs, J. Vemet, A. Carracci, and others. 
The last published by him was ' Tobias and 
the Angel,' after J. Glauber and G. Lairesse, 
1786. 'Morning' and * Evening,' a pair, after 
H. Swanevelt, which he left unfinisned, were 
completed by B. T. Pouncy and S. Smith, 
and published by his widow in 1787. Some 
of his topographical drawings were engraved 
by Mason, Canot, and Elliott. In 1766 
Woollett became a member of the Incorpo- 
rated Society of Artists, of which he was 
also secretary for several years. He resided 
for some time in Green Street, Leicester 
Square, and later in Charlotte Street, Rath- 
bone Place, where he died, after great suf- 
fering, on 28 May 1786, from an injury 
received some years before in playing at 
bowls. He was buried in old St. Pancras 
churchyard, his gprave being marked by a 
plain headstone, which was restored in 1846 
and now stands at the south-west angle of 
the church. A mural tablet to his memory, 
sculptured by T. Banks, R.A., was erected 
in the west cloister of Westminster Abbey. 
Woollett stands in the front rank of tne 
professors of his art, and he was the first 
English engraver whose works were admired 
and purchased on the continent. In his 
landscapes he succeeded, by a skilful com- 
bination of the graver and needle, in ren- 
dering the effects of distance, light, and at- 
mosphere in away not previously attempted, 
and his figure subjects are executed with re- 
markable vigour and purity of line. In 



landscape work he has, however, been sur- 

Sassed by the modem school founded by 
ohn Pye [q. v.], and his prints of that class 
are now greatly depreciated. William Blake, 
who knew Woollett intimately, and did not 
like him, asserted that all his important 
plates were etched by his assistant, John 
Browne (1741-1801) [q. v.], and owed en- 
tirely to him whatever ment they possessed 
(Gilchrist, Life of Blake, i. 20). 

Woollett left a widow Elizabeth and two 
daughters, who, when the trade in prints 
between this country and the continent was 
destroyed by the war which broke out in 
1793, were reduced to great poverty, and 
in 1814 a subscription was raised for their 
benefit. Mrs. Woollett died in 1819, and her 
husband's plates were then sold to Messrs. 
Hurst & Robinson in consideration of an 
annuity for two lives, but, the firm failing 
six years later, this was lost. In 1843 the 
surviving daughter, Elizabeth Sophia, then 
aged sixty-eight, was the subject of another 
appeal for public assistance. 

A portrait of Woollett, drawn and en- 
graved by J. K. Sherwin, was published in 
1784, and another, by Caroline Watson, 
from a painting by G. Stuart, in 1786. The 
portrait by Stuart is now in the National 
Portrait Gfallery, London. A pencil draw- 
ing by T. Heame, now in the print-room of 
the British Museum, was engraved by Bar- 
tolozzi in 1794. 

[Pagan's Cat. of tho Works of Woollett, 1885; 
Artists' Kopository, iv. 134; Nailer's Eunstler- 
Lexicon ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and En- 
gravers (Armstrong) ; Dodd's manuscript Hist, 
of English Engravers in Brit. Mus., Addit. MS. 
33407 ; Carlisle MSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 
15th Kep. App. pt. vi. pp. 489, 547.1 

F. M. O'D. 

WOOLLEY or WOLLEY, Mrs. HAN- 
NAH, afterwards Mrs. Challinor {Jl. 
1670), writer of works on cookery, was bom 
about 1623. Her maiden name is not known. 
She tells how her * mother and elder sisters 
were very well skilled in physic and chirur- 
gery,' and taught her a little in her youth. 
After teaching in a small school, she served 
successively two noble families as governess. 
She became an adept in needlework, medicine 
(which she practised with success), cookery, 
and household management. In later life 
she wrote copiously on all these topics. At 
the age of twenty-four she married one 
Woolley, who had been master of the free 
school at Newport, Essex, from 1644 to 1666. 
They resided at Newport Pond, near Saffron 
Walden, for seven years, when they removed 
to Hackney. Her husband died before 1666, 
and on 16 April in that year she was licensed 



i 



tomamFrnnciBCimUinor'ijf St. Margaret '( 



1 Hanult 

t 



An engraveil portrait byFaitiioroe appears 
in some editions of Mrs. Woolley's earlier 
works, and bus been taken to represent the 
writer ; but it seems more likely to have been 
Ibe portrait of Mrs. Sarah Gilly, who died in 
1659 (Geanobb, Bio-jr. HUt. iV 112). 

The followinj^ works are ascribed to M.rs. 
Woolley, though Granger thinks her author- 
ship as doubtful as herport rait; 1. 'The Ladies' 
Directory in Choice Experiments of l^reserv- 
inz and Candyinir,' London, 1661, ltt62. 
2. 'TheOook'sGuide.'I-ondon, 1664. 3, 'The 
Queenlike Closet, or llich Cabinet, stored 
with all manner of Rich Receipts,' London, 
1672, 1674 (with supplement), 1675, 1681, 
1684. 4. ' The Ladies^ Delight . . . together 
with the EiactCook. . . . To which is added 
the Ladies' Physical Closet i or excellent 
Receipts and ntre Waters fur Beautifying the 
Face and Body,' I^ndon, 1672; German 
translation, Hamburg, lit74, under the tide 
of 'Frauen-ZimmersZei'-Verlrieb.' 5. 'The 
Gentlewoman's Companion,' London, 1675, 
1082 (3rd edit ) 

[Mrs. WooUbj'b Works, i«8«im; Chasler's 
Marriage Licences ; Bromley's Cal. of Bngmred 
Portmita, p. 112; WalpoU's AaecdoteE of Pitint- 
iog. iii. 191.] B. P, 

WOOLLEY, JOIIX (1816-1806). first 

g'incipal of Sydney University, born at 
etcrsSeld in Hampshire on 28 Feb. 1616, 
was the second sou of George Woolley, a 
surgeon of that nlace, by his wife Charlotte, 
daughter of William Ciell of Lewos in Sus- 
sex. Joseph WoollcyTq. v.Jwas his younger 
brother. Hia father removing to London a 
few years after his birth, he was educated tO. 
the Western grammar school end at liromp- 
ton, and in 1830 entered London University 
(afterwards Llniversity College), where he 
won a first prize in lo^ic and otherwise dis- 
tinguished himself. He matriculated from 
Eicter Collage, Oxford, on 2U June 1832, 
and, after being elected to a scholarship.ffra- 
duftted B. A, on 9 June 1836, M. A. on 2rt Feb. 
1838,and D.C.L. on36 April 18U. He held 
a scholarship at Universitv College, Oxford, 
from 1837 to 1840, and a ffllowsUip at Exe- 
ter from 1840 to 1841. While at Oxford he 
formed a warm friendship with Arthur 
Penrhjn Stanley [q-v.], then a fellow of 
University College. In 1840 he published 
an ' Introduction to Logic ' (Oxford, 12mo), 
which was much used for some years, and 
which attracted the notice of Sir William 
Hamilton (1788-18.5(1) [q. v.] On Trinity 
" ' in the same year he took holy 
In 1842 ha was appointed hend- 
of King Edward the Sixth's gram- 



mar school at Hereford, and in 1R44 In 
was elected headmaster of Roasall. In Ibii 
post he was not successful, for. thougli in 
able scholar, he was a poor disciplinariin. 
In 1849 he was appointed headmaster of 
Norwich grammar school, and in Jsnotry 
1853 he was chosen principal of Sydney 
University. He arrived in June, and de- 
livered an inaugural speech at the frpcninf 
of the university in October in the hsU of 
the new Sydney grammar school. Besides 
filling tbe post of principal, he dischaigei! 
the duties of professor of classics and logic 
in tbe university. He was one of the ori- 
ginal trustees of the Sydney eTammar 
school, and spent much time and laboiir in 
organising it. He was the first to jm^nn 
the scheme, since established, for conneetiiig 
the primary schools of New South Wales 
with the university by a system of public 
examinations. In 1865 he i-isited EngUni), 
and during bis absence in 1866 he vt* 
elected president of the Sydney JMechanics' 
School of Arts. Woolley was lost on U* 
return voyage in the steamship Londoa, 
which foundered in the Bay of Biscay on 
II Jan. 1866. A public testimonial smoonl- 
ing to 2,0(XM. was collected in New South 
Wales and presented to his widow as a tribute 
to his aervices. On 14 July 1842 he married, 
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Mary Mai^tiret, 
daughter of Major William Turner of thi* 
13th light dragoons. There are portraits of 
Woolley in Svdney University and in ths 
Mechanics' Scliool of Arts. 

Besides tbe work already mectionnl, 
Woolley was the author of: 1. ' The Sociil 
Use of Schools of Art,' 1860. 2. ' Leclutes 
delivered in Australia,' London and Cam- 
bridge, 1862. 8vo. He also published some 
:ngle sermons and lectures. 
[Article by Ssmuel Neil, from matOTiiils lop- 
pli«d by Unto Rtanley. in the Britiih Couus- 
roraialiat, 1869. ivi. iel-78; Hwton's An«i»- 
liitD DictiODHry, 1879: Fobter's Alumni Oton. 
1715-1886; BoasB'sHeg. of Exeter Colleg*, pp. 
Sie. »72; Allibone's Diet, of En|;l. jA.; 
Beeehey's Ris« and Prograas of Bosnil, Igfli, 
pp. 12-22 (wiih portrait).] E. I. C. 

WOOLLEY, JOSEPH { 1817-1889), 
naval architect, born at Petersfleld in 
Hampshire on 27 June 181", was the 
younger brother of John \\'c)r)lley [q. v.] 
He was educated at Bromptuo gramnut 
school, and afterwords, it is stated, at St. 
Paul's school, though his name doea not 
occur in the admission regiatnr. In 1634 
lie matriculated from St. John's (^llegs, 
Cambridge, and in 1839 was elected s 
scholar, gradiiattng B.A. as third wmiiglrt 
in 1840 and M.A. in 1843. He was In- 



Woolley 



433 



Wool man 



coiporated M.A. at Oxford on 28 May 1856. 
In 1840 he was elected a fellow and tutor of 
St. John's College. Among his pupils was 
the astronomer, John Couch Adams. 

In 1846 Woolley married, relinquished 
his fellowship, and was ordained a curate 
in Norfolk. In the following year he 
was presented to the rectory of Crostwight 
in the same county by Edward Stanley 
(1779-1849) [q. v.], bishop of Norwich. In 
1848 he was appointed principal of the 
school of naval construction, newly founded 
by the admiralty, at Portsmouth dockyard, 
retaining this post till the abolition of the 
school in 1853. During this period he had 
under his tuition many well-known naval 
architects, including bir Edward James 
Heed and Sir Nathaniel Bamaby. 

Woolley's mathematical attainments and 
the interest which he took in applying his 
scientific knowledge to the solution of pro- 
blems connected with ship design and con- 
struction enabled him to render valuable 
services to the science of naval architecture. 
While in the position of principal of the 
school of naval construction he devoted 
his attention to advancing technical know- 
ledge. In 1850 he published 'The Elements 
of Descriptive Geometry * (London, 8vo), 
which he intended as an introductory trea- 
tise on the application of descriptive geo- 
metry to shipbuilding. The second volume, 
however, though almost ready for press, 
never appeared owing to the abolition of the 
Portsmouth naval school. On quitting his 
post at Portsmouth Woolley was appointed 
admiralty inspector of schools, and in 1858 
he was nominated a government inspector 
of schools. 

In 1860 Woolley had a large share in 
founding the Institution of Naval Architects, 
and he afterwards assisted to carry on the 
institution. One of the earliest efforts of 
the new society was directed to influence 
government to re-establish a technical 
school for naval construction. In 1864 the 
Royal School of Naval Architecture and 
Marine Engineering was founded, and Wool- 
ley was appointed inspector-general and di- 
rector of studies. This post he held until the 
school was merged in the Koval Naval Col- 
lege at Greenwich in 1873. Shortly after the 
loss of the Captain in 1870 he was nominated 
a member of Lord Dufferin's committee 
which was appointed to consider many 
doubtful points concerning the design of 
ships of war. In 1874 and 1875 he was 
associated with (Sir) E. J. Reed as editor of 
* Naval Science, a quarterly magazine for 
promoting improvements in naval archi- 
tecture and steam navigation. Woolley 

VOL. LXU. 



remained a clergyman until 1865, when he 
took advantage of the clergy relief bill to 
divest himself of his orders. He died on 
24 March 1889 at Sevenoaks in Kent. In 
1846 he married Ann, daughter of Robert 
Hicks of Afton in the Isle of Wight. Five 
papers by Woolley on naval architecture are 
printed m the * Transactions ' of the Institu- 
tion of Naval Architects. 

[Transactions of the Institution of Naval 
Architects, vol. i. pp. xv-xx, vol. xxx. pp. 463- 
466; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1716-1886; Times, 
26 March 1889.] £. I. C. 

WOOLMAN, JOHN (1720-1772), quaker 
essayist, son of Samuel Woolman, a quaker 
farmer of Northampton, Burlington county. 
West Jersev, was bom there in August 1720. 
He was a baker by trade, when, about the 
age of twenty-three, he began a lifelong 
test imony against slavery. He learned tailor- 
ing in order to support himself simply, be- 
came a travelling preacher in the states, and 
journeyed on foot handing payment to the 
wealthy host, or to the slaves themselves, 
rather than accept hospitality from slave- 
owners (Brissot, Nauveau Voyat/e, Paris, 
1791, ii. 9). To his exertions, joined with 
those of the eccentric Benjamin Lay fq. v.], 
may be traced the abandonment of slave 
traMc by members of the yearly meetings of 
New England, New York, and Philadelphia 
during the years following 1760. In 1772 
he embarked for England, and on landing at 
London on 8 June he ]^roceeded straight 
to the yearly meeting of ministers and elders. 
His peculiar dress (he wore undyed home- 
spun) created at first an unfavourable im- 
pression on the more conventional English 
quakers ; but as soon as they knew him better 
he won their friendship, and passed on to 
work in the English counties. He reached 
York at the end of September 1772, and 
almost immediately sickened of smallpox. 
After little more than a week's illness, he died 
there in the house of Thomas Priestman on 
7 Oct. 1772. He was buried on the 9th in 
the Friends* burial-ground, York. He had 
been thirty years a recorded minister. By 
his wife Sarah Ellis, whom he married in 
1749, Woolman left a son John and other 
children. 

Woolman*8 * Journal,* his most memorable 
work, reflects the man. Its pure and simple 
diction is not its greatest charm. It is free 
from sectarianism, and there is a transparent 
guilelessness in the writer's recital of his 
experiences in the realm of the unseen. It 
has appealed to a large circle of divergent 
minds. John Stuart Mill was attracted by 
the ^ Journal ;* Charles Lamb says ' Get the 



oomer 






Woolner 



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Woolner 



435 



Woolner 



in 1848, and 'Titania and the Indian Boy' 
at the British Institution in the same year. 
He now, however, from the lack of encourage- 
ment for idealistic sculpture, devoted him- 
self chiefly to portrait medallions. Among 
these was one of Carlyle, to whom and to 
Mrs. Carlyle he became greatly attached. 
He also, through Coventry Patmore, made 
the acquaintance of Tennyson. A visit to 
him at Coniston in the autumn of 1850 led 
to his executing the medallion of Words- 
worth now in urasmere church. He also 
competed for a monument to the poet, and 
produced a fine seated figure, with a spirited 
bas-relief in illustration of * Peter Bell ' upon 
the pedestal. The design, which is engraved 
in Professor Knight's edition of Words- 
worth, was not accepted, and Woolner 
weary of ill success, embraced, in common 
with many other struggling Englishmen, the 
idea of trying his fortune at the Australian 

foldfields. He sailed for Melbourne on 
4 July 1852, accompanied by two friends, 
one, Mr. Latrobe Bateman, nephew to the 
governor of Victoria. The Rossettis, Madox 
&rown, and Holman Hunt accompanied him 
on board, and his exodus inspired Madox 
Brown's noble picture, * The Last of Eng- 
land.' He arrived at Melbourne in October, 
and in November proceeded to the diggings, 
his object bein^ to provide sufficient re- 
sources to tide him over the first difficulties 
of the artistic career which he looked for- 
ward for a time to following in Melbourne 
or Sydney. He could procure, however, 
little beyond a bare livelihood, and, upon 
establishing himself at Melbourne in the 
following May, found himself obliged to 
depend solely upon his professional exertions. 
These were not unfruitful. At Melbourne 
he executed a medallion of Governor La- 
trobe, and at Sydney fine portraits of the 
governor-general. Sir Charles Fitzroy, and 
of the father of Australian self-government, 
William Charles Wentworth [q. v.] A co- 
lossal statue of Wentworth was to have been 
executed, but the money was ultimately 
devoted to endowing a fellowship in Sydney 
University, much to the disappointment of 
Woolner, who had returned to England 
hoping to obtain the commission. He ar- 
rived in October 1854. On the way home he 
read a pathetic story of a fisherman, which 
he imparted to Tennyson, who founded 
* Enoch Arden' upon it. The plot of * Ayl- 
mer's Field ' also was derived from him. 

During Woolner's absence a great im- 
provement had taken place in the position 
of English art and artists. Kuskin and the 
pre-Iiaphaelites between them had raised 
the standard of taste, and several friends 



whom Woolner had leftpoor and struggling 
were now celebrities. Tne turning-point of 
his career may be said to have been the fine 
bust of Tennyson, now in the library of 
Trinity College, executed in 1857. In the 
same year he exhibited the celebrated me- 
dallion portraits of the laureate and of Tho- 
mas Carlyle, and one equally fine of Robert 
Browning. The statue of Bacon in the New 
Oxford Museum was also executed in this 
year; and in 1858 Woolner modelled in alto- 
relievo figures of Moses, David, St. John the 
Baptist, and St. Paul for the pulpit of Llan- 
dan Cathedral, then under restoration, for 
which Rossetti also laboured. 

From this time Woolner's position was 
assured, and the history of the remainder of 
his life is little else than the chronicle of his 
successes. In 1861 he was commissioned to 
design and model the colossal Moses and 
other sculptures for the assize courts, Man- 
chester. Among his most remarkable works 
were Constance and Arthur, children of Sir 
Thomas Fairbairn, 1862; Mrs. Archibald 
Peel and son, in Wrexham church, 1867, 
and in the same year a mother and child for 
Sir Walter Trevelyan ; bust of Gladstone 
in the Bodleian liibrary, with three splen- 
did bas-reliefs from the ' Iliad,' 1808 ; * In 
Memoriam,' children in Paradise, 1870; 
Virgilia, wife of Coriolanus, 1871; 'Gui- 
nevere,' 1872; monument to Mrs. James 
Anthony Froude, in St. Lawrence Church, 
Ramsgate, 1875 ; * Godiva,' 1876. Among 
the colossal and life-size statues the most 
important are : John Robert Godley, for 
Christ Church, Canterbury, New Zealand, 
1865 ; Lord Macaulay, for Trinity College, 
1866 ; Sir Bartle Frere, for Bombav, 1872 ; 
Dr. Whe well, Trinity College, 187*3; Lord 
Lawrence, Calcutta, 1875 ; John Stuart Mill, 
Thames Embankment, 1878 ; Captain Cook, 
Sydney, 1879; Sir Stamford Raffles, Singa- 
pore, 1887; Bishop Eraser, Manchester, 1888. 
Among busts of distinguished men, besides 
those already mentioned, may be named the 
bearded bust of Tennyson, modelled in 1873, 
and those of Darwin, Newman, Maurice, 
Keble, Carlyle, Charles Dickens, Kings- 
ley, Sir Hope Grant, Archbishop Temple, 
Professors Adam Sedgwick and Huxley, 
Rajah Brooke, and Archdeacon Hare. He 
also executed recumbent figures of Bishop 
Jackson in St. Paul's, and of Lord Frederick 
Cavendish in Cartmel Priory church* 

Woolner was elected an associate of the 
Royal Academy in 1871, and academician in 
1874 ; his diploma work, exhibited in 1876, 
was an ideal group— * Achilles and Pallas 
shouting from the Trenches.' In 1877, upon 
the death of Ileniy Weekes [q. v.], he was 

ff2 



Woolner 43* Wooliych 



•ppoiBted ptofwior of •ndptine, bat nerer impiiing. Tlie no&amm of ' II j Bc titif il 
lectmd* and Tcsigned in 1879. In 1864 he Lftdy'imblialiedaepnnteljmlSaSirMWT 
nuiried Alice Gertrade Wangh, bj whom eonudenblj exMaded from tlie oriffmu 
he had two sons and firar dai^;hten. His Ternon in the *Genn/ It readied a taiid 
death on 7 Oct. 1802 was somewhat sodden, , editicm in 1866 (with a title-pge Tignette 
following A internal eomplaint from which by Arthur Hughes). ' Pjgmalioii ' was pah- 
he seemed to be lecoTering. The fret that lished in 1881, 'Silenus'^m 1884/TiimisB' 
he died within a lew days of Tennjson and , in 1886, and * I^9ems ' (c<»iprisinff 'Nd^ 
Benan eetred to divert much of the notice ■ Dale/ written in 1886, and * ChUmn ') in 
which his disappearance would otherwise ! 1887. 'Mr Beautiful Ladj* (in 8 puts, 
have occasioned. One of his most beautiful | 17 cantos 'in all}, together with 'Ndl^ 
works, the statue of * The Housemaid,' had ' J)ale,' was issued m 1&7 as volnme Izaii. 
been completed a few weeks preriously. He of ' CasseQ*8 National Librair.' 
was interred in the churchyard of St. Mazy*s, | Woolner was a thoroughly sterling disr 
Hendon. ^ | racter ; manly, animated, energetic ; too im-> 

Woolner occupies a distinfrmshed and : petuous in denouncing whatever he hsp- 
highly individual place in English art, - pened to dislike, and thus creating unneen- 
both as the choeen transmitter to pes- \ sary enmities, but esteemed by all who 
terity of the sculptured semblances of the knew his worth, and could appreciate tbs 
most intellectual men of his day, and as : high standard he sousht to maintain in tbs 
filling more conspicuously than any other | pursuit of his art. His appearance through* 
artist the interval between Gibson and the ; out life c o rresp on ded with Mr. F. O. &e- 
younger sculptors under whom the art has phens*s description of him as a voung msa, 
revived so remarkably in our own day. His | ' robust, active, muscular, with a squsrs* 
open-air statues m reckoned among the ! featured and noble face set in thick msflses 
ornaments of the cities where they are ; of hair, and penetrating eyes under foil 
erected ; that of Mill is perhaps the best in • eyelnows.' 

the metropolis for animation and expression. | ' The print-room at the British Museum 
The finest of his busts, especially the two of j has a portrait engraved from a photogrtph 
Tennyson, are characterised by peculiar dig- > and a drawing of Woolner in his studio afnr 
nity. He restored the neglected art of T. Blake Wirgman (see also Illustrated 
me<lallion portraiture, and illustrated it by : London A>r«, 15 Oct. 1892). 
fine examples. Being chiefly known as a ; [F. G. Stephens in the Art Journal forlfaRh 
portrait -sculptor, he is regarded as in some 1894 ; Jastin H. McCarthy in the Portrait, 
measure a realist ; it may be doubted, how- 1 No. 6 ; Magazine of Art, Dacember 1892 ; Atba- 
Hver, whether his genius' was not in realitv ! n»um, 15 Oct. 1892; Autobiographical Notia 
rather directed to the ideal. A graceful ; of the Life of W. Bell Scott, 1892 ; MiW» 
fancy characterised his earliest efforts, and : ^oeis and Poetry of the Century, v. 261; 
when he could escape from portraiture, he ' Satnrday Retiew, 15 Oct 1892 ; prirate infop- 
gratified himself with such highly ideal «*^»on ; penional knowledge.] R G. 

works as ' Guinevere' and 'Godiva/ Per- WOOLRIDGE, JOHN (Ji. 1669), sgri- 
haps the most beautiful work he ever cultural writer. [See Worlidgb.] 
wrou«rht is not a sculpture at all, but tlie ■ '- •* 

vignette of the flute-plaver on the title-page ' WOOLRYCH, HUMPHRY WILLIAM 
of Palgrave's 'Golden treasury/ a gem of j (1795-1871), biographer and lepl writer, 
grace and charm. His last work, 'llie | was the representative of an ancient Shrop- 
llousemaid,' proves of what graceful treat- ' shire family [see Wolrich, Sib ThomasI. 
ment a homely and i)ro8aic subject may His father, Humphry Comewall WooliyA 
admit. The maiden is simply wringing a purchased in 1794 and 1799 an estate at 
cloth in a pail, but her attitude realises in Croxley in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, 
soWr earnest what, nearly half a ct^ntury and died there on 25 March 1816. He mar- 
before, Clough had said in burlesque : ' ried on 12 Sent. 1793, at the church of 
c 1 1 • ^ - ♦«,-. rr^^ f,~i«i. ...wi »^t. George the Martvr, Queen Square, Lon- 

Scn.M..np m,u,re8 for tru. grace f™°J^ '"J , d„„, ElSkbeth.elder-dluihtcr 2d coheiieM 

AVoolners poetry is that of a soulptor; ■, London. 
ln' works, as it were, by little chipping j Their son, Humphry William, was bom 
strokes, and pn)duces, esi)ecially in descriin ' at Southgate, Middlesex, on 24 Sept. 1796. 
tivfi passasrt's and in the expression of strong At the election of 1811 Woolrych was in 
ft'oling. etFects highly truthful and original, the fifth form, upper division, at Eton 
though scarcely to be termed captivating or (St^ptltox, Eton Luts^ p. 67), and h« 



Woolrych 



437 



Woolston 



matriculated from St. Edmund Hall, Ox- 
ford, on 14 Dec. 1816, but did not proceed 
to a degree. He was admitted student at 
Lincoln's Inn on 24 Nov. 1819, and called 
to the bar in 1821. In 1830 he was called 
€id eundem at the Inner Temple ; he was ad- 
mitted at Gray's Inn on 13 July 1847, and 
in 1855 he was created seijeant-at-law. His 
love of the order of the coif prompted the 
publication of ' Remarks on the Ilank of 
i^ueen's Serieant,' 1866 ; < The Bar of Eng- 
land and the Seijeant-at-law,' 1867; and 
* Lives of Eminent Serjeants-at-law,' 1869, 
in two volumes ; and he laboured zealously, 
but in vain, for the maintenance of the body. 
Woolrych dwelt at Croxley and at 9 Peters- 
ham Terrace, Kensington. He died at Ken- 
fiington on 2 July 1871, and was buried in 
Kickmans worth cemetery. He liiarried, on 
3 July 1817, at Abbot's Langley, Hert- 
fordshire, Penelope, youngest daughter of 
Francis Bradford of Great Westwood, Hert- 
fordshire. She died at 9 Petersham Terrace 
on 23 Sept. 1876, aged 70, and was also 
buried at Kickmans worth. They had issue 
three sons and four daughters. His third 
daughter, Anna Maria Raikes Woolrych, 
married, on 2 July 1862, John James 
Stewart Perowne, the present (1900) 
bishop of Worcester. 

Besides the works mentioned above, Wool- 
rych wrote: 1. * Winter: a Poem,' 1824, 
which was inspired bv Thomson's * Sea- 
sons.' 2. *A Series of Lord Chancellors, 
Keepers, and other Legal OflGicers from 
Queen Elizabeth until the Present Day,' 
1826. 3. * The Life of Sir Edward Coke,' 
1826 ; and 4. * Memoirs of the Life of Judge 
Jeflfreys,' 1827. The permanent value of his 
biographical volumes is small. 

His legal textbooks and tracts comprise : 

5. < Rights of Common,' 1824; 2nd edit. 1850. 

6. * Law of Certificates,' 1826. 7. * Law 
of Ways,' 1829; 2nd edit. 1847. 8. * Com- 
mercial and Mercantile Law of England,' 
1829. 9. * Law of Waters and Sewers,' 
1830; 2nd edit. 1851. 10. 'History and 
Results of Present Capital Punishments in 
England,' 1832. 11. * Our Island: a Novel' 
[anon.], 1832, 3 vols. 12. ' Four Lettera on 
Bill for General Registry of Deeds,' 1833. 
13. *Law of Window Lights,' 1833. 14. 
^New Highways Act,' 2nd edit. 1836. 

16. 'Treatise on Criminal Statutes of 7 Will. 
IV & 1 Vict. 1837.' 16. ' New Inclosure 
Act,' 1837 ; with notes and indexes, 1846. 

17. * Treatise on Misdemeanours,' 1842. 18. 
' Law of Party Walls and Fences, including 
the New Metropolitan Buildings Act,' 1845. 
19. 'Treatise on Sewers and Drainage Acts;' 
2nd edit. 1849 ; 3rd edit. 1864. 20. ' Public 



Health Act,' 1849. 21. < Legal Time, its 
Computations and Reckonings,' 185L 22. 

* Metropolitan Building Act,' 1856; 2nd edit. 
1877; 3rd edit. 1882. 23. 'Game Laws,' 
1858. 24. 'Criminal Law as amended by 
Statutes of 1861,' 1862. 25. * Private Exe- 
cutions,' 1867. He published in 1842 
a 'second edition, revised with additions,' 
of Charles Penruddocke's 'Short Analysis of 
the Criminal Law of England,' was a fre- 
quent contributor to the ' Globe and Tra- 
veller,' and read many papers before the 
Law Amendment Society. 

[Gent. Mag. 1793 ii. 861, 1816 i.376 ; Foster's 
Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886 ; Robinson's Hereford- 
shire Mansions, p. 100; Cussans's Hertfordshire 
(Rickmansworth), pp. 131-2, 163, 160; Shirley's 
Noble Men of England, 1866 ed., p. 99 ; Lin- 
coln's Inn Reg. ii. 69 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 
1894 ; information from Mr. W. R. Woolrych 
of Croxley House, Hertfordshire, and Mrs. 
Perowne.] W. P. C. 

WOOLSTON, THOMAS (1670-1733), 
enthusiast and freethinker, fifth son of 
Henry Woolston (d, 1705), currier, was bom 
at Northampton early in 1670. He got his 
schooling at Northampton and Daventry, 
and on 1 1 June 1685 was admitted to Sidney- 
Sussex College, Cambridge, as minor pen- 
sionary. On 16 Jan. 1685-6 he was elected 
a scholar; he graduated B.A. on 11 Jan. 
1688-9, M.A. on 12 Feb. 1691-2. Having 
been elected a foundation fellow on 17 Jan. 
1690-1, he took orders, was elected prse- 
lector 1694, ecclesiastical lecturer 1697, and 
graduated B.D. 1699. Ho bore the repute 
of a sound scholar, a good preacher, a chari- 
table and estimable man. His reading led 
him to study the works of Origen,from whom 
he adopted the idea of interpreting the scrip- 
ture as allegory. Applying this to the Old 
Testament he preached in the college chapel, 
and before the university, that the Mosaic 
narratives were to be taken as prophetic 
parables of Christ, and that as Moses proved 
nis authority to Pharaoh, so our Lord 
proved his to the lloman emperors. His 
discourses were reduced to a volume, * The 
Old Apology for . . . the Christian Reli- 
gion . . . revived,' Cambridge, 1705, 8vo, 
printed at the university press. 

He left the university in 1720 ; proceeding 
to London, he printed anonymously three 
Latin tracts. The first, dedicated to Wil- 
liam Wake [a. v.], by * Mystagogus,' was a 
'Dissertatio de Pontii Pilati ad Tiberium 
Epistola,' 1720, '8vo, devoted to proving 
against Dupin the reality of a (lost) rescript 
of Pilate, a point already laboured in his 

* Old Apology ' (pp. 35 sq.) The * Epistola,' 
1720, 8vo, and * Epistola Secunda,' 1720, 



Woolston 



Wooiston 



8vo. »iidrEseeil to Wliitby, Waterland, and 
Whiiton, bf ' Origenee AdaniBiitiu^,' Kre in 
support of the allegorical exegesis tkvoured iu 
the * Old Apology.' An attack diiod quabere, 
■a pagans, io the 'Delphick Oracle' (January 
1719-30, p. 46) led blm to send to tliat 
periodica], writing as a quaker, and cigning 
' Arist«bulus,' a challenge to a disputalion, 
which was accepted ( Feoruair 1719-20, p. 
17). 'Aristobulua' forwardei^a letter OD«u- 
ing the diecussiott, and defending the qualiers 
aa allegorists. He aliinns (letter to Bamrt, 
1730, p. 19) that, being unable to meet his 
argument, the 'Delphick Oracle' did not 
puBlish another number; but hla letter 
(abridged) with a long reply appears in the 
■ Delphick Oracle," Slarch 1719-20. p. 58 (the 
first aod only number of an eiilai^«d iasue). 
He then turned to Thomas Bennet [q. t.^, who 
had published a 'Confutation of Quakerism' 
(1705), and addressed to him ' A Letter . . . 
upon this Question : Whether . . . Quak«rs 
do not the nearest . . . resemble the primi- 
tive Christians,' 1720, 6vo, and 'A Second 
Lett«r,' 17^1, Sto, on thegeneralquestionof 
the allegorical sense of scripture. Both are 
signed ' Ariatobulus,' who claims t^ be ' a 
foreigner' in search of true religion : in these 
letters, especially in the second, he opens 
his peculiar vein of irreverent jocularity (not 
without real humour, but on subjects where 
humour is out of place), and bis references to 
hisown publicatioDS betray a disordered self- 
estimate. Bennet took no notice of either 
letter; an 'Answer' (1721, 8vo) 'by a 
country curat*,' signed ' N. N.,' was by 
Woolston himself, and meant to provoke 
oontrovern'. His friends, with some reason, 
thought him crazy ; to rebut the impulatlon 
he preseDted himself at his college, and was 
at once called upon to resume residence in 
accordance with the statutes. Peremptorily 
refusing, he was deprived of his feUowship, 
contrary to the wish of the master, Bardaey 
Fisher, and in spite of the intercereion of 
"William Whiaton [q. v.]. whom he bad 
abused. He complains (Di/ence of Che 
Tkandering Le^on, 1726, p. iv) of 'being 
deprived of my fellowship for my late writ- 
ings.* After his deprivation his brother, 
Alderman Woolston of Northampton, al- 
lowed bim 30/. a year. 

He next published ' A Free-Gift to the 
QeiCT'{1722, 8vo), dedicated to the hier- 
archy, in this he attacks by name John 
Frankland. fellow of Sidney-Sussex, and 
Others; and declares his intention 'to be 
the founder of a new sect.' He had a few 
disciples 'called snigmatiste.' His friends 
advised him to print his exercises in 1690 
for B.U. (.repeated in the university pulpit. 



17021. Thev appeared as 'The Eiici Fh- 
ness of the Time in which Christ was mam- 
fested' (1722, 8vo), with a blatant dedica- 
tion to Fisher, contrasting with the lonf of 
an able and ingenious treatise; at p. 37 it 
the germ of the argument of his ' Old Afy. 
logy.' 'A Second Free-Gift to the Cle^' 
1)723, 8vo) complained of no replies to liiv 
first; it was followed bv *A nirf Frw- 
Gift' (1823, 8vo, dated 7 Sept.; in this he 
states (p. 32) that he had lie«n carried up 
in a vision, and bad an interview with Eliis); 
by ' A Fourth Free-Gift' (1724, 8vo, dated 
1 June), and bv an * answer ' again ' bv i 
Countrv Curate,' entitled ' The Ministiy ot 
the Letter vindicated' (1724, Bvo, dattd 
8 July). Rushing into the cai>trover»y lie. 
tween Anthony Collins [o. t.' and Edward 
Chandler [q. t.1, he published ' A Uoderalor 
between an Infiilel and an Apostate' 117^, 
evo ; dedication to Wake, dated 10 Fei..|, 
with two supplements, same year, d«)i- 
cated (2 Nov.) to Joseph Craven, who >ui- 
ceeded Fisher as master of Sidaey-Soiwi, 
and (12 Nov.) to Peter King, first lord Kmj 
fq. v.] (the whole came to a third edition, 
1729-32, 8vo). In theee he carried aUegoy 
to the length of questioniag the hlitorie 
reality of the reaurrection and the riigin 
birth of our Lord. The government udictol 
him (between 2 and 12 Nov. ) for blasphemt. 
Whiston made interest with the allomev- 
general, Sit Philip Yorke (afterwards fiiit 
Earl of Hardwicke \a. v.}>. to stop the pro- 
secution ; offering. If it went on, to giie 
evidence on the subject of allegorical inter- 
pretations. The case was not proceeded 
with, for Woolston now attacked a pot- 
tbumous dissertation of Walter Moyle [q.y.^ 
in ' A Defence of the Miracle of tlie 
Thundering Legion' (1726, 8vo), dediciled 
to Whiston, who had written on the SMna 
aide. ' I had used you,' he says. ' with such 
ft«edom in my " Jloderator " as would hive 
provoked another man to resentment, and 
even to rejoice at any sufferings that could 
have fallen on me; but it is manifest that 
you are of a more Christian temper, and can 
foi^ve any treatment from an advetsatyj 
for which I shall alwa?s esteem youa brave 
and a good man ; and f hope nobody, no, not 
those who were most tealous for my praw- 
culion, will think the worse of you.' Tl* 
' Defence ' is a remarkable tour de force, and 
ends with a line appeal for liberty of pubh- 
cation, on the ground that 'it is the oppon- 
tion of others that sharpens wit and bri^tem 
truth.' 

Wnolfiton's ' IHseourse on the Miracles of 
Our Saviour,' 1727. *to (dedicated to Ed- 
mund Gibson [q.v,], 17 April), was followed 



Woolston 



Woolton 



l»y a ' Second,' 1727, Svo (dedicated to Ed- 
Trard Chandler, 13 Oct.), a 'Third.' 1728, 
8vo (dedicated to Hichard Smalbrokefq. v.), 
26 feb.), a ' Fourth,' 1728, 8vo (dedicated 
to Francis Hare [q. t.], 14 May), a ' Fifth,' 
1738, 8vo (dedicated to Thomas Sherlock 
[q. v.], 25 Oct.), and a 'Siith,' 1729, 8to 
(dedicated to John Potter (1674P-1747) 
[q. v.]. In Feb.) The ' DieeourBCH ' speedJlv 
ran to six editiona, and were receivod with 
a Btonn of replies. Gibson iaeued a pa«toral 
letter, Smalbroke preached against them, 
WTiiston withdrew his countenance. The 
Tigour of the ' Discourses ' is undeniable, 
and it has been eaid with some truth that 
they anticijiale the mythical theory 
Strauss, The government resumed the pro- 
secution after the publication of the fourth 
'Discourse;' Woolston was tried at the 
GuUdhaU on 4 March 1739, by liobert Ilav- 
niond [q. v.], lord chief justice, ile speakB 
lii^bly of Raymond's fairness, lie told liay- 
raond that the expression ' hireling' clergy, 
in his title-pages, was ' where the shot 
pinched,' Birch, his counsel (who had gra- 
luitonsly nndeiiaken the defence), argued 
that Woolflton had written as a sincere 
Christian. The attorney-general replied that 
' if the author of a treasury libel should 
■write at the conclusion, " God save the 
king," it would not excuse him ' (An Ac- 
count of the Trial, 172P, fol.) Woolston 
'WHS found guilty ou four counts, and sen- 
tenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine 
of lOO;. He purchased the liberty of the 
rules of the king's bench, and there remained 
till his death, being unable to pay the tine 
(he had 701., of which he lost 301. in 1732 
by a tradesraati'B failure). Clarke tried in 
vain to procure his release. 

Meanwhile Smalbroke and others were 
publishing replies ( TAe Comedian, or Philo- 
aopkioal Enquirer, 1732, t. 24), and Wool- 
eton issued two ' Defences,' the first (Oc- 
tober 1729) dedicated to Queen Caroline. 
Besides his second 'Defence' (May 1730) 
he is almost certainly the author of 'Tom 
of Bedlam's Short Letter to his Coien Tom 
"W— Ist— n • (1728, 8vo), and inspired, if he 
did not write, ' For God or the Devil; or. 
Just Chastisement no Persecution, lleing 
the Christian's Cry . . . for . . . Punishment 
of . . , that Wretch Woolston ' (1 728, 8vo), 
ajid ' Free Thoughts on Mr. Woolston,' 1729. 
8to (November); 2nd edit. 1730, 8 to, with 
lists of books in ' the Woolstonian contro- 
Tersy.' Woolston thought the best answer 
' ' ' 'Two Discourses ' (1729) by 

e does not sf 
had no symjiatby with WhisI 



He died (unmarried) on 27 Jan. 1732-3, 
and was buried (30 Jan.) in the churchyard 
of St, George's, Southwark. He was in his 
Bi.tty-fourth year { The Comedian, or PAilo- 
nopkical £itquiri!r, 1733, is. 31), His por- 
trait, by Dandridge, was engraved by Van 
der Oucht ; another portrait was by Van- 
derhank. 

[TliB Life of Mr. Woolslon. with an impartial 
BCraiint of his writings. 1733 (nscribfd by W<iog 
to Thomas SlaekhouBe (1677-J7a«) [<l. t.]) ; 
Woog's Do Vita ot 8criplia T. WooUloni. 1743; 
Whiston'f MBmoirs, 17S8, p. 197; Biogr. Brit. 
1793, articlu by 'P.' (? William MicolU, D.D.}; 
History of Nortbampton, 1817, p. 109; Omduali 
Cuntabr. 1823; Hunt's Religious Thooght in 
Englnnd, 1871. ii. 400; EdwanU'x Sidney- 
SuKtei College, 18B9,pp.l42. IBS, lB0;pMrHCl8 
from the roi-onis of SiilDuy-tiasEBi, per Her, 
G. A. Weekfs.! A. I}. 

WOOLTON or WOLTON, JOHN 

(1535P-1594), bishop of Eieter, bom at 
WliuUey in Lancashire about 153-j (accord- 
ing to Godwin he was bom at Wigan), 
was the son of John Wooiton of Wigon, 
by his wife Isabella, daughter of John 
Nowell of Read Ilall, Whalley, and sister 
of Aleiaoder Nowell [q, v.} He was ad- 
mitted student of Braaenose College, Oxford, 
on 2tt Oct. lri53, when ' aged 18 or there- 
abouts,' and supplicated for the degreeofB.A, 
on 2tl April 1.W5. Soon afterwards he re- 
paired with Nowell, his uncle, to Germany, 
and remained abroad nntil the accession of 
Queen Elizabeth. Thebishop of London or- 
dained him as deacon on 25 April 15G0, when 
he gave his birthplace as Whalley, and he 

iroceeded priest on 4 June 1500 (SrBTPB, 
,ife of Gnndal, pp. 58-9). 
Woolton found warm patrons in William 
Alley [g. v.], bishop of Exeter, and in 
FrancisRussell, second earlof Bedford [q. v.] 
He was appointed to the rectory of Samp- 
ford Peverell (16 Aug. 1561), to the rec- 



(160ct.l573),allinDevonshire. Aci 
at Exeter was conferred upon him in Marcn 
16(16. At Exeter he 'read a divinity lec- 
ture twice a week and preached twice eveiy 
Lord's day,' and during the plague which 
raged in that city during the summer of 
1670 he was exemplary in his attendance on 
the aick. 

By the new charter, dated 28 July 1578, 
Woolton, probably through his uncle's in- 
fluence, was constituted the flrst warden of 
the collegiate church of Manchester. On 
1 1 Oct. in that vear Bridget, wife of Francie, 
earl of Bedford, recommended him to Lord 
Burghley asaiittingpersontofill the vacant 



W'oolton 



biskopric of Kxcttr. He was duly appointed I 
to the see, supplicated for tho degrees of 
B.D. and D.U. at Oxford on 26 Maj; loT9, I 
and was consecrated in the afchiepiscopal j 
chapel at Croydon on 2 Aug. 1679. As tUe 
bishopric had become of Btnall value, Wool- 
ton waa atlowad to bold with it the place of 
'arch-priest' at Haccombe in Devonshire 
(20 Oct. 1681) and the rectory of Lezant in ' 
Cornwall (1544f. 

Woolton remodelled the statutes at Exeter 
Cathedral. In 1581 he deprived Antliony 
itandol, parson of Lydford, a follower ' of 
the Family of Love, and made others who 
were imbued with those doctrinee re 
the cathedral. Many strong accu 
gome amounting to fraudulent misgovern- 
ment, were made against his rule of the 
diocese to the archbishop of Canterhury 
in 1585, but hie answers to the cbargoswere 
Btttisractory, although he wBsobliged to admit 
biscomparaliTe poverty, and to confess that 
he had placed his son ' for bis lewdness in 
a common javle with irons upon him.' His 
death took place at the palace, Exeter, on 
13 March 159U-4, and he was buried in the 
cathedral on the south side of the choir on 
20 March. The bishop wag married and had 
a large family, ilia eldest son, John ^\'ool- 
ton, M.U., a fellow of All Sods' College, 
tliford, placed a monumental inscription to 
his father's memory in the south lower of 
the cathedral; he retired from practice at 
Exeter to the ealate of Pillnad in the parish 
of Pilton, North Devon, which bis father 
had purchased. Francis Godwin [q. v.], 
bishop successively of Llandaff and Here- 
ford, married Qisbop Woollon's daughter. 

Woolton WHS author of the following 
theological treatises: 1. 'An Armour of 
Proofs,' 1676. 2. ' A Treatise of the Im- 
mortalitie of the Soule,' 157S ; the dedica- 
tion to ' Lady BryKet,CounteBseof Bedforde,' 
menlioDS her husband's kindnesses to him. 
3. ' The Christian Manuell,' 1 576; reprinted 
hy the Parker Society, 1851. 4. 'The 
Castell of Christians and Fortresse of the 
Faithful!,' n.d. [1677]: the dedication to 
Walsingham is dated ' the last day of May 
1677.' 5. ' A new Anatomie of the whole 
Man;i576. 6. ' Of the Conscience : a Dis- 
course,' 1570. 7. ' David's Chain ; ' said to 
have been dedicated to the Earl of Bedford. 
John Vowell, ii/ia« Hooker, dedicated to 
Woolton, as bishop, and to the dean nnd 
chapter, his ' Catalog of tbe Bishops of 
Excesler.' 

[Foster's Alumni Oion. 1500-1711; Wood's 
Athens, ed. Bliss, i. 600-1 ; Wood's Fasti, i. 
l*a. 2H; Raines's Manoheiter Eectora and 
Wardens (Chetham Soc. new ser. vol. v.), pp. 



84-9 : Lo Nevo'B Fasti, i. 37a : Bymer'a Ftudsra, 
IT. 752; Ulirar's Eiottr City, p, 204 ; Oliner^s 
Exeter Bishop), pp. 140-2, !!72,- Stnbbs's lUg. 
Sivrum Anglic, p. 86 ; Chutton's NowelL pp. 
2Sj-9 and pedigree ; Olirer's Eod- Antujailiet 
in Devon, 1840, i. 40. Ifil ; Strypp'a Ananli, 
111. i. 31-2; Strvpes WhilRift, i. 419-22, iu. 
153-60.1 W. P.^^ 

WOOTTON. [See also WoTTOX.] ^H 

WOOTTON. JOUN (l(J78?-ire5),^H 
mal and landscape painter, wua bora &1ln^ 
1678. He studied under .lohn Wyct f^q.T.], 
and first became known at Newmarket, 

i» " " 

favourite racehorses ot 
equally Bucc«ssrul as a painter of dogs, also 
ol bunting and battle pieces and etjueEtriiti 
portraits. During tlie latter part, of Lis 
career be painted many landscapes in the 
style of Claude and Gaspor Pouamn. Woot- 
tOQ was one of the most esteemed artists of 
the period, and bis works, which are usually 
on a la^e scale, are to be met with in many 
of the great county houses. Some Qdmlrable 
hunting pieces by him are preserved at Al- 
thorp and Lonatest. In the royal coUectioa 
are his ' Stag Hunt in Windsor Park,' "Siegs 
of Toumay,' ' Siege of Lille,' and portrait of 
the Duke of Cumberland, with tbe battle 
of Dettingen in the background. Uis por- 
trait of Hying Cbilders, the Heeteit hone 
that ever ran, ts the property of Meesn. 
Tattereall. Five of bis pictures which be- 
longed lo Sir Robert Walpole ware engraved 
for Boydell's ' Houehton Gallery.' Li 1736 
"Wootton publiaheu, by snhBcnption, a wt 
of four plates of his hunting subjects, en- 
graved hy B. Baron, nnd another on of 
seven, engraved by P. C. Canot, appeared in 
1770. His portrait of the Duke of CumbfT- 
land, with the battle of Culloden in the 
background, was engraved by Daron, and 
that of Tre«onwell F'ramptou, the ' fithet 
of the turf.'^by J. Faber. Woolton nuda 
tbe designs for the majority ol the pIstM iu 
the first volume of the first edition of Qayi 
'Fables,' 1727. His collections were soli 
in 1761, and be died at his honae in 
Cavendish Square, London, in Jonuuy 
1705. 
[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, e^.DalU- 



Bril. Mns. Addir, MS. 23076. KSLSS; 
Cm. of Spurta and Arts EiHbition. 18S1.] 
F- M. O'D. 
WOBBOISE, EMMA JANE, afterwaraa 
MKfl.Giiiios(ie25-1887),anthor,tbeBldal 
child of George Baddeley Worboise and ha 
wiie, Maria I^ne (her father possessed pa- 



Worcester 



Worcester 



Erly in Binniai;hiiin),wii9 born in Ilirining- 
m on 20 April 1 8:i5. She early lievelopd 
D etroiig turn for story writing, and bv tb» 
lime Bhe was twenty had nmassed a Inrge 
quantity of manuscripts both proee nnd 
poetry. Her first book, ' Alice Cunningham,' 
appeared in 1846. Uetwenn that dale ani) 
tue year of her death she issued about fif^y 
Tolumes, chiefly Btories and novels of a 
religious and domestic character with 
eomraonplace plots and personages. Neve 
theless the bonks won for their author 
large cirole of admirers, went through many 
editions, and are wholesome and readable. 
Of many popular novela by her no fewer 
than ibree appeared in 1873, viz. ' Husbands 
and Wives,' 'The Ilouse of Bondage,' and 
• Our New House, or Keeping up Appear- 
ances ' t7lb edit, 1891). Among work of o 
more ambitious kind is her 'Life of Thomas 
Arnold, D.D..' 1859 (2nd edit. 1866), 
'Ilyinnsand Songs for the Christian Church," 
1867. She edited for some yeans the ' Chris- 
tian World Magazine,' and was a constant 
contributor to the 'Christian World.' 

Miss Worboise married Btherington 
Guyton, of French descent, who predeceased 
her. She died at C'levedon, Somerset, on 



[Allibone'a Di«. iii. 2837. Sappl. i. 7S4 
(under ■ (luyton ') ; Atbeiueum, 10 Sept. 1687 ; 
priTnte informution.] E. L. 

WORCESTER, second MARatris of. 
[See SOMBRSBT, Edward, 1601-1667.] 

WORCESTER, Earls or. [See Pbrcv, 
THOMis, d. U03; TiPTOFT, John, 1427 f- 
I470j Soiierhbt,Chaklesi, first ear!, UUOP- 
1526; SoKEBSET, William, third earl, 1526- 
1589 ; Somerset, Edwaru, fourth earl, 
1553-1628.] 

WORCESTER or Botoseb, WIL- 
LIAM (1415-J482?), chronicler and tro- 
Teller, was son of William de Worcester, 
» Bubstautial burgess of Bristol, and Eliza- 
beth, daughter of TUoinas Botoner by bis 
wife Matilda, who died on 30 July 1402, 
leaving her son-in-law one of her executors 
{Ttinerarium, p. 2"(i), Thomas Botoner 
seems to have come lo Bristol from Bucking- 
liam (i*. p. 172, cf. p. 277). His grand- 
Bon, who was bom in St. James's parish, 
Bnetol, in 1416, sometimes signed himself 
Botoner, frequently introducing the unex- 
plained letters II. R. into or above hU signa- 
ture iPofton Lettert, i. 291 ; the first letter 
may possibly stand for Hibemicus ; see be- . 
low). He went to Oxford in 1431, and i 




bL-come scholar of Great Hart Halt, then ^ 
tacbed to Ballio! {Ilinerarium. pp. 178, 2 
TASSER,p.ll5). ThemanuBcriptofthe'Co* 
mocraphia'of John Phreas [q. v.] in Balliol 
College Library was presented by Worcester. 
His expenses at Oxford, which ie left about 
1438, are said to have been defrayed by Sir 
John Fastolf, who subsequently took him into 
his senice ; but this is an erroneous inference 
from his note in llie book just mentioned(cf. 
Liber Niffer,i, xivi). For many yeitrs down lo 
FaatolTs death Worcester acted ns his secr<> 
tary,and waasent by himon miasions to Lon- 
don and to hold his courts at Castlecombe in 
Wiltshire (Paiton Letter*, i. 2S0, 4:iO). After 
his master's settlement nt Ciiister Castle in 
1454, he resided there when in Norfolk. 
But, useful as he was to Fastolf, the close- 
fisted and irritable old kniefat would not 
assign him any fixed position or solsry— 
' end so,' wrote Worcester lo John P " 
'I endure inter egenos ulser 
(i4. i. 300,371). Between his master's i 
trary ill-humour and his fellow-servanti 
jealousy he had, according to his v 
account of it, but a pcor time (ib. j. 9 
404). Fastolf had no legitimate issue, a 
as he drew near to his end his wealth w 



Worcester found some relief in UterMy 
and historical pursuits. Being detained in 
London in the summer of 1468 by one of 
FastolTs many lawsuits, he seized the oppor- 
tunity to cany on his studies. ' Worcester," 
wrote a felloK-Eervanl, ' hath goon to scole, 
to a Lumhard called KaroU Giles, to lem and 
to be red in poetre or els in Frensh; for lie 
hath byn with the same Karoll every dny ii 
tymes or ill, and hath bought divers boks of 
hym, for the which, as I suppose, he hath put 
hymselfin daunger to the same Karoll. I 
made a mocioa toWilliam to have known his 
besiness, and he answered and sniil that he 
wold be as glad and feyn of a gtmd hoke of 
Frensh or of poetre ns my Master Fastolf 
wold be to purchace a faire manoir; and 
thereby I understand ho list not lo be com- 
mynd with all in such matiers'(i%. i.431). 

Worcester's frequen t absences from CaJster 
during the laat two years of Fastolfs Ufa 
probably injured his prospects. John Pas- 
ton [q. v.] obtained great influence over the 
old knight, and after liis death on 5 Nov. 
1459 Paston with Thomas Howes, parson of 
Blotield, propounded a will said to have been 
made two days before which left him resi- 
duary legalee. A liarren executorship was 
all that fell to Worcester, though he after- 
wards asserted that Fastolf had ondly de- 
clared his intention of providing forlitm and 



Worcester 



Worcester 



his familj, and bad BBbed Uowe«, whose 
niece Worcester Lad married, to choose tlie 
land (ib. i. 509). At first he hoped that 
Paston, who was under some obligation to 
him, would remedy the injustice, and it was 
only when that keen man of busineag, 
against the adrice of his brother, refused to 
do anything for the unfortunate Worcester 
that he joined SirWilliara YelverCon[q. v.], 
another of Faatolf a executors, in disputing 
the will of S Nov., and propounding an 
earlier one dated 14 June 146» (iA. i. 494, 
008, iii, 488), ' I have losi,' he said, ' mora 
thanne x mark worthe londe in my maister 
servyce, by God and not I be releved, all 
the woride schal knowe it elles that I Lave 
to grret wrong' (%&. i. 509). Friendly at- 
tempts to brine about a reconciliation were 
of no avail owing to Paston'e reluctance to 
make any provision for him, and in 1464 
Worcester and Yelvert.on began iLeir suit 
in the archbishop's court, which was still 

Coceeding when Paston died two years 
ter (». ii. 154, 371). In June 146> Sir 
John Paston entered a counter suit, in which 
he charged Yelverton and Worcester with 
bribing witnesses in the previous trial {ib. H. 
443). But Howes had now deserted the 
Pastons, and Bishop Waynllete, who had 
conceived the idea ol diverting the endow- 
ment left by Faatolf for a college at Caister 
to a new foundation of his own at Oxford, 
used his influence in favour of peace. Ulti- 
mately Worcester obtained some landa near 
Norwich called Fairchilds, and two tene- 
ments and gardens called Walles in South- 
wark; in return for nil doctimenta relating 
to Fastolfs lands in Worcesttar's poaaeesion, 
and his assistance in securing iLose estates 
appropriated to his new college, Waynflete 
covenanted (7 Dec 1472) to pay him 100/. 
and an allowance upon all sums of money 
recovered by him (ib. ii. 397, iii. 73). Some 
two years before Worcester had been urging 
that the college ought to be at Cambridge as 
nearer Norfolk and Suffolk (I'i. ii. 313). In 
1470 he had himself announced an intention 
of removing to Cambridge, as a cheaper place 
of residence than London, but whether h« 
actually lived there is not clear {ib. ii. 3971. 
It is probable that the last years of his life 
were mainly spent in Norfolk, though ho fre- 
quently visfteo his property in Bristol {Itine- 
rarCum, pp. 208, 210, 212). After hia death 
he was described as ' late of Pokethorp b^ 
Norwich, gentleman' {Pa*ttm Letter*, iii. 
296; Tahnes, p. 115). He devoted a good 
deal of bis time, however, to the journeys o" 
which he has lefl a record in his ' Icineranum . 
A detailed account is given of those he made 
in the smnmera of 1478 and 1480 respectively. 



On 17 Aug. 1478 he left Norwich, and tra- 
velling by Southampton and Bristol, whence 
he visited Tintera Abbey, lo St. MichMi;5_ 
Mount, he returned to London on 7 
iltinirrantan, pp. 142 sqq,) In 1480 be 
September in Bristol, yistting Kingstoi 
Oiford on his way (ib. pp. 275, 290, 
While at Bristol he rode out to Shtrehi 
ton to reclaim two of his books, the ' Etl 
and ' Le myrrour de dames,' which he had : . 
le Thomas Young. These last yean of 1 

Erobably comparatively free ' 
ough m 1475 he was arrestva ii 
the instance of John Monk, a neighbour at 
Pokethorp, and a former witness in the suit 
against Paston {ib. p. 368 : cf. Ptulon Lett 
ii. 272). The exact year of hia death 
known, but seems to have been between l{ 
and 14H3, as his collection of docuinenta 
lating to the Duke of Bedford's rcgencj.wl 
be dedicated to Edward IV, was re-dedic 
by hia son to Richard III { H'arai^Hu! 
Uth in Fraiice, ii, [521]). The lhre« com 
ing entries of his 'Annals,' which beloi 
1491 and were written after October li 
must therefore be by another hand. Thei 
tinuouHnarratiyeendswithI463{iS.ii.r"' 
His wife Margaret survived him (', 
Letters, iii. 396). By her he had several 
dren, of whom a son William, referred' 
above, is the only one whose name is ' 
According to Friar Brackley, W 
was blind of an eye and of a swarthv 
pleiion {ib. i. 623, iii. 47fl). Ilis'h 
OBlray some sense of humour. His 

fitishments were varied (including a 
edge of medicine and astronomy), and 
leal and industry in collecting historical and 
topographical information praiseworthy, but 
ho hiid no literary skill. Both his Latin and 
his En(>lish aie ungrnmmatical, but he was 
keenly interested in the classical revival, and 
entered in his commonplace-book notes as to 
Greek terminations and pronunciations de- 
rived from his friend Prior WiUjam Celling 
[q. v."! The '.\nnala,' though a valnable 
authority where authorities are scarce, are 
jejune and uninteresting. I'he 'Itineiarinm' 
18 a massofundi^sted notes of very unequal 
importance, but interesting if only as an an- 
ticipation of Leland'sgreaterwork. The sur- 
vey of Bristol it contains is exceedingly full, 
and has been of the greatest service to local 

topographers. It is the basis of the 

wriicli forms the frontispiece to the 
of Bristol ' in the ' Historic Towns 

The following works were written bj 
have been ascribed to, Worcestei _ 

nales rerum Anglicarum ' (1324-1468. 1491), 
the only manuscript of which U the author's 
holograph in Arundel MS. 48 at the CoU^ 



Worcester 



443 



Worde 



of Anns. It was first printed by Heame 
with the 'Liber Niger Scaccarii' in 1728 
(reprinted 1771), and again in 1864 by Rev. 
Joseph Stevenson in the Rolls Series at the 
end of * Letters and Papers illustrative of the 
Wars of the English in France ' (vol. ii. pt. 
ii.^ 2. A collection of documents (1447-60) 
relating chiefly to the cession of Maine to 
Charles VII, printed by Stevenson (vide 
supra) from Arundel MS. 48 in Worcester's 
own hand. 3. A collection of documents 
(1427-52) mainly relating to the Duke of 
Bedford's regencr in France, with a dedica- 
tion original^ addressed to Edward IV, but 
clumsily altered into a dedication to Ri- 
chard in by Worcester's son ; printed by 
Stevenson firom Lambeth MS. 606. 4. ' Acta 
domini Johannis Fastolf (Tanner, p. 116 ; cf. 
Paston Letters f i. 646). The incipit shows that 
this was not identical with 8, but it is not now 
known to exist. 6. Antiquitates AnglisB ' 
(Tanneb, p. 115). This is said to have been 
in three books, and an incipit is given ; but 
Nasmith doubted whether Worcester ever did 
more than plan such a work. 6. < Itinerarium.' 
The portions of historical and topogpraphical 
interest were printed by James Nasmith [q. v.] 
in 1778 from the manuscript in Worcester's 
hand in the library of Corpus Christi College, 
Cambridge. 7. 'DeagriNorfolciensisfamiliis 
antiquis. Tanner notes that a manuscript 
formerly belonged to Thomas Allen. 8. * Va- 
riorum autorum deflorationes.' Cotton MS. 
Julius F. vii. (Tanneb, p. 116; cf. Worces- 
ter's own reference to a ' magnus liber,' Ann, 
p. 771). The * Deflorationes ' may include 
those in Arundel MS. 48, a few of which 
were printed by Heame at the end of the 
' Annals.' 9. ' Re^istratio sive excerptio 
versuum proverbiahum de libro Ovidii de 
arte amandi, de fastis et de epistolis ' (a.d. 
1462), Cotton. MS. Julius F. vii. 5 (Tanneb). 
10. ^ De ordinibus religiosonim tam nomine 
quam habitu compilatus de diversis cronicis 
in civitate Lond.' Written for Nicholas 
Ancrage, prior of St. Leonard's, close to 
Pokethorpe (a.d. 1466), Cotton. MS. Julius 
F. vii. 40 (Tanneb). 11. *Polyandrum 
Oxoniensium' (Tanneb, p. 116). 12. A 
translation into English of Cicero's 'De 
Senectute,' which he presented to Waynflete 
at Esher on 10 Aug. 1473 without eliciting 
any response {Itinerariumj p. 368; cf. Paaton 
Letters, iii. 301). Caxton printed a transla- 
tion, generally identified with this, in 1481, 
part of which he attributed to Tiptoft, earl 
of Worcester. 13. * Epistolarum acervum.' 
14. * Abbreviationes doctorum ' (Tanneb, p. 
116). 15. ^De sacramentis dedicationis' {%b.) 
But this is not by Worcester, who merely 
presented it to Waynflete {Liber Niger, i. 



xxv). It is in Magdalen College Library. 
16. ' CoUectiones medicinales ' (Sloane MS. 
4, Brit. Mus.); Worcester's authorship in* 
ferred from internal evidence; according 
to Heame mainly derived from the papers 
of John Somerset [q. vj 17. * De Astrologin 
valore * (i3.) ; Antony Wood questioned this 
attribution. 18. 'Unificatio omnium stel- 
larum fixarum pro anno 1440.' Drawn up 
at the instance of Fastolf, and 19. ' Abbre- 
viatio tractatus Walt. Evesham de motu 
octavss sphsersD,' both in Bodleian MS. Laud 
B. 23, in his own hand. 

[Paston Letters, ed. Gkiirdner; Itinerarium 
Wiilelmi de Worcestre, ed. Nasmith ; Wars of 
the English in France, ed. Stevenson (Rolls 
Ser.); Tanner's Bibliotheca Britannico-Hi- 
bernica; Liber Niger Scaccarii, ed. Heame; 
Scrope's Histoiy of Castlecombe; Hunt's Bristol 
(Historic Towns); Gasqnet's An Old English 
Bible and other Essays (5iote-Books of William 
Worcester), 1897.] J. T-t. 

WORDE, WYNKYN db (d, 1634?), 
printer and stationer, came originally, as his 
name denotes, from the town of Worth in 
Alsace. His real name was Jan van Wynkyn 
(' de Worde ' being merely a place name), 
and in the sacrist's rolls of Westminster 
Abbey from 1491 to 1500 he figures as 
Johannes Wynkyn. While still a young 
man he came over to England and served as 
an apprentice in the printing office of Wil- 
liam Caxton. Probably he accompanied 
Caxton from Bru^s in 1476. Before 1480 
he married his wife Elizabeth, an English- 
woman ; she appears on the rent-roll of West- 
minster Abbey on 4 Nov. of that year as 
holding a tenement in Westminster of the 
dean and chapter, Wynkyn being incapaci- 
tated as an alien from holding real estate 
(Athenceum, 1899 i. 371, 1900 i. 177). 

"When Caxton died in 1491 Wynkyn suc- 
ceeded to his materials, and continued to carry 
on business at Caxton's house in West- 
minster. In the first two years he did little, 
printing, so far as is known, only five books, 
and using for them the founts or type which 
had belongred to Caxton. At the ena of 1493 
in his edition of Mirk's ^ Liber Festivalis' he 
introduced! a new type, and from that time 
onward his business increased in importance. 
Unlike Caxton, he does not appear to have 
taken any interest in the literary side of his 
work, and we cannot point to a single book 
amon^ the many hnnareds which he issued 
as being translated or edited by himself. 
On the other hand, he seems to have been 
very successful as a business man, and the 
output of his press was far larger than 
that of any printer before 1600. Between 
1493 and 1500 Wynkyn issued at least 



110 diJTerent works, and since llie oxiBtence 
of more than hftlT of cheae is knovm only 
Aram singla copies or even frogments, tha 
real number must be cansidemblj^ larger. 
A few of tlie books prialed during this 
jeriod nre wortliy of notice. In 14tfiJ was 
UBued ihn third edition of the 'Golden 
Legend,' and in tbe following year the 
' Speculum Vitse Chriati,' of whicli one, per- 
fect copy ia known. In 1495 appeared the 
• Vitas i'tttrum' ' wliiche hath been Irans- 
lated out of Frenche into EnglisBhe by 
Wylliam Caiton of WestmynBtre, late deed, 



About U96 Wjnkyu iasufld T 
Istion of the ' De propnetatibuB rerum,' 
liy Bartbolomtciu Angliciu [aeeGi.ik»viLi.K, 
Kabtholomew db], and in 1498 the second 
edition of the ' Morte d' Arthur," the fourth 
edition of the ' Golden Legend,' and the 
third edition of the 'Canterbury Talea,' 
besides numerous smaller books. Finding 
liis own presses unable to cope with the in- 
creasing detnand for books, Wynkyn began 
ftboot tuis lime to give out some of his work 
to other printers, and we find J ulian Notary 
fq. vj, who bad printed a book for him in 
London in 1497, moving out to KiogStreet, 
Westminster, in 1498, and there printing 
for him an edition of the 'Sarum Mcssal.' 

At the end of liKX) Wynkyn gave up 
Caxton's house at Westminster and removed 
to Fleet Street, where he occupied two 
housee closeto St. Bride's Church, one being 
Lis d well in^'ho use and the other bis printing 
office. This move was probably made in 
order that he might he nearer the centre of 
tr&de in London, and better able to compete 
with his rival, Richard Pynson [q.v.], who 
lived almost opposite on the other sidu 
of Fleet Street, near St. Dunstan's Church. 
Wynkyn before moving got rid of a con- 
siderable portion of bis printing material, 
both type and wood-blocks. Much was 
probably melted down and recast, but many 
of the woodcuts en; found later in booka 
printed by Julian Notary, and other wood- 
cuts and even type make their appearanct: 
in such distant places as Oxford and York. 

No doubt most of 1501 was spent in pi«- 
paring the new printing office, for at present 
we know of only one book printed in that 
year, while in the Tear foUpwing there are 
at least twelve. ^^ ynkyu clearly saw that 
the WBT to succeed was not to produce large 
folios tor tbe rich, but small and pnpidar 
books of all classes for the General public, — 
that the main produce of his press from tl 
time forward consisted iu small service- 
books, such as the ' Hone ad ii.snm Sarum,' 
religious treatiseB like the ' Ordinary of 




The succession and coronation of IT( 
\1II in 1509 naturally caused a knre 
of sightseers into London, and Wynl 
douhttesa found a ready market, for 
know of at least twenty-four dated booka 
issued in that year, besides a number which, 
though undated, were cle^arly printed at the 
time, In 1509 began also tile close connec- 
tion between Wynkyn and the stationers 
and printers of York, for in that year Hugo 
Goes, the first printer in York whose work 
has come down to us. printed his fijst book, 
an edition of tbe ' Direct^rium,' in a type 
obtained from De Worde, and the Uller 
also printed an edition of the ' Maniul' for 
the York stationers Gatchet and Ferrelionc, 
The pressure of business in 1509 seems 
also to have been responsible for cauBiiu^ 
Wynkyn to open a shop in St. Pauls 
Churchyard, the recognised locality for 
booksellers. We find lu the colophons of 
some books of this year a notice tliat they 
were to be sold by Wynkyn de Worde 
either at the ' Sun ' in Fleet Street or at tlie 
sign 'Divfe Marie Pietatis' in St. Paul's 
Churchyard. 

About this time Wynkyn Rppears to 
have bad in his employment Henry Watsoa, 
Itobert Copland [q. v.], and John Gough {/I. 
1528-15M) [q.T?}, the latter leaving in 
15*26 to start a business of his own. The 
two former, besides helping to print, are 
responsible for most of the translations from 
the French issuedfrom the press at tbe ' Sun.' 
From 1501 to the close of his career 
Wynkyn printed over six hundred books, of 
which complete copies or fragments tavi- 
come down to our time, and this prohsblv 
does not represent more than one half of bis 
work. A considerable number of books, 
however, which bear his name, wtre appa- 
rently printed for him by other printers: a 
few indeed have varying imprint«, some with 
Wynkyn's name and others with the namo 
of the real printer, 

Wyiikyn died at the end of 1534 or 
begiuuincof 1-!>3S. II is will was made ia 
1534, and was proved on 19 Jan. 1.^35 by his 
executors, James Gaver and John Byddell. 
No mention whatever is made of any rela- 
tives. The Elizabeth de Worde who died 
at Westminster in 1498 was doubtless Wyn- 
kyn's wife, and the Julian de Worde who 
died at the same place in 1500 was do*- 
sibly his son, Wj-nkyn made beqi 
number of persons either in his employ 
as apprentices or who worked for him. 



I 



Worde 



445 



Worden 



was buried in the church of St. Bride in 
Yleet Street, before the high altar of St. 
Katherine, and left to the church a large 
bequest for religious purposes. No portrait 
of nim is known ; that usually given in 
books on printing being taken from a drawing 
by W. Fait home, copied from a portrait of 
Joachim Ringelberg of Antwerp. 

His two executors seem both to have car- 
ried on business after his death in his old 
premises at the Sun in Fleet Street, and for 
some years before his death Byddell carried 



on business at his other shop in Paul's 
Churchyard. Gaver, who was originally a 
bookbinder, printed one book at the Sun in 
1539. 

[Am68*s Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, pp. 
117-237; Bibliographical Society's Hand- lists 
of English Printers, pt. i. ; The Sandars Lec- 
tures, Cambridge, for 1899 ; Mr. Edward Scott's 
letters to the Athenaeum, 10 and 26 March 1899, 
and 10 Feb. 1900.] E. G. D. 

WORDEN. [See AVerden.] 



INDEX 



THE SIXTY- SECOND VOLUME. 



"Willi ai 



, Jol 



AduD (ITSft-lTgS). 
louder (1839-1890) 

(lTGl-1818). See under 



-iir.hor (1775 7-1830) , 

,. ph (lOas-noi) 

■..,.. , .'. . - iTSO-nW) 

Williuns™, Siini lie H 1103-1940) . 

Willi am ran, Williiun Cratdard [181S-IS0G) 

Wiillbftld (70O7-78S) .... 

WilUbronl or Wilbrord, Saint (0S7 7-7aB71 

Willi!. Uee olEO Willm. 

Willis, Browne (108a-17Oo) . 

WillLB, Francis (171B~1B07] , 

WilliB, Henry BriUan (1810-188*) . 

Willis, John Id. inUS ?).... 

'Willii.JofaDWalpole (1798-1877) . 

Willis, Bid] acd II e01-lTB<t . 

Willis, Kohert (1800-1875) 

Willis, Robert (W09"-187a) 

Willis, Ttomju (1582-1600?) . 

Willis, TbDiiiaB,H,D.(lfl:il-lS-A) . 

WiUis,TlioDiiia((2. leaa). Ses uodecWilliB, 

Thoiiiu(lG8a-16«a7). 
Willia, Timotl). (/. 1816) 
WUIiael. Thomas (iMB76 7) . 
Willison, George (1711-1707) . 
"Willi»on, John (1680-1750) 
Willmore, Artbor (1811-1888). Uce 

Wilioioro, James Ttbbitts. 
"WiUmora, James Tibfaills (1800-1803) 
Willmott, Robert Aria (laOB-lBOS) . 
Willobie, Henry (167* ?-1506 ?). 8e. 

longbby, 
Willock or WillockH, John [d. 158B) 
"Willooghby. See ulso Willugbby. 
■WiUougbbj de Broke, thirrf Baron. 

Venicy. Ricbard (1811-1711). 
Willoughby de Ereaby, Baroi 

PBregrino (IBBr.-lOOl). 
WiUougbbj, FraQcis. HFth Baron Willonghby 

ot Parhun a61S?'16eO) .... 

Willoaghby or Willobie, Henry (1S71?- 

1590?) 

illoQghby 

iUooghby 
Willonghby, Kicbud de {d. 1882) . 

" ly, air Robert, first B 

'deBrolie(115a'leOS) 






t Wilmot 



Willongbby, WiUiun, siith Baron WUlonghby 

olPftrhamfd. lara). SeeDnderWilion^by, 

Francia, 6(th Baron WillouBbby of P^"" 
Wills, Sir Charlss (1886-1711). 
Wills, James (17B0-I8B8} 
Wills, John (1711-1808) . 
Wills, Riehsrd {fl. 1EJ8-167S). See " 
"WiUs, Thomas (1710-1809) 
Wilis, William Gorman (1838-1801) 
Wills, William Hoisry (1810-1880) . 
Wau, William Jolm (1881-1801) 
"Willshire, 9irThomaa 1178^1888) . 
Wiltson. See sIko Wilson. 
Willaon, Edwaid Jiunei (1787-185*) 
Willson, Robert William (179J-1S88) 
Wiltngbby. Sea also Willooghby. 
Willnghby, FraDcia ( 1085-1678) 
Wiilughby, Percivall (1690-1885) 
Willyaroa, Coowr ( 1763-1818) 
Willjmat, Williun {d. laiK) , 
Willymott, William (rf. 1787) . 
Wilminjrton, Earl at. See Comiiton, 

(l873?-niS|. 
Wilmot, Sir Charlea, first Visco 

of AthlonB(lB70?-lail?) 
Wilmot, Sir Edward (1008-1786) . . '. 
Wilmot, Henry, fitat Earl of Rocherter 

(lUia?-165e) 

"Wilmol, James (d. 1808). See under Sens*. 

Mrs. Olivia Wihaol. 
Wilmol, John, soooad Earl of 

11617-1680) 

Wilmot, Sir John Eardlsy (170»-179a) 
Wilmot, John EarOley- (1750-lHlS) 
Wilmol, Sir John Eardley Eardley. {181D- 

Wilmot, Lemnel Allen (1809-1878) 
Wibnot, Robert < /I. 1S68-181)8J . 
Wilmijl, It'll, ortl.f. lOBB) 
Wilni.it- Hf.rU>n, 8ir Robert John (1781- 

Wilsrtu, Mrs. id. 1786) . 

WileoQ, Aaron (1589-1618). See nnder' Wil- 
son, John (1887 ?-ieoa). 

Wilson. Sir Adam |181*-18BI) 

Wilson, Alexander (1711-178B) 

Wilson. Alejiander ( 1766-1 81B) 

Wilson. Alesaoder Philip (1770?-18B1?) 
Bee Philip, Alexander Philip Wilson. 



+*5 



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r-2 



Index to Volume LXII. 



449 



PAOK 

Wing, Vincent ri61J^-1668> . . . .179 
Wingate, Edmnnd (159G-1656; . . .180 
Wingate or Winyet, Ninian iloia-lSQ-i). See 

Winzet. 

Wingfield, Sir Anthony (1485 7-1.552) . .181 
Wingfield, Anthoiiva550?-1615?) . .182 

Wingfieia, Edward Maria (/. 1600) . 1H8 

Wingfield, Sir Humphrey {d. 1545j . 184 

Wingfield, Sir John (rf. 15961 . . .185 

Wingfield, Lewis Strange (1842-1891) . .186 
Wingfield, Sir Ricliard (1469?-1525) . . 187 ; 
Wingfield, Sir Richard, first Viscount Powers- i 

court (d. 1634) 190 * 

Wingfield, Sir Robert (1464 ?-1539- . 191 

Wingham or Wengham, Henrv de i d. 1262) . 198 
Wini(rf. 676?). . * . . .194 

Winkworth, Catherine (1827-1878' . . 194 

Winkworth, Susanna ( 1820-1884 ■. See under 

Winkworth, Catlierine. 
Winmarleigh, Baron (1803-1892). See Wil- 
son-Patten, John. 
Winniffe, Thomas (1576-1654) . . .196 
Winnington, Sir Francis (1634-1700) . . 197 
Winnington, Thomas (1696-17461 . . .198 
Winram, George, Lord Libbertoun (d. 1650) . 109 
Winram, Wjniram, or Winraham, John 

(1492?-1582j 200 

Winslow, Edward (1595-1655) . . .201 

Winslow, Forbes Benignus r 1810-1874) . . 203 
Winsor, Frederick Albert (1763-1830) . . 204 
Winsor, Frederick Albert * junior' (1797- 
1874'. See under Winsor, Frederick Albert. 
Winstanlev, Gerrard (/!. ltM8-1662) . 206 

Winstanley, Hamlet (1698-1756) . .207 

Winstanley, Henry (d. 1703) . . .208 

WinsUnlev, John . 1678 ?-1750) . .209 

Winstanley, Tliomas (1749-1823) . .209 

Winstanley, William (1628 ?-1690?) . 20i) 

Winston, Charles (1814-1864). . . .211 
Winston, Tliom IS (1575-1655) . .212 

Wint, Peter de (1784-1849). See De Wint. 
Winter, Sir Edward (1622 ?-1686) . . . 212 
Winter, Sir John (1600 ?-1678?) . . .213 
Winter, Robert (d. 1C06). See under WinU»r 

or Wintour, Thomas. 
Winter, Samuel, D.D. (1603-1 36^) . . .216 
Winter or Wintour, Thomas (1572-1606) . 217 
Winter, Tliomas (1795-1851) .... 219 
Winter, or correctly W^-nter, Sir William {d. 

1589) . . . " . > . . .220 

Winterbotham, Henr>' Selfe ige (1837-187S) 222 
Winterbothum, William (1763-1829) . .222 
Winterbottom, Tliomas Mastermau (1765?- 

1859) 223 

Winierboume, Thomas {d. 1478). See under 

Winterbounie, Walter. 
Winterboume, Walter (1225 ?-1305) . .223 
Winterscl, Wintcrshall, Wintersal,or Winter- 
ahull, William Id. Iei79) . . .224 
Winterton, Ralph (1600-1636) .225 
Winterton, Thomas^/. 1391). . . .226 
Winthrop, John (158H-1 649) .... 226 
Winthroi», John, the younger (1606-1676) . 281 
Winton, Earls of. See Seton, George, third 
Earl (1584-1650); Seton, George, fifth 
Earl (d. 1749) ; Montgomerie, Archibald 
William (1812-1861). 
Winton, Andrew of i /f, 1415'. See Wjmtoun. 
Wintour. See also Winter. 

Wintour, John Crawford (1825-1882) . 232 

Wintringham, Clifton 1689-1748) . . .282 
Wintringham, Sir Clifton (1710-1794) . . 288 
VOL. LXII. 



PAiiK 

Winwood, Sir Ralph (1563 ?-1617) . . .288 
Winzet, Winyet, or Wingate, Ninian (1618- 



1592) 



286 



Wireker, Nigel (J!. 1190). See Nigel. 
Wiriey, William {d. 1618). See Wyrley. 
Wisdom, Robert {d. 1568) . . . .237 
Wise, Francis (1695-1767) .... 238 
Wise, Henrv (1653-1788) . .239 

Wise, John Richard de CAi>el (1831-1890) . 240 
Wise, Michael (1646 ?-1687) . . . .241 
Wise, William Furlong 1 1784-1844) . . 242 
Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802- 

1865) 243 

Wiseman, Richard (1622 ?-1676) . . .246 
Wishart, George (1513 ?-1546) . . .248 
Wishart, George (1599-1671 ) . . . 2.'>1 

Wishart, Sir James <rZ. 1729 J .... 2.58 
Wishart, Sir John id. 1576) . . .253 

Wishart, Robert (d. 1316) .... 255 
Wissing, Willem (1656-1 r»H7) .... 256 
Witchell, Edwin (1823-1887) . . .257 

Withals or Whithals, Jolin (/f. 1556) . . 2i>7 
Witham, George (1655-172.'*) , . . .258 
Witham, Robert {d. 17.Hh» . . .258 

Witham, Thomas, D.I>. dl. 1728). See under 

Witham, George. 
Withens or Withins, Sir Francis (1684?- 

1704). See Wythens. 
Wither or Withc-rH, George (1588-1667) . . 2,59 
Withering, William (1741-1799) . . .268 
Witherington, William Frederick (1785-1865) 270 
Witherow, Tliomas (1K24-1890) . . .270 
Withers, Thomas (176;>-1843) . . . .271 
Witherspoon, John (1723-1794) . . .271 

Withman(r/. 1047?) 274 

Withrington. See Widdrington. 

Wittlesev, William id. 1374). See ^Vhittle8ey. 

Wivell, Abraham . 1786-1849) . . . .274 

Wix, Samuel (1771-18(J1) .... 275 

Wode. See Wood. 

Wodehouse. See also Woodhouse. 

Wodehouse or Woodhouse, Robert de (d. 

1.345?) 276 

Wodelarke, Robert, D.D. {d. 1479) . . .277 
Wodenote, Theophilus (d. 1662) . . .277 
Wodenoth or Woodnoth, Arthur (1690?- 

1650?) 278 

I Wodhull, Michael (1740-1816; . .278 

[ Wodrow, Robert (1679-1784) ... .280 
■ Woffington, Margaret (1714 ?-1760) . . 281 
Wogan, (Sir) Charles (1698 ?-1752 ?) . .284 
Wogan, Edward [d. 1654) .... 286 
Wogan, Sir John {d. 1321 ?) . . . .287 
Wojcan, Nicholas (1700-1770). See under 

Wogan, (Sir) Charles. 
Wogan, Thomas (/. 1646-1666) . . .288 
Wogan, William (1678-1758) .... 288 
I Woide, Charles Godfrey (1725-1790) . . 289 
' Wolcot, John (1788-1819) .... 290 
Wolf. See also Wolfe, Wolflf, Woolf, and 
Woulfe. 

Wolf, Josef (1820-1899) 294 

Wolfe, Arthur, first Viscount Kilwazden 

(1739-1803) 294 

Wolfe, Charles (1791-1828) .... 295 

Wolfe, David (rf. 1578?) 296 

Wolfe, James (1727-1769) . . .296 

Wolfe, John (d. 1601). See under Wolfe, 

Reyner or Reginald. 
Wolfe, Reyner or Reginald {d. 1578) . 804 

Wolfe, alias Lacey, William (1684-1678). 
See Lacey. 



450 



Index to Volume LXII. 



PAOIC 

. 306 

. 80ti 



PAOX 



Wolff, J-3>epli ilT35-l>»i52' .... 
'WoH^^ion, KriUicis il731-l'iil5i 
Wolla*ton, Frant :, John Hvde 11762-1^-23' . 
Wollaston, Gt*>r^o .1738-ia26L See under 

Wollaston. Franc i-i. 
Wollar-ton, Tlmma^ Vernon f 18»22-1878» . . 8i^ 
Wolloiiton, William -IfitH)-!:,!!! . . .810 
WoUaston, William Hvdc .176t>-18:28f . . 311 
WoUev. See til-^i Wix;lley. 

Wollev, Edward <^. liVi 4 816 

Wollev. Sir Johiiirf. l.-y«i . .316 

Wolley or Wor.llvy, Richiird < / . 1607-1694) . 817 
WolUtonecraft, Mary i I7.>i*-I7'.'7i. See God- 
win, Mrs*, Marj- WiiUstoneoraft. 
Wolman. See hIsm \Voi>Inian. 
Wolman or Woloman. Jliclianl (d. 1537) . 318 

Wolrich, Woolrich. or W..N,Iilridge, Humplxrev 

(l»«3?-170Ti *. 310 

Wolrich or Wolrvclie. Sir Thonia'* I l.ii»>-166^.i 3-20 
Wols«rlt:v, Sir Ch'irles i h\:^' ?-1714i . . 3-2U 
Wol^l.-y, Sir Cluirles 170H-1h4Gj . . . 322 
WoLselrv, Rnl^en il6li^ir.y7i. See under 

WoI^-K-v, Sir Charl»fSil»J3U?-1714». 
Wolseltv, William .HJ4a?-Uy.i7i . . .323 
WoUcl./v, William (1T.-.IW1N42. . .324 

Wolsty, Thomas 1 147.">?-looU) . . .325 

Wol^tau. See Wulfitun and Wulstan. 
WoUtriiholuK', De.m. the elder ■ 1757-1^37) . 343 
Wolstfidiolme, Dean, the voungi-r (1798- 

18.S:>j ....*.... 344 
WoUteuholme, Sir John .1562-1639) . .344 
Wolstenholme. .T-.s^i.!i ■1m2',»-1>JI»1». . .344 
Wolt'jn, John il.'i^i.V-l .'>'.♦ 4 1. See Wool ton. 
Wolverton, seconil Biron. See Glvn, George 

G ren fell (1 824-1 >?*7. 
Wombwell^ (rr»or^^»' ■ 177^-lS.lU) 
Wrinio«."k or Woni!i«i{, r^aiiri;iic«' 1 1612-lCi>6 . 
W<mo>tr'Mht. Nicl; =l.i-i ■ l'*U4-1^70'. See 

Wanit-»troi'lit. 
Wo'kI. AU?Xiin«h-r 'ITi.'i-l'MiT^ . 
Wor»(l, Alf\an«ler I l'^17-l>'"<li . 
WoM.l. Sir Aii'lrt'W ■*/. l.Mo) .... 
W<x>il or a WrM>fl, Aiitli iiy ilrw2-lGl>.") . 
WoMil, Sir Ch.irk'S, i;r>t Viscount Halifax 

(l.siiu-l>.s.-,. 

WoiHi, Sir David Kdward i lS12-lsiMj . 
W(»«».[, KdiMuii.l Dark" (l.vjo-lsvi, 

W<M)d, Klh-n (IHU-lxsTi, hc-tter known as 

Mr-i. Hnirv W'mo<1 ..... 
Woo.1, Sir (rror-.- a7i:'»-l*<24) 
Wo^.fl, Sir (M-or^'«; Adam il7r.7-lN3D 
W(H)d, Mr-.. Heiirv (lMl4-l«'i7 . Sec Woo<l, 

Klh-n. 
W.khI, Hr-rWrt William n837-l«7'.») 
Wo(k1, Jiuiu-s iir.72-17.V.») 
Wo<»l, Junu-s i17»'.1)-1h:V.».i 
"Wofid, Sir Jam.-. Athol (175r.-ls2«h 
W<ii)d or Wo, If, .John \j!. 14^2) 
Woofl, JdIiii u/. 1."»7«H 
WimmI, Jr.lm ( //. l.V.M'.i 
Wfxxl, Jnlm il705?-i7ril; 
W(»<»(1, Juhii (*/. ll^'2}. Si'c under Wood, 

John (17ur)?-17r,Jj. 
WiKxl, John (lH()l-lH70i .■ . . . .364 

W(K)d, John (1811-lM7Vj 364 

Wood, John (182r>-ltH'.>l; 365 

Wo(k1, John (ifor^T (1.S27-1 889; . . .866 
W(x>d, John Muir(ls«r,-lS'.>-2). . . .367 
WcKxl, Sir John Viv^v (,17'Jt>-1866). See under 

Wood, Sir Matthow. 
Woo<l, John rhilip (»/. 18.^,s) . . . .868 
Wowl, Sir Murk UT 17-1829) . . . .868 



34.-. 
341'. 



;i47 
347 

:i4.s 



3."'>4 
354 



85.-) 

357 
•> ".• 



3r».s 

35H 
359 
360 
861 
31'. 1 
3(;2 
3( 



';r.3 



St.'e und-r 



370 
372 

O — rt 



.1 |ll 

377 



. 37' 






3S6 



Wood, Marshall {tl. 1SS2;. See under Wood, 

Shak^ipere. 
Woo.!. 3tary Ann a802-lS»U». See Paton. 
Wo<.>d, Mary Anne Everett 1 1818-1895', after- 
ward t« Mrs. Everett Green .... 
Wix>d, Sir Matthew 1 1768-1843 1 
Wood or Wo.>i>. Robert • 1622 ?-1685 ' . 
Wood, Robert a717 ?-1771 .... 
Woi.id. Searles Valentine, llie older (179S- 

IKSO) . . . . . . . .371 

WiX)d, Se.irlcs Valentine, tlie yountrer -^ISoO 

l^vf4) ....... 

Wo*>d, Shak^pe re 1^27-1 *"•»• . 
Wood, Thomas 1 166 1-l 722 i . 
Woi>d, Western 1 1 804-1 >63. 

Wood, Sir Matthew. 
Wood, Sir WiUiam 10<>t^l691» 
Wood, William i 1671-1 730 , . 
Wciod. William 1 1745-1 SO.hj . 
Wtiod, William 1774-I>«57i .... 
Wt.i>l, William Page, Bari.ni Hatlierley ^ISOl- 

1>*«1» ' . 

Woo*iall, John il556?-l«J43 .... 
Woodanl, Nathaniel 1811-1^*911 
Wootlbrid^e, Benjamin 1 1622-1084 1 
Woodbridge. John • 1613-1696). See under 

Woodbridge, Benjamin. 
Woodbury, Waller B*;nticy 11834-1885) . 
Woodcock, Martin, alias Farington, John 

atU)3-1646 . . . . . . 3'<7 

Wooderoft, B^-nnet I1S03-1S79) . . ;;>S7 

Woodd. Basil '1760-1831) . . . 3ss 

Wooddes*:)U, Richanl 1 1704-1774 . See under 

Woo*ldeson. Richanl (1745-1823). 
Wooddeson, Richanl J 1745-1823^ . 
Woo«lfall, George • 1 767-184 4 » . 
Woixifall. H».'!irv S.imp-on '173l.*-lS05) 
W, H>,lf;ill, WiUiani - 1 74r.-ls0:i i 
Wooilford, Sir AlexandiT Gfir^re i17{S2-1>j70) 
WoiKlford, Jamf- Ru->cll ils2i>-ls8.- 
WocKliord, Sir John Gt"t>rge il7s5-l5*79) 
WiH.idrord. S.inuic'l 1 1636-1700' 
Wi^-Klford or Wvdh^rd, William of {ji. 1:'.Sj>- 

ini) ..'.... 
WcKHlfonle, Sanrntl ,17«:.:J-1S17) 
W(M.Hlhall or Wv^od ill. Set' Uvedalo. 
WiHKllmm, Mr>. (.1743-1 S03', previously callid 

S|>encer ....... 

Woi-Mlhani, Adam id. 13."!S). See Goddam. 
Woo^lhead, Abraham 1609-167><l . 
Wo<>dhou*ie, James (1735-1 ^20 1 
Wtxxlhouso, Potor I tf. lt»05) .... 

Woodhous*', Robert de {d. 1345 ?^. See Wode- 

house. 
Wooilhouse, Robert (1773-1^27) 
Wo^xlhouse, Thomas [il. 157.*) 
Woinlhouselce. I^i^rd. See Tyilor, Alexander 

Fraser .1717-1'^13'. 
WcH^lington, William Frederick {r^06-lsi):j^ 
Woodlark, Robert u'. 1479). See Wtxli 

hirkc. 
Wi>odley, George (17^6-1^10) . 
Woo<lnuui, Riehanl ( 1 52 4 ?-l T.-m ! . 
Woodman, Richanl (17^1-lN5'.»,' 
W(K)dnotli. See Woilenote and Wodonoth. 
Woodn^ffe, Benjamin (16:;s-171D . 
WixKlnwfFe, Mrs. Anne (17(U>-lsS0) 
Woodrow, Henrj- {ls23-lH7rO . 
Wt»ods, James (1672-17->9). See Woi>d. 
W'oods, Joseph (1776-1S61I 
Woods, Julian Edmund Tenison- (1S32-1889 
Woods, Robert (1622 ?-1685). See Wood. 



3>^ 

SIM 

3.-i 

l>-.'7 



'} 



»K 



4v'0 
401 



402 



4'-:: 



40.5 
40'. 

4<': 

407 

40:) 
410 



Index to Volume LXII. 



451 



PAGE 

Woodstock, Edmund of, Earl of Kent (1801- 

1330). See Edmund. 
Woodstock, Edward of (1330-1376). See Ed- 
ward. 
Woodstock, Robert of {d. 1428). See Heeto, 

Robert. 
Woodstock, Thomas of. Earl of Buckingham 
and Duke of Gloucester (1355-1897). See 
Thomas 
Woo<lville or Wydville, Anthony, Baron 
Scalos and second Earl Rivers (1442?- 

llHai 410 

Woodville or Wydeville, Elizabeth (1437?- 

Ul)2». Sec Elizabeth. 
Woodville, Lionel (144r. ?-1484) . . .414 
Wo«)dville or Wydeville, Richard, first Earl 

Rivers {d. 146fl) 414 

Woodville, William (1752-1805) . . .417 
Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke (1816-1809) 417 
Woodward, (leorge Moutard (1760?-1809) . 418 
Woodward, Henry (1714-1777) . . .419 
Woodward, Hezekiah or Ezokins (1590-1075) 422 
Woodward, John (1666-1728) .... 423 
Woodward, Richard (1726-1791) . . .425 
Woodward, Samuel (1790-188H) . . .426 
Woodward, Samuel Pickworth (1821-1865) . 420 
Woodward, Thomas (1801-1852) . . .427 
Woodward, Thomas Jenkinson (1745 ?-l820) . 427 
Woolcr, Tliomas Jonathan (1786 ?-1853) . 428 ' 



PAOB 

Woolf, Artliur (1760-1837) . .428 

Woolhouse, John Thomas (1660 ?-1734) . . 429 

Wooll, John (1767-1888) 480 

WooUett, WUliam (1785-1785) . .430 

WoOUey. See also WoUey. 

Woolley or WoUey, Mrs. Hannah, afterwards 

Mrs. Oiallinor [fl. 1670) .481 

Woolley, John (1816-1866) .432 

Woolley, Joseph (1817-1889) . . .432 

Woolman, John (1720-1772) . .433 

Woolner, Thontas (1825-1892) .434 

Woolrid^e, John (ft. 16(J9). See WorlidKe. 
Woolrych, Humphry William (1795-1871) . 436 
Woolston, Thomas (1670-1733) . .487 

Woolton or Wolton, John (1585 ?-1594) . . 489 
Wootton. See also Wotton. 
Wootton, John(167H?-1765) . .440 

Worboise, Emma Jane, afterwards Mrs. Ouy- 

ton (1825-1887) 440 

Worcester, second Marquis of. See Somerset, 

Edward (1601-1667;. 
Worcester, Earls of. See Percy, Thomas 

{d. 1403); Tiptoft, John (1427 ?-1470) ; 

Somerset, Charles, first Earl (1460 ?-1526) ; 

Somerset, William, third Earl (1526-15H9) ; 

Somerset, Edward, fourth Earl 1 1558-1628 1. 
Worcester or Botoner, William (1415-1482 ?) 441 
Worde, Wynkynde(d. 1634?) . . .443 
Wordon. See Werden. 



END OF THE SIXTV-SECOND VOLUME.